Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1851-4 - 1851-12 (Rama IV.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1851-4 - 1851-12 (Rama IV.). -- Fassung vom 2017-01-05. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1851-2.htm  

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-07-10

Überarbeitungen: 2017-01-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-03-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-07 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-06-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-17 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

1824

1824

Wenige Tage vor der schweren Erkrankung seines Vaters, Rama II., wird Prinz Mongkutsommutiwong Phong-isuankrasat Khattiyaratchakuman (1804 - 1868, เจ้าฟ้ามงกุฎ สมมติเทวาวงศ์พงษ์อิศรกษัตริย์), der spätere Rama IV. Mönch im Wat Samorai  (วัดสมอราย, heute: Wat Ratchathiwat - วัดราชาธิวาสวิหารราชวรวิหาร). Er erhält den Mönchsnamen Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu (วชิรญาณภิกขุ).

Zu diesem Zeitpunkt ist Mongkut bereits Vater von zwei Kindern.

Während seiner Mönchszeit macht Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu viele Pilgerreisen in ganz Siam. So lernt er Land und Leute kennen.

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu lernt folgende Sprachen zumindest in ihren Grundzügen:

• Pali (perfekt)
• Sanskrit (संस्कृत)
• Englisch (English)
• Laotisch (ພາສາລາວ)
• Kambodschanisch (Khmer) (ភាសាខ្មែរ)
• Vietnamesisch (tiếng Việt / 㗂越)
• Mon (Peguanisch) (ဘာသာ မန်)
• Burmesisch (မြန်မာဘာသာ)

• Malaiisch (بهاس ملايو)

• Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) (हिन्दुस्तानी  -  ہندوستانی)
• Latein (Lingua Latina)

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu beschäftigt sich auch mit westlichen Wissenschaften

• Geographie
• Physik
• Chemie
• Mathematik
• Astronomie (sein besonderes Interesse)

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu entwickelt auch eine universale Pali-Schrift, genannt Ariyaka (อักษรอริยกะ ), die sich aber nicht durchsetzte, obwohl in Siam damit Pali-Werke gedruckt werden:

Abb.: Ariyaka-Alphabet
[Bildquelle: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ariyaka.php. -- Zugriff am 2016-03-21. -- Fair use]

 

Abb.: Lage von Wat Samorai  (วัดสมอราย, heute: Wat Ratchathiwat - วัดราชาธิวาสวิหารราชวรวิหาร)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Um mit dem zölibatären Leben zurechtzukommen, scheint Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu (วชิรญาณภิกขุ) wiederholt den Orden verlassen zu haben, um nach der sexuellen Erleichterung sich wieder neu ordinieren zu lassen (Ki Thanit: Prawat khana song thai kap thammayutprakan. -- S. 96 - 106. -- Darauf verwiesen in: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: A history of modern Thailand 1767 - 1942. -- St. Lucia [u. a.] : Univ. of Queensland Press, 1983. -- 379 S.  -- S. 159, Anm. 51]

Während seiner Mönchszeit erleidet Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu eine bleibende Lähmung von Gesichtsmuskeln (Fazialislähmung). Deshalb hat er zeitlebens einen hängenden Mundwinkel.

Abb.: Fazialislähmung Ramas IV., 1865/66
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1830

1830

Der katholische Missionar und spätere Bischof Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix (1805 - 1862) kommt nach Bangkok. Er wird ein Freund von Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu. Vajirañāṇo lehrt Pallegoix Pali, Pallegoix lehrt Vajirañāṇo Latein. Pallegoix ist Vajirañāṇos erster wichtige Kontakt mit westlichem Denken und westlichem Wissen.

Abb.: Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1833

1833

Der Mönch Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu (วชิรญาโณ ภิกขุ), der spätere König Rama IV., gründet den Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thammayut Nikaya) - ธรรมยุติกนิกาย

1836

1836

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu (วชิรญาโณ ภิกขุ, 1804 - 1868), der künftige Rama IV., wird von seinem Bruder, Rama III. zum Abt von Wat Bowonniwet (วัดบวรนิเวศวิหารราชวรวิหาร) ernannt. Der Tempel hat 5 sesshafte Mönche. Vajirañāṇo macht den Tempel zu einem Zentrum der Pali-Gelehrsamkeit. Zu Ende der Abtszeit Vajirañāṇos leben in Wat Bowonniwet regelmäßig 130 bis 150 Mönche.

Abb.: Lage von Wat Bowonniwet (วัดบวรนิเวศวิหารราชวรวิหาร)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1839

1839

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu nimmt beim amerikanischen Baptistenmissionar Dan Beach Bradley (1804 - 1873) Englischunterricht. Aus unbekannten Gründen erweist sich der Unterricht als unbefriedigend.

1845

1845

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu nimmt beim amerikanischen Missionar Jesse Caswell (1809 - 1848) 18 Monate lang Englischunterricht, pro Woche viermal eine Stunde. Caswell ist seit 1840 in Siam.

"When Jesse Caswell died suddenly of erysipelas [Erysipel, eine bakterielle Infektion der oberen Hautschichten und Lymphwege, zeigt sich als scharf begrenzte starke Rötung; Todesfolge ist gut belegt] on September 24. 1848, a very promising career was brought abruptly to a close. Five months later the young widow returned to America with her children. When Mongkut became King he remembered his friend, first by erecting a monument in his honor, and subsequently by sending gifts of $1000 und $500 to Mrs. Caswell by Dr. House. The manner of delivery of the second gift was to cause a serious rift within the missionary community, when it became known several years after the occasion that Dr. House had received the money from King Mongkut in hard currency but paid Mrs. Caswell in Greenbacks which were worth less than half their face value. Fortunately for King Mongkut this fact was not disclosed until several years after his death." [Quelle: Bradley, William L.: Prince Mongkut and Jesse Caswell. -- http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_054_1d_Bradley_PrinceMongkutAndJesseCaswell.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2013-07-07]

1846

1846-01-20

Brief des amerikanischen Missionars Jesse Caswell (1809 - 1848):

"From six months intimacy with the inmates of this wat [Wat Bowonniwet - วัดบวรนิเวศวิหารราชวรวิหาร] I have been led to conclude that there is a strong tendency in the new school of priests to the rejection of every thing in religion which claims a supernatural origin, or that has any thing to do with other than the present state of existence. A Buddhist is ipso facto an atheist, as he does not acknowledge a Creator and Supreme Ruler. Still his religion is full of the supernatural - full of the past and of the future. Chao Fa [เจ้า ฟ้า = Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu] and his followers, are strongly inclined, if I mistake not, to deny the existence of a heaven and a hell, and of any kind of a future state. And yet they do not openly declare this as their creed. They are obliged to preach the Buddhist religion. When they broach these infidel notions they speak of them as held by some third person. "There are those in Siam who hold so and so." They dare not say that they adopt them themselves. . . For the sake of giving you a clearer idea of the posture of mind of C.F. [Chao Fa] and his followers, I will give you an extract from my journal. Jany. 2, 1846. I am getting a c!earer insight into the character of the peculiar views of the new party in the priesthood. There is a strong tendency among them to the rankest atheism, but at the same time, there seems to be something that is praiseworthy lying at the foundation of this party. C.F. [Chao Fa]  and his priests have several times of late inquired whether there are any enlightened scientific men in America who do not believe in the existence of a God, of angels or devils, or of a future state of rewards and punishments. When I have replied that there are some such, they say, 'there are such here,' yet in such a way as that none could accuse them of indulging such a belief. When informed that those who embrace such views in our country are usually of the vile sort, they reply that it is not so here. 'The great body of the priesthood,' they say, 'are constantly fleecing the people of the little they have by telling them that giving to the priests will merit heaven, while withholding exposes them to hell. But there is a class who pity the common people and despise this kind of teaching, and, seeing that heaven and hell are used in this despicable way, they are disposed to swing off to the opposite extreme and entirely abandon the use of these sanctions. ' They slide over the whole subject by saying to the people, ' if there be a heaven, or hell, a God, devils, a future state etc. you will know it after death ... '" [Zitiert in: Bradley, William L.: Prince Mongkut and Jesse Caswell. -- http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_054_1d_Bradley_PrinceMongkutAndJesseCaswell.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2013-07-07]

1849

1849

Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu bedauert in Briefen an Mr. & Mrs. Eddy in New York, dass es ihm nicht erlaubt ist nach New York zu kommen:

"While he was still abbot, Mongkut had written friends in upstate New York of his regret at not being able to visit America: "On hearing of your desire that I may pay visit to New York &c. I was most sorry for I know the opportunity would not be to me during my life for arrival the same with my body. The exact description of New York I have read in some books & heard frequently from mouth of my teacher and friend so that I was desirious long ere to visit, my whealth or property is as much as enough or sufficient for let me meet all the countries of the Europe & America." 8 But it was out of the question "owing to bad custom of our ignorant ancient & modern Government who prohabit alway the getting abroad of all royal persons as I am except the expedition for war."" [Zitiert in: Moffat, Abbot Low <1901 - 1996>: Mongkut, the king of Siam. -- Ithaca N.Y. : Cornell UP, 1961. --254 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- S. 47.]

nach 1850

Samut päp glong [สมุดแบบโคลง] (Thailändische Poetik) - BSB Cod.siam. 98

[Bildquelle: Bayerische Staatsbiliothek. --  http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0004/bsb00040571/images/index.html?id=00040571&groesser=&fip=xsyztsxdsydeayaeneayawsdaseayaqrsw&no=51&seite=1. -- Zugriff am 2016-09-18. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1851 datiert

1851-03-21

Der Baptistenmissionar Dan Beach Bradley (1804 - 1873) über die Thronfolgefrage in einem Brief an die Straits Times <Singapur>:

"All parties concerned in the question of the succession were preparing themselves with arms and troops for self defence and resistance. There is no doubt that had it been determined that the King’s sons should have the throne there would have been a fearful civil war here before now. It now appears that on the night of the 15th inst. when the King was very low, when the affairs of the Royal palace seemed to be on the very eve of a terrible outbreak, there was convened at the King’s Palace, or at a place within its walls, a meeting of all the Princes, nobles, and chief rulers of the land to confer together on the all engrossing question who shall become the successor of the present king. Up to this time it would seem that no one of the three political parties had ventured to take any very positive steps to carry out its intentions. Each party maintained great reserve towards the others, and consequently they became suspicious of each other’s intentions, and were ready at a word to come into fearful collision. As His Excellency the Phraklang [พระคลัง], the prime minister of the foreign department, was one of the most powerful rulers of the land, he was vehemently pressed to declare his purposes touching the question before them. He had borne a conspicuous part in placing the present king on the throne, and he had ever been a highly favourite ruler under him. This minister, it is said, had the boldness to declare firmly that he saw no man in the kingdom, who had equal claims with his Royal Highness T.Y. Chaufat Mongkut with his brother Chaufat Krommakhun Izaret [เจ้าฟ้ากรมขุนอิศเรศรังสรรค์] as his colleague to become successor to the Throne." [Zitiert in: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: A history of modern Thailand 1767 - 1942. -- St. Lucia [u. a.] : Univ. of Queensland Press, 1983. -- S. 162f.]

1851-04-03 - 1868-10-17

Rama IV.: Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthramaha Mongkut Phra Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua - พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎฯ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ist König

Rama IV. erhält vom chinesischen Kaier den Namen 鄭明 (Tae Meng)

Abb.: Rama IV. -- King Mongkut Memorial Park of Science and Technology, Prachuap Khiri Khan - ประจวบคีรีขันธ์
[Bildquelle: Tevaprapas Makklay / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Rama IV.

Abb.: Visitenkarte von König Mongkut
[Bildquelle: ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant, 2012. -- S. 41]

Abb.: Rama IV., seine zweite Hauptfrau Debsirindra (เทพศิรินทรา, 1834 - 1861) und ihre vier gemeinsamen Kinder: Prinz (später König) Chulalongkorn (สมเด็จพระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ เจ้าฟ้าจุฬาลงกรณ์, 1853–1910) ; Prinzessin Chandornmondon (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจันทรมณฑล กรมหลวงวิสุทธิกระษัตริย์, 1855–1863) ; Prinz Chaturonrasmi (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจาตุรนต์รัศมี กรมพระจักรพรรดิพงศ์, 1856–1900) ; Prinz Bhanurangsi Savangwongse (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าภาณุรังษีสว่างวงศ์ กรมพระยาภาณุพันธุวงศ์วรเดช,1859–1928)

"König Mongkut, auch bekannt als Rama IV. (* 17. Oktober 1804 in Bangkok, Thailand; † 17. Oktober 1868 ebenda) gab sich selbst den Namen Phra Chomklao Chaoyuhua, der auch in Thailand verwendet wird (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, gesprochen: [pʰrábàːt sŏmdèt pʰrá ʤomklâo ʤâojùːhŭa]). Er war König von Siam von 1851 bis 1868 und ist der Urgroßvater des amtierenden Königs. Leben Kindheit Prinz Mongkut war der Enkel des Begründers der Chakri-Dynastie Phra Puddha Yodfa (Rama I.) und der Sohn von König Phuttaloetla (Rama II.) und dessen erster Gemahlin Königin Sri Suriyendra. Der erste Sohn des Königspaars war bei der Geburt 1801 gestorben. Prinz Mongkut war fünf Jahre alt, als sein Vater im Jahre 1809 zum König gekrönt wurde. Nach dessen Tod hätte gemäß der Erbfolge eigentlich Prinz Mongkut Thronfolger sein sollen, aber sein einflussreicher Halbbruder Nangklao wurde vom Thronrat bevorzugt und als Rama III. gekrönt. Daher entschied Prinz Mongkut, Mönch zu werden. Die Zeit als buddhistischer Mönch Im Alter von 20 Jahren wurde Prinz Mongkut, wie es die Tradition verlangte, im Wat Samorai (wörtlich „Kloster mit den Ankersteinen“, heute: Wat Ratchathiwat) zum Mönch ordiniert (Mönchsname: Vajirañāṇo). Als er nach 3-jährigem Studium die Abschlussprüfung der Pali-Sprache mit Auszeichnung absolvierte, wurde er vom König zum Leiter des Pali-Prüfungsgremiums ernannt. Bei ausgedehnten Pilgerfahrten besuchte er die alten Hauptstädte Ayutthaya und Sukhothai, wo er die Stein-Stele fand, auf der König Ram Khamhaeng die Erfindung der Thai-Schrift bekanntgegeben hatte. In Nakhon Pathom entdeckte er den vom Dschungel überwucherten Phra Pathom Chedi. Er lernte das ganze Land sozusagen „von unter her“ kennen. Später, nachdem er zum Abt des Wat Bowonniwet berufen worden war, gründete er den Thammayut-Orden. In seiner Klosterzeit lernte er Latein und Englisch und setzte sich intensiv mit der europäischen Wissenschaft (besonders der Astronomie) und Kultur auseinander. Zu seinen Gesprächspartnern zählten z. B. der französische Bischof Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix und die protestantischen amerikanischen Missionare Dr. Caswell und Dr. Bradley. In diesem Zusammenhang ist von Prinz Mongkut dieser Kommentar zum Christentum überliefert: „Was ihr die Leute lehrt zu tun, ist bewundernswert. Was ihr sie aber lehrt zu glauben, ist töricht.“ Krönung zum König von Siam Als König Rama III. 1851 starb, wurde Prinz Mongkut von seinem Amt als Abt abberufen und am 15. Mai um 7:30 Uhr in einer grandiosen Zeremonie als Phrabaht Somdet Phra Chom Klao Chaoyuhua (in Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, im Westen bekannt als „Rama IV.“) zum König von Siam gekrönt. Er bestieg den Thron als ein Mann, der sowohl sein eigenes Land als auch das Ausland gut kannte. Die Politik von Rama IV. Rama IV. führte eine alte Tradition aus Ayutthaya fort, indem er seinen jüngeren Bruder Chuta Mani als Uparatcha (etwa: „Zweiter König“) einsetzte, der als König Pinklao für die Verteidigung und das Militär zuständig war. Bildungspolitik Rama IV. führte ein modernes Bildungssystem ein; die Schüler wurden angehalten, die englische Sprache zu erlernen. Seine Kinder wurden von der englischen Gouvernante Anna Leonowens erzogen. [1] 1855 gründete er im Dusit-Palast eine erste Druckerei, in der das Amtsblatt Government Gazette hergestellt wurde. Wirtschaftspolitik Für die Stabilisierung der Wirtschaft schloss Mongkut Handelsabkommen mit England, den USA, Dänemark und Frankreich ab und ließ die Königliche Münze errichten. Die starke Erweiterung des Handelsvolumens, insbesondere zwischen Siam und England, sorgte für die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften in der Hauptstadt, Bangkok wuchs deshalb kräftig und musste um Kanäle und Straßen (unter anderem die Thanon Silom - Silom-Straße) erweitert werden. War zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts noch China der wichtigste Handelspartner des Reiches, so trat nach der Schwächung des Reiches der Mitte als Folge der Opiumkriege England an dessen Stelle. Außenpolitik König Mongkut (Rama IV.) setzte die seit König Narai bewährte Schaukelpolitik gegenüber den Kolonialmächten erfolgreich fort und konnte somit Siams Unabhängigkeit wahren. Gegenüber China verhielt sich Mongkut selbstbewusster als seine Vorgänger und versuchte den Eindruck zu vermeiden, Siam wäre dessen Vasall[2]. Er wusste besser als die anderen Monarchen in Südostasien, welche Weltsicht Europa hatte und dass eine Tributpflicht gegenüber China seinem Reich nichts nützen würde. Rama IV. als Autor und Wissenschaftler  Kulturgeschichte Wie seine Vorgänger verfasste Rama IV. auch selbst Bücher, vor allem zur Geschichte und zu den Sitten des Landes, aber auch über die Legende des Smaragd-Buddha, der im Wat Phra Kaeo in Bangkok seinen Platz gefunden hatte. Er führte auch das Urheberrecht in Siam ein. Astronomie Abb.: Astronomiebücher aus dem Besitz König Mongkuts Seine Liebe zur Wissenschaft brachte ihm indirekt den Tod: er konnte eine Sonnenfinsternis zum 18. August 1868 bei Prachuap Khiri Khan (99° 42' östl. Länge, 11° 39' nördl. Breite Koordinaten: 11° 39′ 0″ N, 99° 42′ 0″ O (Karte) ) [3] vorhersagen, zu deren Beobachtung er unter anderem den Gouverneur von Singapur, Sir Henry Orde einlud. Sie mussten dazu in ein Sumpfgebiet eindringen, das voller Moskitoschwärme war. Die Sonnenfinsternis fand exakt so statt, wie der König es berechnet hatte. Während seines Aufenthalts zog er sich jedoch die Malaria zu, an der er am 17. Oktober 1868, seinem 64. Geburtstag, in Bangkok verstarb. Zum Nachfolger wurde sein ältester Sohn Chulalongkorn bestimmt, der den Herrschernamen Phrabaht Somdet Phra Chula Chomklao Chaoyuhua (in Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) annahm." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-06]

"The death of the old king in 1851 created a crisis in Siamese affairs which, but for the wisdom shown by the chief officers of state, might have resulted disastrously for the interests of the country. At that time there were two legitimate lines of succession, each with its supporters. On the one side were the king's two brothers—Chow Fa Yai and Chow Fa Noi ; on the other were a number of sons, any one of whom might have occupied the throne. With a perspicacity which did them credit, two powerful noblemen took the lead in advancing the claims of the former, and they completely succeeded by their prompt and bold measures in securing for the brothers a whole-hearted acceptance at the hands of the people. Chow Fa Yai, the elder, was chosen for the supreme position, and Chow Fa Noi became "second king"—a position which gave title without power—the form of royalty without the substance. Both were remarkable men. The king—Phrabaht Somdetch Paramindr Maha Mongkut—to give him his full regal name, was, says a writer who knew him well, "a man of extraordinary genius and acquirements, a theologian and founder of a new school of Buddhist thought. At one time in the priesthood, he was eminent amongst the monks for his knowledge of Buddhist scriptures, and boldly preached against the canonicity of those whose teachings were opposed to his reason and his knowledge of modern science. His powers as a linguist were considerable, and enabled him to use an English library with facility. His majesty was well versed in mathematics and astronomy." [...] An almost immediate result of this king's accession was a great widening of the avenues of Government employment for Europeans. Indeed, the modern European official hierarchy may be said to date its birth from this period. Under the rule of Somdetch Pra Nang Klow about the only persons of Western origin employed were persons with nautical knowledge, whose services were indispensable in the navigation of the square-rigged vessels which during the reign came into vogue. The new king had none of the prejudices of his predecessors against the foreigner. He welcomed Europeans to his capital as a necessary element in the new system under which trade was no longer the special province of the king, but was open to all who desired to enter into it. Many strangers, recruited from most of the nations of continental Europe, flocked to Bangkok. A few of them secured Government employment. The number would have been greater, but for the miserably inadequate pay which the authorities offered. The usual rate was 48 dollars per month. "A greater sum than this was rarely, if ever, given, no matter what the European's ability, and the Siamese then thought this an exorbitant sum, and, compared with the pay of the great nobles, it was so." In the early days of the reign Captain Impey and Mr. T. G. Knox proceeded from India to Siam, and for a season found official employment. The former, after a brief stay, returned to India. Mr. Knox drifted into the service of the second king, whose troops he trained. Subsequently he became Interpreter at the British Consulate, and finally Consul-General. M. Lamache, a Frenchman, was another of the earlier European officials; and there were also several Americans, notably a Mr. Gardener, who was put in charge of the king's printing office. The wives of the American missionaries had also a sort of official connection by their being engaged as teachers of the royal children. Their services were dispensed with after a period, and Mrs. Leonowens, the talented writer previously referred to, was engaged to perform the duties which they had discharged." [...] Phrabaht Somdetch Paramendr Maha Mongkut died towards the close of 1868, his brother the second king having predeceased him by several years." [Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 63f.]

 

Namen und Titel: 1804–1824: His Royal Highness Prince Mongkutsommutiwong Phong-isuankrasat Khattiyaratchakuman (เจ้าฟ้ามงกุฎ สมมติเทวาวงศ์พงษ์อิศรกษัตริย์) 1824 -1851: Vajirañāṇo Bhikkhu (วชิรญาณภิกขุ, as a Buddhist monk) 1851 -1868: Phra Bat Somdet Phra Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎสุทธิ สมมุติเทพยพงศวงศาดิศรกษัตริย์ วรขัตติยราชนิกโรดม จาตุรันตบรมมหาจักรพรรดิราชสังกาศ อุภโตสุชาติสังสุทธิเคราะหณี จักรีบรมนาถ อดิศวราชรามวรังกูร สุจริตมูลสุสาธิตอุกฤษฐวิบูลย บุรพาดูลยกฤษฎาภินิหารสุภาธิการรังสฤษดิ ธัญญลักษณ วิจิตรโสภาคสรรพางค์ มหาชโนตมางคประนตบาทบงกชยุคคล ประสิทธิสรรพสุภผลอุดม บรมสุขุมาลยมหาบุรุษยรัตน ศึกษาพิพัฒนสรรพโกศล สุวิสุทธิวิมลศุภศีลสมาจารย์ เพ็ชรญาณประภาไพโรจน์ อเนกโกฏิสาธุ คุณวิบุลยสันดาน ทิพยเทพวตาร ไพศาลเกียรติคุณอดุลยพิเศษ สรรพเทเวศรานุรักษ์เอกอัครมหาบุรุษ สุตพุทธมหากระวี ตรีปิฎกาทิโกศล วิมลปรีชามหาอุดมบัณฑิต สุนทรวิจิตรปฏิภาณ บริบูรณ์คุณสาร สัสยามาทิโลกยดิลก มหาปริวารนายกอนันต์ มหันตวรฤทธิเดช สรรพพิเศษ สิรินธรมหาชนนิกรสโมสรสมมติ ประสิทธิวรยศมโหดมบรมราชสมบัติ นพปดลเศวตฉัตราดิฉัตร สิริรัตโนปลักษณมหาบรมราชาภิเศกาภิษิต สรรพทศทิศวิชิตวิไชย สกลมไหศวรินมหาสยามินทร มเหศวรมหินทร มหาราชาวโรดม บรมนารถชาติอาชาวศรัย พุทธาทิไตรรัตนสรณารักษ์ อุกฤษฐศักดิอัครนเรศราธิบดี เมตตากรุณาสีตลหฤทัย อโนปมัยบุญการสกลไพศาลมหารัษฎาธิเบนทร ปรเมนทรธรรมมิกมหาราชาธิราช บรมนารถบรมบพิตร พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ) [Quelle: th.Wikipedia und en.Wikipedia]

Zu Beginn der Regierungszeit von Rama IV. sind in der Staatskasse von seinem Vorgänger her 3,2 Mio. Baht in Silber (= 48.000 kg Silber; 1 Baht = 15 Gramm) und 8.000 Baht (120 kg) in Gold.

Rama IV. erließ in seiner Regierungszeit 5000 (!) Gesetze.

Königinnen:

• Soamanat Vadhanavadi (โสมนัสวัฒนาวดี, 1834 - 1852)

• Depsirindra (เทพศิรินทรา, 1834 - 1861)

• Piam (เปี่ยม, 1838 - 1904)

• Pannarai (พรรณราย, 1838 - 1914)

"Somdet Phranangchao Soamanat Vadhanavadi, or Queen Soamanat (1834–1852), was the first queen of Mongkut, though for only nine months. Princess Soamanas was a daughter of Prince Lakhananukun (son of Jessadabodindra) and Ngiu Suvarnnadat. Since her father was Phra Ong Chao, Somanat was destined to be Mom Chao. However, Jessadabodindra specially granted her the title of Phra Ong Chao i.e. princess. In 1851, upon his coronation, Mongkut married Princess Somanat, then she became the queen. In the same year she gave birth to a prince: Somdet Chaofa Soamanas, but the prince shortly died. Queen Soamanat herself died two months after." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soamanas_Vadhanavadi. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-30]

Abb.: König Mongkut mit Königin Depsirindra (เทพศิรินทรา)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Queen Debsirindra of Siam (Thai: เทพศิรินทรา; RTGS: —Thep Sirinthra—) (17 July 1834 – 9 September 1861) was the second consort of King Mongkut (Rama IV), and mother of the future King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Mom Chao Rampoei was born in 1834 to Prince Siriwongse, the Krom Meun Matayapitak, who was the son of Jessadabodindra and Concubine Sap, and Lady Noi. In 1853, Rampoei (รำเพย) married Mongkut and was raised to a Phra Ong Chao (i.e. Princess). She was of Mon (မောန်) descent.[1] In the same year she gave birth to Prince Chulalongkorn. She later became Queen Rampoei. She had 4 children with King Mongkut. Prince Chulalongkorn (สมเด็จพระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ เจ้าฟ้าจุฬาลงกรณ์), later King Chulalongkorn (พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) (1853–1910) Princess Chandornmondon (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจันทรมณฑล กรมหลวงวิสุทธิกระษัตริย์) (สมเด็จพระเจ้าลูกเธอ เจ้าฟ้าจันทรมณฑล โสภณภควดี) (1855–1863) Prince Chaturonrasmi (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจาตุรนต์รัศมี กรมพระจักรพรรดิพงศ์) (สมเด็จพระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ เจ้าฟ้าจาตุรนต์รัศมี) (1856–1900) Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าภาณุรังษีสว่างวงศ์ กรมพระยาภาณุพันธุวงศ์วรเดช) (สมเด็จพระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ เจ้าฟ้าภาณุรังษีสว่างวงศ์) (1859–1928) Queen Rampoei died in 1861. Her sister (who was also Mongkut's wife), Princess Pannarai, acted as Mongkut's consort for the remainder of his reign. When Chulalongkorn was crowned, she was posthumously given the title Krom Somdet Phra Debsirindramataya. Her grandson, Vajiravudh (Rama VI), gave her the name Somdet Phra Debsirindra Boroma Rajini." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debsirindra. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-30]

Abb.: Piam (เปี่ยม)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"HRH Princess Piyamavadi Sri Bajarindra Mata, the Royal Consort to King Mongkut or Chao Khun Chom Manda Piam (Thai:เจ้าคุณจอมมารดาเปี่ยม) née Piam Sucharitakul. She was one of the royal wives of King Mongkut. When her grandson, Crown Prince Maha Vajiravudh (Rama VI) acceded to the throne to be King Vajiravudh, he promoted the Princess Consort to be Somdech Phra Piyamavadi Sri Bajarindra Mata (Thai: สมเด็จพระปิยมาวดี ศรีพัชรินทรมาตา meaning: Piam, Princess Mother of Queen Saovabha) She had 6 children with King Mongkut. Prince Unakan Ananta Norajaya (พระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ พระองค์เจ้า อุณากรรณอนันตนรไชย, 1856 - 1873) Prince Devan Uthayawongse (Later Prince Devavongse Varoprakarn - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923) Princess Sunandha Kumariratana (Later Queen Sunandha Kumariratana - สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์, 1860 - 1880) Princess Savang Vadhana (สว่างวัฒนา) (Later Queen Sri Savarindira, the Queen Grandmother - ศรีสวรินทิรา, 1862 - 1955) Princess Saovabha Bongsi (เสาวภาผ่องศรี) (Later Queen Sri Bajarindra, the Queen Mother - ศรีพัชรินทรา, 1864 - 1919) Prince Svasti Sobhana (สวัสดิโสภณ) (Later Prince Svastivatana Visishta - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระ สวัสดิวัตน์วิศิษฎ์, 1865 - 1935)" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piam. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-30]

"The only woman who ever managed him [Mongkut] with acknowledged success was Khoon Chom Piem: hardly pretty, but well formed, and of versatile tact, totally uneducated, of barely respectable birth, — being Chinese on her father's side, — yet withal endowed with a nice intuitive appreciation of character. Once conscious of her growing influence over the king, she contrived to foster and exercise it for years, with but a slight rebuff now and then. Being modest to a fault, even at times obnoxious to the imputation of prudishness, she habitually feigned excuses for non-attendance in his Majesty’s chambers, — such as delicate health, the nursing of her children, mourning for the death of this or that relative, — and voluntarily visited him only at rare intervals. In the course of six years she amassed considerable treasure, procured good places at court for members of her family, and was the means of bringing many Chinamen to the notice of the king. At the same time she lived in continual fear, was warily humble and conciliating toward her rival sisters, who pitied rather than envied her, and retained in her pay most of the female executive force in the palace." [Quelle: Leonowens, Anna Harriette <1831 - 1915>: The English Governess at the Siamese Court: Being Recollections of Six Years in the Royal Palace at Bangkok. -- Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1870. -- S. 247]

Abb.: Pannarai (พรรณราย)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Phra Ong Chao Pannarai (Thai: พรรณราย; RTGS: —Phannarai—) (May 9, 1838 - June 22, 1914), formerly Mom Chao Ying Chae Siriwongse, was one of the consorts of Mongkut of Siam, fourth King of the Chakri dynasty. Chae Siriwongse was a daughter of Prince Siriwongse (a son of Jessadabodindra) and Lady Kim). Mom Chao Chae and her sister, Mom Chao Rampoei Siriwongse, became the consort of King Mongkut in 1851 (Mom Chao Rampoei later became Queen Debsirindra - เทพศิรินทรา, 1834 - 1861). When her sister died in 1861, she assumed the position as the senior consort of Mongkut. Although she was not elevated to the rank of queen, she ruled over the court ladies and her position as a queen was observed during various banquets for foreign emissaries. With Mongkut, Princess Pannarai bore: Princess Kannikakaew (กรรณิกาแก้ว), Krom Khun Kattiyakalaya (เจ้าฟ้า กรมขุน ขัตติยกัลยา, 1855–1882) Prince Chitchareon (จิตรเจริญ), Krom Phraya Narisara Nuvadtivongs (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้ากรมพระยา นริศรานุวัดติวงศ์, 1863–1947) As she was the aunt of Chulalongkorn (Rama V) (Queen Debsirindra's son), Mom Chao Chae was elevated to Phra Ong Chao Pannarai in 1900. She died in 1914." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannarai. --  Zugriff am 2012-03-30]

Abb.: Frauen Ramas IV. in Militäruniform

Vom Fürstenspiegel vorgeschriebener (theoretischer) Tagesablauf Ramas IV.:

7:00	The King rose from bed.
8:00	He partook of a light repast consisting of rice gruel.
9:00	He gave audience to the officers of the Royal Guards.
10:00	He took his morning meal and retired again to bed.
11:00	He was attended by the ladies of the palace.
13:00	He went out on an excursion.
14:00	He gave audience to his children and members of the Royal Family.
15:00	He presided over a council of his ministers and gave his decisions on affairs of state.
16:00	He went out on an excursion.
17:00	He went to the Royal Chapel.
18:00	He decided on the affairs of the Palace.
19:00	He studied the Art of War.
20:00	He studied Politics.
21:00	He studied History.
22:00	He was served a meal.
23:00	He conferred with astrologers and pundits and discussed Religion and Philosophy.
24:00	He listened to musicians and singers.
1:00	He listened to story-tellers.
2:00 oder 3:00	The King retired to bed.

[Zitiert in: Moffat, Abbot Low <1901 - 1996>: Mongkut, the king of Siam. -- Ithaca N.Y. : Cornell UP, 1961.  -- S. 140f.]

Der König hat 700 Soldaten (520 Infanteristen, 80 Artilleristen), der Uparat (มหาอุปราช) hat 500 Soldaten (420 Infanteristen, 80 Artilleristen).

Zur Regierungszeit von König Mongkut nimmt Siam folgende Dampf-Kriegsschiffe in Betrieb:

King Rama IV ordered the building of sailing ships as did King Rama Ill. However, only 13 ships were built and procured because they were replaced by steamships, marking the first era of steamships. The steamship constructed during this period consisted of the following:
 

1. Siam Orasumpol (Royal Siamese Seat)
2. Manee Mekhala (Ocean Goddess)
3. Maha Pichaithep (Illustrious Conqueror)
4. Sepsahai Maitree (Little Eastern)
5. Sri Ayudhyadej (Ayudian Power)
6. Asawadeerot (Sherry Wine)
7. Senintrapradit (Meteor)
8. Rithrangsorn (Arrow)
9. Ranrook Pairee (1) (Enemy Chaser)
10. Theva Sooraram (Celestial Angel)
11. Parnprabha (Ruby)
12. Khattiyopanabha (Firefly)
13. Songkhram Kanchit (Warlike)
14. Saksithawuth (Success in Arms)
15. Khejorncholkadee (Volant)
16. Jongjot Ayochaniya (Impregnable)
17. Akarat Waradet (Royal Sovereign)
18. Akaret Rattanat (The first Empress)
19. Vega Pichorn
20. Prapat Udon Sayahm
21. Siamu Prasadam (Siam Supporter)

 

[Quelle: http://www.navy.mi.th/newwww/document/history/history_rtn/content2_1.php. -- Zugriff am 2015-09-12]

"Time-honored protocol since the Ayudhya period dictated that upon ascending the throne, Mongkut should send a tribute mission to Canton [廣州] to request imperial investiture. King Mongkut immediately dispatched a tribute mission to Canton but the mission was not allowed to proceed to Beijing [北京] because the Qing court [清朝 / ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ] was still mourning the death of the Daoguang emperor [道光, 1782 - 1850]. A year later, the king again sent two tribute ships. This time the Siamese envoy traveled to Beijing where they met five other envoys, including from Korea and Ryukyu [琉球王国]. On the way back to Canton in 1853, the Siamese mission was attacked and robbed by bandits near Shangqiu City [商丘] in Henan Province [河南]. The Siamese translator accompanying the envoy went missing and was presumed dead. All the valuable gifts bestowed by the Chinese emperor upon the Siamese king were stolen." [Quelle: Sng, Jeffery ; Pimphraphai Bisalputra [พิมพ์ประไพ พิศาลบุตร] <1945 - >: A history of the Thai-Chinese. -- Singapore : Didier Millet, 2015. -- 447 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm. -- ISBN 978-981-4385-77-0. -- S. 151]

Zur Zeit von Rama IV. besteht das Mahori-Orchester (วงมโหรี) aus vierzehn Musikern. Neu hinzugekommen sind:

• Ranat ek lek (ระนาดเอกเหล็ก)

• Ranat thum lek  (ระนาดทุ้มเหล็ก)

Abb.: Ranat ek lek (ระนาดเอกเหล็ก), 2009
[Bildquelle: Paul_012 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Ranat thum lek  (ระนาดทุ้มเหล็ก), 2009
[Bildquelle: Paul_012 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Einer der bekanntesten Maler zur Zeit Ramas IV. ist Khrua In Khong (ขรัวอินโข่ง, Lebensdaten unbekannt)

"Khrua In Khong (Thai: ขรัวอินโข่ง), one of the most celebrated Thai artists, was active in the 1850s and 1860s during the reign of King Rama IV. He was a painter under the patronage of King Rama IV (Mongkut). Khrua In Khong and King Rama IV developed their friendship when they were in the monkhood during the reign of King Rama III. The King was very fond of him. Therefore, once he ascended the throne, he frequently ordered Khrua In Khong to paint murals in numerous temples that he built or restored. His style had been greatly influenced by Western painting, thus distinguishing it from other conventional Thai paintings. He is well-known as the first artist to introduce linear perspective to Thai traditional art.[1][2][3] The works of Khrua In Khong served under the king’s desire to modernize Thailand in order to survive the Western colonialist aspiration. His best-known works are mural paintings in the ubosoth (chapel) of Wat Bowonniwet [วัดบวรนิเวศวิหารราชวรวิหาร] and Wat Borom Niwat [วัดบรมนิวาส]. Early life Khrua In Khong’s birth date and origins are uncertain. He was born in Bang Chan [บางจาน], Phetchaburi province [เพชรบุรี], Thailand in the reign of King Rama III. He ordained at Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Liap) [วัดราชบูรณะ (วัดเลียบ)]and stayed as a monk for the rest of his life. His original name was “In” not “Khrua In Khong”, “Khrua” and “Khong” were a prefix and postfix words to specify his personal identity. The word “Khrua” [ขรัว] often refers to an elder monk or a person who has strict or moody character. It also meant a teacher who specialized in difficult subjects, and the word “Khong” [โข่ง] quoting Saan Somdet (Princes’ Correspondence) “…he stayed in monkhood as a neophyte for too long; hence he was called In Khong (falling tone). At first, I thought had mispronounced Khong (low tone) for Khong, I now realize there is no mistake. Taking Hoi Khong for example, it means big snail. … Therefore, Khong and Khong are the same. "[4] It was also known that Khrua In Khong was not very sociable. He was an introvert and always stayed alone by himself in order to avoid being interrupted by visitors during his work process. He went as far as entering and leaving his kuti (a monk’s residence) through the windows. Education There is no evidence of when and where Khrua In Khong practiced his drawing and painting skill.[3] According to his sketchbook, he started drawing in a conventional Thai artistic style which puts much effort into an outline. All shapes and forms have to be drawn properly, very carefully and precisely. When Siam started exchanging culture with Europe, Khrua In Khong absorbed and learned western style drawing despite never visiting the west even once.[1][5] Career Khrua In Khong and King Rama IV had a close relationship since they were both ordained in the era of King Rama III. When King Rama IV reigned, the friendship still remained. Khrua In Khong became a painter under the patronage of the king and was frequently ordered to paint murals in temples that he built or restored.[1][5] It was mentioned in the royal chronicles “…the king demanded the service of Phra Achan In in Painting murals depicting the royal chronicles of the Bangkok period.” Khrua In Khong’s early work was not yet departed from Thai traditional artistic motifs. The murals in Ratchakoramanuson pavilion and Ratchaphongsanuson Pavilion at Wat Phra Kaew (วัดพระแก้ว) (Temple of the Emerald Buddha) both reflect Thai conventional style. The subject is also mainly about Buddha. Murals in Wat Mahasamanaram do not depict stories of Buddha, but still closely relate to Buddhism. The murals in Wat Phra Ngam [วัดพระงาม], Ayutthaya [อยุธยา] are the depictions of the life of Buddha. The most renowned works of Khrua In Khong are the depictions of Buddhist teachings (Dharma) in Wat Bowonniwet and Wat Borom Niwat which have the figures and buildings in western style. The murals represented Buddhist dharma in the form of allegories. It required a high mental capability to understand the context of the Dharma, for example, the pictures of water lotuses in a pond, horse-racing, and a man pointing the way of virtue. The themes of the murals in Wat Bowonniwet and Wat Borom Niwat were not only related to Buddhism, but also political subjects such as the murals that portray George Washington’s residence and the United States Congress.[6] In the era of King Rama IV, Western colonialism flourished. The king was concerned with the threat of European countries and urged to modernize Siam in a western way - both technologically and culturally, hence the works of Khrua In Khong were serving his demand.[7] Technique and style Khrua In Khong, although having never visited Europe even once, developed his style from conventional Thai painting to become more western-like by relying on western commercial prints, observations of westerners in Bangkok and his imagination. Thai artistic tradition before the time of Khrua In Khong was unrealistic. The water waves were drawn as overlapping fish scales, the trees look artificial and the figures stood in unnatural poses. In contrast, Khrua In Khong preferred to paint realistic gestures. The scenario, trees, and figures became more natural and realistic like a western painting.[5] Thai artistic motifs depended on the use of lines and flat color without using light and shade, the objects were the same size regardless of their relative distances making the figures and buildings only two dimensions not three dimensions like the western painting. Khrua In Khong was the first Thai artist to use the three-dimensional perspective technique.[1] In the meantime, people began exchanging culture and art with European countries. Color materials also began to be imported from abroad. Thus the painting in this period became more vivid and colorful. Khrua In Khong, however, still remained using low saturation, bright objects among dimmed gray and dark background colors. Khrua In Khong was famous for his use of monochromic colors that give harmonious satisfaction, unlike complementary colors. He often used dark shades of blue and green along with light shades of blue, pink and white and avoided contrasting colors. He painted the background with dark colors, male outfits with dark blue and white, while female dresses were light blue or pink making the figures look soft and gentle among shady background that appears like a dreamy landscape.[2][8][9] Despite the fact that he departed from traditional Thai painting style, the works of Khrua In Khong were still mostly related to Buddhism since he himself stayed in the monkhood for life. Moreover, he had been greatly in fluenced by the king’s religious beliefs as a painter under the King’s patronage. In addition, the works of Khrua In Khong were not entirely about Buddhism. They were also important as historical records of political events and social conditions during the reign of King Rama IV.[6] Disciples Khrua In Khong had many disciples but only one of them was recorded - Phra Khru Kasin Sangwon [พระครูกสิณสังวร]. He was the abbot of Wat Thong Nopphakhun [วัดทองนพคุณ], who painted murals in Wat Thong Nopphakhun. His murals were allegoric paintings, same as the Dharma Paintings of Khrua In Khong, but the figures were Thai style instead of western. Later life and deathIt is unclear what caused Khrua In Khong’s death and when it was. It is believed to be in the era of King Rama IV because there is no sign of his life and works in the age of King Rama V. It is believed that he stayed as a monk for the rest of his life." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrua_In_Khong. -- Zugriff am 2017-01-05]

Abb.: Khrua In Khong (ขรัวอินโข่ง): Wandgemälde in Wat Borom Niwat [วัดบรมนิวาส], 2016
[Bildquelle: Kanpicha.K / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)

Abb.: Khrua In Khong (ขรัวอินโข่ง): Wandgemälde in Wat Borom Niwat [วัดบรมนิวาส], 2016
[Bildquelle: Kanpicha.K / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)

1851-04-21

Mongkut meldet seine Thronfolge dem britischen Gouverneur von Singapur und Malacca, William John Butterworth (1801 - 1856):

"Whereas His Majesty the late King was expired and demised on the 2nd instant, on next day of which day I was elected and entered to this place where I am living happily with great business or affair of presiding of whole kingdom, but my enthronement or exaltation will be on 15th May for waiting of the greatest preparation the ceremony of my crowning as more pleasant than those of my predecessors, as they thought that I and my brother ... are purer by birth both sides, paternal and maternal. Our people, both of capital and dependent districts and tributary countries around Siam, with their principal heads of Governors, were seemed to be unanimously glad to us for our being successor to the throne." [Zitiert in: Moffat, Abbot Low <1901 - 1996>: Mongkut, the king of Siam. -- Ithaca N.Y. : Cornell UP, 1961. --254 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- S. 23f.]

1851-04-21

Mongkut bittet den britischen Gouverneur von Singapur und Malacca, William John Butterworth (1801 - 1856), dass die geplante britische Gesandtschaft zur Verhandlung eines Vertrags erst nach der Kremation von Rama III. nach Bangkok kommt. Eine solche Gesandtschaft würde die Vorbereitungen für den größtmöglichen Pomp der Kremation stören.

1851-05-01 - 1851-10-11

London (Großbritannien): Great Exhibition (Londoner Industrieausstellung 1851), die erste Weltausstellung.

Abb.: Crystal palace, Great Exhibition / von John Absolon (1815 - 1895), 1851
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1851-05-15 7:30

Feierliche Königsweihe von König Mongkut.

1851-05-15

Bei seiner Thronbesteigung ernennt Rama IV. seinen Bruder Chao Fa Chudamani (เจ้าฟ้าจุฑามณี) (1808 - 1866) zum Uparat (มหาอุปราช -  Vizekönig): Phrabat Somdet Phra Pinklao Chaoyuhua (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)

Staatliches Jahresgehalt: 160.000 Baht.

Abb.: Statue von Phrabat Somdet Phra Pinklao Chaoyuhua - พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, beim Nationaltheater, Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Heinrich Damm / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Phrabat Somdet Phra Pinklao Chaoyuhua - พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว in Admiralsuniform
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"König Pinklao (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, andere Namen: Chaofa Krommakhun Izaret, Prinz Chudamani; * 4. September 1808; † 7. Januar 1866) war der jüngere Bruder von König Mongkut (Rama IV.) von Siam. Er war der Sohn von König Puttha Loetla Naphalai (Rama II.) und seiner Königin Srisuriyendra. Als König Mongkut am 15. Mai 1851 um 7:30 Uhr den Königsthron von Siam bestieg, ernannte er seinen Bruder Prinz Chudamani zu seinem Uparatcha (Zweiter König). Dieser nahm daraufhin den Namen Phra Pinklao an. David K. Wyatt [1] vermutet, dass Mongkut deswegen seinen Bruder zum Zweiten König ernannte, weil er fürchtete, dieser würde ihm sein Amt streitig machen. Denn bereits vor seiner Krönung verfügte Prinz Chudamani über eine eigene Armee. Es war auch bekannt, dass der Prinz hoffte, selber zum König gekrönt zu werden. Nach seiner Krönung wurde Phra Pinklao in königlicher Kriegsuniform auf einem reich geschmückten Elefanten zu seinem eigenen Palast geleitet. Die Artillerie feuerte einen Salut aus einundzwanzig Kanonen und eine Leibwache von 5000 Soldaten begleitete ihn. [2] Sein Palast (พระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล, kurz: วังหน้า - Wang Na) lag gegenüber dem Großen Palast am Sanam Luang, heute befinden sich auf seinem Gelände die Thammasat-Universität, das Nationalmuseum Bangkok und das Nationaltheater. Phra Pinklao war ein begeisterter Sänger der traditionellen Mor-Lam-Musik, nach deren Rhythmen er oft zu tanzen pflegte. Er interessierte sich besonders für europäische Kultur, er sprach fließend die englische Sprache und er drillte seine Truppen nach europäischem Vorbild. Bereits in den 1840er Jahren erwarb er in Europa eine Dampfmaschine, die er in ein Schiff einbauen ließ mit dem er dann den Chao Phraya auf und ab fuhr. Später legte er viel Wert darauf, seine Sammlung europäischer Waren zu vervollständigen. Im Jahr 1855 wurde sie von Sir John Bowring als „Museum von Modellen, nautischen und philosophischen Instrumenten und mannigfaltigen wissenschaftlichen und anderen Kuriositäten“ bezeichnet. Er benutzte seine Position als Zweiter König, um seine europäischen Freunde zu beeindrucken, wurde am Hofe jedoch zunehmend isoliert. [3] In den letzten fünf Jahren seines Lebens zwang ihn eine schwere Krankheit von allen öffentlichen Auftritten fernzubleiben. Er wurde von seinem Bruder König Mongkut aufopfernd gepflegt, [4] bis er am 7. Januar 1866 im Alter von 58 Jahren verstarb. Quellen David K. Wyatt: Thailand A Short History. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai 1984, ISBN 974-7047-44-6 Barend Jan Terwiel: Thailand's Political History. From the Fall of Ayutthaya to Recent Times. River Books, Bangkok 2005, ISBN 974-9863-08-9 A.B. Griswold: King Mongkut Of Siam. The Asia Society, New York, 1961 Einzelnachweise  Wyatt in Thailand: A Short History. S. 182  Griswold: King Mongkut Of Siam. S. 29  Terwiel: Thailand's Political History. S. 137  Prince Chula Chakrabongse of Thailand: Lords Of Life, The Paternal Monarchy Of Bangkok. Alvin Redman Ltd., London 1960, S. 201" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinklao. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-19]

"The second king was in some respects even more enlightened and gifted than his brother. "He was noted for his love of whatever was European, and gave himself up to the study of the arts as practised by the nations of the West. His watchword was progress. He purposed to know what gave to the people of the West their success, their power and their influence. His ear was open and his mind awake to all that commanded attention in the arts. ... He studied navigation and the art of shipbuilding very early, even before there were resident Protestant missionaries in Siam. Captain Coffin, who took away those twins that have been the wonder of the world, was one of his first teachers. . . . He did not first direct his architectural skill to shipbuilding. His first essays at practical mechanism were made at repairing watches. The first vessel after a European model made in Siam was built by no less a personage than the present Prime Minister. . . . The second King, while yet only a prince, built several sailing vessels from European models. . . . He fitted up the first steam engine in Siam. It was placed in a small boat, and plied up and down the Menam, to the no little wonder of the uninitiated. The prince also had the honour of  introducing the first turning lathe and setting up a machine shop. When the Siamese had war with Cochin China, during the reign of Pra Nano Klow, Chow Fa Noi was made head of the Siamese Navy, and went by sea to aid in the war. This brought out his military character. Ever afterward he showed pride in the military department. None had so fine an arsenal. None surpassed him in the drill maintained among the soldiery. The naval adventure also gave him an opportunity to perfect his knowledge of navigation. He delighted in practical astronomy in all its bearings upon this department. ... He was affable and gentlemanly in all his intercourse with foreigners. His palace was the admiration of all who visited it. It was built after a European model, furnished after European manner, and with European furniture. And his receptions were above invidious criticism. All was order and despatch, with a degree of good taste that was quite wonderful in a man who had never been beyond his own little kingdom." ("Siam Repository," 1869.)" [Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 63f.]

1851-08

Der König hat bereits 30 junge Frauen.

1851-08-31

Der US-Baptistenmissionar Dan Beach Bradley (1804 - 1873) über eine seiner Predigten:

"In the morning preached to a company of Siamese on a bridge over a canal out far from my house. The bridge had over it a cool cover and upon it comfortable seats. While preaching boatloads of priests came along in the canal and wished me to move off from the bridge so that they might pass under without contracting sin. It is one of the teachings of Buddhism that it is wicked to live or pass under any person, particularly if the person or persons are female. I kept my seat and told them that I did not believe in such foolishness — they replied, Then we cannot pass — Well, said I, be it so. I shall not humour such a notion as that. Presently they put their paddles in the water with unusual force and spray [and moved] through with all their might." [Zitiert in: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: A history of modern Thailand 1767 - 1942. -- St. Lucia [u. a.] : Univ. of Queensland Press, 1983. -- Anm. 24, S. 204.]

1851-09-13

Der US-amerikanische protestantische Missionar John Taylor Jones (1802 – 1851) stirbt an Ruhr. Er war 18 Jahre in Siam tätig gewesen und hat in dieser Zeit 35 Siamesen getauft.

1851-10-15

Der deutsche Unternehmer Paul Julius Reuter (1816 - 1899) gründet in London die Nachrichtenagentur „Reuters Telegraphic Comp. Incorporated“.

Abb.: Paul Julius Reuter
[Bildquelle: Vanity Fair. -- 1872-12-14 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1851-12-22

Erste Eisenbahnstrecke (Baustellenverkehr für Kanalbau) in britisch Indien zwischen Roorkee (रुड़की) and Piran Kaliyar (पिरान कलियर). 1853 folgt die Eisenbahnlinie (auch Personenverkehr) Bombay - Thane (ठाणे).

1851 undatiert

1850/51

Exportstatistik:

Abb.: Exporte Siams um 1850 in Mio. Baht
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 22 nach Malloch, 1852]

1851 - 1852

Somdet Kromma Phra Paramanujit Jinoros - สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระปรมานุชิตชิโนรส (พระองค์เจ้าวาสุกรี สุวัณณรังสี) (1791 - 1852)  ist Sangharaja (สังฆราช). Geburtsname: Prinz Vasukri (พระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ พระองค์เจ้าวาสุกรี)

Abb.: Somdet Kromma Phra Paramanujit Jinoros - สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระปรมานุชิตชิโนรส, Wat Pho (วัดโพธิ์), Bangkok, 2005
[Bildquelle: MsAnthea. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/50197929@N00/9139497. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1851 - 1868

Abb.: Geld unter Rama IV.
[Bildquelle: Grandpalace s / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1851 - 1879

Thomas George Knox (1824 - 1887) ist in britischen Diensten in Siam tätig.

Abb.: Thomas George Knox
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"KNOX, Sir THOMAS GEORGE (1824–1887), consul-general in Siam, born in 1824, was eldest surviving son of James Spencer Knox, D.D. (1789–1862), rector of Maghera, co. Derry, and his wife Clara, daughter of the Right Hon. John Beresford, and was grandson of William Knox [q. v.], bishop of Derry. On 17 April 1840 he was appointed ensign 65th foot, and on 7 Oct. 1842 was promoted to a lieutenancy in the 98th. After serving with the 98th in China and India, he sold out in December 1848. He subsequently served with the Siamese army from 1851 to 1857. He was appointed interpreter at the consulate of Bangkok on 7 July 1857, was acting consul there from December 1859 to May 1860, was appointed consul on 30 Nov. 1864, and promoted to be consul-general in Siam on 18 July 1868, and agent and consul-general in Siam on 8 Feb. 1875. He retired on a pension on 26 Nov. 1879, and was made K.C.M.G. in April 1880. He died at Eaux Chaudes, Pyrenees, on 29 July 1887. Knox married in 1854 a Siamese lady, Prang [ปราง], daughter of Phya (Count) Somkok and Mâe Yen [เย็น] of Somkok and Bangkok. [Foster's Peerage under ‘Ranfurly;’ Dod's Knightage, 1887; Hart's Army List, 1848; Foreign Office List, 1887.]" [Quelle: Henry Manners Chichester. -- In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 31. -- s.v. -- http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Knox,_Thomas_George_%28DNB00%29. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-03]  ‎

1850er-Jahre

Einwanderung indischer muslimischer Händler der Dawoodi Bohra (داؤدی بوہرہ‎) aus Surat ( સુરત, Indien) nach Bangkok.

Abb.: Lage von Surat ( સુરત, Indien)

"Dawoodi Bohra ( Urdu: داؤدی بوہرہ‎, also spelled Daudi Bohra) are a sub-sect of Shia Islam ( شيعة‎ ). The Dawoodi Bohra trace their belief system back to Yemen (اليَمَن‎), where it evolved from the Fatimid Caliphate (الفاطميون) and where they were persecuted due to their differences from mainstream Sunni Islam (أهل السنة والجماعة) and Zaydi Shia Islam (الزيدية). Around 1530 CE, the Dawat was relocated to India. The word Bohra itself comes from the Gujarati word vehru ( "trade") in reference to their traditional profession, while the term Dawoodi refers to their support for Dawood Bin Qutubshah in the 1592 leadership dispute which divided the Tayyibi sect, creating the Dawoodi Bohra." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra. -- Zugriff am 2014-11-06]

1851 - 1854

Bau des Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem (คลองผดุงกรุงเกษม) durch chinesische Lohnarbeiter.

Abb.: Lage des Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem (คลองผดุงกรุงเกษม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem (คลองผดุงกรุงเกษม)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1851–1872

Tiantha König von Luang Prabang (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ)
 

"Tiantha oder Tiantha Rath Kumane (auch Koumane, voller Thronname Somdet Brhat Chao Maha Sri Vitha Lan Chang Hom Khao Luang Phrabang Parama Sidha Khattiya Suriya Varman Brhat Maha Sri Chao Chandradipati Prabhu Kumara Sundhara Dharmadhata Praditsa Rajadipati Sri Sadhana Kanayudha Udarmapuri Rajadhani Lavaya Bunsabidaya Anuraksha Riyangsakra Sadhidhaya Luang Phrabang Dhani; * um 1797 in Luang Phrabang; † August 1870 ebendort) war zwischen 1850 und 1870 König des laotischen Reiches Luang Phrabang. Tiantha war der zweitälteste Sohn von König Manthatulat (reg. 1817 bis 1836) und hieß zunächst Prinz (Anga Sadet Chao Fa Jaya) Nandaraja (Nantharath). Nachdem sein Bruder Sukaseum gestorben war, folgte er diesem am 23. September 1850 auf den Thron und wurde auch von den Siamesen unter König Rama III. (reg. 1825 bis 1851) anerkannt und mit einem Titel versehen. Tiantha wurde im Januar 1851 im Königspalast gekrönt. Tiantha konnte 1867 das in Laos hochverehrte Bildnis des Buddha Phra Bang aus Siam zurückerlangen, das 1828 nach Bangkok geschafft worden war und das König Rama IV. (Mongkut) für zahlreiche Missstände im Land verantwortlich machte. Tiantha starb im August 1870 in seinem Palast in Luang Phrabang, ohne Nachkommen zu hinterlassen." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiantha. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-15]

1851

Die Zollgebühr wird fast halbiert. Beschränkungen des Reisexports werden aufgehoben. Staatliches Opiummonopol wird eingeführt. Jeder, der Opium raucht, muss einen chinesischen Zopf (辮子) tragen und alle drei Jahre die Kopfsteuer für Chinesen zahlen.

Abb.: Chinesischer Zopf (辮子), Rangoon (ရန်ကုန်), 1867
[Bildquelle: Wellcome Images. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1851

Stiftung von The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems (เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันเป็นโบราณมงคลนพรัตนราชวราภรณ์): Bedingung für die Verleihung ist Buddhist zu sein. Die bisher einzige Ausnahme hierbei bildet Napoleon I. - Kaiser der Franzosen, welcher den Orden 1864 von König Mongkut (Rama IV.) verliehen bekam.

Abb.:  The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems (เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันเป็นโบราณมงคลนพรัตนราชวราภรณ์)
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1851

Die britische Royal Navy hat 25 Schiffe in Süd- und Ostasien stationiert: an den neuen Vertragshäfen in China bzw. auf Piratenjagd im Indischen Ozean.

1851

Der US-Baptistenmissionar Dan Beach Bradley (1804 - 1873) beginnt Homöopathie zu praktizieren.

1851 - 1854

Die protestantischen Missionarsfrauen Mrs. Sarah Blachly Bradley (1817-1893) (American Missionary Association), Mrs. Mary Lourie Mattoon (1820 - 1885) (Presbyterian Mission) und Mrs. Jones (Baptist Mission) bekommen Zugang zum königlichen Harem und dürfen die Frauen im Palast unterrichten.

"Bradley, Sarah Blachly (1817-1893) Sarah Bradley is largely known as Dr. Dan Beach Bradley's second wife. She was born on 17 December 1817, in Weathersfield Township, Ohio, into a well-educated and devout Presbyterian family. She attended the Oberlin Collegiate Institute (Oberlin College, today) from 1841 to 1845, and was one of the first women in the United States to earn a B.A. degree. She then migrated with her family to Dane, Wisconsin in the summer of 1846. She taught school in Dane for a period of time, after which she married Bradley on 3 November 1848 and returned with him to Bangkok. In addition to rearing two stepchildren, she raised five children of her own. In 1851, she and two other missionary women were invited by King Mongkut (Rama IV) to teach English to palace women, which work continued for about three years. It is supposed to have been the first "zenna work" conducted by Protestant missionaries anywhere in the world. After Bradley's death in 1873, she remained in Bangkok, where she continued to run his press and conducted missionary work. She was highly respected, particularly by the royal family. She died on 16 August 1893 in Bangkok." [Quelle: Dictionary of Thai Christianity. -- http://www.herbswanson.com/dictionary.php. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-05]

1851 - 1864

Taiping-Bürgerkrieg (太平天国) in China.

Abb.: Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (洪秀全, 1814 - 1864), ca. 1860
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Haartracht eines Taiping versus eines Kaiserlichen
[Bildquelle: Lindley, Augustus Frederick <1840 - >: Ti-ping tien-kwoh : the history of the Ti-ping revolution, including a narrative of the author’s personal adventures / by Lin-le [呤唎]. -- London : Day, 1866. -- 2 Bde. ; 27 cm. -- Bd1 . -- S. 80.]

Abb.: Von den Taiping kontrolliertes Gebiet 1854 (rot)
[Bildquelle: Zolo / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Karte zur Taiping-Revolution
[Bildquelle: Lindley, Augustus Frederick <1840 - >: Ti-ping tien-kwoh : the history of the Ti-ping revolution, including a narrative of the author’s personal adventures / by Lin-le [呤唎]. -- London : Day, 1866. -- 2 Bde. ; 27 cm. -- Bd1 . -- Nach S. 358.]

"Der Taiping-Aufstand (1851–1864) ist einer der blutigsten Konflikte der Weltgeschichte. Er war eine Konfrontation zwischen dem Kaiserreich China unter der niedergehenden Qing-Dynastie und einer Gruppierung um Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (洪秀全), einem zum Christentum konvertierten Mystiker. Diese mit dem Jintian-Aufstand (金田起义) beginnende Bewegung war nach dem Tàipíng Tiānguó (太平天囯) benannt, dem Himmlischen Reich des Großen Friedens, welches von den Aufständischen ausgerufen worden war. Im Taiping-Aufstand starben wahrscheinlich 20 Millionen Menschen – er war damit der opferreichste Bürgerkrieg der Menschheitsgeschichte." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping-Aufstand. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-27]

1851

New York (USA): Gründung der Nähmaschinenfirma I.M. Singer & Co. sie wird 1889 eine der ersten US-Firmen sein, die in Siam eine Niederlassung haben.

Abb.: Singer-Nähmaschine, Abbildung in Patenschrift 1851-08-12
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1851

Er niederländische Armeechirurg Antonius Mathijsen (1805 - 1878) erfindet den Gipsverband bei Knochenbrüchen. Er veröffentlicht seine Erfindung 1852:

Mathijsen, Antonius <1805 - 1878>: Nieuwe wijze van aanwending van het gips-verband bij beenbreuken : eene bijdrage tot de militaire chirurgie. -- Haarlem : Loghem, 1852. -- 19 S. : Ill.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

Abb.: a.a.O., Anhang

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Moffat, Abbot Low <1901 - 1996>: Mongkut, the king of Siam. -- Ithaca N.Y. : Cornell UP, 1961. --254 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.

Blofeld, John <1913 - 1987>: King Maha Mongkut of Siam. -- 2. ed. -- Bangkok : Siam Society, 1987. -- 97 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm.

Chula Chakrabongse [จุลจักรพงษ์] <1908 - 1963>: Lords of life : History of the Kings of Thailand. -- 2., rev. ed. -- London : Redman,  1967. -- 352 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm.

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: A history of modern Thailand 1767 - 1942. -- St. Lucia [u. a.] : Univ. of Queensland Press, 1983. -- 379 S. ; 22 cm.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Simona Somsri Bunarunraksa [ซีมอนา สมศรี บุญอรุณรักษา]: Monseigneur Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix : ami du roi du Siam, imprimeur et écrivain (1805 - 1862). -- Paris : L'Harmattan, 2013. -- 316 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- (Chemins de la mémoire ; Novelle série). -- ISBN 978-2-336-29049

Morgan, Susan <1943 - >: Bombay Anna : the real story and remarkable adventures of the King and I governess. -- Berkeley [u.a.] : Univ. of California Press, 2008. -- 274 S. : Ill.  ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-520-26163-1

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Lavery, Brian: Schiffe : 5000 Jahre Seefahrt. -- London [u. a.] : DK, 2005. -- S. 184. -- Originaltitel: Ship : 5000 years of marine adventure (2004)

Heath, Ian: The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1866 / Ian Heath ; illustrated by Michael Perry. -- London : Osprey, 1994. -- 48 S. : Ill.  ; 25 cm. -- (Men-at-arms ; 275). -- ISBN 1-85532-346-X

Zu Chronik Undatiertes (Rama IV.)

Zu Chronik 1852 (Rama IV.)