Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1821 (Rama II.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1821 (Rama II.). -- Fassung vom 2015-10-12. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1821.htm  

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-06-29

Überarbeitungen: 2015-10-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-09 [Teilung des Kapitels] ; 2015-05-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-30 [Ergänzungen]

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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

1821 undatiert

1821 - 1845

สุนทรภู่ [Sunthon Phu] <1786 - 1855>: พระอภัยมณี [Phra Aphai Mani]. -- Epos 24.500 Versen.

Abb.: Phra Aphai Mani (พระอภัยมณี) als Cartoon
[Fair use]

Abb.: Phra Aphai Mani (พระอภัยมณี) als Puppenspiel
[Fair use]

"Sunthon Phu [สุนทรภู่] was one of Thailand's most celebrated poets who lived during the reigns of Rama II, III, and IV. He had fallen on evil days and was in jail when Rama II took notice of his literary genius, had him released from jail, and made him his protégé. The story of Phra Aphaimani [พระอภัยมณี] was begun while he was in jail. It is the story of the many adventures of Prince Aphaimani [อภัยมณี] after being banished from the kingdom by his father. The prince and his brother had been sent out by their father to find learned teachers from whom they could acquire wisdom. Phra Aphaimani chose to learn to play the flute and produced music which could enchant men. His brother chose to learn how to use weapons. On their return home the king was greatly displeased, considering neither of these arts appropriate for princes, and he therefore banished both his sons. The passage included here is the beginning of this story which relates these events up to the beginning of the first adventure when Phra Aphaimani is abducted by the giantess who rules the sea and carried off to her palace at the bottom of the sea. Many heroic adventures follow for Phra Aphaimani be fore he is finally reunited with his brother and gains high position." [Quelle: Jones, Robert B. <1920 - > ; Mendiones, Ruchira Chinnapongse [รุจิรา ชินณพงศ์ เมนเดียนส์] <1918 - >: Introduction to Thai literature = ประมวลวรรณกรรมไทยยางเรื่อง. -- Ithca, NY : Cornell Univ. Southeast Asia Program, 1970. -- 563 S. ; 25 cm. -- Copyright bis 1980-09-15, danach public domain. -- S. 265]

1821 - 1824

สุนทรภู่ [Sunthon Phu] <1786 - 1855>: สวิสดิรักษา ["Schutz des Wohlergehens"]. -- Ein Fürstenspiegel

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer modernen Ausgabe

Daraus die Farbenordnung für die Wochentage:

"„Sorge dafür, dass dein Kriegsgewand in sieben Farben komplett vorhanden ist. Für Sonntag wähle rot, denn das bringt Glück. Dein Gewand für Montag sei gelb, denn das verspricht ein langes Leben. Am Dienstag sollst du violett, ergänzt mit blau tragen. Auch das bedeutet Glück. Die Farbe für Mittwoch sei orange, dazu changierende Stoffe. Wähle für Donnerstag grün, und freitags gehst du in Blau zum Kampf. Am Sonnabend schließlich trage Schwarz, und dein Kampf wird glückhaft sein. In den gleichen Farben sollst du dein Streitross schmücken." [Übersetzt von: Ampha Otrakul [อําภา โอตระกูล] <1934 - >. -- In: Thailand / unter Mitarbeit von Ampha Otrakul [อําภา โอตระกูล, 1934 - ] ... hrsg. von Klaus Wenk [1927 - 2006]. -- Heroldsberg : Glock und Lutz, 1976. -- 296 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- (Kultur der Nationen ; Bd. 34). -- S. 219. -- Fair use]

อนึ่งภูษาผ้าทรงณรงค์รบ ให้มีครบเครื่องเสร็จทั้งเจ็ดสี วันอาทิตย์สิทธิโชคโฉลกดี เอาเครื่องสีแดงทรงเป็นมงคล        เครื่องวันจันทร์นั้นควรสีนวลขาว จะยืนยาวชันษาสถาผล อังคารม่วงช่วงงามสีครามปน เป็นมงคลขัตติยาเข้าราวี        เครื่องวันพุธสุดดีด้วยสีแสด กับเหลืองแปดปนประดับสลับสี วันพฤหัสจัดเครื่องเขียวเหลืองดี วันศุกร์สีเมฆหมอกออกสงคราม        วันเสาร์ทรงดำจึงล้ำเลิศ แสนประเสริฐเสี้ยนศึกจะนึกขาม หนึ่งพาชีขี่ขับประดับงาม ให้ต้องตามสีสันจึงกันภัย

1821/22

Starke Teuerung des Reises: 1 Wagenladung kostet 28 Baht, polierter Reis kostet 7/8 Baht pro Eimer.

1821/1822

Unüblich viele Wasserschlangen im Fluss beißen tödlich Menschen.

1821

Niederschlagung einer Rebellion des Sultans von Kedah (‏قدح‎) (heute zu Malaysia gehörend). Unterwerfung  des Sultanats Perak (‏ڤيرق‎) (heute zu Malaysia gehörend). Viele Malaien werden nach Siam als Sklaven gebracht. Großbritannien leistet dem Sultan keinen Beistand. Viele Malaien fliehen vor den Siamesen in die britische Provinz Wellesley, der Sultan flieht nach Penang. Siam fordert vom Gouverneur Penangs die Auslieferung des Sultans. Die Auslieferung wird verweigert, weswegen der Sultan der britishen East India Company gegenüber viel bescheidener auftritt.

Siam nennt Kedah in Saiburi (ไทรบุรี) um (wie später wieder im Zweiten Weltkrieg) und stellt es bis 1839 unter die direkte Verwaltung Siams.

Burma plant einen gemeinsamen Angriff auf Siam durch Burma, Kedah (‏قدح‎), Selangor (‏سلاڠور) und andere malaiische Staaten. Als Gegenleistung soll Kedah ein Vasall Burmas werden.

Abb.: Lage von Kedah (‏قدح‎) und  Perak (‏ڤيرق‎)
[Bildquelle: Constables Hand Atlas of India, 1893. -- Pl. 59]

"During the greater part of the eighteenth century there was little regular foreign intercourse with Siam. Occasionally a ship with a more than ordinarily venturesome commander would drop anchor in the river with a view to trade, but, as a rule, the experiences of the visitors were such as not to encourage a repetition of the cruise. It was found that the king's monopoly of trade, so far from having relaxed with the lapse of years, had grown in stringency. All imported goods had to be submitted for sale to royal agents, and they only purchased them at their own price. Commercial transactions outside these narrow limits were treated as a form of treason, to be punished with the last severity of Oriental despotism. In these circumstances the incentive to closer communication between the Western nations and Siam was slight, and there was the less temptation to embark on any adventure in that direction because the development of the trade with India and China at this period was making great headway. But the East India Company never entirely lost sight of the promise which Siam offered of trade under settled conditions of government. The course of events in that country was carefully noted, and from time to time, in the light of information forwarded by agents, reports were drafted by experienced officials bearing upon the prospects of commerce. The advance of the Siamese into the Malay Peninsula, in the manner described in the previous chapter, gave an added interest to the country and brought to a prominence the question of the desirability of the formulation of a regular policy in dealing with it. Nothing, however, was done of a practical kind, partly because the Indian authorities had their hands full of the task of resisting French encroachments, and partly because the dangers to British influence of Siamese aggression in Malaya were only dimly perceived at Calcutta. One of the first to realise the significance of the Siamese action against the Malay States was Francis Light, the founder of Pinang [Penang - Pulau Pinang - ‏‏بينانج‎]. There is little doubt that in acquiring that island this gifted administrator had in his mind the barrier that a British occupation of territory hereabouts would interpose to the march of the restless nation in the north. While he gave the Sultan of Kedah what can only be regarded as a pledge of British support in the event of a Siamese attack, he repeatedly urged upon the Calcutta Government the desirability of actively intervening to save the State from Siamese occupation. "If they destroy the country of Kedah," he wrote, "they deprive us of our great supplies of provisions, and the English will suffer disgrace in tamely suffering the King of Kedah to be cut off. We shall then be obliged to go to war in self-defence against the Siamese and Malays. Should your lordships resolve upon protecting Kedah, two companies of sepoys with four six-pounder field pieces and a supply of small arms and ammunition will effectually defend this country against the Siamese, who, though they are a very destructive enemy, are by no means formidable in battle." The Indian Government took a different view of their obligations to the Sultan of Kedah to that held by Light, and persistently refused to take any action to preserve the independence of the State. For a good many years the Calcutta authorities had no particular reason to regret their decision, but there came a day when the disadvantages of non-intervention were brought very directly home to them. In 1821 the Siamese made a sudden and unexpected descent upon Kedah. Landing on the river bank, they attacked and defeated the Sultan's forces, and then proceeded to ruthlessly waste the country, in accordance with the principles of Siamese warfare. The Sultan of Kedah, the son of the chief who ceded Pinang to Light, fled with difficulty to Province Wellesley, and thence proceeded to Pinang, where he placed himself under British protection. A Siamese fleet was despatched to Pinang to demand the surrender of the fugitive, but it was quickly sent about its business by the British authorities, who despatched against it the gunboat Nautilus, with orders to fire upon the Siamese prahus if they did not quit the harbour. For some time the deposed Sultan was a source of contention between the Siamese and the British, and it was not until he had been shipped off to Malacca that the controversy dropped. Meanwhile the Siamese, continuing their march southwards, penetrated to Perak, which State they subdued. They then prepared to attack Selangore, but met with such a hot reception that they deemed it advisable to beat a retreat, and they did not stay their march until they arrived at the State of Ligore, from whence the expedition had started. These events, so disturbing in their influence on the British settlements in the Straits, and so detrimental to trade, brought home to the Indian Government the imperative necessity of establishing diplomatic relations with Siam." [Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 52f.]

Ein britischer Beamter in Penang berichtet über das brutale Vorgehen der Siamesen:

"There has been a continuous scene of the most brutal rapine, carnage, oppression and devastation that can be imagined ... Their religion is violated ... Wives and daughters were forcibly dragged from their husbands and fathers and ravished by the Siamese soldiery ... aged parents and helpless babies were butchered ruthlessly ... and the most wanton murders, perpetrated by means most cruel and painful to the wretched victims are of daily occurrence ... the Siamese butchered them in great numbers, putting them to death by means most cruel and revolting to human nature ... it is impossible to calculate the number of Malays who perished by the swords of the Siamese." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 249]

Der Kapitän eines britischen Kriegsschiffs, das kurz nach dem Vorgehen der Siamesen vor Kedah  (‏قدح‎) liegt, berichtet, was ihm seine Mannschaft aus Kedah berichtet:

"Many of their cruelties do not bear repetition, but there are two refined modes of torture I will venture to describe ... One was cooking a human being alive. A hollow tree ... scooped out by manual labour, was left with merely its bare stem standing. Into it the prisoner was put naked, his hands tied behind his back and a large piece of pork fat lashed on his head. The tree was then coated with mud to prevent its ignition or so it might merely smoulder and then a slow steady fire was maintained around it. The unfortunate victim’s sufferings being by these means terribly prolonged, his shrieks and exclamations [were] responded to by the exultant shouts of his executioners ... Another Siamese torture was choosing a spot in the mud where the sprout of a young plant, a species of Nipa palm, was found shooting upwards which it does at a rate of several inches in twenty four hours; they would construct a platform around it and lash their miserable victim in a sitting posture over the young tree so that its lance like point should enter his body and bring on death - a slow mode of impaling ... The climax to this tale of horrors, was the gambling which took place upon the capture of unfortunate Malay women who happened to be ‘enceinte’ [pregnant], the stakes depending upon whether the infant was a boy or a girl, the diabolical game concluding with the death of the mother to decide who were the winners [after cutting the child from her belly] ... such were the cruelties perpetrated ... such have been the miseries which throughout Birmah, Siam and Malaya that first one master and then another practice upon their unhappy subjects." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 249f.]

John Anderson (1795–1845), britischer Beamter in Penang, schreibt:

Abb.: Lage von Ligor (ลิกอร์ = Nakhon Si Thammarat - นครศรีธรรมราช)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"The rajah of Ligore [ลิกอร์] (Viceroy Noi of Nakorn [Nakhon Si Thammarat - นครศรีธรรมราช]) next invaded the Langkawi [لڠكاوي] islands, which, independent of possessing between 3 and 4,000 souls, had received a large accession of emigrants from Queddah [Kedah - ‏قدح‎]. Here too, commenced a terrible scene of death and desolation, almost exceeding credibility. All the men were murdered and the women and female children were carried off, while the children were either put to death or left alone to perish. That fine island is now nearly depopulated." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 250]

1821 - 1839

Kedah (قدح) steht unter direkter Herrschaft des siamesischen Gouverneurs von Ligor (ลิกอร์ = Nakhon Si Thammarat - นครศรีธรรมราช). Es gibt immer wieder starken Widerstand gegen Siam in Kedah.

1821/1822

Die Armee in Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี) wird dazu eingesetzt, Holz zu schlagen und dieses sowie große Felsbrocken nach Bangkok zu transportieren, um in Bangkok auf dem Grund des Königspalastes einen Berg zu bauen.

Abb.: Lage von Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1821/1822

Bewohner von Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี) beschweren sich in Bangkok über die schlechte Behandlung durch die dort stationierten Truppen: die Armeekommandierenden behandeln die Einwohner wie Sklaven, beschlagnahmen rücksichtslos deren Boote und Besitz. Die Regierung in Bangkok weist die Armee an, Rücksicht auf die Bevölkerung zu nehmen: sie dürfen höchstens die Hälfte des Reisvorrats gegen Bezahlung requirieren, für einen Baht müsse die Armee sieben Kübel Zucker statt der sechs marktüblichen bekommen. Die Regierung betont, dass in Ratchaburi (ราชบุรี) und Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี) das Verhältnis zwischen Armee und Bevölkerung problemlos sei; es gäbe keinen Grund, dass in Phetchaburi kein so gutes Verhältnis herrsche.

Abb.: Lage von Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี), Ratchaburi (ราชบุรี) und Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1821

Einweihung der katholischen Assumptio-Kirche (heute: Kathedrale: อาสนวิหารอัสสัมชัญ) in Bangkok.

Abb.: Assumptio-Kathedrale, vor 1909
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 215]

Abb.: Lage der Assumptio-Kirche
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"The Assumption Cathedral (Thai: อาสนวิหารอัสสัมชัญ) is the principal Roman Catholic church of Thailand, located at 23 Oriental Avenue, New Road, in the Bang Rak district of Bangkok. It is the main church of the Archdiocese of Bangkok. It was visited by Pope John Paul II during his trip to Thailand in 1984. History Assumption Cathedral is located within 100 meters of the Oriental Hotel [1] and the French Embassy, and the original building was the result of the request from a French missionary, Father Pascal in 1809 and the work of a French architect which saw the cathedral completed in 1821 during the reign of King Rama II.[2] The architect designed the original Assumption Cathedral with material imported from France and Italy. The cathedral was named Assumption to honor the passage of the Virgin Mary to heaven after her death, and she is commemorated at the church during The Feast of the Assumption, on St. Mary's Day on 15 August.[2] Throughout the latter half of the 19th century, the church and surrounding area played an important role for Christian missionaries arriving in Bangkok, particularly after 1860. The cathedral is part of a series of buildings which consist of the Assumption Convent, Catholic Mission of Bangkok, Assumption Printing Press and rectory which were inhabited by the missionaries during their time in the city. However around 1909 or 1910 the church underwent significant reconstruction and was rebuilt in the romanesque style between 1910 and 1918.[2] The church has a relatively tall rectangular structure with a red brick exterior which stands out against its surrounding white buildings. The tall square towers flank the main entrance. Inside is a high ceiling adorned with many ornate decorations. Construction costs were largely covered by a local catholic businessman, Mr Low Khiok Chiang (also known as Jacobe) who owned the nearby Kiam Hoa Heng & Company, a Chinese Teochew family business. In 1942, during World War II, nearby buildings were destroyed by bombing which resulted in serious damage to the church.[2] It underwent extensive restoration shortly afterwards, and was partly refurbished in the 1980s and 1990s. Stained glass windows are now used in the cathedral today. Pope John Paul II visited the church in May 1984, given that the church is the center of the Roman Catholic diocese there.[2] The church is open seven days a week. Services for mass on Sundays are held at 6am, 7:30am, 8:30am, 10am and 5pm.[1] Notes "Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok". Thailand Travel Services. Retrieved October 11, 2008. "Assumption Cathedral Bangkok: The French legacy on the Chao Phraya". Tour Bangkok Legacies. Retrieved October 11, 2008." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral,_Bangkok. -- ZUgriff am 2011-10-18]

1821ff.

Exilanten aus Kedah (‏قدح‎) greifen immer wieder siamesische Garnisonen an.

Abb.: Lage von Kedah (‏قدح‎)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domai9n]

1821

John Crawfurd, 1783-1868 über Sklaven in Siam:

"An extraordinary advance in latter times in the price of slaves would seem to imply an important change in the frame of the society. About fifty’ ticals was in former periods the price of a good slave, but at present the average is about three times this amount. This implies an increased demand for labor, which has no doubt been the result of that freedom from internal disorder and anarchy, and the augmentation of commerce and industry, which have now prevailed for forty years, since the final expulsion of the Burmans." [Zitiert in: Mayoury Ngaosyvathn [ມະຍຸຣີ ເຫງົ້າສຼີວັດທະນາ] ; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn [ເຜີຍພັນ ເຫງົ້າສຼີວັດທະນາ] <1946 - >: Paths to conflagration : fifty years of diplomacy and warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778-1828. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Univ., 1998. -- 270 S. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 24). -- ISBN 0-87727-723-0. -- S. 46]

1821

Die letzte Gesandtschaft von Anuvong (ສົມເດັຈພຣະເຈົ້າ​ອານຸວົງສ໌ - เจ้าอนุวงศ์, 1767 - 1829), König von Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ) an den Hof von Hué [化/Huế]. Zuvor hatte Anuvong Gesandtschaften nach Hué geschickt in den Jahren

• 1805
• 1811/1812
• 1814
• 1817

Abb.: Lage von Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ) und Hué [化/Huế]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1821

Der englische Naturforscher Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867) entdeckt die elektromagnetische Rotation,  das Grundprinzip des Elektromotors.

Abb.: Versuchsanordnung Faradays zum Nachweis der elektromagnetischen Rotation, 1844
[Bildquelle: Michael Faraday: Experimental Researches in Electricity. -- Bd. 2. -- 1844]

1821

Goeckingk, Leopold Friedrich Günther von <1748 - 1828>: Gedichte. Neue, verbesserte und vermehrte Ausgabe. --  Frankfurt a. M.  : Hermannsche Buchhandlung, 1821.

"Zuschrift an den König von Siam Kommt diese Dedication,Durch Schiffer Peter Nils von Emden, Nach Wunsch, vor Eurer Hoheit Thron, Und laßt Ihr dann sie übersetzen: So seyd kein Kind, und denkt nicht gleich, Daß Deutschland, weil ein Deutscher Euch Besingt, gar sehr Euch müsse schätzen.   Zerbrecht Euch, Sir', auch nicht das Haupt Darüber, wie Ihr zu der Ehre Gekommen seyd? Wenn Ihr's erlaubt, (Ihr habt ja nichts zu thun!) erklären Wir Euch das Ding ganz kürzlich so: Die Dichtkunst drischt bei uns nur Stroh, Die Kunst zu schmeicheln aber, Aehren.   Nun ist bei uns so der Gebrauch, Von Aehren, nicht von Stroh, zu leben. Drum lernen wir Poeten auch Die Kunst, sie andern auszudreschen; Das heißt: den Durst nach Schmeichelein Löscht der Poet; den Durst nach Wein Muß ihm dafür der Andre löschen.   Glaubt, Sire, wollt' ich manchen Herrn In unserm Welttheil', so besingen, Als ich wohl könnt': er setzte gern Bei einer Arbeitfreien Stelle, Auf seine Kosten, mich in Ruh', Denn jeder hat ein Haus dazu; Man nennt es: Eine Zitadelle.   Und doch besang ich niemals sie. Warum? das kann Euch nichts verschlagen. Doch wär't Ihr dümmer als ein Vieh, Geruhtet Ihr daraus zu schließen: Ich legt' Euch diese Zuschrift, voll Von Eurem Ruhm', als einen Zoll, Der dem Verdienst' gebührt, zu Füßen.   Ihr seyd vielleicht ein schlechter Held? Das thut nichts! dafür seyd Ihr König! Wenn mir es sonst einmal gefällt, Euch Preußens Friedrich vorzuziehen: Wer darf in Siam sagen: »Ha! Wie lügt der Schurke!« Niemand ja Läßt gern sich schinden oder brühen!   Ich aber, Sire! bin kein Thor, Auf gutes Glück zu creditiren. Nein! Zug um Zug! Ihr müßt zuvor Mir diese Zuschrift baar vergüten, Sonst wird sich ihr Verfasser schier Vor Eurem Lobe, so wie Ihr Vor einer Mützen-Schlange1 hüten.   Es thut vielleicht Euch wenig leid, Ob Siam Euch nicht liebt? nur fürchtet? Doch wenn Ihr nicht ein Faulthier seyd, Muß für den Ruhm bei Nationen, Wo jeder Bettler, ungescheut, Euch preiset und vermaledeit, Doch wohl ein Wunsch noch in Euch wohnen?   Soll ich den Wunsch erfüllen? Top! Schickt mir nur einen Elephanten! Für Euer Gold kann ich, Gottlob! Weil ich's entbehren lernte, danken; Allein ein Thier zum Reiten, kann Mir Dienste thun; ich kranker Mann Fang' etwas früh schon an zu wanken.   Der Herr Professor Pauli2 hat Zwar ausgelobt, doch Euer Leben Schreibt Schirach gern an seiner Statt, Wenn ich das Reitthier ihm vermache; Denn seyd Ihr gleich uns hier zu Land Auch nach dem Namen unbekannt, So thut das eben nichts zur Sache. Fußnoten 1 Oder Brillenschlange. Sie ist die gefährlichste von allen indianischen Schlangen, und in Siam zugleich die häufigste. Ihr Biß ist tödlich, wenn man nicht auf der Stelle ein Mittel dagegen gebraucht. S. L' Histoire du Royaume de Siam, par M. Turpin. T.I. p. 343. 2 Verfasser des Lebens großer Helden."

1821 datiert

1821-05-15

Der britische Kaufmann John Morgan kommt im Auftrag des britischen Governor von Penang, Phillips, nach Bangkok, angeblich als privater Händler, in Wirklichkeit als britischer Geheimagent, der Informationen sammeln und Beziehungen aufbauen soll. Er überbringt die Mitteilung, dass die Briten Singapur [1819] gegründet haben und an guten Handelsbeziehungen mit Siam interessiert sind. Die verdeckte Mission ist letztlich erfolglos.

"In the meanwhile also the newly established Colony of Singapore had thought it expedient to enter into direct commercial relations with Siam and to acquire an unbiased knowledge of things there. So they tried the experiment of entrusting with this mission a merchant who, they thought, would combine it with his commercial venture untrammelled by political etiquette. The person so selected was one Mr. Morgan, of Singapore, who was recommended for that position by one Mr. Palmer, of Calcutta, who was financially interested in the venture. Mr. Morgan received very full instructions and was to deliver a letter addressed to the King of Siam by the resident councillor of Singapore, Colonel Farquhar [William Farquhar, 1774 - 1839], and he was guaranteed against all possible losses in his venture. In his instructions it was made quite clear that he. was only to speak in his own name and not commit the Government by any act. Mr. Morgan purchased and loaded a small boat “ Non me recordo ” of 70 tons burden, in Singapore, and left for Siam on the 25th of April 1821, arriving there on May 15th. On his arrival he had an interview with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, who in the evening conducted him to an audience with Krom Mün Chesda [กรมหมื่นเจษฎาบดินทร์, 1787 - 1851], the later King Phra Nang Klao [Rama III / นั่งเกล้า]. At that time Siam was making preparations for a war with Burmah and it is known that during a number of years Siamese troops had been sent to the frontiers “ to catch Burmese. ” In fact it was only at the death of the King Phra Buddha Lot La [Rama II. / พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย, 1768 - 1824] that the troops were recalled. Siam thought it expedient, whenever opportunity offered, to ascertain what position the British Government would assume and whether it would remain neutral, and they were consequently glad of the mission. Morgan, to whom these questions were put, answered them diplomatically without committing himself, under the plea that he was a merchant and did not know anything about the matter, and to the question whether Great Britain would assist Burmah in case of war and to the subsequent remark that it would be better for Great Britain not to do so also kept diplomatic silence. Evidently, however, Krom Mün Chesda was satisfied with the answer received, and on the 5th of June early in the morning a boat was sent by the Foreign Minister for Mr. Morgan to conduct him to an audience with the King. The presents which were sent by Colonel Farquhar were displayed before the throne as well as those which Morgan himself had brought, and a letter addressed to the King was read aloud. Morgan conformed to the usual ceremonies and the King addressed to him the customary enquiry about the health of the resident and also enquired about the abandonment of Malacca, about the newly established settlement of Singapore, and why he had not brought muskets which he knew were wanted. After these questions permission was granted to Morgan to carry on trade without let or hindrance, which he did, believing that after the permission made to him his venture would prove very successful. He was, however, disappointed and he ascribed his non-success partly to the interference of the Chulias [Tamilen] and native Portuguese, in whose hands the trade was and who necessarily looked upon him as an interloper, and it may be here mentioned, that Crawfurd [John Crawfurd, 1783-1868], Burney [Henry Burney, 1792-1845] and Malloch [D. E. Malloch] held the same opinion about them. On the other hand it must not be forgotten that Morgan imported opium, which was absolutely forbidden to be imported, and clandestinely disposed of it, a fact which was certainly known to the authorities. The only excuse that Morgan could make was that in this trade a beautiful profit was made, and that all high officials and Chinese were interested in it. He admits on the other hand, as a further excuse, that the only persons using opium were the Chinese. Morgan in all his trading transactions did not forget the semi-official mission with which he was entrusted, and he came to the conclusion “that any treaty that could be made could not protect merchants from the frauds practised on them without some person being on the spot to represent them.” In a subsequent audience Morgan had with Krom Mün Chesda, the question of British trade was raised and he was asked whether the British wanted a factory in Siam. In accordance with his instructions he replied he would report about it. It is curious to notice that in the instructions Crawfurd received and in the letter which he was to deliver to the King, it was especially mentioned that the Government did not desire to establish a factory or a Consulate in Bangkok, and Burney we know likewise repudiated the idea and even went so far as to say that the establishment of a Consulate or factory in Siam would lead to complications. Be that as it may, certainly the establishment of a factory would not have been viewed with favourable eyes by the Portuguese, the relations between whom and Siam were renewed in 1817, when the Governor of Macao had a letter forwarded to the King in which he requested for the establishment of the former intercourse. [...] Morgan concluded his affairs and presented a bill of his losses amounting to $5, 200. 08 to the Penang Government, and after some correspondence and reports to Calcutta a sum of $3, 612.30 was paid to his firm and $1, 200 for personal expenses. When Morgen left, he received as presents from the King for the Singapore Government 9 pieces of ivory and 53 piculs of sugar. The reports made by Morgan were handed over to Crawfurd, but the Government did not alter the instructions regarding the establishment of a factory. It is very likely that the meaning Morgan attached to the word “factory” implied something very different from what the Government understood by it. When Morgan arrived in Siam this was a country in which the Government as such engaged in trade. Crawfurd’s mission afterwards can in no way be considered a success, as the time chosen for it was not very opportune and no definite treaty could be signed. When Burney arrived in 1825 the King Phra Nang Klao had ascended the throne and had declared in a proclamation that the Government as such would no longer trade, and had abolished many monopolies. From being purely commercial, the interests of Siam had then become also political." [Quelle: Frankfurter, Oscar <1852 - 1922>: The unofficial mission of John Morgan, merchant, to Siam in 1821. -- In: Journal of the Siam Society. -- 11,1 (1914/15). S. 3ff.]

1821-05-05

Napoléon Bonaparte (geb. 1769) stirbt in der Verbannung auf St. Helena (im Südatlantik)

Abb.: William Pitt (Großbritannien) und Napoleon (Frankreich) fressen die Welt / von James Gillray (1756 - 1815), 1805
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1821-07-19

Königskrönung von George the Fourth (1762 - 1830), by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.

Abb.: George IV: Noch als Prinz-Regent, 1816
[Bildquelle: George Cruikshank (1792 – 1878). -- Public domain]

Abb.: George the Fourth, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith mit seiner Gattin Her Majesty the Queen, Caroline Amalie Elisabeth von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1768 - 1821)
[Bildquelle: George Cruikshank (1792 – 1878). -- Public domain]

1821-08

Bisher konnten 12 US-Schiffe ihre Ladung in Siam verkaufen. Als Rückfracht nehmen sie Zucker mit. Ein Captain Han schenkt dem König 500 Gewehre, dafür erhält er den Titel ขุนภักดีราช (Khun Phadiraja" = Sir Dem König-ergeben") und Zollbefreiung auf einen Teil seiner Waren.

1821-09 - 1821-10

Im London Magazine erscheint anonym

[De Quincey, Thomas Penson <1785 - 1859>:] Confessions of an English Opium-Eater

1822 erscheint diese Autobiographie in Buchform.

Abb.: Titelblatt der zweiten Auflage 1823

1821-11

König Bagyidaw (ဘကြီးတော်, 1784 - 1846) von Burma verlegt die Hauptstadt von Amarapura (အမရပူရ) wieder zurück nach Ava (Inwa, အင်းဝ).

Abb.: Lage von Ava (Inwa, အင်းဝ) und Amarapura (အမရပူရ)
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

1821-11-28

"While the restoration of the dethroned Sultan [von Kedah - ‏قدح‎] was one of the motives which led the [East India] Company to enter into political relations with Siam, this was far from being the most important cause. The reasons for the step were primarily economic. In the first place, the Penang Council was afraid that the Siamese conquest of Kedah would interfere with the food supply of Penang. The attempt to make the island self-supporting had failed, and it was dependent for the greater part of its food upon Kedah. The Council was always very sensitive to any change which seemed to threaten this source of supply, and it was greatly perturbed by the possibility that Siam might place obstacles in the way of obtaining food. The Malay government had been " at times froward and troublesome" but it was always " kindly disposed " and " easily dealt with." The Council seems greatly to have overrated the power of the Siamese, and it anticipated much trouble from them because, through their "insolence and haughtiness," they " could only he held in check by the strong arm of power."" [Quelle: Mills, L. A. (Lennox Algernon) <1896 - 1968>: British Malaya, 1824-1867 : with appendix by C. O. Blagden. -- Singapore : Methodist Publ., 1925. -- 338 S. ; 25 cm. -- S. 130]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Zu Chronik 1822 (Rama II.)