Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1872 (Rama V.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1872 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2017-01-25. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1872.htm    

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-09-10

Überarbeitungen: 2017-01-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-14 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-03-25 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-12-27 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-10-05 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-09-30 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-09-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-14 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

1872 undatiert

1872

Abb.: Visitenkarte Ramas V., 1872

1872

Die Bewohner Nordostsiams erhalten das Auswanderungsrecht: sie dürfen emigrieren, wohin sie wollen

1872

Bangkok: Gründung einer englischen Schule. Leitung: Francis George Patterson (?1845 - ?1930). Die Schule geht 1875 wegen Schülermangels ein. Patterson verlässt Siam 1875, um in Mauritius zu lehren.

Abb.: Francis George Patterson mit Schülern

Zu den Schülern dieser Schule gehören:

• Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923), Außenminister während 37 Jahren

• Prinz Damrong Rajanubhab (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943), Unterrichtsminister während 7 Jahren, Innenminister während 23 Jahren

• Prinz Bhanurangsi Savangwongse  (สมเด็จ พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าภาณุรังษีสว่างวงศ์ กรมพระยาภาณุพันธุวงศ์วรเดช, 1859–1928), Kriegsminister

• Pronz Vajirananavarorasa (สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระยาวชิรญาณวโรรส, 1860 - 1921), Sangharaja (สังฆราช)

Sie alle beherrschen Englisch fließend.

Francis George Patterson unterrichtet 1875 auch Rama V. zweimal wöchentlich in Englisch.

1872

Der bitische Generalkonsul Thomas George Knox (1824 - 1887) über den Regenten Somdet Chaophraya Borommaha Si Suriyawong (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ = Chuang Bunnag ช่วง บุนนาค, 1808–1882):

Abb.: Somdet Chaophraya Borommaha Si Suriyawong (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ = Chuang Bunnag ช่วง บุนนาค), Gedenkbriefmarke 2008

"Nothing serious will be done in this country while the Regent lives." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 148]

1872

To Bunnag (โต บุนนาค, später นายพลโท เจ้าพระยาสุรวงษ์วัฒนศักดิ์, 1851 - 1909), der Sohn von Kalahom (กลาโหม, Kriegsminister) Won Bunnag (เจ้าพระยาสุรวงษ์ไวยวัฒน์ - วร บุนนาค, 1828 - 1888), dient in einem britischen Infanterie-Regiment in Aldershot. Danach dient er bei den Engineers in Chatham und bei der Artillerie. So soll er Erfahrung in modernem Militärwesen sammeln.

Abb.: To Bunnag (โต บุนนาค = นายพลโท เจ้าพระยาสุรวงษ์วัฒนศักดิ์)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Aldershot und Chatham
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

ca. 1872

Der US-Bürger John Hassett Chandler (1813 - 1891) übersetzt die britischen militärischen Kommandoworte ins Thai. Ab jetzt werden die Soldaten Siams im westlichen Stil, aber mit Thai-Kommandos, trainiert.

1872 (?), spätestens 1874-07

Ramsay, Wakefield & Co. (แรมเซย์เวคฟีลด์แอนด์คอมปะนี), offizielle Hof-Lieferanten Siams von Uniformen, gründen in Bangkok eine Niederlassung.

1872ff.

Anna Harriette Leonowens <1831 - 1915> tourt als Vortragsrednerin durch die USA. Titel ihrer Vorträge

• Siam: its courts and customs

• Asiatic women, ancient and modern

• A visit to Maha Nagkhon Wat [Angkor Wat]

• Land of the Zend Avesta [frühe Geschichte Persiens]

• Brahmanism, ancient and modern

• Christian missions to pagan land

• Erzählungen über Siam

1872

Es erscheint:

Carné, Louis de <1844 - 1870>: Voyage en Indo-Chine et dans l'empire chinois. -- Paris : Dentu, 1872. -- 524 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm

Abb.: Titelblatt

Abb.: Reiseroute der französischen Expedition 1866-06 bis 1868-06
[a.a.O., nach S. 522]

Abb.: Une vue au milieu des ruines de Vien-Chan [Vientiane - ວຽງຈັນ ]
[a.a.O., nach S. 176]

"Quant au cabinet de Bangkok, sa position vis-à-vis de nous était plus délicate. Nous avions toujours évité de reconnaître les droits du roi de Siam sur le Laos. Ce prince avait d’ailleurs dans une circonstance récente trouvé commode d’affirmer qu’il exerçait sur ce pays une souveraineté purement nominale; il ne pouvait done songer à nous en fermer l'accès par une défense formelle. D'un autre côté, un mauvais traitement de la part de fonctionnaires relevant de lui pouvait être un grief fourni à lu France; il redoutait que la complète pacifique du Cambodge ne fût une étape de notre marche en Indo-Chine, et ne pouvait se défendre de considérer le voyage projeté comme le préliminaire d'une prise de possession. Les pays où nous allions d’abord pénétrer avaient été détachés de la monarchie du Cambodge ou soumis par les armées siamoises, qui y avaient exercé d’horribles ravages; le roi de Siam n’avait sur eux d’autre droit que le droit de conquête; nous allions, en apprenant tout cela, être mis en mesure de discuter la valeur de ses titres. Il se résigna cependant, et nous donna des passeports." [a.a.O., S. 51]

1872

Es erscheint:

Beauvoir, Ludovic, Marquis de <1846-1929>: Java, Siam, Canton; voyage autour du monde. --  6. ed. -- Paris: Plon, 1872. -- Der Autor war 1867 sieben Tage in Siam gewesen

Abb.: Malaisie et Indocochine
[Bildquelle: a.a.O.]

Abb: König Mongkut kehrt in seinen Palast zurück
[a.a.O., vor S. 267]

Abb.: Ein Kriegselefant
[a.a.O., vor S. 269]

1872–1887

Oun Kham (เจ้าอุ่นคำ) König von Luang Prabang (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ)

Abb.: Oun Kham - เจ้าอุ่นคำ
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Oun Kham auch Un Kam (voller Thronname Somdet Brhat Chao Maha Sri Vitha Lan Chang Hom Khao Luang Phrabang Parama Sidha Khattiya Suriya Varman Brhat Maha Sri Mahindra Deva Dipakara, Mahin Thon Thep Naphaporn; * 1811 in Luang Phrabang; † 15. Dezember 1895 ebendort) war zwischen August 1870 und Dezember 1895 König des Reiches Luang Phrabang. Oun Kham war der vierte Sohn von König Manthatulat (reg. 1817 bis 1836) und hieß zunächst Prinz (Anga Sadet Cha Fa Jaya) Angama (Oun Kham). Er wurde bei Hofe ausgebildet und 1851 von König Rama IV. (Mongkut) zum Vizekönig (Somdet Chao Maha Uparat, Maha Uparat) erhoben. Er folgte seinem älteren Bruder Tiantha (reg. 1850 bis 1870) auf den Thron, wurde aber von den Siamesen zunächst nicht anerkannt. Erst 1872 bestätigte König Rama V. (Chulalongkorn) Oun Kham als rechtmäßigen Herrscher über Luang Phrabang, der allerdings erst 1874 in Luang Phrabang gekrönt wurde. Als 1887 ein gewaltiger Angriff der chinesischen Räuberbanden der „Ho (ฮ่อ) der schwarzen Flagge“ , unter dem Prinzen von Laichao erfolgte, floh Oun Kham nach Chiang Karn. Daraufhin wurde er von den Siamesen abgesetzt und sein ältester Sohn Sakkalin (Zakkarinth) zum Regenten des Reiches gemacht. Chulalongkorn beorderte Oun Kham nach Bangkok, wo dieser sich zwischen September 1887 und April 1888 aufhalten musste. Am 2. Mai 1888 kehrte Oun Kham nach Luang Phrabang zurück. Oun Kham war mehrmals verheiratet, unter anderem mit Prinzessin (Sadet Chao Nying) Sri Ambali (Simphali), die einen Sohn hatte Königin (Somdet Brhat Rajini Akara Maha Sri) Kamana (Khamone), * 1826, † 1899 Mom Pungi (Phong), die ein Kind hatte Oun Kham starb am 15. Dezember 1895 in Luang Phrabang und hinterließ fünf Söhne und eine Tochter: Prinz (Anga Sadet Chao Fa Jaya) Zakarinth (Sakkalin, folgte seinem Vater auf den Thron von Luang Phrabang Prinz (Anga Sadet Chao Fa Jaya) Tri Sirisubarna (Ti Sisuphan), Generaldirektor der Abteilung für kulturelle Angelegenheiten Prinz (Anga Sadet Chao Fa Jaya) Kamanagaya (Kham Ngao), Generaldirektor des königlichen Schatzamts Prinz (Anga Sadet Chao Fa Jaya) Kamabana (Kham Phan), † 1930 Prinz (Anga Sadet Chao Fa Jaya) Sunjaya (Sonsai), † 1887 bei der Erstürmung Luang Phrabangs durch die Ho" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oun_Kham. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-15]

1872 - 1889

Bau des Großteils der Anlage von Bang Pa In (บางปะอิน), Provinz Ayutthaya (อยุธยา).

Abb.: Lage von Bang Pa In (บางปะอิน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Plan von Bang Pa In (บางปะอิน), 2011
[Bildquelle: Marshall Segal. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/marshallsegal/6798006991/. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-28. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: Phra Thinang Aisawan Thippayat (พระที่นั่งไอศวรรย์ทิพยอาสน์), Bang Pa In (บางปะอิน), 2006
[Bildquelle: Dan Smith / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Phra Thinang Wehat Chamrun („Himmlisches Licht“, พระที่นั่งเวหาศน์จำรูญ),  Bang Pa In (บางปะอิน), 2004
[Bildquelle: Rdsmith4 / Wikipedia. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Aussichtsturm Hor Withun Thatsana (หอวิฑูรทัศนา), 2004
[Bildquelle: Dan Smith / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Bang Pa In (Thai: บางปะอิน) ist die Hauptstadt des Landkreises Bang Pa In der Provinz Ayutthaya (อยุธยา). Die Provinz Ayutthaya liegt in der Zentralregion von Thailand. Bang Pa In ist auch der Name des Landkreises (Amphoe) Bang Pa In. Lage Bang Pa In liegt sehr reizvoll auf einer Insel im Maenam Chao Phraya (แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา) etwa 50 Kilometer nördlich der Hauptstadt Bangkok, etwas südlich der Stadt Ayutthaya. Eine angenehme Anreise bietet eine Bootstour auf dem Fluss. Wirtschaft und Bedeutung Bang Pa In hat sich auf den modernen Massentourismus eingerichtet. Auch die Bevölkerung von Bangkok nimmt die Insel am Wochenende gerne als Ausflugsziel. Geschichte Der König Prasat Thong (สมเด็จพระเจ้าปราสาททอง, 1559 - 1656) wurde hier geboren, er ließ hier auch einen buddhistischen Tempel und am Ufer eines kleinen Sees ein kleines Schloss errichten, die den Königen von Ayutthaya als Sommerresidenz diente. Die Anlagen wurden seit der Vernichtung von Ayutthaya im Jahr 1767 nicht mehr genutzt und verfielen. Erst König Mongkut (Rama IV.) entdeckte den Platz wieder und ließ einen neuen Palast bauen. König Chulalongkorn (Rama V., reg. 1868-1910) nutzte die Sommerresidenz ebenfalls, auch nachdem es hier Anfang der 1880er Jahre zu einem schweren Zwischenfall gekommen war: während eines Bootsausflugs wurde Königin Sumantha Kumaritana mit ihren drei kleinen Töchtern über Bord gerissen. Alle vier ertranken, weil niemand zu Hilfe kommen konnte, denn es galt noch das jahrhundertealte Berührungsverbot von Angehörigen der königlichen Familie durch Untertanen. König Chulalongkorn hob kurze Zeit später dieses Tabu offiziell auf. Heute werden die erweiterten Anlagen von König Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX.) gerne bei Staatsempfängen genutzt. Sehenswürdigkeiten Sommerpalast Bang Pa In (พระราชวังบางปะอิน) - ein weiter Palastkomplex, den König Prasat Thong (สมเด็จพระเจ้าปราสาททอง, 1629-1656) 1632 auf der Insel Bang Pa In errichtete, die von einer Stromschleife des Maenam Chao Phraya gebildet wird. Bis zum Fall von Ayutthaya 1767 diente der Palast allen siamesischen Königen als Sommerresidenz. Dann lag er 80 Jahre unbenutzt und wurde erst unter König Mongkut wieder freigelegt. Der Komplex ist von einer hohen Mauer umgeben und öffnet sich durch mehrere monumentale Turmbauten; mit schönen Palästen, Pavillons, Statuen und einem königlichen Observatorium, das König Mongkut (Rama IV.) nutzte. Die Anlage ist in einen äußeren und einen inneren Bereich gegliedert. Der äußere Bereich war bereits früher frei zugänglich, während der innere Bereich der königlichen Familie vorbehalten blieb. Die meisten der heute zugänglichen Bauten stammen aus den Jahren 1872 bis 1889 und wurden von König Chulalongkorn (Rama V.) erbaut. Die Anlage umfasst: Äußerer Bereich Saphakhan Ratchaprayun (สภาคารราชประยูร) - 1879 im Kolonialstil errichtetes Gebäude, das früher von den Brüdern Chulalongkorns und deren Angehörigen genutzt wurde. Wat Chumphon Nikayaram (วัดชุมพลนิกายาราม) - der einzige aus der Zeit Prasat Thongs (สมเด็จพระเจ้าปราสาททอง, 1559 - 1656) erhalten gebliebene Bau mit zwei Chedis (เจดีย์) Phra Thinang Aisawan Thippayat (พระที่นั่งไอศวรรย์ทิพยอาสน์) - in siamesischem Stil 1876 errichtete Kopie des Phra Thinang Amphon Phimok Prasat-Pavillons in Bangkok; hier steht der Pavillon vollständig im Wasser des Chao Phraya; König Vajiravudh (Rama VI.) ließ hier später eine lebensgroße Bronzestatue seines Vaters aufstellen. Phra Thinang Warophat Piman (พระที่นั่งวโรภาษพิมาน) - Pavillon neueren Datums an der Stelle, an der König Mongkut einen Pavillon mit zwei Etagen errichten ließ; das heutige Gebäude ist ein 1876 fertig gestelltes neo-klassizistisches Gebäude und dient Zeremonien und Staatsempfängen. 1888 kam noch eine Gemäldegalerie dazu. Hor Hem Monthian Thewarat (หอเหมมณเฑียรเทวราช) - 1880 errichteter Schrein im Khmer-Stil, der an König Prasat Thong erinnert. Innerer Bereich Hor Withun Thatsana (หอวิฑูรทัศนา) - 1881 unter Chulalongkorn errichteter Aussichtsturm, dessen Anlage an einen Leuchtturm erinnert; man hat von hier aus einen guten Überblick über die Palastanlage und das Umland von Bang Pa In. Phra Thinang Uthayan Phumisathian (พระที่นั่งอุทยานภูมิเสถียร) - ein 1877 errichtetes Gebäude im Stil eines schweizer Chalets, das früher als Wohnsitz bei Hochwasser diente und 1938 fast völlig ausbrannte; lange waren nur die Ziegelfundamente zu sehen, bis Königin Sirikit 1996 das Bauwerk originalgetreu wieder errichten ließ. Phra Thinang Wehat Chamrun („Himmlisches Licht“, พระที่นั่งเวหาศน์จำรูญ) - zweistöckiger Palast in chinesischem Stil, der König Chulalongkorn 1889 von chinesischen Kaufleuten geschenkt wurde; es wurde während der kühlen Jahreszeit und in der Regenzeit benutzt. Das Baumaterial wurde aus China importiert. Phra Tamnak Fai Nai (พระตำหนักฝ่ายใน) - Wohnbereich der Palastdamen, von dem heute nur wenig übrig geblieben ist." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Pa_In. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-28]

1872

Rama V. erlässt ein Dekret, dass alle Kinder von Sklaven (ทาส) mit Erreichen des 21. Lebensjahrs Freie (Gemeinfreie, ไพร่) sind.

1872

Fertigstellung des Khlong Phasi Charoen (คลองภาษีเจริญ) der mit ca. 30 km Länge den Fluss Tha Chin (แม่น้ำท่าจีน) mit dem Khlong Bangkok Yai (คลองบางกอกใหญ่) verbindet.

Abb.: Lage des Khlong Phasi Charoen (คลองภาษีเจริญ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Khlong Phasi Charoen (คลองภาษีเจริญ) ist ein Kanal (Khlong) im westlichen Teil von Zentral-Thailand. Der Kanal verbindet den Khlong Bangkok Yai (คลองบางกอกใหญ่) mit dem Mae Nam Tha Chin (แม่น้ำท่าจีน) (Tha-Chin-Fluss). Er beginnt am Wat Paknam Phasi Charoen (วัดปากน้ำ ภาษีเจริญ) in Bangkok, wo er vom Khlong Bangkok Yai abzweigt, und endet südlich des Wat Ang Thong, Tambon Don Kai Di, Distrikt Krathum Baen (กระทุ่มแบน) in der Provinz Samut Sakhon (สมุทรสาคร). Der Kanal ist etwa 30 km lang. Baugeschichte Der chinesischstämmige Opium- und Zuckerrohr-Steuerpächter Phra Phasi Sombat Boriboon (พระภาษีสมบัติบริบูรณ์ - เจ้าสัวยิ้ม, Pho Jim), dem später der Titel „Phraya Phison Sombat Boriboon” (พระยาพิสณฑ์สมบัติบริบูรณ์) verliehen wurde, besaß am Ostufer des Tha Chin ausgedehnte Zuckerrohr-Plantagen. 1865 schlug er dem König (Mongkut) die Konstruktion eines Khlong vor, um den Transport zwischen seiner Zuckerrohrplantage und der Hauptstadt Bangkok zu vereinfachen. Er schlug weiter vor, die Finanzierung zu übernehmen. Im Gegenzug solle er Zoll für die Kanalbenutzung – abhängig von der Größe des Boots – erheben dürfen. Weiterhin bat er um die Genehmigung eines Betriebs von Spiel-Kasinos (ร้องหวย, rong huai) in Nakhon Chaisi (heute Nakhon Pathom) und Tha Chin (heute: Samut Sakhon) für die Dauer von drei Jahren. Dieser Vorschlag wurde später als Prakat Khut Khlong Phasi Charoen bekannt. Der König stimmte zu und die Bauarbeiten begannen 1866. Im Jahr 1872 wurde der Kanal fertiggestellt. " [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Phasi_Charoen. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-19]

1872

Siam erteilt britischen Firmen den Auftrag, die Festungen in Bangkok und Paknam (ปากน้ำ; heute: Samut Prakan - สมุทรปราการ) zu renovieren.

1872 - 1873

Siam entsendet eine kleine Armee, um eine Bande von 2000 Rote Flaggen der Ho-Banditen (บฮ่อ) aus Xiangkhoang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) zu vertreiben. Das Unternehmen misslingt.

Abb.: Lage von  Xiangkhoang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1872

Gründung eines zentralen Revenue Department (หอรัษฎากร). Es ist der Vorläufer des 1892 gegründeten Finanzministeriums.

1872

Zum Beispiel: Steuerpächter:

Abb.: Lage von Kraburi [กระบุรี], Ranong [ระนอง], Phuket [ภูเก็ต] und Singapur
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Tan Kim Ching (陳金鐘)

"Phaya Wichitsongkran [พระยาวิชิตสงคราม aka. ทัต รัตนดิลก ณ ภูเก็ต] paid only 17,000 baht a year to Bangkok for his tax farm rights over Phuket Island [ภูเก็ต] and, moreover, he was usually late with his payments. A wealthy Singaporean Chinese, Tan Kim Ching [陳金鐘, 1829 - 1892], saw an opportunity in this. Tan Kim was a scion of a wealthy Hokkien [福建人] family from Malacca, who already had many business interests in Siam such as sugar mills, shipping and the opium tax farm for all the southeastern Siamese provinces. A few years before, as a British citizen, he had been made the governor of Kraburi [กระบุรี] as a sweetener to the British when they had complained about the French plan to build a canal there across the Kra Isthmus [คอคอดกระ]. In 1872, this Tan Kim tossed a cat amongst the pigeons by putting in a greatly improved bid to Bangkok to buy out all the tax farm concessions in the southwest. Where the tax farm of Ranong [ระนอง] had been worth 4,700 baht a year to the crown, he offered 160,000; for Phuket he offered 360,000 baht annually and so on. He also informed Bangkok of how much money Phaya Wichitsongkran and his Na Nakorn [ณ นคร] family relatives in the region had been withholding and highlighted the governor’s lack of reinvestment into the island’s infrastructure. Bangkok turned down Tan Kim’s prodigal offer, partly because when he was governor of Kraburi, he also had "eaten the province" [กินจังหวัด] and had reinvested almost nothing. He was also a British citizen and therefore could not be trusted not to run off to the British with his province, but probably the main reason for Bangkok’s refusal was that he would then have controlled all the opium farms for all of southern Siam. And this was too strategic a franchise. Any disruption in the opium supply was a sure way to set the coolies to "breaking each other’s heads" again." [Quelle: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 314]

Tan Kim Ching (Chinese: 陳金鐘; pinyin: Chén Jīnzhōng; Wade–Giles: Chen Chin-chung; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tân Kim-tsing; 1829-Feb 1892) was a Singaporean politician and businessman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Tan Tock Seng (陈笃生, 1798 - 1850), the founder and financier of Tan Tock Seng Hospital (陈笃生医院). He was consul for Japan, Thailand and Russia, and was a member of the Royal Court of Siam. He was one of Singapore’s leading Chinese merchants and was one of its richest men at that time. He was also the first Asian member of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. After his father, Tan Tock Seng's death, he became the Kapitan China (華人甲必丹) of the Straits Chinese community. He is believed to have been the Head of the Triad (三合會) in Malaya. Businessman In his day, Tan Kim Ching was one of Singapore’s leading Chinese merchants, one of the richest men in Singapore and had sizable business interests in Singapore, Siam, Vietnam and Malaya. His business boomed with rice mills he owned in Bangkok and Saigon. Upon the death of his father, the name of the firm "Tan Tock Seng" - mainly involved in the rice business - was changed to "Tan Kim Ching". The business was carried on at "River-Side" (now known as Boat Quay) from 1851 to 1859 by Tan Kim Ching as sole owner. In 1860, having admitted his brother Tan Swee Lim as a partner, the firm was known as "Tan Kim Ching & Brother", chop Chin Seng Ho, but a few months later Tan Swee Lim left the firm. The business which finally became known as "Kim Ching & Co." chop Chin Seng (成行) attained considerable success, and he bought rice mills at Saigon, Siam and elsewhere which supplied him with his milled rice. In 1888, the company opened a branch in Hong Kong ( 香港). Apart from the rice business he had mining concessions in Patani (ڤتتاني), whose workers he could supply with his own rice. He was one of the earliest merchants to import silk from China. He also involved himself in the shipping business. In 1863, he came up with $120,000 to found and set up the Tanjong Pagar Dock Company (the forerunner of today's Port of Singapore Authority), purchased two steamships, "Siam" and "Singapore" and promoted the Tanjong Pagar Dock Co. Some historians have said that the history of Kraburi (กระบุรี) began with its Governor Tan Kim Ching. He was a Siamese official and had tin mining operations in the Kra (กระ) province. British Ally He played a significant role in fostering relationships between Singapore and the Colonial Government on the one hand, and Siam and its ruler King Mongkut (Rama IV) on the other. He helped Sir Harry Ord (1819 - 1885) secure a new treaty with Kedah (‏قدح) in 1867, and played an integral role in ending the Larut wars by getting Abdullah to seek British intervention, which led to the signing of treaties at Pangkor (پانگکور). [...] Tan Kim Ching, Anna and The King of Siam This illustrious scion of the Tan family played a key role in strengthening ties between Singapore and Siam. Tan Kim Ching had a very close relationship with the royal family of Siam and often served as their go-between. In recognising the importance of his role, he was appointed ‘the first Siamese Consul in Singapore’ by King Mongkut in 1863 and in 1885, King Chulalongkorn elevated his title to that of Consul-General. He was bestowed the Royal Title Phraya Astongt Disrarak Siamprajanukulkij. He was also Special Commissioner for Siam in the Straits Settlements. He introduced his business partner in Singapore, Read, to the Siamese King in the late 1850s when the King desired to get out of a disadvantageous treaty with France. He had great influence on the Chinese outside the Colony, especially in the northern Malay States bordering Siam, viz. Kelantan (كلنتن) and Patani (ڤتاني). Exercising this influence, during the time of Sir Andrew Clarke (1824 - 1902), Tan Kim Ching was instrumental in settling a difficulty, that arose between the Siamese and Perak governments. When King Mongkut of Siam also known as King Rama IV wanted to find someone who would help educate the members of his immediate family without attempting to convert them through use of Christian indoctrination it was to his Consul in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching, that he turned, pointing out "It is not pleasant to us if the school mistress much morely endeavour to convert the scholars to Christianity than teaching language literature etc. like the American missionaries here." In response, and upon a suggestion from William Adamson of The Borneo Company, Tan Kim Ching recommend a suitable teacher in Singapore at that time who happened to be Anna Leonowens (1831 - 1915), a young widow, looking for work to support herself and two children. The story of the schoolteacher and the King of Siam has been made popular through the films The King And I (Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr) and Anna and the King (Chow, Yun Fatt and Jodie Foster). When the King and Queen of Siam landed in Singapore in 1890 they stayed at Tan Kim Ching's house, "Siam house", in North Bridge Road. It was reported that The King, who was expected to arrive in Singapore at Tanjong Pagar Wharf on board the royal vessel "Ubon Burratit" on 30 May 1890, had landed at Johnston’s Pier instead. Due to the late arrival, only Tan Kim Ching was at the Pier to receive him. When His Majesty wished to acquire property in Singapore it was to Tan Kim Ching that he turned, resulting in the acquisition of "Hurricane House" in the vicinity of Orchard Road (烏節路). [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Kim_Ching. -- Zugriff am 2015-02-22]

1872

Japan führt die achtjährige allgemeine Schulpflicht ein. Je nach örtlichen Gegebenheiten darf sie aber bis auf vier Jahre reduziert werden.

"Preamble to the Fundamental Code of Education, 1872. It is only by building up his character, developing his mind, and cultivating his talents that man may make his way in the world, employ his wealth wisely, make his business prosper, and thus attain the goal of life. But man cannot build up his character, develop his mind, or cultivate his talents without education – that is the reason for the establishment of schools. Language, writing, and arithmetic, to begin with, are daily necessities in military affairs, government, agriculture, trade arts, law, politics, astronomy, and medicine; there is not, in short, a single phase of human activity which is not based on learning. Only by striving in the line of his natural aptitude can man proper in his undertakings, accumulate wealth, and succeed in life. Learning is the key to success in life, and no man can afford to neglect it. It is ignorance that leads man astray, makes him destitute, disrupts his family, and in the end destroys his life. Centuries have elapsed since schools were first established, but man has gone astray through misguidance. Learning being viewed as the exclusive privilege of the samurai and his superiors, farmers, artisans, merchants, and women have neglected it altogether and know not even its meaning. Even those few among the samurai and his superiors who did pursue learning were apt to claim it to be for the state not knowing that it was the very foundation of success in life. They indulged in poetry, empty reasoning, and idle discussions, and their dissertations, while not lacking in elegance, were seldom applicable to life. This was due to our evil traditions and, in turn, was the very cause which checked the spread of culture, hampered the development of talent and accomplishments, and sowed the seeds of poverty, bankruptcy, and disrupted homes. Every man should therefore pursue learning; and in doing so he should not misconstrue its purpose. Accordingly, the Department of Education will soon establish an educational system and will revise the regulations relating thereto from time to time; wherefore there shall, in the future, be no community with an illiterate family, nor a family with an illiterate person. Every guardian, acting in accordance with this, shall bring up his children with tender care, never failing to have them attend school. (While advanced education is left to the ability and means of the individual, a guardian who fails to send a young child, whether a boy or a girl, to primary school shall be deemed negligent of his duty.) Heretofore, however, the evil tradition which looked upon learning as the privilege of the samurai and his superiors and as being for the state caused many to depend upon the government for the expenses of education, even to such items as food and clothing; and, failing to receive such support, many wasted their lives by not going to school. Hereafter such errors must be corrected, and every man shall, of his own accord, subordinate all other matter to the education of his children." [Quelle: Yoshida, Kumaji. "European and American Influences in Japanese Education." In Western Influences in Modern Japan, edited by Inazo Nitobe, et. al., 34–5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931. -- http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/case-studies/125?section=primarysources&source=129. -- Zugriff am 2015-05-02]

1872

Als erste britische Arbeitnehmer erhalten die Arbeiter der South Metropolitan Gas Company in London bezahlten Urlaub.

ca. 1872

Nan Inta (1804 -  1882), ein ehemaliger buddhistischer Abt und einer der ersten Christen Nordthailands, betritt die Chiang-Dao-Höhle (ถ้ำเชียงดาว), um zu beweisen, dass jemand, der seinen christlichen Glauben hat, vor Geistern keine Angst haben muss.

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Dao (ชียงดาว)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Chiang-Dao-Höhle (ถ้ำเชียงดาว), 2010
[Bildquelle: Michał Sacharewicz. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/76515615@N00/7035938589. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-28. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1872

Abb.: Chinesische Kanonen, Nanjing (南京, China), 1872
[Bildquelle: John Thomson (1837 - 1921) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1872 datiert

1872-02-17

Gold Coast Treaty und Sumatra Treaty werden ratifiziert: Die Niederlande verkaufen ihre Kolonialbesitzungen im afrikanischen Guinea (Goldküste, heute: Ghana) (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea) an Großbritannien und erhalten dafür freie Hand, die Sultanate auf Sumatra in blutigen Kriegen zu unterwerfen.

Abb.: Lage von Sumatra
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Ethnien auf Sumatra
[Bildquelle: Gunkarta Gunawan Kartapranata / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Niederländische Kolonialbesitzungen im afrikanischen Guinea (Goldküste) (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea)
[Bildquelle: NordNordWest / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Lage der niederländischen Kolonialbesitzungen im afrikanischen Guinea (Goldküste) (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1872-03-15

Calcutta (Kolkata - কলকাতা, Britisch-Indien): Rama V. lädt die Firma Ramsay and Company ein, in Siam eine Zweigstelle zu eröffnen.

Abb.: Lage von Calcutta (Kolkata - কলকাতা)
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

"This old and unique firm no longer exists, but it has had a very curious history. For years it held a privileged monopoly as army contractor and purveyor to the Government and Court. When King Chulalongkom visited Calcutta in 1872, he invited one of the firms there, Ramsay and Company, to open up a branch in Siam under monopoly conditions and rent free. The newly established firm imported everything required by the civil or military service. In 1882 a department store was opened, but it failed shortly afterwards; and business was again restricted to Government contracts and ship chandlering, along with some exportation of Siamese products. Two years later another attempt was made to open a department store since it looked as if the larger European colony and the increased number of Siamese returned from abroad would help it to succeed this time. But it went into liquidation again; and the German firm, B. Grimm, bought out its stocks. It was with these auctioned-off army supplies that a Siamese general defeated the Ho invaders in the northeast; the weapons of Ramsay and Company caused a panic among the invaders. Before his retirement in 1910, C. H. Ramsay rendered valuable services to the Government under the Minister of Finance in Chiengmai and in the peninsula. A subsidiary service was the training of Whiteway, who subsequently became famous for his department stores throughout the Orient." [Quelle: Thompson, Virginia <1903 - 1990>: Thailand the new Siam. -- New York : Macmillan, 1941. -- S. 836f.]

1872-03-15

Rama V. kehrt aus Indien zurück.

Abb.: Rama V. mit Gefolge in Indien, 1872

1872-05-03 - 1876-04-12

Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook (1826 - 1904) ist Governor-General and Viceroy of India

Abb.: "British rule in India": Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook / von Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922)
[Bildquelle: Vanity Fair. -- 1876-12-09 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1872-04-21 - 1872-05-09

In Paknam (ปากน้ำ) ankert die österreichische Kriegskorvette S.M.S. Fasana. Sie kommt von Singapur und fährt weiter nach Macao. Reisezweck: Übernahme der ostasiatischen Station, Übergabe des Beglaubigungsschreibens des Ministerresidenten in Siam.

Abb.: S.M.S. Fasana

1872-06-12

Die erste Eisenbahnlinie Japans (zwischen Tokio-Shimbashi - 新橋駅  - und Yokohama-Sakuragichō - 桜木町駅) nimmt den regulären Betrieb auf. Gebaut wurde sie mit Hilfe britischer Ingenieure.

Abb.: Eisenbahn in Yokohama (横浜海岸鉄道蒸気車図) / von Utagawa Hiroshige III (三代歌川広重), 1874
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1872-06-22

Tod von Somdej Toh (สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ -โต พฺรหฺมรํสี, geb. 1788-04-17)

Abb.: Somdej Toh (สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ -โต พฺรหฺมรํสี), Wat Intharawihan  (วัดอินทรวิหาร), Bangkok, 2007
[Bildquelle: Jason7825 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Somdej Toh (สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ -โต พฺรหฺมรํสี), 1854

"Somdej Toh (สมเด็จโต, 1788-04-17 - 1872-06-22; B.E. 2331-2415), known formally as Phra Buddhacharn Toh Phomarangsi (สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ โต พฺรหฺมรํสี), was one of the most famous Buddhist monks during Thailand's Rattanakosin Period. Biography Somdej Toh was born in Amphoe Tha Ruea (ท่าเรือ), Ayutthaya (อยุธยา), possibly the son of King Rama I. He studied the Buddhist scriptures of the Pāli Canon with several Buddhist masters. After becoming a well-known monk, he became the preceptor for Prince Mongkut, later King Rama IV, when Mongkut became a monk. During Rama IV's reign Somdej Toh was given the ceremonial name Phra Buddhacharn Toh Phomarangsi. He was noted for the skill of his preaching and his use of Thai poetry to reflect the beauty of Buddhism, and for making amulets called Somdej (สมเด็จ). The amulets were blessed by himself and other respected monks in Thailand. He also appears in many versions of the story of the ghost Mae Nak Phra Khanong (แม่นากพระโขนง)." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somdej_Toh. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-13]

Somdej Toh soll 84.000 Lehmamulette (พระพิมพ์) produziert haben.

1872-06-24

Der spätere britische Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (1804 – 1881) hält im Crystal Palace eine Rede zur britischen Expansionspolitik:

Abb.: Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Gentlemen, there is another and second great object of the Tory party. If the first is to maintain the institutions of the country, the second is, in my opinion, to uphold the empire of England. If you look to the history of this country since the advent of Liberalism - forty years ago - you will find that there has been no effort so continuous, so subtle, supported by so much energy, and carried on with so much ability and acumen, as the attempts of Liberalism to effect the disintegration of the empire of England. And, gentlemen, of all its efforts, this is the one which has been the nearest to success. Statesmen of the highest character, writers of the most distinguished ability, the most organized and efficient means, have been employed in this endeavour. It has been proved to all of us that we have lost money by our colonies. It has been shown with precise, mathematical demonstration that there never was a jewel in the crown of England that was so truly costly as the possession of India. How often has it been suggested that we should at once emancipate ourselves from this incubus. Well, that result was nearly accomplished. When those subtle views were adopted by the country under the plausible plea of granting self-government to the colonies, I confess that I myself thought that the tie was broken. Not that I for one object to self-government. I cannot conceive how our distant colonies can have their affairs administered except by self-government. But self-government, in my opinion, when it was conceded, ought to have been conceded as a part of a great policy of imperial consolidation. It ought to have been accompanied by an imperial tariff, by securities for the people of England for the enjoyment of unappropriate lands which belonged to the sovereign as their trustee, and by a military code which should have precisely defined the means and the responsibilities by which the colonies should be defended, and by which, if necessary, this country should call for aid from the colonies themselves. It ought, further, to have been accompanied by the institution of some representative council in the metropolis, which would have brought the colonies into constant and continuous relations with the home government. All this, however, was omitted because those who advised that policy - and I believe their convictions were sincere - looked upon the colonies of England, looked upon our connection with India, as a burden upon this country, viewing everything in a financial aspect, and totally passing by those moral and political considerations which make nations great, and by the influence of which alone men are distinguished from animals. Well, what has been the result of this attempt during the reign of Liberalism for the disintegration of empire? It has entirely failed. But how has it failed? Through the sympathy of the colonies with the mother country. They have decided that the empire shall not be destroyed, and in my opinion no minister in this country will do his duty who neglects any opportunity of reconstructing as much as possible our colonial empire, and of responding to those distant sympathies which may become the source of incalculable strength and happiness to this land. Therefore, gentlemen, with respect to the second great object of the Tory party also - the maintenance of the Empire - public opinion appears to be in favour of our principles - that public opinion which, I am bound to say, thirty years ago, was not favourable to our principles, and which, during a long interval of controversy, in the interval had been doubtful... When you return to your homes, when you return to your counties and your cities, you must tell to all those whom you can influence that the time is at hand, that, at least, it cannot be far distant, when England will have to decide between national and cosmopolitan principles. The issue is not a mean one. It is whether you will be content to be a comfortable England, modelled and moulded upon continental principles and meeting in due course an inevitable fate, or whether you will be a great country, - an imperial country - a country where your sons, when they rise, rise to paramount positions, and obtain not merely the esteem of their countrymen, but command the respect of the world..." [Quelle: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Maintenance_of_Empire. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-29]

1872-07

Eine Squadron von US-Kriegsschiffen unter Kommando von H. A. Adams kommt nach Bangkok. Der Anlass: das US-Handelsschiff Dolphin wird von den Zollbehörden Siams seit 1871 festgehalten, da es den Ausfuhrzoll für das Holz, das es beförderte nicht bezahlt habe (je zwei Stämme  pro zehn). US-Konsul Frederick W. Partridge (1824 - 1899) fordert US-Kriegsschiffe an, um die Freilassung von Dolphin zu erzwingen. Der Marine-Kommandant H. A. Adams verhandelt mit den Behörden und erreicht die Freigabe der Dolphin.

1872-07-10

Marie Joseph François (Francis) Garnier (1839 - 1873) berichtet an Charles François Marie de Rémusat (1797 - 1875), dass die konservativen Adligen Siams die Mönche gegen den König aufhetzen, indem sie sagen, dass dieser jagt und fischt und damit gegen den ersten buddhistischen Trainingspunkt der Sittlichkeit verstößt.

1872-07-26

Friedrich Ludwig Werner von Bergen (1839 - 1901), Konsul des Deutschen Reichs in Siam, an das Auswärtige Amt:

"Der noch nicht 19-jährige König von Siam, der im besten Sinne des Wortes als der erste Gentleman des Landes bezeichnet werden kann, ist der Träger der neuen Ideen, im schroffen Gegensatz zu der traditionellen Politik, die ihren Ausdruck in dem Regenten findet. Durch seine Reisen nach den holländischen und englischen Kolonien mit den Resultaten einer europäischen Verwaltung bekannt geworden, ist der König bestrebt, sein Land dem Fortschritt zuzuführen. Er teilt nicht die Vorliebe des Regenten für Engländer […] Bei seinem Bestreben, sich von dem Übergewicht des Regenten, der ihm unter dem Vorwand mangelnder Großjährigkeit die Regierung vorenthält, zu emanzipieren, würde ihm die Stütze eines dem englischen Drucke entgegenarbeitenden Agenten willkommen sein.“ [Zitiert in: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Bergen. - Zugriff am 2015-12-27]

1872-08-02

Außenminister Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) (เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913) an den britischen Generalkonsul Thomas George Knox (1824 - 1887):

Abb.: Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) (เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค)

"He [Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse ]said that the old Prince of Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่] was dead and the new prince, Chao Raj Pakinai [เจ้าราชภาคินัย = Inthawichayanon - พระเจ้าอินทวิชยานนท์, - 1897], was coming down for investiture soon (in December 1872). He asked Mr. Knox to wait awhile so that he could ask the new prince to whom the disputed forest belonged. If it belonged to Chiangmai, he would send troops to drive the Karens [ကညီကလုာ် / กะเหรี่ยง]out. He would also try to settle with the new prince, when he arrived, all questions concerning the establishment of police stations, permission for British officers to cross over and help to judge cases, and the appointment of judges in Chiangmai. He said he had to consult the Prince of Chiangmai first, because the Chiangmai people were wild and liked to judge in their own crude manner." [Quelel: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 189f.]

1872-08-09

Der US-Schneider Jacob Davis sowie Levi Strauss (1829 - 1902) & Co. melden das Patent für Niethosen (Jeans) an.

Abb.: Fig. 1 der Patentschrift für Niethosen

Abb.: Jeans-Reklame, Thailand, o. J.
[Fair use]

Abb.: Niethose (Jeans), Thailand 2009
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/18684820@N00/3352901774. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1872-08-24

Der britische Generalkonsul Thomas George Knox (1824 - 1887) an Außenminister Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) (เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913) als Antwort auf dessen Schreiben vom 1872-08-02 (siehe oben):

"The answer was unsatisfactory as though Bangkok had no authority over Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่] to decide, and as though Bangkok did not know to whom the disputed forest belonged.'' [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 190]

1872-08-27

Außenminister Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) (เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913) an den britischen Generalkonsul Thomas George Knox (1824 - 1887) als Antwort auf dessen Schreiben vom 1872-08-24 (siehe oben):

"It is true Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่] is tributary to Thailand, but they owned everything they cultivated, and did everything themselves. It is therefore necessary to await the Chief of Chiangmai and enter into a more binding agreement." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 190]

1872-09 - 1872-12

Im Septemberheft und im Oktoberheft von Atlantic Monthly <Boston> erscheinen Vorabdrucke von

Leonowens, Anna Harriette <1831 - 1915>: The romance of the harem.

In Buchform erscheint das Werk im Dezember 1872:

Leonowens, Anna Harriette <1831 - 1915>: The romance of the harem. -- London : Trübner ; Boston : J.R. Osgood, 1873. -- -- 277 S. -- Das Werk ist eine "romance", d.h. ein Roman, kein Tatsachenbericht, auch wenn die Autorin im Vorwort das Gegenteil behauptet..

Abb.: Titelblatt

"PREFACE "TRUTH is often stranger than fiction, ' but so strange will some of the occurrences related in the following pages appear to Western readers, that I deem it necessary to state that they are also true. Most of the stories, incidents, and characters are known to me personally to be real, while of such narratives as I received from others I can say that " I tell the tale as it was told to me, " and written down by me at the time. In some cases I have substituted fictitious for real names, in order to shield from what might be undesired publicity persons still living. I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Francis George Shaw for valuable advice and aid in the preparation of this work for the press, and to Miss Sarah Bradley, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Bradley of Bangkok, for her kindness in providing me with photographs, otherwise unattainable, for some of the illustrations. New Brighton, Staten Island, September 13, 1872." [a.a.O.]

"CHAPTER XII. The Interior of the Duke Chow Phaya Mandtree's [เจ้าพระยามนตรี] Harem EVERY harem is a little world in itself, composed entirely of women, — some who rule, others who obey, and those who serve. Here disinterestedness vanishes out of sight. Each one is for herself They are nearly all young women, but they have the appearance of being slightly blighted. Nobody is too much in earnest, or too much alive, or too happy. The general atmosphere is that of depression. They are bound to have no thought for the world they have quitted, however pleasant it may have been; to ignore all ties and affections; to have no care but for one individual alone, and that the master. But if you became acquainted with some of these very women under favorable conditions, — very rare, however, — you might gather glimpses of recollections of the outer world, of earlier life and strong affections, of hearts scarred and disfigured and broken, of suppressed sighs and unuttered sobs, that would dispose you to melancholy reflections and sad forebodings, and, if you were by nature tender, to shedding of tears. Their dress and manners often betray all sorts of peculiarities, and yet all is harmonious outwardly. They are unconscious of the terrible defacement they have undergone. Yet it sometimes happens that this same little world has its greatness, and always when a woman becomes a mother her life changes; she passes from the ignoble to the noble; then she becomes pure, worthy, honorable. The wall that surrounded the duke's palaces and temples enclosed also about five hundred houses, with gardens and artificial lakes and fountains and aviaries. Most of the houses were built of solid masonry, with here and there a theatre of carved wood; the streets were narrow, and the covered bazaars in no way remarkable except for the shops of female jewellers, gold and silversmiths. All the palaces and temples faced the river. The oldest Hindoo temple stood here, beside a Buddhist temple and monastery, from which the priests who officiated in the duke's household were supplied. The most remarkable edifice, however, was the duke's tower, or summer-house, of four lofty stories, opening all round into arches, made entirely of carved wood, and richly gilt. It commanded a magnificent view of the river, and overlooked more than one half of the city of Bangkok. When you mount the highest chamber, you open your eyes upon a scene too solemnly and mysteriously beautiful to be adequately described. You seem to be midway in the air, looking down upon a city of temples and palaces, gardens, lakes, minarets, pagodas and p'hra-chai-dees [Phra Chedi - พระเจดีย์]; thousands of boats glide noiselessly over the silver floor that winds on forever. The great height hushes out even the joyous voices that are hushed nowhere else. In the gloom at the upper end of the river many a boatman, perched on the prow of his boat, seems like the Angel of Death guiding some helpless passenger to the silent shore. And overhead the sky looks like some blue door, such as must lead straight into heaven. In every ducal or royal harem there are a great many buildings designed and built for the express purpose of training and educating the women, and every girl has to go through certain forms and observances before she is admitted among the favored ones. The female teachers, physicians, and judges, who are placed over them, generally receive a careful professional education, — the best the country can supply. Mere children are often taken into these places and trained to be actresses, dancers, musicians, and singers. Every department has a superintendent, who is generally a lady of high rank, and is responsible to the duke only. The mode of teaching in the schools is peculiar; no books are used by the pupils, who are placed in rows, with female officers in attendance to administer the rattan in all cases of inattention. The teacher either reads or sings the first line of a poem, or plays the first bar of an air; the head pupil repeats it after her, and so on to the last girl in the class; then all together, until they have learned it by heart. Dancing and gymnastics are taught in the same way. Often a hundred different airs and poems are committed to memory by very young girls, who are thus converted into walking libraries. Abb.: Smâyâtee [a.a.O., nach S. 120] Smâyâtee was led into the adytum of the duke's palace, conducted to a small chamber, and left there; while her guards betook themselves to their dinner. Very soon, the rumor of her great beauty having spread, nearly all the lovely girls in the harem rushed in to get a glimpse of her; but finding her closely veiled, and that no persuasion could prevail with her to uncover her face, they gradually departed, one young woman only remaining behind, sitting apart in silent sympathy. After a while two female physicians came in, talking in low tones one to the other. They then proceeded to question the girl, and to all of their questions she returned modest replies; after they were satisfied they bade her unrobe, which she did with some little hesitancy. When she laid aside her veil, her eyes met those of her silent visitor; an indescribable something beamed from every feature of the stranger, and they became friends. The physicians then examined the girl, just as if she were an animal; having finished their inventory of her perfections and imperfections, they dropped a few pleasant words, and departed. Smâyâtee had no sooner dressed herself and taken her place close to her new friend, and they had in the brief moment exchanged names, when another batch of women appeared, and told her to follow them. She rose, and went out, holding her new friend's hand. After passing through a dark and silent street, they brought her to a marble building, with baths and fountains all round it. Here she was again told to undress, and take her place on a marble couch. With her eyes she pleadingly besought her friend to stay, who did so, seated, leaning against a pillar. The bathers then anointed Smâyâatee's person with a fragrant preparation; when she was completely besmeared they suspended their labors, in order to let the stuff dry on the poor girl, who knew no more what was going to be done to her than if she had been a little kitten; and as she sat there, her skin glowing and her heart palpitating, she heard herself discussed by the bathers, whose language she only partially understood. But she heard enough to realize the life in store for herself. After half an hour they seized her again, rubbed off briskly the dried paste, and showered buckets of hot and cold water upon her. Another set of women now took charge of the poor girl, and dressed her in beautiful silk robes, like those worn by the Laotian women of high rank. Her hair was combed, perfumed, and ornamented with flowers, finally she was conducted to a pretty little house, luxuriously fitted up, and left in the charge of a number of female slaves. Smâyâatee now wore a new veil of Indian gauze, but she would rather have kept the old one. She cowered down in a corner, and laid her tired head in the lap of her new friend, who began patting and soothing her, without uttering a single word. Most girls, as soon as they have overcome the horror which such a life must naturally inspire in the young and enthusiastic, begin to calculate on their chances of promotion to the highest place in the harem." [a.a.O., S. 107ff.]

Abb.: A Siamese slave girl
[a.a.O., nach S. 32]

Abb.: Guard of Amazons
[a.a.O., nach S. 64]

Abb.: An Amazon of the Royal Body Guard
[a.a.O., nach S. 184]

Abb.: Queen of Siam
[a.a.O., nach S. 240]

Rezension in der Princeton Review, April 1873:

"The Romance of the Harem. By Mrs. Anna H. Leonowens, Author of "the English Governess at the Siamese Court." Illustrated. Boston: J. R. Osgood & Co. The remarkable experiences of Mrs. Leonowens at the Court of Siam are related with simplicity and in an attractive style. The secrets of an Oriental Harem are exposed with fidelity; and they reveal wonderful incidents of passion and intrigue, of treachery and cruelty; and also of heroic love and martyr-like endurance under most inhuman tortures. The book is full of matters of painful and tragical interest; as in the narratives about Tuptim, the Tragedy of the Harem; the Favorite of the Harem; the Heroism of a Child; Witchcraft in Siam, etc. The illustrations are numerous and generally very good; many of them are from photographs. No recent book gives so vivid a description of the interior life, customs, forms and usages of an Oriental Court; of the degradation of women and the tyranny of man. The author had unusual opportunities for becoming acquainted with the facts she records." [Zitiert in: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/leonowensanna/a/leonowens_rhpr.htm. -- Zugriff am 2015-05-12]

1872-09-17

Abb.: Thomas George Knox
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Der britische Generalkonsul Thomas George Knox (1824 - 1887) an Außenminister Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) (เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913):

Abb.: Lage des umstrittenen Gebiets östlich des Salween [သံလွင်မြစ်]
[Bildquelel: Joppen: Historical atlas of India, 1914. -- Tafel 32]

"With regard to the case of disturbances in the district East of the Salween [သံလွင်မြစ်], disputed between the Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่] authorities and the Karens [ကညီကလုာ် / กะเหรี่ยง] in league with Fa Kolan, he wrote to Chao Phya Bhanuwongse that "the whole district is in the utmost disorder, and became a refuge for outlaws and robbers, moving to the right bank of the Salween to plunder within the British territory. The Thai government was either to give up claim of territory over which they had no control, or take immediate steps to drive out intruders and establish proper government, establish police stations along the left bank of the Salween, allow British police to follow up and apprehend on the left bank, that the Siamese judge be appointed to Chiangmai as they could not get justice from local judges." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 189]

1872-10-09 - 1873-03-04

Der französische Waffenhändler Jean Dupuis (1828 - 1912) befördert seine Ware erfolgreich auf dem Roten Fluss (紅河 / Hóng Hé / Sông Hồng). Damit verliert der teilweise nicht schiffbare Mekong an Interesse für Frankreich als Zugang zu China.

Abb.: Lauf des Roten Flusses (紅河 / Hóng Hé / Sông Hồng)
[Bildquelle: Kmusser / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Jean Dupuis

"Jean Dupuis (7 December 1828, Saint-Just-la-Pendue, France – 28 November 1912, Monaco) was a French trader and explorer. Biography Dupuis was educated at Tarare (Rhône department). In 1858 he went to Egypt as a trader, and from thence to China. His trading journeys took him into many previously unexplored parts of southern China, and in 1871–2 his efforts opened up the Red River to commerce. In 1873 he was involved in a dispute with the Vietnamese authorities for trading weapons for goods on the Red River. The French explorer Francis Garnier came down on the request of the governor of Cochin China to solve the dispute; Garnier invaded the Tonkin area and captured its capital, Hanoi, instead, leading to the Taiping Rebellion. The foundations of the French possessions in Tongking were thereby laid and Dupuis did much to assist in the conquest of the country. Dupuis was in 1881 awarded the Delalande Guérineau prize by the Academy of Sciences in Paris. Works His explorations are described in the following works: L'ouverture du fleuve Rouge au commerce (1879) Les origines de la question du Tong-kin (1896) Le Tong-kin et l'intervention française (1898) Le Tong-kin de 1872 à 1886 (1910)" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dupuis. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-04]

1872-10-11

Kriegselefanten Manöver für die königlich-niederländische Gesandtschaft.

1872-11-11

Anna Harriette Leonowens <1831 - 1915> erhält in Boston einen Brief aus Bangkok von Lady Sonklin (เจ้าจอมมารดากลิ่น / เจ้าจอมมารดาซ่อนกลิ่น / ချာချွမ်မန်ဒါဆွန်စလင်, 1835 - 1925):

Abb.: Lady Sonklin (เจ้าจอมมารดากลิ่น / เจ้าจอมมารดาซ่อนกลิ่น / ချာချွမ်မန်ဒါဆွန်စလင်, 1835 - 1925)
[Bildquelle: th.wikipedia. -- Public domain]

""My goodness gracious," wrote Sonklin, "you will not know us any more, we are all so changed, a free- domed people" (LC, VI C, 4:2). King Chulalongkorn had issued an edict to end, albeit gradually, slavery in Siam. Sonklin described people’s reactions. "Some of the free like not to leave their master and mistress so they weep for gladness, but most run off like wild deer from shotgun and are for joy like one mad." As for Sonklin, "me and my two sisters are too happy we fear almost to say how happy for fear perhaps it will all vanish." [Zitiert in: Morgan, Susan <1943 - >: Bombay Anna : the real story and remarkable adventures of the King and I governess. -- Berkeley [u.a.] : Univ. of California Press, 2008. -- 274 S. : Ill.  ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-520-26163-1. -- S. 181]

"Re-examining the historic Lady Sonklin   By Nithinand Yorsaengrat [นิธินันท์ ยอแสงรัตน์] The Nation June 18, 2008 12:00 am   Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 to 1896) was an American author whose antislavery novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) was one of the most widely read books in the 19th century. The book that became one of the causes of the American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was translated into Thai in 1952 by Or (Urai) Snidvongs but was first introduced into the country in 1862 by Anna Leonowens (1834 to 1915), governess from 1862 to 1868 to the children of the consorts and royal wives of King Rama IV. Leonowens claimed she had 2,025 students from the total 82 children, three queen consorts and 42 common royal wives (or more) of King Rama IV. Leonowens recommended "Uncle Tom's Cabin" to her students in the Siamese court as a way of improving their English. She later claimed the book had influenced her students, including Crown Prince Chulalongkorn and Chao Chom Marnda Sonklin (Klin) [เจ้าจอมมารดากลิ่น / เจ้าจอมมารดาซ่อนกลิ่น / ချာချွမ်မန်ဒါဆွန်စလင်, 1835 - 1925] - Lady Sonklin, a noblewoman of Mon descent. Leonowens reported that Lady Sonklin even called herself "Harriet Beecher Stowe Sonklin". In a recent discussion on "Mon Women, Power and Siamese Court" at the Princess Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre [ศูนย์มานุษยวิทยาสิรินธร (องค์การมหาชน)], Charnvit Kasetsiri [ชาญวิทย์ เกษตรศิริ, 1941 - ], a former rector and history specialist at Thammasat University [มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์], pointed out that Leonowens' second book, "The Romance of the Harem", speaks of a letter sent by Lady Sonklin, saying she wanted to follow the example of the American author. It was signed "Harriet Beecher Stowe Sonklin". "From now on, I will no longer buy people to be slaves, except to free them ... If anyone will leave, I am pleased to let them leave. If anyone will stay, I am pleased to let them stay and will pay them Bt4 a month, with food and clothes," Leonowens claimed Lady Sonklin wrote. Some academics say Leonowens' books are more imagination than fact, but Charnvit suggests people must read between the lines to find the truth. "Although there is no academic evidence at present, Leonowens' report might lead us to believe that Lady Sonklin was among the first people in Siam who wanted to abolish slavery. She may have abolished slavery in her own household in 1867, one year before King Rama IV passed away and seven years before the formal policy to abolish slavery in Siam was announced by King Rama V, in 1874," Charnvit said. Lady Sonklin was born in 1835 in the reign of King Rama III and was one among hundreds of women sent to the Siamese court by the nobility to form connections providing mutual benefit to the court and noble families. She died in 1925 in the reign of King Rama VI. The Lady was the daughter of Phraya Damromgrachapolkhan (Jui Kotchasene), the ruler of Khuenkhan [เขื่อนขันธ์] (now Prapradange [พระประแดง] district in Samut Prakan [สมุทรปราการ]) and the ruler of the ethnic Mons in Siam at that time. She was well known as a strong Buddhist and a leader in Mon cultural preservation. Charnvit suggested that the historical roles of Anna Leonowens and Lady Sonklin should be re-evaluated.  "Leonowens might not be merely the intrusive English teacher who wrote lies about the Siamese court as most people believe, and Lady Sonklin might be more than just a Mon noblewoman and common royal wife who had a child with the king, cooked well and was a good Buddhist."" [Quelle: Nithinand Yorsaengrat [นิธินันท์ ยอแสงรัตน์] . -- http://www.nationmultimedia.com/homeRe-examining-the-historic-Lady-Sonklin-30075839.html. -- Zugriff am 2016-04-14. -- Fair use]

1872-11-30

Erstes Fußball-Länderspiel: England gegen Schottland (5 : 4)

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867-1943>: Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896. -- London : Murray, 1898.  -- 2  Bde. : Ill ; cm.

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Donko, Wilhelm M.  <1960 - >: Auf den Spuren von Österreichs Marine in Siam (Thailand). -- Berlin : epubli, 2012. -- 540 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-3-8442-2504-4

Zu Chronik 1873 (Rama V.)