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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson

24. Syntax of Pronouns (§§ 204 - 216)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. --24. Syntax of Pronouns (§§ 204 - 216). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-26. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson24.htm       

First published as:  Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2011-08-26

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien  of Tüpfli's Global Village Library

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Syntax [ಪ್ರಯೋಗ prayōga] of Pronouns [ಸರ್ವನಾಮ sarvanāma]

0. Contents

• 1. Personal Pronouns
• 2. Demonstrative Pronouns
• 3. Reciprocal Pronoun
• 4. Interrogative Pronouns
  • 4.1. ಏನು ēnu

1. Personal Pronouns

204. The crude state of pronouns is sometimes used for the nominative case; as,

• ನಾ ಕಾಣೆ nā kāṇe, I don't know.
• ನೀ ಹೋದಿಯಾ nī hōdiyā, Did you go?
• ಅವ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯವ ava oḷḷeyava, He is a good man.
• ಈತ ಬಲ್ಲ īta balla, This man knows.

205. Relation or possession is expressed by adding pronouns of the third person to the genitive of nouns and pronouns; as,

• ಅವನು ನನ್ನವನು avanu nannavanu, He is mine.
• ಇವಳು ನಿನ್ನವಳೋ ivaḷu ninnavaḷō, Does this woman belong to you?
• ಆ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ನನ್ನದಲ್ಲ ā pustaka nannadalla, That book is not mine.
• ಈ ಎತ್ತು ಯಾರದು ī ettu yāradu, Whose ox is this?
• ಆ ಕುರಿಗಳು ನಿನ್ನವೋ ā kurigaḷu ninnavō, Are those sheep yours?

206. The plurals ನಾವು nāvu, we, and ನೀವು nīvu, ye, are very commonly used in the singular, when a person of respectability speaks of himself, or to an equal or superior; as,

• ನಾವು ಮಾಡಲಿಲ್ಲ್ nāvu māḍalilla, I did not do.
• ನೀವು ದಯ ಮಾಡಿು ಬರ ಬೇಕು nīvu daya māḍi bara bēku, You (sing.) must be pleased  to come.

207. The singular ನಿನು ninu, Thou, is disrespectful except when addressing inferiors.

208. In addressing persons of very superior rank, the reciprocal pronoun ತಾವು tāvu, themselves is used for the second person singular; as,

• ತಾವು ಯಾಜಾಗ ದಯ ಮಾಡಿದಿರಿ tāvu yāvāga daya māḍidiri, When did you (singular) arrive? (lit. favour us.)

2. Demonstrative Pronouns

209. The singular ಅವನು avanu, he, and ಅವಳು avaḷu, she, are used when speaking of an equal or inferior.

The plural ಅವರು avaru, they, is used as an honorific singular when speaking of a superior.

210. ಆತನು ātanu, he, ಆಕೆಯು ākeyu, she, with their proximates, ಈತನು ītanu, he, ಈಕೆಯು īkeyu, she, are used of an equal or superior when respect is intended.

3. Reciprocal Pronoun

211. ತಾನು tānu, himself, herself, itself, is used with reference to a preceding nominative of the third person, expressed or understood; as,

• ವರ್ತಕನು ತನ್ನ ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೋದನು vartakanu tanna manege hōdanu, The merchant went to his house.
• ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಎದೆ ಬಡುಕೊಂಡಲು avaḷu tanna ede baḍukoṃḍaḷu, She beat her breast.
• ಆನೆ ಅವನನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಕಾಲಿನಿಂದ ತುಳಿಯಿತು āne avanannu tanna kāliniṃda tuḷiyitu, The elephant trampled him with its foot.
• ಜನರೆಲ್ಲರು ತಮ್ಮ ತಮ್ಮ ಊರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೋದರು janarellaru tamma tamma ūrugaḷige hōdaru, All the people went to their several towns.
• ತನ್ನ ಬಾಯಿ ತೆರೆಯಿತು tanna bāyi tereyitu, It opened its mouth.
• ತಾವು ಕೋರಿದ ಹಾಗೆ ಮಾಡಿದರು tāvu kōrida hāge māḍidaru, They did as they wished.

In the last two examples the nominative is understood.

212. The plural ತಾವು tāvu, themselves, is used as a second person singular, in showing the highest respect; and is equivalent to "your honor," "your Lordship," &c.; as,

• ತಮಗೆ ತಿಳೀದಿರ ಬೇಕು tamage tiḷīdira bēku, Your honor must be aware.
• ತಮ್ಮ ಕಟಾಕ್ಷದಿಂದ ಬದುಕುತ್ತೇನೆ tamma kaṭākṣadiṃda badukuttēne, I live by your Lordships favour.
• ತಾವು ನನ್ನ ಮನವಿಯನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ತೈಸ ಬೇಕು tāvu nanna manaviyannu cittaisa bēku, I beg your Lordship to consider my request.

4. Interrogative Pronouns

213. The singular ಯಾವನು yāvanu, and ಯಾವಳು yāvaḷu, are seldom used alone. The plural form ಯಾರು yāru, who, is also used for the singular of the masculine and feminine genders; as,

• ನೀನು ಯಾರು nīnu yāru, Who are you?
• ಇವನು ಯಾರು ivanu yāru, Who is this man?
• ಅವಳು ಯಾರು avaḷu yāru, Who is she?
• ಇದನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದವರು ಯಾರು idannu māḍidavaru yāru, Who are they who did this?
• ಅಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತಿರುವ ಹೆಂಗಸರು ಯಾರು alli niṃtiruva heṃgasaru yāru, Who are those women standing there?

ಯಾರು yāru, is used also with the singular neuter in the expression

• ಅದು ಯಾರು adu yāru, Who is that? or, who is there?

214. The crude form ಯಾವ yāva, is used with all the genders, and with both numbers; as,

• ಯಾವ ಧೊರೆ yāva dhore, What king?
• ಯಾವ ಸ್ತ್ರೀ yāva strī, What woman?
• ಯಾವ ಗ್ರಂಥ yāva graṃtha, What book?
• ಯಾವ ಜನರು yāva janaru, What people?
• ಯಾವ ಹೆಂಗಸರು yāva heṃgasaru, What women?
• ಯಾವ ಸ್ಥಳಗಳಲ್ಲಿ yāva sthaḷagaḷalli, In what places?

215. When two or more pronouns of different persons are used together in a sentence, if one of them be in the First person, the verb and pronoun which refer to them must be of the first person plural; as,

• ಅವನೂ ನೀನೂ ನಾನೂ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದೆವು ; ಮತ್ತು ನವು ನಡೆದದ್ದೆಲ್ಲಾ ನೋಡಿದೆವು avanū nīnū nānū alli iddevu ; mattu navu naḍedaddellā nōḍidevu, He, thou and I were there, and we saw all that took place.

216. If the nominative be of the Second and Third persons, the verb and pronoun which refer to them must be in the second person plural; as,

• ಆ ಮನುಷ್ಯನೂ ನೀನೂ ಕೂಡ ಇದ್ದಿರಿ ಆದರೆ ಏನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಿರೋ ನನಗೆ ತಿಳಿಯದು ā manuṣyanū nīnū kūḍa iddiri ādare ēnu māḍuttiddirō nanage tiḷiyadu, That man and you were together, but what you were doing I know not.

4.1. ಏನು ēnu

ಏನು ēnu, is frequently compounded with ಅದು adu, that, as ಏನದು ēnadu, and ಅದೇನು adēnu, what is that?

- With the interjection ಓ ō, affixed it is used as a common exclamation; thus

• ಏನೋ ಯಾವಾಗ ಬಂದೆ ēnō yāvāga baṃde, Well Sir! when did you come?

- When ಏನೋ ēnō, is uttered doubtingly in a reply to a question, it means, I don't know; I cannot say; it may be so, or it may not be so; as,

• ಆ ಕೆಲಸವಾಯಿತೋ ā kelasavāyitō, Is that work done? ಏನೋ ēnō, I cannot tell.

- Followed by ಆದರೂ ādarū, it means any thing whatsoever, something or other; as,

• ಏನಾದರು ಹೇಳು ēnādaru hēḷu, Say something or other.

ಏನು ēnu folloowed by a negative, denotes nothing, not even the least thing.

• ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಏನೂ ಇಲ್ಲ alli ēnū illa, There is nothing whatever there.
• ಅವನು ಏನೂ ಅರಿಯ avanu ēnū ariya, He knows nothing.

To 25. Syntax of Verbs (§§  217 - 222)