Amarkośa

नामलिङ्गानुशासनम्

2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam

16. śūdravargaḥ

(Über Śūdras)

2. Vers 5 - 15: Handwerker

Beispiele zu: 2.16.5.5. Schneider

Hrsg. von Alois Payer

mailto:payer@payer.de 

Zitierweise | cite as: Amarasiṃha <6./8. Jhdt. n. Chr.>: Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (Amarakośa) / übersetzt von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- 2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam. -- 16. śūdravargaḥ  (Über Śūdras). -- 2. Vers 5 - 15: Handwerker.  -- Beispiele zu: 2.16.5.5. Schneider. -- Fassung vom 2017-12-12. --  URL: http://www.payer.de/amarakosa8/2.16.5.5.schneider.htm                                                        

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Darzi [درزی], Shimpi, Chhīpi [छीपी], Sūji [सूजी] (Central Provinces)

"Darzi [درزی], Shimpi, Chhīpi [छीपी] [छीपी], Sūji [सूजी].— 1. General notice.  The occupational caste of tailors. In 1911 a total of 51,000 persons were returned as belonging to the caste in the Central Provinces and Berār [बेरार]. The Darzis [درزی] are an urban caste and are most numerous in Districts with large towns. Mr. Crooke derives the word Darzi [درزی] from the Persian darz, meaning a seam. The name Sūji [सूजी] from sui [सुई], a needle, was formerly more common. Shimpi is the Marātha [मराठा] name, and Chhīpi [छीपी], from Chhīpa [छीपा] a calico-printer or dyer, is another name used for the caste, probably because it is largely recruited from the Chhīpas [छीपा]. In Bombay [मुंबई] they say that when Parasurāma [परशुराम] was destroying the  Kshatriyas [क्षत्रिय], two Rājpūt [राजपूत] brothers hid themselves in a temple and were protected by the priest, who set one of them to sew dresses for the idol and the other to dye and stamp them. The first brother was called Chhīpi [छीपी] and from him the Darzis [درزی] are descended, the name being corrupted to Shimpi, and the second was called Chhīpa [छीपा] and was the ancestor of the dyers. The common title of the Darzis [درزی] is Khalīfa [خليفة], an Arabic word meaning 'The Successor of the Prophet.’ Colonel Temple says that it is not confined to them but is also used by barbers, cooks and monitors in schools.1 The caste is of comparatively recent formation. In fact Sir D. Ibbetson wrote2 that “Darzi [درزی], or its Hindi equivalent Sūji [सूजी], is purely an occupational term, and though there is a Darzi [درزی] guild in every town, there is no Darzi [درزی] caste in the proper acceptation of the word. The greater number of Darzis [درزی] belong perhaps to the Dhobi [धोबी] and Chhīmba castes, more especially to the latter.” 1 Proper Names of the Punjabis, p. 74. 2 Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 645. 2. Subdivisions. The Darzis [درزی], however, are now recognised as a distinct caste, but their mixed origin is shown by the names of their subcastes and exogamous sections. Thus they have a Bāman subdivision named after the Brāhman [ब्राह्मण] caste. These will not take food from any other caste except Brāhmans [ब्राह्मण] and are probably an offshoot from them. They are considered to be the highest subdivision, and next to them come the Rai or Rāj Darzis [درزی]. Another subcaste is named Kaithia, after the Kāyasths [कायस्थ], and a third Srivāstab [श्रीवास्तव], which is the name of a well-known subcaste of Kāyasths [कायस्थ] derived from the town of Srāvasti [श्रावस्ती], now Sahet Mahet in the Gonda [गोंडा] District. In Betūl [बैतूल] the Srivāstab [श्रीवास्तव] Darzis [درزی] are reported to forbid the remarriage of widows, thus showing that they desire to live up to their distinguished ancestry. A third subcaste is known as Chamarua and appears to be derived from the Chamārs [चमार]. Other subcastes are of the territorial type as Mālwi [माळवी], Khāndeshi [ख़ानदेशी], Chhattīsgarhi [छत्तीसगढ़ी], Mathuria [मथुरिया] and so on, and the section or family names are usually taken from villages. Among them, however, we find Jugia [जुगिया] from Jogi [जोगी], Thākur [ठाकुर] or Rājpūt [राजपूत], Gūjar [गूजर], Khawās [खवाश] or barber, and Baroni, the title of a female Dhīmar [धीमर]. Mr. Crooke gives several other names. 3. Sewn clothes not formerly worn. It may thus reasonably be concluded that the Darzis [درزی] area caste of comparatively recent origin, and the explanation is probably that the use of the needle and thread in making formerly clothes is a new fashion. Buchanan1 remarks : 1 Buchanan’s Eastern India, Martin’s edition “The needleindeed seems to have been totally unknown to the Hindus, and I have not been able to learn any Hindi word for sewing except that used to express passing the shuttle in the act of weaving. . . .”     “ Cloth composed of several pieces sewn together is an abomination to the Hindus, so that every woman of rank when she eats, cooks or prays, must lay aside her petticoat and retain only the wrapper made without the use of scissors or needle ” ; and again, “The dress of the Hindu men of rank has become nearly the same with that of the Muhammadans who did not allow any officer employed by them to appear at their levées (Durbars) except in proper dress. At home, however, the Hindu men, and on all occasions their women, retain almost entirely their native dress, which consists of various pieces of cloth wrapped round them without having been sewn together in any form, and only kept in their place by having their ends thrust under the folds.” And elsewhere he states : “The flowering of cotton cloth with the needle has given a good deal of employment to the Muhammadan women of Maldeh as the needle has never been used by the Hindus.” Darzi [درزی], as has been seen, is a Persian word, and in northern India many tailors are Muhammadans. And it seems, therefore, a possible hypothesis that the needle and the art of sewing were brought into general use by the Moslem invaders. It is true that in his Indo-Aryans Mr. Rajendra Lāl Mitra combats this hypothesis and demonstrates that made-up clothes were known to the Aryans of the Rig-Veda and are found in early statuary. But he admits that the instances are not numerous, and it seems likely that the use of such clothes may have been confined to royal and aristocratic families. It is possible also that the Scythian invasions of the fifth century brought about a partial relapse from civilisation, during which certain arts and industries, and among them that of cutting and sewing cloth, were partially or completely lost. The tailor is not the familiar figure in Hindu social life that he is, for example, in England. Here he is traditionally an object or butt for ridicule as in the saying, ‘Nine tailors make a man,’ and so on ; and his weakness is no doubt supposed to be due to the fact that he pursues a sedentary indoor occupation and one more adapted to women than men, the needle being essentially a feminine implement. A similar ridicule, based no doubt on exactly the same grounds, attaches in India to the village weaver, as is evidenced by the proverbs given in the articles on Bhulia, Kori [कोरी], and Jolāha. No reason exists probably for the contempt in which the weaver class is held other than that their work is considered to be more fitting for women than men. Thus in India the weaver appears to take the place of the tailor, and this leads to the conclusion that woven and not sewn clothes have always been commonly worn. In the Central Provinces, at least, the Darzi [درزی] caste is practically confined to the towns, and though cotton jackets are worn even by labourers and shirts by the better-to-do, these are usually bought ready-made at the more important markets. Women, more conservative in their dress than men, have only one garment prepared with the needle, the small bodice known as choli [चोली] or angia [अंगिया]. And in Chhattisgarh [छत्तीसगढ़], a landlocked tract very backward in civilisation, the choli [चोली] has hitherto not been worn and is only now being introduced. Though he first copied the Muhammadan and now shows a partiality for the English style of dress for outdoor use, the Hindu when indoors still reverts to the one cloth round the waist and a second over the shoulders, which was probably once the regular garb of his countrymen. For meals the latter is discarded, and this costume, so strange to English ideas, while partly based on considerations of ceremonial purity, may also be due to a conservative adherence to the ancient fashion, when sewn clothes were not worn. It is noticeable also that high-caste Hindus, though they may wear a coat of cloth or tasar [तसर] silk and cotton trousers, copying the English, still often carry the dupatta [दुपट्टा] or shoulder-cloth hanging round the neck. This now appears a useless encumbrance, but may be the relic of the old body-cloth and therefore interesting as a survival in dress, like the buttons on the back of our tail-coats to which the flaps were once hooked up for riding, or the seams on the backs of gloves, a relic of the time when the glove consisted simply of finger-lengths sewn together. More recently the dupatta [दुपट्टा] has been made to fulfil the function of a pocket-handkerchief, while the educated are now discarding the dupatta [दुपट्टा] and carry their handkerchiefs in their pockets. The old dress of ceremony for landowners is the angarkha [अंगरखा], a long coat reaching to the knees and with flaps folding over the breast and tied with strings. This is worn with pyjamas and is probably the Muhammadan ceremonial costume as remarked by Buchanan. In its correct form, at, least it has no buttons, and recalls the time when a similar state of things prevailed in English dress and the ‘trussing of his points’ was a laborious daily task for every English gentleman. The ghundis [घुंडी] or small pieces of cloth made up into a ball, which were the precursors of the button, may still be seen on the cotton coats of rustics in the rural area. The substitution of clothes cut and sewn to fit the body for draped clothes is a matter of regret from an artistic or picturesque point of view, as the latter have usually a more graceful appearance. This is shown by the difficulty of reproducing modern clothes in statuary, trousers being usually the despair of the sculptor. But sewn clothes, when once introduced, must always prevail from considerations of comfort. When a Hindu pulls his dhoti [धोटी] or loin-cloth up his legs and tucks it in round his hips in order to run or play a game he presumably performs the act described in the Bible as ‘girding up his loins.’ 4. Occupation. The social customs of the Darzis [درزی] present no features of special interest and resemble those of the lower castes in their locality. They rank below the cultivating castes, and Brāhmans [ब्राह्मण] will not take water from their hands. Though not often employed by the Hindu villager the Darzi [درزی] is to Europeans one of the best known of all castes. He is on the whole a capable workman and especially good at copying from a pattern. His proficiency in this respect attracted notice so long ago as 1689, as shown in an interesting quotation in the Bombay Gazetteer referring to the tailors of Surat [સુરત] 1:     1 Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt , p. 180, quoting from Ovington, Voyage to Surat, p. 280. “The tailors here fashion clothes for the Europeans, either men or women, according to every mode that prevails, and fit up the commodes and towering head-dresses for the women with as much skill as if they had been an Indian fashion, or themselves had been apprenticed at the Royal Exchange. (The commode was a wire structure to raise the cap and hair.)” Since then the Darzi [درزی] has no doubt copied in turn all the changes of English fashions. He is a familiar figure in the veranda of the houses of Europeans, and his idiosyncrasies have been delightfully described by Eha in Behind the Bungalow. His needles and pins are stuck into the folds of his turban, and Eha says that he is bandy-legged because of the position in which he squats on his feet while sewing. In Gujarāt [ગુજરાત] the tailor is often employed in native households.  “Though even in well-to-do families,” Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam writes,1 “women sew their bodices and young children’s clothes for everyday wear, every family has its own tailor. As a rule tailors sew in their own houses, and in the tailor’s shop may be seen workmen squatting in rows on a palm-leaf mat or on cotton-stuffed quilts. The wives and sons’ wives of the head of the establishment sit and work in the shop along with the men. Their busy time is during the marriage season from November to June. A village tailor is paid either in cash or grain and is not infrequently a member of the village establishment. During the rains, the tailor’s slack season, he supplements his earnings by tillage, holding land which Government has continued to him on payment of one-half the ordinary rental. In south Gujarāt [ગુજરાત], in the absence of Brāhmans [ब्राह्मण], a Darzi [درزی] officiates at Bhāwad marriages, and in some Brāhman [ब्राह्मण] marriages a Darzi [درزی] is called with some ceremony to sew a bodice for the bride. On the other hand, in the Panch Mahals [પંચમહાલ] and Rewa Kantha, besides tailoring Darzis [درزی] blow trumpets at marriage and other processions and hold so low a position that even Dhedas [ढेड] object to eat their food.” 1 Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 180. It seems clear that in Gujarāt [ગુજરાત] the Darzi [درزی] caste is of older standing than in northern India, and it is possible that the art of sewing may have been acquired through the sea trade which was carried on between the western coast and Arabia and the Persian Gulf. Here the Darzi [درزی] has become a village menial, which he is not recorded as being in any other part of India. 5. Religion. Like the weaver, the Darzi [درزی] is of a somewhat religious turn of mind, probably on account of his sedentary calling which gives him plenty of time for reflection. Many of them belong to the Nāmdeo [नामदेव] sect, originated by a Chhīpa [छीपा] or dyer, Nāmdeo Sādhu [नामदेव साधु, 1270 - 1350] . Nāmdeo [नामदेव] is said to have been a contemporary of Kabīr [कबीर, 1440 - 1518] and to have flourished in the twelfth or thirteenth century. He was a great worshipper of the god Vithoba [विठोबा] of Pandharpur [पंढरपूर] and is considered by the Marāthas [मराठा] to be their oldest writer, being the author of many Abhangs [अभंग], or sacred hymns. He preached the unity of God, recognising apparently Vithoba [विठोबा] or Vishnu [विष्णु] as the one deity, and the uselessness of ceremonial. His followers are mainly Dhobis [धोबी] and Chhīpas [छीपा], the two principal castes from whom the Darzis [درزی] have originated. Nāmdeo’s [नामदेव] sect was thus apparently a protest on the part of the Chhīpas [छीपा] and Dhobis [धोबी] against their inferior position in the caste system and the tyranny of the Brāhmans [ब्राह्मण], and resembled the spiritual revolt of the weavers under Kabīr [कबीर, 1440 - 1518] and of the Chamārs [चमार] under Ghāsi Dās [घासीदास, 1756 - 1836] and Jagjīwan Dās [जगजीवन दास, 1727 - 1761]. In Berār [बेरार] it is stated that “the Simpi caste has twelve and a half divisions ; of these the chief are known as the Jain [जैन], Marathi [मराठी] and Telugu [తెలుగు] Simpis. The Jain [जैन] Simpis claim the hero Rimināth as a caste-fellow, while the Marāthas [मराठा] are often Lingāyats [लिंगायत] and the Telugu [తెలుగు] division generally Vaishnavas [वैष्णव].” Before beginning work in the morning the Darzi [درزی] bows to his scissors or needle and prays to them for his livelihood for that day. The Darzi [درزی]’s occupation, Mr. Crooke remarks, is a poor one and held rather in contempt. The village proverb runs, ‘ Darzi ka pūt jab tak jīta tab tak sīta', ‘ The tailor’s boy will do nothing but sew all his life long.’ Another somewhat more complimentary saying is, ‘ anak si suiya tak tak kare aur lākh taka ko banj kare', or ‘The tiny needle goes tuk tuk, and makes merchandise worth a lakh of rupees.’ The Hindustāni [हिंदुस्तानी / ہندوستانی] version of both proverbs is obviously intended to give the sound of a needle passing through cloth, and it is possible that our word ‘tuck’ has the same origin." [Quelle: Russell, R. V. (Robert Vane) <1873-1915> ; Hīra Lāl <Rai Bahadur> [हीरालाल <राय बहादुर>] <1873 - 1923>: The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India. -- London: MacMillan, 1916. -- 4 Bde. : Ill. -- Bd. 2. -- S. 466 - 472]

Darzi [درزی] [दर्जी] (NW Provinces und Oudh)

"Darzi [درزی] [दर्जी]— (Persian darz, “a seam ”) the tailor caste: pedantically known as Khaiyāt (Arabic khaiyāt, “to sew”).—The caste is purely occupational and consists of a Hindu as well as a Muhammadan branch. Like all similar so-called castes it shows a tendency to break up into endogamous occupational branches, such as the Rafugar or darner of old clothes, the Khaimadoz or tent-maker, and the Dastarband or maker of the elaborate turbans, such as are worn by office clerks and native servants. The patron saint of the Muhammadan branch is Ibrahīm [إبراهيم] or Abraham [אַבְרָהָם], who, according to them, practised the craft. In the month of Sāwan [सावण] they make offerings to him of rice stew (pulao [पुलाव / پلو]) and cakes. These Musalman Darzis [درزی] take the titles of Shaikh [شيخ] and Khalifa [خليفة]. 2. The Hindu Darzis [درزی] are made up, as is shown by their exogamous sub-divisions, of various elements. Thus, among the five hundred and twenty-six sections of the Hindu and one hundred and forty-six of the Muhammadan branch, we find the names of many well-known tribes and castes, such as Agariya [अगरिया], Agarwāla, Atishbāz,  Bāchhal, Baddhik, Baid, Bais [बैस], Baiswār [बैसवार], Bāmhan [बांहण], Baniyāna, Bargūjar, Benbans, Bhāt [भाट], Chamār [चमार], Chandeli [चन्देली], Chauhān [चौहान], Chhatri [छत्री], Dhānuk [धानुक], Gūjar [गूजर], Gaur [गौर], Jādon [जादों], Janwār [जनवार], Kachhwāhiya [कछ्वाहिया], Kāyasth [कायस्थ], Kharwār, Koli [कोली], Marātha [मराठा], Mukeri, Ojha [ओझा], Panwār [پنھوار], Rājput [राजपूत], Rāthaur [राठौड़],  Raghubansi [रघुवंशी], Sakarwār [साकरवार], Solankhi [સોલંકી], Sūrajbansi [सूरजवंशी], Taga, Tānk [टांक], Tomar [तोमर], and Turkiya [तुर्किया]. With these are many local titles, such as Bareli [बरेली] [बरेली],  Bathmi, or Srivātsav [श्रीवात्सव], Bhadwariya, Bhāgalpuriya [भागलपुरिया], Dilliwāl [दिल्लीवाल], Hardwāriya [हरिद्वारिया], Jaiswār [जइसवार], Jalālpuriya [जलालपुरिया], Kānhpuriya, Mathur [मथुर्] or Mathuriya [मथुरिया], and Sarwariya [सरवाडिया]. The Kāyasth [कायस्थ] caste has contributed many recruits to them who call themselves Sribāstab [श्रिवास्तब] or Sribāstak [श्रिवास्तक] Kāyasths [कायस्थ] from Dundiya Khera [डूंडिया खेड़ा], the head-quarters of the Bais Rājputs [बैस राजपूत]. The name is derived from the town of Srāvasti [श्रावस्ती], now Sahet Mahet [सहेत-महेत] in the Gonda [गोंडा] district. In Garhwāl [गढ़वाल] the Hindu Darzi [درزی] is known as Bora, most of whom seem to be of the Dom [डोम] tribe. In the Western Districts their endogamous sub-divisions are Rāthaur [राठौड़], Mathuriya [मथुरिया], Mahor [माहौर], and  Saksena [सक्सेना] (from Sankisa) : of these the Rāthaur [राठौड़], who claim descent from the Rājput [राजपूत] tribe of that name, are the highest, and Mathuriya [मथुरिया] and Mahor [माहौर], who are often contemptuously termed Chamār Sujiya [चमार सूचिया] or Chamārs' [चमार] tailors, are the lowest. In Benares [वाराणसी] , according to Mr. Sherring, their sub-divisions are Sribāstav [श्रिवास्तब], Nāmdeo [नामदेव], Tānchara,  Dhanesh [धनेश], Panjābi [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ], Gaur [गौर], Kantak, and Saksena [सक्सेना]. Among sections locally important we find the Zahūri of Sahāranpur [सहारनपुर] : the Chauhān [चौहान] and Jogi [जोगी] of Muzaffarnagar [मुज़फ़्फ़रनगर] : the Sadīqi [صديقي] of Sītapur [सीतापुर] : the Turkiya [तुर्किया] of Kheri [खीरी], and the Pirzāda [پیرزادہ] of Gonda [गोंडा]. The Musalmān Darzis [درزی] follow the ordinary rules of Muhammadan exogamy; but it is said that there is now-a-days a tendency to replace these by the usual standard Hindu formula. Widows remarry by the sagāi [सगाई] or kāj [काज] form, and the levirate is optional. 3. Religion. Though most of the Darzis [درزی] in the east of the Province profess to be Sunni [سُنِّي] Muhammadans, they still cling to many Hindu usages. They worship Kālika [कालिका], Bhawāni [भवानी], and the Pānchonpīr [पांचों पीर], among whom they particularly reverence Ghāzi Miyān [11. Jhdt.] [غازی سید سالار مسعود]. These are worshipped in the month of Jeth [जेठ], when the wedding of Ghāzi Miyān [11. Jhdt.] [غازی سید سالار مسعود] is commemorated. The offerings to them consist of rich cakes (malīda [मलीदा]), bread, fowls, sweetmeats, melons, cucumbers, gram-flour, and cakes made of pulse and pumpkin (konkrauri). They bury their dead in the usual Muhammadan form, and lay offerings to the spirits of their deceased ancestors at the ’Id [عيد] and Shab-i-barāt [شبِ برات]. They are said to eat beef more freely than ordinary Muhammadans of their class. Those who are Hindus follow the rites and customs of the higher castes. 4. Occupation and social life. The ordinary Darzi [درزی] is a very low-paid and hard-worked crafts-man. According to Mr. Hoey1 in Lucknow [लखनऊ] the rate for making men’s jackets (angarkha [अंगरखा]) is from three to eight annas according as the work is plain or more or less ornamented : for men’s drawers (mardāna pāējāma [मर्दाना पायजामा]) one and-a-half to two annas : coats (kurta [कुरता]) one and-a-half annas: jackets (salūka [शलूका]) one and-a-half annas. The only articles of female apparel made by them are drawers (pāējāma [पायजामा]), which are either of the ordinary tight pattern (churidār [चूडीदार]), or wide with gussets (kalidār), such as are worn by dancing women and servants. Some are master-tailors, and these, according to Mr. Hoey, make as much profit by each workman as his daily wages, one and-a-half annas to three annas per diem. Their women are said to be constantly divorced, and there are few women who have not changed, husbands more than once. 1 Monograph on Trade and Manufactures, 100. 5.  The occupation is an ancient one. In the vocabulary of Amara Sinha [आमरसिंह] there are two words for workers with a needle — tunnavāya [तुन्नवाय], “or those who darn" (the modern Rafugar), and the other the sauchika [सौचिक] (represented by the modern Sūji [सूजी]), a general tailor. The profession of the latter was of sufficient importance to necessitate the establishment of a special tribe and a mixed class. The lawful issue of Vaisyas [वैश्य] by a Sūdra [शूद्र] woman were, according to the ancient law book of Usanas [उशनस्], destined to live by it and were called Sauchi [सौची] or “needle-men." The occupation is a poor one and held rather in contempt. The village proverb runs,— Darji ka pūt jab tak jīta tab tak siīa— “ the'tailor’s brat will do nothing but sew all his life long.·” Another is,—Darzi ki sūi khabhi tāsh men, kabhi tāt men—“the tailor’s needle now in embroidery, now in canvass.”" [Quelle: Crooke, William <1848-1923>: The tribes and castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh. -- Calcutta : Office of the superintendent of government printing, 1896 - 4 Bde. : Ill. -- Bd. 2. -- S. 253ff.]

Rangāri (Telugu, Marāthi)