Zitierweise / cite as:
Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1893 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2017-02-06. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1893.htm
Erstmals publiziert: 2013-09-26
Überarbeitungen: 2017-02-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-12-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-03-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-11-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-07-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-08 [Ergänzungen]
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Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.
Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung
Thailand von
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ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด
|
Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau Margarete Payer die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt. |
 Vorsicht
bei den Statistikdiagrammen!Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:
Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.
|
Abb.: Bangkok, Ende 19. Jhdt.
Abbildungen aus: Young, Ernest <1869-1952>: The kingdom of the yellow robe. --3. ed. -- Westminster : Constable, 1907. -- "Not in copyright":
Abb.: Tempel, Paknam (ปากน้ำ)
[Frontispize]
Abb.: Lage von Paknam (ปากน้ำ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Straßenfeger
[S. 3]
Abb.: Straßenverkäufer
[S. 6]
Abb.: Petroleum-Verkäufer
[S. 10]
Abb.: Tor
[S. 15]
Abb.: Kutsche
[S. 23]
Abb.: Reisboote
[S. 27]
Abb.: Frachtschiff
[S. 31]
Abb.: Kanu
[S. 33]
Abb.: Chinesische Dschunke
[S. 36]
Abb.: Mönche und Boot
[S. 40]
Abb.: Mutter mit Kind
[S. 58]
Abb.: Kailas (Meru) für die Haarschneidezeremonie des Kronprinzen
[S. 81]
Abb.: Binden des Haarknotens
Abb.: Chinesischer Händler
[S. 97]
Abb.: Curry-Zubereitung
[S. 119]
Abb.: Reis-Kochen
[S. 123]
Abb.: Rikscha-Kuli
[S. 135]
Abb.: Lotterie
[S. 155]
Abb.: Schauspieler
[S. 165]
Abb.: Rattan-Zubereitung für Stühle
[S. 173]
Abb.: Fischerboot
[S. 175]
Abb.: Fischerboot
[S. 177]
Abb.: Klong (คลอง) bei Petchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
[S. 181]
Abb.: Lage von Petchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Pflügen des Reisfelds
[S. 203]
Abb.: Armleute-Bestattung
[S. 245]
Abb.: Almosengabe (Reis) an Mönche
[S. 264]
Abb.: Buddhistische Sala (ศาลา) in einer Dschungel-Rodung
[S. 279]
Abb.: Szene bei Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)
[S. 379]
Abb.: Lage von Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1893 - 1918
Phra Jao Suriyaphongpharitdej (พระเจ้าสุริยพงษ์ผริตเดชฯ, 1831 - 1918) ist Herrscher von Nan (น่าน)
Abb.: Phra Jao Suriyaphongpharitdej (พระเจ้าสุริยพงษ์ผริตเดชฯ)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
1893
Innenminister Prinz Damrong [ดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943] macht die Beförderung von Beamten von Prüfungen abhängig. Jüngere Beamte können nur mit Zustimmung des Königs befördert werden. Beginn einer formellen Ausbildung zu Berufsbeamten.
1893
Auf Anordnung von Rama V. verlässt Prinz Pracak Sinlapakom (พลตรี พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงประจักษ์ศิลปาคม, 1856 - 1924) Nong Khai (หนองคาย), um Udon Thani (อุดรธานี) als neue Hauptstadt des Monthon Lao Phuan (มณฑลลาวพวน) zu gründen.
Abb.: Lage von Nong Khai (หนองคาย) und Udon Thani (อุดรธานี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Denkmal für Prinz Pracak Sinlapakom (พลตรี พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงประจักษ์ศิลปาคม) in Udon Thani (อุดรธานี)
[Bildquelle: http://www.udonthani.com/krom.htm. -- Zugriff am 2015-12-27. -- Fair use]
1893
Abb.: Sultan von Patani (كراجأن ڤتتاني )
1893
Abb.: Lage von Patani (كراجأن ڤتتاني )
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of
Asia. -- London, o. J.]
1893 - 1899-08-19
Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana (Sa Pussadeva) - สมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (สา ปุสฺสเทโว) (1812 - 1899) ist Sangharaja (สังฆราช)
Abb.: Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana (Sa Pussadeva) - สมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (สา ปุสฺสเทโว)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
1893 - 1933 (mit Ausnahme von 1900)
Der offizielle siamesische Name für Lan Na (ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠᩕᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ) ist Monthon Phayap ( มณฑลพายัพ).
Abb.: Lage des Monthon Phayap ( มณฑลพายัพ)
[Bildquelle: Ahoerstemeier / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
1893
Rama V. über die Integration von Nordsiam:
"I hope that this [education] will instruct and give knowledge to the kingdom, and [give to the Chiang Mai "Lao"] the knowledge that unity with the Thai is a good thing. This will come with mutual knowledge and understanding, and having the same viewpoint. I mean that I hope for progress [charoen] [เจริญ] in their city and [in their feelings of] unity. People that study have to be people that aren’t so arrogant. The [Chiang Mai] Lao are slandered [by Central Thais] as all being more base and wicked than the Thai. We have to find the intelligence to teach them how to be servants of the Kingdom and of the same mueang [เมือง] as the Thais. If they do good [deeds] they will receive good things, the same as the Thais. The schools have to teach about the benefits of the [Bangkok] government at all levels, just like the [European and American] missionaries [teach about the benefit of Christianity in their schools]. They [the missionaries] use all levels [of society] to support religion." [Übersetzt von: Johnson, Andrew Alan: Ghosts of the new city : spirits, urbanity, and the ruins of progress in Chiang Mai. -- Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2014. -- 190 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-8248-3971-0. -- S. 69f.]
1893
Gründung der protestantischen Missionsstation in Phrae (แพร่ / แป้)
Abb.: Lage von Phrae (แพร่ / แป้)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1893
Münzgesetz: 5 Baht = 3 Mexikanische Dollar = 7 indische Rupees. Damit wird der Baht nach dem Vorbild der indischen Rupie vom schwankenden Silberpreis abgekoppelt. Die Münzprägeanstalt wird geschlossen.
Abb.: Mexikanischer Dollar als japanische Währung, überstempelt: 改三分定, "Fixed to the value of 3 bu", 1859
[Bildquelle: PHGCOM / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
Abb.: Indische Rupee, 1862
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1893
Walter Ralph Durie Beckett (1864 - 1917) wird britischer Vizekonsul in Siam. Wird 1913 britischer Generalkonsul in Batavia (heute: Jakarte) in Niederländisch-Ostindien.
"Beckett, Walter Ralph Durie C.M.G. 1909, F.R.G.S., H.B.M. Consul, Bangkok, Siam, since 1963 [richtig: 1893] ; b. Agra N. W. P., India. 1864 ; s. of Col. W.H. Beckett ; Educ. Tonbridge School; Passed a competitive examination, 1886; student interpreter. Siam, 1886; 2nd Assistant 1888. 1st Assistant 1891, H.M. Vice-Con. at Bangkok, 1893; Acting Con. 11 April to 22 Oct. 1864, acted as Charge d’ Affaires, 23 October to 6 November, 1894 ; Acting Consul, 1894-95, when he was again in charge of the Legation, H.M. Consul for territories of Chiengmai, Lampun [เชียงใหม่], Lakhon [Lampang - ลำปาง], Phre [แพร่], Nan [น่าน] etc. (Northern Siam), 1897. H. M. Consul at Bangkok, 1903, and granted local rank of First Secretary, 1904; Charge d' Affairs during 1904, 1906, 1907 1908, and March 10, 1909, to January 26, 1910. Recreations: cricket, polo, tennis, golf, etc. Address : H. I. M. [Her Imperial Majesties] Legation, Bangkok. Oriental, and Chiengmai, Gymkhana Clubs." [Quelle: Rao, C. Hayavando: The Indian biographical dictionary. -- Madras, Pillar, 1915. -- s.v.]
1893
Bangkok: Eröffnung einer Filiale der Chartred Bank of India, Australia and China.
Abb.: Inserat, 1930er-Jahre
1893 - 1903-01
Prinz (ab 1895 Kronprinz) Vajiravudh (วชิราวุธฯ, 1880 - 1925), der spätere Rama VI., reist nach Großbritannien, bleibt dort 9 Jahre, wird von verschiedenen Tutoren gebildet, erhält ab 1898-01 eine militärische Spezialausbildung an der Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, erhält anschließend ab 1899 eine Offiziersausbildung an der Royal Durham Light Infantry in Aldershot, besucht ab 1900 das Christ Church College der Universität Oxford und studiert Geschichte und Recht.
Auf seiner Reise wird Vajiravudh begleitet von
- Prinz Svasti Sobhana (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าสวัสดิโสภณ กรมพระสวัสดิวัดนวิศิษฎ์, 1865 - 1935), sein Onkel
- Phraya Wisut Suriyasak (M. R. W Pia Malakun) (พระยาวิสุทธ์สุริยาศักดิ์ - หม่อมราชวงศ์เปีย มาลากุล, 1867 - 1916) als Tutor
- Prinz Chumphorn (ชุมพรเขตอุดมศักดิ์, 1880 - 1923), Mitschüler
- M.R.W. Sithi Suthat (หม่อมราชวงศ์สิทธิ สุทัศน์), Mitschüler
Ankunft in Großbritannien: 1894-01, Erholung in Brighton. 1894-02 Beginn der Erziehung in Ascot unter Sir Basil Thompson.
Abb.: Lage von Brighton, Ascot, Sandhurst und Oxford
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 2006
[Bildquelle: Antony McCallum / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]
Abb.: Christ Church College Oxford, 2010
[Bildquelle: Bloody-libu / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]Regelmäßig werden Thai-Lehrer nach Großbritannien geschickt, um den Prinzen in Thai-Sprache, Thai-Kultur und Buddhismus zu unterrichten.
Rama V. schickt dem Prinzen regelmäßig Briefe moralischen Inhalts, um seine Thai-Werte zu fördern.
Chulalongkorn an Vajiravudh:
"I would at this point impress upon you the fact that in sending you abroad for a European education, it is not my object to have you useful solely through your knowledge of foreign languages and European methods of work. Your own language and literature must ever be in constant use. . . . Knowledge of a foreign language is merely the means of acquiring further learning." [Übersetzt in: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 3.]
Während seines England-Aufenthalts besucht Prinz Vajiravudh
- Queen Victoria (Tee mit ihr 1894)
- Frankreich
- Belgien
- Italien
- Österreich-Ungarn
Auf seiner Heimreise (1903) besucht er
- USA
- Japan
1893
Der Brite Herbert Warington Smyth <1867 - 1943>, Bergbauaufseher Siams, reist auf dem Dampfschiff Cornelia, das die Zinn-Bergbauzentren Phuket (ภูเก็ต), Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า) und Ranong (ระนอง) im Fracht-Personen-Verkehr verbindet. Er beschreibt die Zustande bei den Passagieren:
Abb.: Lage von Phuket (ภูเก็ต), Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า) und Ranong (ระนอง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
[Das Schiff] "[was] doing the work of two vessels. Crowded with people, there was literally no sitting room on her decks, there must have been three hundred native passengers on board and anything in the shape of panic would have been disastrous. The boats only had room for perhaps fifty, but they could never have been cleared anyway." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 305]
Warington Smyth über die Zinn-Bergbau-Stadt Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า):
"All the usual symptoms of inefficient government existed - unsatisfied litigants, unsettled claims and untried prisoners. The police, who numbered 24 all told, were underpaid and overworked. They were ill-clad, disgracefully housed and worse armed. Scattered in twos or three about the province, they were so outnumbered by the coolies, of whom there were probably eight thousand ... that they were practically useless for purposes of keeping order." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 307]
Warington Smyth über den Gouverneur Ranongs (ระนอง), Khaw Sim Kong (คอซิมก๊อง):
Abb.: Khaw Sim Kong (คอซิมก๊อง)
Khaws’ [คอ] "enlightened rule" had "from a fishing village, made the place into an important mining centre. Landing stages, smelting houses, first class roads and charming bungalows sprang into being in the pretty semicircle of hills ... A regular system of mining regulations was established, an efficient police force was created and justice meted out to all." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 327]
1890 - 1910
Beri-Beri-Epidemien in Bangkok (vor allem in Gefängnissen, einer Irrenanstalt und einer Polizeischule). Grund für den Mangel an Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) ist polierter Reis.
Abb.: Beri-Beri-kranker Internierter, Philippinen, 1945-02
[Bildquelle: John Tewell. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/5620716241/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]
Abb.: Artikel von William Fletcher, in dem er den Zusammenhang zwischen Beri-Beri und dem Genuss von poliertem Reis nachweist, 1917
"Beriberi oder auch Beri-Beri (ICD-10: E51.1) ist eine komplexe Vitaminmangelerkrankung, die auf einen Mangel an Thiamin (Vitamin B1) zurückzuführen ist. Thiamin ist im Glukosestoffwechsel und am Aufbau von Nervenzellen beteiligt. Beriberisymptome sind Müdigkeit und Lethargie zusammen mit Störungen von Herz, Kreislauf, Nerven und Muskulatur. Christiaan Eijkman entdeckte das Thiamin und brachte Beriberi damit in Zusammenhang, was ihm 1929 den Nobelpreis einbrachte.
Noch 1905 wurde die Ursache von Beriberi nicht durch Mangelernährung sondern als Infektionskrankheit beziehungsweise Lebensmittelvergiftung durch Schimmelpilze gedeutet. Die Deutung als Mangelernährung war ein bedeutender Schritt zur Entdeckung der Vitamine."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriberi. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-24]
1870 - 1900
Graduierte bei den buddhistischen Pāli-Prüfungen Parien 3 - 9 (เปรียญ 3 - 9):
Abb.: Graduierte bei den buddhistischen Pāli-Prüfungen Parien 3 - 9 (เปรียญธรรม ๓ - ๙ ประโยค), Total 1870 - 1900
[Datenquelle: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: Studies in Thai history : collected articles. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 1999. -- ISBN 974-7100-28-2. -- S. 214]
Abb.: Diplom für Pali Grad Parien 3 (เปรียญธรรม ๓ ประโยค), 1910
[Bildquelle: Tevaprapas Makklay / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1882 - 1917
Schiffspassagiere von Swatow und Hǎikǒu (海口) direkt nach Bangkok:
Abb.: Schiffspassagiere von Swatow (汕頭, Shàntóu) und Haikou (海口, Hǎikǒu) direkt nach Bangkok (in Tausend), 1882 - 1917
[Datenquelle: Skinner (1957), S. 50]
Abb.: Lage von Swatow (汕頭, Shàntóu) und Haikou (海口, Hǎikǒu)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Swatow (汕頭, Shàntóu)
[Bildquelle: US Army Map NF50 Series1301. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-nf-50-7th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-03. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Hǎikǒu (海口)
[Bildquelle: US Army Map NF49 Series1301. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-nf-49-8th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-03. -- Public domain]
1893/94
Unter königlichem Patronat erscheint die weltweit erste gedruckte Gesamtausgabe des Tipiṭaka (พระไตรปิฎก).
Abb.: Erstausgabe des Tipiṭaka (พระไตรปิฎก)
[Bildquelle: DhJ / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Titelblatt von Bd. 15
"The tenth council may be said to have taken place during the present reign. The king decided to print and distribute, in commemoration of the completion of a reign of twenty-five years (1893), a full edition of the Tipitaka. Again a meeting of the archpriests was convened whose duty it was to prepare critically the text. The text was constituted after a comparison with the best MSS. available in Cambodia, Burma, and Ceylon, and also with some of the printed editions as published in Europe. Recourse in doubtful cases was made to the commentaries and the various readings were added. The text constitutes the editio princeps of the Tipitaka. It is printed in the common Siamese characters, which lend themselves well to that purpose, as they, as is known, also present a modification of an Indian alphabet. The edition contains the whole text of the Tipitaka with the exception of the Jataka, the text of which has not yet been published in full. These birth stories are well known and held in high esteem in Siam, and often form the subject of sermons. They may, however, be said only to be considered sacred on account of the moral precepts they inculcate, whilst the stories are looked upon as apologues."
[Quelle: O. Frankfurter in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 210]
1893
Einführung des Garuda (ครุฑ) als Staatssymbol (ตราแผ่นดิน).
Abb.: Staatssymbol Garuda
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
1893
Erster Abschlussjahrgang des Normal College for Teachers
"Normal College for Teachers.— Principal, Mr. F. G. Trayes. A residential college for the training of teachers, with a two years' course. During R.S. 126 (1907) there were 63 students in training, of whom 22 obtained certificates at the end of the year. Since R.S. 113 (1893) this college has provided 242 trained teachers (of whom 180 were trained during the last six years)."
[Quelle: W. G. Johnson in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 230.]
1893
Bau des Teakholz-Palasts Phra Thinang Manthatrattanarot (พระที่นั่งมันธาตุรัตนโรจน์) (heute: Wimanmek-Palast - พระที่นั่งวิมานเมฆ) auf der Insel Ko Sichang (เกาะสีชัง).
Abb.: Wimanmek-Palast (พระที่นั่งวิมานเมฆ), Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Gisling / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
Abb.: Lage des Wimanmek-Palasts (พระที่นั่งวิมานเมฆ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
"Der Wimanmek-Palast (Thai: พระที่นั่งวิมานเมฆ, sprich [pʰrá-tʰîː-nâŋ wí-maːn mêk], Deutsch: Wimanmek-Thronhalle, auch Vimanmek Teak Mansion) ist ein gänzlich aus Teakholz gefertigtes Bauwerk im Zentrum von Bangkok, der Hauptstadt von Thailand. Das Gebäude diente früher als königliche Residenz. Es gilt mit seinen 81 Zimmern als das größte aus Teakholz bestehende Gebäude weltweit. Lage
Die Wimanmek-Thronhalle liegt im Zentrum von Bangkok hinter dem alten Gebäude der Nationalversammlung im Bezirk Dusit an der Ratchawithi-Straße. Er ist Teil des Phra Ratchawang Dusit, des „Dusit-Palastes“. Die Wimanmek-Thronhalle ist gänzlich von Kanälen (Khlongs) umgeben. Von Süden aus im Uhrzeigersinn sind dies der Khlong Ang Yok (Jadeteich), im Westen Khlong Rang Ngoen (Silberkanal), der Khlong Khab Phaen Kachok (glasglatter Kanal) und der Khlong Rong Mai Hom (Duftholz-Kanal).
Baugeschichte und NutzungDer Wimanmek-Palast wurde im Jahr 1893 auf Veranlassung von König Chulalongkorn (Rama V.) auf der Insel Ko Sichang in der Provinz Chonburi im Golf von Thailand als „Phra Thinang Manthatrattanarot“ (พระที่นั่งมันธาตุรัตนโรจน์) erbaut.
Im Jahr 1900 ließ Chulalongkorn das Palastgebäude an seinen heutigen Ort umsetzen, der seinerzeit eine ländliche Umgebung weit entfernt vom alten Königspalast darstellte. Als das Gebäude nach einer feierlichen Einweihungs-Zeremonie am 27. März 1901 wieder bezogen werden konnte, wohnte der König zeitweise im 3. Stock, die Frauen und Töchter waren in den beiden unteren Stockwerken untergebracht. Er nutzte das Gebäude als Residenz, bis 1906 die Phra Thinang Amphon Sathan (พระที่นั่งอัมพรสถาน,Phra-Thinang-Amphon-Sathan-Thronhalle) fertiggestellt war, wo er dann bis zu seinem frühen Tod blieb.
Zum Ende der Regierungszeit von König Vajiravudh (Rama VI.) ließ dieser seine königliche Gemahlin Indharasaksachi (สมเด็จพระนางเจ้าอินทรศักดิศจี พระวรราชชายา) in einem Teil des Wimanmek-Palastes wohnen, nach dem Tod ihres Gatten zog sie in die Suan-Hong-Residenz nördlich des Wimanmek-Palastes um. König Prajadhipok (Rama VII.) ließ einige kleinere Renovierungsarbeiten durchführen, zum Beispiel die Verlegung elektrischer Leitungen und die Ausbesserung des künstlichen See-Ufers am Jadeteich. 1935 wurde der Wimanmek-Palast aufgegeben und geriet in Vergessenheit.
1982 ließ Königin Sirikit anlässlich der 200-Jahr-Feiern der Gründung von Bangkok als neue Hauptstadt von Siam das verfallene Gebäude rekonstruieren und renovieren, so dass es heute eine wichtige Touristenattraktion der Hauptstadt darstellt. Die königlichen Gemächer im dritten Stockwerk wurden im Stile von König Chulalongkorn wiederhergestellt.
ArchitekturDie Architektur des Gebäudes ist in einem westlich beeinflussten Stil gehalten, während die verwendeten Materialien aus Thailand stammen. Es besteht aus zwei rechtwinklig angeordneten Flügeln, die beide 30 Meter lang und 20 Meter hoch sind. Es ist dreistöckig und in dem Teil, wo der König residierte, vierstöckig. Das Erdgeschoss ist mit Ziegeln und Zement gebaut, während die oberen Stockwerke komplett aus „Goldenem Teakholz“ gefertigt sind. Dieses Holz des Teakbaumes ist allerdings nicht vergoldet, sondern wird aufgrund seiner gelblichen Tönung so genannt.
Heute sind 31 Räume als Museum geöffnet, von denen einige die zeitgenössische Atmosphäre König Chulalongkorns widerspiegeln, so die Schlafzimmer, der Audienzsaal und die Badezimmer. Die erste Dusche Thailands soll hier eingebaut worden sein und mit einer manuellen Wasserzufuhr betrieben worden sein, um den nötigen Wasserdruck zu erzeugen. Andere Räume zeigen Kunsthandwerk, wie Silberwaren, Keramiken, Glaswaren und Elfenbeinhandwerk.
Literatur
- Naengnoi Suksri: Palaces of Bangkok: Royal Residences of the Chakri Dynasty. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London 1996, ISBN 978-0-500-97446-9"
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimanmek-Palast. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-15]
1893
Die Tageszeitung The Siam Observer erscheint erstmals.
Abb.: The Siam Observer
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 294]
"SIAM OBSERVER.
Prior to the trouble with France in 1893 there had been no daily newspaper published with success in Bangkok. There had been several attempts made to establish such a journal, but all had ended in failure. In 1893, however, when these international difficulties culminated in the blockade of the Siamese capital by the French fleet, and when rumours of the wildest kind were rife and no one knew exactly what was occurring, opinions were expressed on all sides that a daily newspaper was badly needed. At last Mr. W. A. G. Tilleke, the present Acting Attorney-General of Siam, and Mr. G. W. Ward, who had formerly been a member of the staff of the Bangkok Times, took counsel together to see how the want could best be supplied.
They had neither printing plant nor anything that goes towards the mechanical production of a daily paper but, after casting about for some time, they entered into an arrangement with the Rev. S. Smith for the use of his printing-office at Bangkolem ; and here, after the vexatious delays which always seem inseparable from the starting of a newspaper, the first issue of their publication was made. The Observer was in those days one-tenth of the size that it is to-day. The first copy had an eccentric-looking title heading, and to make this appear all the more striking the editor gave it a sub-heading, which took the form of a prophecy. It was, "The French have not left Chantabun, but they will very soon." Parenthetically it may be remarked that it was over ten years ere the prophecy was fulfilled. Just when the Observer had firmly established itself a dispute arose between Messrs. Ward & Tilleke, and Mr. Ward left Bangkok for Hongkong. He afterwards represented the Pall Mall Gazette in the Chino-Japanese War and the Soudan campaign, and died under rather painful circumstances in London, in 1899.
For some time after Mr. Ward's departure from Siam, Mr. Tilleke conducted the newspaper himself ; but finding that his editorial duties, by occupying a large portion of his time, interfered sadly with his legal practice, he engaged Mr. Harry Hillman, an English journalist, to relieve him of his responsibilities in this direction. Mr. Hillman was succeeded in the editorial chair by Mr. P. Mackenzie Skinner, a barrister-at-law, who had previously controlled the destinies of the Hiogo News and the Straits Times. Mr. Skinner, however, very shortly afterwards decided to commence the practice of his profession in Bangkok and, resigning, was succeeded in November, 1899, by Mr. William W. Fegen, who had been a correspondent with the American troops in the Philippines campaign. Early in 1902 Mr. H. G. Gough, then a leader-writer on the staff of the Glasgow Herald, was engaged as editor-in-chief, and under his supervision the paper was twice enlarged, and now it consists of ten pages. Mr. Gough resigned in August, 1908, and his place was taken by Mr. F. Lionel Pratt, an Australian journalist who had been a leader-writer on the China Mail and previously a war-correspondent for the Sydney Morning Herald in the Boxer campaign and the Russo-Japanese War."
[Quelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 295.]
1893
Der portugiesische Fotograf Joaquim António (1857 - 1912) eröffnet in Bangkok "The Charoen Krung Photographic Studio"
1893
Bildung der Union coloniale française
"The French Colonial Union[1] (French: Union coloniale française) was an influential group of French merchants established for the purpose of ensuring continued French colonialism, as well as solidifying their own commercial interests.[2] It was founded in 1893 and published The Colonial Fortnightly (La Quinzaine coloniale).[1] The French Colonial Union served as a pivotal colonial organization that greatly aided in commercial and foreign French affairs. Though from its initial establishment, the French Colonial Union was never major, its members set out with a mindset of expressing its ideas, being vocal, and then placing those ideas into reality. The foundations of the French Colonial Union displayed an organization that was focused on change and advancement. The success of the French Colonial Union would directly influence the French colonies, and how France dealt with them. Membership and Inclusion into the Union Process
The French Colonial Union’s policy on membership was that it would not accept new members for the sake of numbers. The French Colonial Union’s goal was not to increase its numbers, but to increase its influence and impact through action not population.[3] A few of its most prominent members include the first French Colonial President Emile Mercet and the Secretary General, for about twenty years, Joseph Chailley-Bert (1854 - 1928) - one of the union’s most determined and prominent members.[1] Others members include Jules Le Cesne, Paul Doumer (1857 - 1932), Noel Auricoste, and Ulysse Pila (1837 - 1909), among many other well-known figures of society from the times.[3]"
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Colonial_Union. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-12]
1893
Frankreich schreibt den Gouverneuren seiner Kolonien vor, dass diese ihren Bedarf aus Frankreich beziehen müssen, selbst wenn er vor Ort preiswerter produziert werden kann.
1893
Frankreich baut die Don Det – Don Khon Schmalspurbahn zur Umgehung der Mekong-Fälle (ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນພະເພັງ)
Abb.: Lage der Don Det – Don Khon Schmalspurbahn
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Don Det – Don Khon Schmalspurbahn
Abb.: Ehemalige Lokomotive der Don Det – Don Khon Schmalspurbahn, 2013
[Bildquelle: Tango7174 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
"The Don Det – Don Khon (sometimes spelt Don Deth – Don Khone) railway was a seven kilometre (4.34 mile) long, 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) narrow gauge portage railway located on Don Det – Don Khon islands, part of the Siphandon (ສີພັນດອນ, sometimes spelt Si Phan Don) or Four Thousand Islands archipelago in Champasak Province (ຈຳປາສັກ), southern Laos.[1][2] Built by the Mekong Exploration Commission, the railway was operated by Lao State Railway authority, opening in 1893 and closing either in 1940 or 1949. The railway was initially laid to 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) narrow gauge; later it appears the railway was partly or wholly converted to (possibly) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge. The railway aided the transportation of vessels, freight and passengers along the Mekong River (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ). The Don Det – Don Khon islands railway held the title for the only railway ever built, opened and operated in Laos until 2009,[3] when a railway was opened between Nong Khai (หนองคาย), Nong Khai Province, Thailand and Thanaleng Railway Station, Dongphosy village, near Vientiane, Laos.[4] History
Background
The French colonial administration of Indochina was determined to exploit the Mekong River to aid a route into China, and in doing so help counter British colonial expansion in Upper Burma. The Governor of Indochina saw the Mekong as ‘the main point of connection between the different countries of French Indo-China (Cochin-China, Cambodia, Laos and Tonkin), which will be able to communicate with each other through it’.[1] However, the key obstacle lay in southern Laos, where at Siphandon Islands, the river splits into numerous channels forming formidable rapids collectively known as the Khon (or Khone, ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນພະເພັງ) Falls. Attempts in 1891, 1892, and 1893 to scale the falls failed; there are accounts of steamships ‘engines roaring and boilers near bursting, with hundreds of men hauling from the rocks on ropes and others pushing from the decks with pikes’,[1] and one vessel ‘allegedly wriggled up a narrow water-slide to within fifty metres of the top before the attempt had to be abandoned’.[1]
Thus, alternatives modes of transport had to be found. One idea came in the form of a British tidal expert resident in Siam, Herbert Warington Smyth (1867 - 1943), who suggested, perhaps half-cynically, that a tramway or a canal with a series of locks should be built around the falls. The latter, he reckoned, ‘would satisfactorily cripple the French economy, costing about the same as the Manchester Ship Canal yet never carrying more than one ten-thousandth of its tonnage’.[1] The French duly settled with a small portage railway across the island of Don Khon and later Don Det island. This would allow specially designed vessels that could be dismantled, transported via the railway and then reassembled and launched further upstream.
DevelopmentThe first railway was laid on Don Khon island, the southern of the two islands, in 1893 the same year that Laos was ‘added’ to French Indochina, part of the French colonial empire in Southeast Asia. The route stretched four kilometres from the south eastern corner of the island by Ban Hangkhon village in a north-westerly direction, terminating on the north side of the island by Ban Khon village. For the first four years the railway was a temporary affair, laid in segments that could be lifted once the train had past and relaid in front); the gun-sloops Lagrandière, Ham Luong and Massie were the first to cross the island via this method, and were followed by Garcerie, The Colombert and Trentinian (the latter later sank in the Mekong River after a gasoline explosion in 1928), in 1896. A number of impressed Vietnamese labour (for it was common for the French colonial administration to import Vietnamese manpower to Laos and Cambodia) man-hauled the wagons carrying sections of the vessels secured on top. By 1897, a permanent railway was laid and a wood-burning steam locomotive replaced manpower for traction. The first seven tonne steam locomotive was christened Paul Doumer (1857 - 19329, the Governor-General of French Indochina between 1897 and 1902, and equipment was supplied by Decauville from Cochin-China. Trains could be as long as 12-car formations, consisting of a steam locomotive, open-topped wagons and carriages yet it took an average of two shuttle trains to load a vessel. While it can be assumed that initial freight loads were sections of or complete vessels destined for the Mekong River upstream of the islands, it is most probable freight and passengers became the mainstay traffic on the line. At the northern terminal by Ban Khon village, passengers would make the transfer to a steam ship once more on the river channel that divides Don Det and Don Khon islands. As these vessels could only travel when the river was in flood, the decision was made in the 1910s to extend the railway by another three kilometres to the island to the north, Don Det, where the railway terminated by a pier near Ban Khon village. The private company 'Compagnie Saigonaise de Navigation et de Transport, puis Compagnie des Messageries Fluviales de Cochinchine' appears to have ensured passengers and goods made the connection between Don Khon and Don Det. The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 appears to have sealed the fate of the railway, and the last train was reported to have run in 1940.[1] However, one sources places the closure 'around 1949' having believed the railway been used by the Japanese during the Second World War.
Accounts of the railwayThere are few accounts of the railway either in written or pictorial form, but insight into this curious railway can be garnered from an account written by Marthe Bassenne, a doctor’s wife travelling between Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) and Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ) in 1910:
The train, struggling and grating amid the clashing sound of steel, hauled us across the island, which is covered by teak trees and bamboos whose branches brushed our faces. The temperature was very high and the sun, filtering through the trees, roused noxious fever-vapours from the tangled undergrowth. Sweat caked my hair under my sun hat; the heat burned my arms through my clothes; and the mosquitoes took advantage of my predicament to attack me as they pleased, all over my hands and face…
—John Keay, Mad About The Mekong: Exploration and Empire in South East Asia[1]A more contemporary account of the railway can be found on a website promoting tourism in Laos, written in the early 2000s (decade):
When we visited the site of the old engine, we were lucky to meet Grandpa Vandy CHANTHALAT, aged 88 years old. He looked healthy and introvert. His native village is Bane Khonetai [a village near Ban Khon]. He told us that he was the train driver under the French administration. He was employed when he was 18 years old. He left the job in 1941. He pointed his finger to the bridge where the railway was installed then said "It was constructed in 1917." He showed us his certificate of work and the medal he received from the French authority.
—Unknown author, Asia-planet.comAnother account, recorded in 1997, involves another local who used to work on the railway:
Route today and main featuresVan Thi, born about 1910... worked on the railway in 1929 and was a corporal boatman mechanic in 1934. He said in times of high water, the terminus for trains north of the dock was Don Khon, while at the low water, they crossed the bridge to get to the dock of Don Det. There was a locomotive, 12 cars and a special car for the governor.
—Unknown author, Le blog de Francois.fer-airWhile the entire railway alignment including the viaduct remain intact and can be walked or cycled along with ease, with the exception of a few short stretches in a maintenance yard, no rails remain in situ. The alignment is used by both locals and visitors to traverse the islands, and it is a key attraction for tourists. Almost all visitors reach the islands via Nakasang village, Champasak Province off highway Route 13 on the ‘mainland’, arriving by boat to Ban Hua Det village on Don Det island.
Beginning at the concrete pier gantry that extends into the Mekong at the north eastern corner of Don Det near Ban Hua Det village, the alignment cuts south-south-west through rice-paddy fields along a shallow embankment to a river channel that forms the division between the two islands. A steeper embankment forms the approach at the southern end of the island, and the alignment crosses a river channel by way of a 170 m long, 14 arched viaduct which appears to have been constructed from reinforced concrete. The viaduct remains in good condition and the trackbed consists of compacted ballast and sand. During the dry season it is probably possible to cross the riverbed, and some maps show the two islands ‘as one’ to reflect this. However, during the wet season the purpose of the viaduct can be fully appreciated with water levels a few feet away from the viaduct’s parapet. Crossing to Don Khon island, the alignment curves through Ban Khon village and around a small, grassy yard that probably served as a maintenance depot for the railway’s rolling stock. One of the two wood-burning steam locomotives still in existence can be found here. Built in 1911 by the Orenstein & Koppel ("O&K") company and named ‘Eloïse’, the engine is covered in rust and mounted on a short stretch of overgrown track, presumably Meter gauge. It is possible this locomotive came 'second-hand' from Decauville built lines in Cochin-China; one source places its arrival on Don Khon in 1929. By the locomotive, at right angles, lies another short section of track. A square concrete pit, flooded with rainwater, lies to the engine’s rear which was probably the base of a Decauville style turntable. As of 2011, a shed has been constructed to protect the steam locomotive and presumably provide a small museum dedicated to the locomotive and the railway. The section of Meter (?) gauge track has been raised onto a small concrete plinth to protect the track and wheels from inundation. Nearby, a small concrete tower, heavily obscured by vegetation, probably served as a water tower. The yard was most probably located due south of the site of the original northern terminus and pier on Don Khon island before the viaduct was built and the railway extended across Don Det island. A former Custom House can be found nearby; it is possible it was built at the same time as the railway. Further south, the alignment cuts through dense jungle atop a steep embankment, skirting to the north of the highest hill on the island that rises to 172 m (564 ft). At Ban Hangkhon village, the alignment swings west through a small clearing, that possibly served as a small freight yard and terminates at a large concrete pier. The pier, though utilitarian in design, remains in remarkably good condition. The pier features sizeable struts and support columns, a winch system inbuilt into central steps and multiple walkways at varying levels (to enable vessels to be offloaded at varying heights of water levels). These can be reached by steps, but the lowest level is now covered in silt. Stung Treng Province (ស្ទឹងត្រែង), Cambodia can be seen due south from here, and it is possible to visit the province via the local boat that one can take from Ban Hangkhon village to view Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) and the pier from the river. To the north of the pier, a sizeable water tank is fast succumbing to the encroaching jungle while a small workman’s hut with a caved-in roof stands immediately east of the pier. However, the most notable feature is the overturned steam locomotive devoid of its wheels. It is unsure what gauge the locomotive is configured to, when and where the locomotive was built and what name was given to the locomotive. Perhaps the isolation of the islands, the relative sluggishness of the Laotian economy and the logistical difficulty of removing the remains of these locomotives to the ‘mainland’ have prevented them succumbing to the scrap merchant’s blowtorch.
Lesser featuresLesser features of the former railway can be found along various parts of the alignment, including ballast, the occasional wooden sleeper, rail – (metal) sleeper sections discarded near the route (gauge uncertain), and concrete culverts. At Ban Khon village, a short bridge allows a narrow road to pass under the alignment. Visitors heading back from Ban Hangkhon village after a half-day’s walk or cycle along the alignment choosing to return to Don Det island via the eastern footpath are confronted with a precarious bridge made from old rails and rail - sleeper sections spanning a stream. Signs of an early attempt to stimulate tourism and perhaps as a nod towards the island’s unique role in Laotian railway history can be found near Ban Hua Det village, where a rubber wheeled motorised tourist ‘train’ complete with ‘carriages’ in the form of trailers lies abandoned near the gantry.
Unresolved queries about the railwayDue to a general lack of information regarding the Don Det – Don Khon islands narrow gauge railway, a number of queries have arisen about various aspects of the railway, they include:
- It is not certain the year of the railway’s closure. Some have put the year as 1940, others at 1949; given the ambiguity over whether the Japanese occupation of French Indochina used the railway, it is likely this query will remain open-ended. According to Thai Sources from Supreme Commander Headquarter, this line has been closed due to the Indochina War in 1940. Even Thailand had a shared sovereign on Don Khon between 1941 to 1946, the line has been effective abandoned as French enterprise has removed the track, locomotives and rolling stocks. Even though IJA (Imperial Japanese Army) tried to restored the route in 1945 by getting the rails, a locomotive taken from French enterprise in Indochina, wooden sleepers and spikes, only 4 km of rails has been laid by the end of WWII.
- The exact year of the opening for the extension of the railway from Don Khon to Don Det is also unknown. One reference[1] places the extension in the 1920s. Nonetheless, if the account by Vandy Chanthalat is accurate, the viaduct was constructed in 1917; however rails and the railway extension’s opening may not have commenced until the 1920s. Another source puts the construction of the bridge at 1910.
- Although it is not clear what gauge the steam locomotive ‘Eloïse’ stands on (which can be eventually resolved by measuring the length from the inside of both rails!), it is assumed to be Meter gauge, a popular gauge used by the French at the time. Moreover, it is unsure when or why the French colonial administration chose to change gauge; one unreferenced source places the change at 1946. The change was perhaps an attempt to standardise the railway gauges in the region to Meter gauge, that is if the section of track here is Meter gauge. Meter gauge is used throughout most of Vietnam’s railway network, the entirety of Cambodia’s and Thailand’s railway networks, and the French built Yunnan-Vietnam Railway (滇越铁路 / tuyến đường sắt Hải Phòng / Chemins de Fer de L'Indo-Chine et du Yunnan). However there were never plans to connect the railway to other networks, and other than the abortive works at Thakhek, the French showed little interest in developing a proper railway network in Laos. The line’s conversion to Meter gauge could have been a parting gift from the French as their influence in Laos waned in the late 1940s (full independence been granted to Laos in 1954 in the same year Laos withdraw from the French Union), perhaps akin to the French-built port at Sihanoukville, Cambodia. This theory is unlikely, given the development of transportation via local and regional highways, and aircraft after the Second World War, reducing the reliance on the Mekong as a freight channel. However, it may have been converted at an earlier date, possibly to coincide with the extension of the railway in the 1910s. Whatever date the line was converted to a wider gauge, it would have potentially benefited from locomotives of the same gauge been transferred from other parts southeast Asia and further afield.
- There appears to be little information on the type of freight carried by the railway, with the exception of dismantled and fully assembled vessels. However, it is likely provisions would be carried north from Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) to settlements like Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ) and Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ) for the colonial administration. Certain types of timber would not have been carried by the railway, at least downstream, given the presence of specially constructed walls east of Don Khon island in the river channel that helped funnel timber logged near Vientiane pass by the islands downstream (see Related features below).
- While it is clear the alignment only accommodated a single track railway, due to the lack of availability of large-scale maps of the islands drawn during the railway’s operation, it is difficult to ascertain the exact layout of the railway at the pier termini. However, they would have probably included sidings.
- There are no accounts or evidence of where the ballast for the trackbed was quarried, although it can be assumed, as with early railway construction the world over, the stone was quarried locally on or near the islands."
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Det_%E2%80%93_Don_Khon_narrow_gauge_railway. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-14]
1892 / 1893
Frankreich baut die Spezial-Kanonenboote Massie und La Grandière für den Einsatz auf dem mittleren und oberen Mekong (แม่น้ำโขง / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ). Sie können teilweise zerlegt werden und so auf dem Landweg (mit der Eisenbahn, s. oben) über die Mekong-Fälle (ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນພະເພັງ) transportiert werden.
Abb.: Lage der Mekong-Fälle (ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນພະເພັງ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Kanonenboot Massie wird über die Mekong-Fälle transportiert, 1898
1893
Paris: Gründung des Syndicat francais du Laos. Kapital: 100.000 Francs, 15 Tonnen Handelsgüter, 10 Handelsposten entlang des Mekong. Das Sydicat geht innerhalb von zwei Jahren in Konkurs, da es gegen die chinesischen Händler nicht konkurrieren kann und Laos kein nennenswerter Abnahmemarkt ist.
1893
Besuch von Zar Alexander III. (Александр III., 1845 - 1894) in Siam.
Abb.: Das Zarenreich 1905
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Zar Alexander III. (Александр III.) (rechts) mit Familie, 1893
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
1893
Der japanische Chemiker Nagai Nagayoshi ( 長井 長義, 1844 - 1929) synthetisiert erstmals Methamphetamin (N-methyl-alpha-Methylphenethylamin) in flüssiger Form. Methamphetamin wird Ende 20. Jahrhundert als Ya Ba [ยาบ้า] zur Hauptdroge in Thailand werden.
1893
Der Schweizer Karl von Nägeli veröffentlicht seine Entdeckung der Oligodynamie: eine minimalste Menge Kupfer im Wasser bringt Algen zum Absterben. Damit legt er die Grundlage für die Wasserdesinfektion mittels Silberionen.
1893-01
Die auf Initiative von Königin Saovabha (เสาวภาผ่องศรี) gegründete Sunanthalai Girl's School (โรงเรียนสตรีสุนันทาลัย) wird eröffnet (heute: Rajini school - โรงเรียนราชินี).
"A third special school, quite different in character, was the girls’ school established in 1893 at the instigation of Queen Saowapha [เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1864 - 1919]. She conceived of the idea of establishing the school "as an act of charity, to be a notable example like the building of a monastery, ”
and she arranged with Prince Damrong for its staff and buildings. On Damrong’s [ดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943] instructions, Morant [Robert Laurie Morant, 1863 - 1920], while in Europe in 1891—92, engaged two Englishwomen as teachers for the school, and funds for their passage and salaries were provided in the ministry’s budget for 1892/93 [These salaries totaled 15,780 baht per annum.]. No funds, however, were provided for buildings or running expenses, as these were to be provided from the estates of those of the queen’s children who had died in infancy. These plans collapsed when the foreign firm with which this endowment had been deposited failed in 1892, and construction became impossible. Placed in a difficult situation in which she would lose face, especially with foreigners, if she abandoned the project, and faced with losing credit for and control of the project if she was forced to turn to her sister, Queen Sawang Watthana [Savang Vadhana - สว่างวัฒนา, 1862 - 1955], to make up the deficit, she asked the king to rescue her from her predicament. The king wrote to Phatsakorawong [พระยาภาสกรวงศ์ / Phon Bunnag (พร บุนนาค),1849– 1920] in June 1892, putting the matter in his hands and warning that care should be taken to prevent palace gossip from reaching the English teachers.
After more than six months of indecision, during which Suankulap [วังสวนกุหลาบ] and the old palace of the late "second king” [วังหน้า] were suggested as sites for the school, Sunanthalai [สุนันทาลัย] was finally selected in December 1892, making it necessary to close the English school then located there. On 1 January 1893, the new Sunanthalai Girls’ School opened with an enrollment of fifteen pupils, each of whom paid a monthly tuition fee of twenty baht, which effectively limited the school’s enrollment to the daughters of the upper nobility and made the school the female equivalent of Suankulap. Despite continual administrative squabbles with the ministry and an incredible turnover in staff, the school fared well. Its curriculum was brought up to high academic standards, and its students, when they began to sit for the government English examinations in 1896, performed quite well. By 1897 the school had begun to be favored by the royal family and enrolled thirty-two students, among whom were some of the royal princesses. The salaries of the school’s teachers were covered by a government subsidy, while its running expenses were met by what was, in effect, the school’s endowment: buildings on school property which were let to government offices and commercial firms. With an additional bequest from Queen Saowapha in 1897, the school was expanded to accommodate fifty boarding students. Sunanthalai Girls’ School stood in much the same financial and administrative relation to the ministry as its predecessor, McFarland’s [Samuel Gamble McFarland, 1830 - 1897] Sunanthalai; but it succeeded where McFarland had failed, in attracting the daughters and patronage of the most prominent families of Bangkok. By doing so its continued financial support and existence were assured."
[Quelle: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 164ff.]
1893-01-04
Die französische Abgeordnetenkammer billigt einstimmig 180.000 Francs zur Finanzierung einer Militärexpedition, die Garnisonen Siams am Westufer der Mekong (แม่น้ำโขง) vertreiben soll.
1893-01-11
New York: Marie Tucek meldet den Büstenhalter (breast supporter) als Patent an.
Abb.: Konstruktionszeichnung aus der Patentschrift
Abb.: Büstenhalter, Bangkok, 2012
[Bildquelle: Jill Chen. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/94489149@N00/8127012605. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]
1893-01-12 - 1893-11-23
Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) ist französischer Außenminister
Abb.: Jules Paul Develle
[Bildquelle: http://www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2474. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-14]
"Jules Develle, né le 12 avril 1845 à Bar-le-Duc (Meuse), mort le 30 octobre 1919 à Paris, était un homme politique et avocat français. Avocat, il découvrit la politique comme secrétaire de Jules Grévy. Il fut ensuite préfet mais révoqué du fait de ses opinions politiques en 1877. Jules Develle fut ensuite douze fois Ministre sous la IIIe République. Spécialiste des questions agricoles, il était considéré dans ce domaine comme protectionniste (il augmenta les droits de douane sur les importations) et très apprécié des agriculteurs. Il rédigea les premiers textes instituant les Syndicats agricoles. Raymond Poincaré fut son Chef de cabinet au Ministre de l'Agriculture (1886). Il fut à l'apogée de sa carrière, Ministre des affaires étrangères (1893).
Mandats électifsResponsabilités ministérielles
- 1877 à 1885 : Député de la gauche républicaine dans l'Eure
- 1885 à 1898 : Député de la Meuse
- 1910 à 1919 : Sénateur de la Meuse
- 1879 : Sous-secrétaire d'État à l'Intérieur (Gouvernement William Henry Waddington)
- 1882 : Sous-secrétaire d'État à l'Intérieur (Gouvernement Charles de Freycinet (2))
- 1882 : Sous-secrétaire d'État à l'Intérieur et aux Cultes (Gouvernement Charles Duclerc)
- 1883 : Ministre d'État à la Présidence du Conseil, à l'Intérieur et aux Cultes (Gouvernement Armand Fallières)
- 1886 : Ministre de l'Agriculture (Gouvernement Charles de Freycinet (3))
- 1886-1887 : Ministre de l'Agriculture (Gouvernement René Goblet)
- 1890-1892 : Ministre de l'Agriculture (Gouvernement Charles de Freycinet (4))
- 1892 : Ministre de l'Agriculture (Gouvernement Émile Loubet)
- 1892-1893 : Ministre de l'Agriculture (Gouvernement Alexandre Ribot (1))
- 1893 : Ministre des Affaires étrangères (Gouvernement Alexandre Ribot (2))
- 1893 : Ministre de la Justice (intérim de 2 jours) (Gouvernement Alexandre Ribot (2))
- 1893 : Ministre des Affaires étrangères (Gouvernement Charles Dupuy (1))"
[Quelle: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-14]
1893-01-18 - 1898-06-27
Théophile Pierre Delcassé (1852 - 1923) ist französischer sous-secrétaire d'État aux Colonies, ab 1893-11-25 ministre des Colonies.
1893-02-07
Der britische Gesandte in Frankreich, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902), an den britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929):
"In my despatch of the 25th ultimo I forwarded to your Lordship a report of the discussion upon the Foreign Office Estimates with regard to the alleged encroachments of the Siamese on districts stated to be under the protection of France on the left bank of the Mekong. The charges brought against the Siamese Government are summed up in a speech of M. François Deloncle [1856 - 1922], contained in the full report of the debate. M. Deloncle asserted that the Siamese persistently ignore the rights of the kingdoms of Annam and Cambodia over the whole of Laos and the territories situated on the two banks of the Mekong, . . . that the Government were still of the opinion expressed by their predecessors two years ago, to the effect that the left bank of the Mekong was the western limit of the sphere of French influence, and that this opinion was based on the incontestable rights of Annam which had been exercised for several centuries. He added that these rights were too important to be abandoned, and too well established for the Siamese to persist in contesting them in the presence of the determination of France to put a stop to their violation." [Zitiert in: Norman, Henry <1858-1939>:
1893-02-18 - 1897-12-12 ; 1904-07-01 - 1917-12-22
Der deutsche Eisenbahningenieur Luis Weiler (1863 -. 1918) ist 1893 bis 1897 als Sektionsingenieur beim Eisenbahnbau Siams angestellt. 1904 bis 1917 ist er Generaldirektor, ab 1917-07-05 Chefingenieur, der siamesischen Staatsbahnen.
Abb.: Luis Weiler (1863 - 1918), Sektionsingenieur der Korat-Bahn, später Generaldirektor der StaatsbahnenEine Auswahl der Briefe und Tagebuchaufzeichnungen Weilers ist
Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm.
Abb.: Einbandtitel
"Luis Weiler (* 9. September 1863 in Amurrio, Spanien ; † 16. Januar 1918 auf See vor Lourenco Marques, Mosambik) war ein deutscher Eisenbahn-Bauingenieur. LebenWeiler wurde als Sohn des Eisenbahn-Bauingenieurs Karl Weiler geboren, der in Deutschland, Russland und Spanien Eisenbahnstrecken baute und dessen spanischer Frau Maria Asuncion, geborene de Lezama y Urquijo.
Nach seinem Abitur 1882 am Realgymnasium in Wiesbaden folgte ein Studium des Bauingenieurwesens an der Technischen Hochschule Hannover und der Technischen Hochschule Charlottenburg. Anschließend absolvierte er ein Referendariat als Bauführer in Stettin und Wiesbaden. Nach bestandenem 2. Staatsexamen wurde er zum Regierungsbaumeister (Assessor) ernannt und arbeitete 1891/1892 in Köln.
Tätigkeiten in Siam und ChinaVon 1893 bis 1897 arbeitete er als Sektionsingenieur für die Strecke von Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) über Saraburi (สระบุรี) nach Kaeng Khoi (แก่งคอย) und Hinlap (หินลับ), einem 65 km langem Teilstück der Koratbahn, in Siam. Bei der Koratbahn handelt es sich um eine ca. 200 km lange Eisenbahnstrecke von Bangkok nach Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา, auch: „Korat“ - โคราช). Anschließend war er gesundheitlich angeschlagen und litt an Schwarzwasserfieber. Deshalb fuhr er zurück nach Deutschland, wo er am 18. Juni 1898 in Wiesbaden Elisabeth Jung heiratete. Noch am gleichen Tag reiste er nach China, um am Bau der Shandong-Bahn (膠濟鐵路) mitzuwirken. In Shandong (山東) angekommen, wurden ihm die ersten 60 Kilometer der Bahn als Sektion zugeteilt. Im Juni 1901 verließ er Shandong. Es folgte 1902 ein weiterer Aufenthalt bei der Eisenbahndirektion Köln.
1903/1904 war er am Bau der Haifabahn, einer Anschlusslinie der Hedschasbahn (سكة حديد الحجاز), in Palästina beschäftigt. Die Hedschasbahn sollte Damaskus mit Mekka und Medina verbinden, ausgeführt wurde die 1.302 Kilometer lange Strecke bis Medina mit den Seitenbahnen Haifa-Akka (17 km) und Der'a-Bosra (28 km).
Am 1. Juli 1904 wurde er für 13 Jahre Generaldirektor der siamesischen Staatsbahn. Unter seiner Leitung wurde der Ausbau der Eisenbahn in Thailand weiter vorangetrieben. In nur rund fünf Jahre ab seinem Amtsantritt wurde das Streckennetz von 457 km auf 925 km mehr als verdoppelt.
Nach dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs kam der Eisenbahnbau nahezu zum Stillstand, viele deutsche Ingenieure verließen das Land. Thailand konnte seine anfängliche Neutralität auf Dauer nicht aufrechterhalten. Am 22. Juli 1917, nachdem Siam auf Drängen Großbritanniens Deutschland den Krieg erklärt hatte, wurde er, ebenso wie alle anderen Deutschen, aus dem siamesischen Staatsdienst entlassen und interniert, nachdem er noch kurz zuvor mit dem Weißen-Elefanten-Orden II. Klasse ausgezeichnet worden war. Erkrankt und vorzeitig aus der Gefangenschaft entlassen, verstarb er 1918 auf der Heimreise nach Deutschland an Bord des dänischen Schiffes Magdala bei Lourenco Marques vor der Ostküste Afrikas.
Technikgeschichtliche Bedeutung hat die briefliche Korrespondenz mit seinem Vater. Diese wird heute im Deutschen Museum München aufbewahrt. Da auch Karl Weiler Eisenbahningenieur war, tauschten sich Vater und Sohn als technische Fachleute aus. Luis Weiler versah diese Briefe mit zahlreichen detaillierten Zeichnungen. Diese Briefe Weilers sind die einzige umfassende und über Jahre gehende Dokumentation eines im Ausland tätigen deutschen Ingenieurs.
SchriftenLiteratur
- Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. Chalermnit, Bangkok 1979.
- Rainer Falkenberg: Luis Weilers Briefe aus China (Dezember 1897 - August 1901). Materialien zur Entwicklung in Qingdao und zum Bau der Shandong-Bahn. In: Kuo Heng-yü, Mechthild Leutner (Hrsg.): Berliner China-Studien, Beiträge zu den deutsch-chinesischen Beziehungen, 12 (1986), S. 113-134."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Weiler. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-20]
1893-02-20
"Es ist für den Fremden sehr schwer, die siamesischen Frauen von den Knaben zu unterscheiden. Sie tragen kurzes Haar. Die Gesichtsbildung besitzt nach unseren Begriffen nichts Weibliches. Die Kleidung stimmt mit der der Männer im wesentlichen überein." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 15f.]
1893-02-23 - 1893-03-02
In Bangkok ankert die österreichische Kriegsfregatte S.M.S. Saida. Sie kommt von Singapur und fährt weiter nach Batavia (Jakarta). Reisezweck: Missionsreise mit Seekadetten.
Abb.: S.M.S. Saida
1893-02-23
Der deutsche Ingenieur Rudolf Diesel erhält das Patent für "Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen", d.h. den Dieselmotor ohne Zündkerzen (Selbstentzündung des Kraftstoffes).
Abb.: Erster Dieselmotor 1897 (Deutsches Museum München)
[Bildquelle: Cochonou. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/26130006@N04/4629967778. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]
1893-03
Siam setzt in Monthon Phitsanulok (มณฑลพิษณุโลก) und Monthon Prachin (มณฑลปราจีนบุรี) je einen Kommissar ein. Beginn der Zentralisierung ganz Siams.
1893-03-01
Der britische Gesandte in Frankreich, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902), erklärt, dass der britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), einer französisch-siamesischen Lösung am Mekong nicht im Wege stehen wird. Dies bekräftigt am 1893-03-09 Lord Rosebery gegenüber dem französischen Botschafter in London, William Henry Waddington (1826 - 1894).
Abb.: Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery / von Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922]
[Bildquelle: Vanity fair. -- 1901-03-14 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1893-03-08
Der britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), an den britischen Gesandte in Frankreich, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902):
"M. Waddington [William Henry Waddington (1826 - 1894), französischer Botschafter in London] spoke to me to-day on the subject of the Mekong River and the boundaries of Siam. I pointed out to His Excellency that there seemed to be one initial difficulty. It was that the Mekong appeared to run through Siam, and that we could hardly say that one part of Siam was under British influence and another part under French. M. Waddington rejoined that his Government did not admit that any part of Siam lay on the left bank of the Mekong, but regarded the country lying on that side as belonging to Annam. I could not conceal my surprise at this communication." [Zitiert in: Norman, Henry <1858-1939>:
1893-03-09
Siam Free Press
"Siam has neither the means nor the energy to offer any serious^obstacle, to French demands. She is entirely a quantité negligé. Without organization, cohesion or patriotism, suspicious of her rulers and indifferent to religion, there is no one inspiring force to spur Siam on to a struggle for existence. A benumbing, disintegrating pessimism, the sure sign of national decay, is not the stuff from which to mould great deeds for king and country, and to this poor state has Siam fallen. With regard to her land and river forces they partake of the spirit of the nation, and are not to be taken seriously.'' [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 326]
1893-03-10
Der britischen Minister resident in Bangkok, Captain Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916) an den britischen Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929):
"Charge of invading Annam has been brought against Siamese Government. They protest, and are prepared to refer matter to arbitration, but French Government seem to be unwilling to accept this." [Zitiert in: Norman, Henry <1858-1939>:
1883-03-11
Als böses Vorzeichen gilt, dass eine Frau angeblich ein Kind geboren hat, bei dem Hand und Fußflächen verdreht sind. Dies bedeute, dass das Königreich Siam umgestürzt werde.
1893-03-15
Der britischen Minister resident in Bangkok, Captain Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916) an den britischen Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929):
"Instructions have been received by the French Minister to put forward a claim bringing the boundary of Annam up to the eastern bank of the River Mekong. The Siamese Government protests against this pretension on the part of Annam, which implies an increase of territory. They insist that any delimitation must be based upon actual possession, and that such a basis can only be modified by any rights which can be justified by the French. Siam is willing to refer any doubtful points to arbitration." [Zitiert in: Norman, Henry <1858-1939>:
1893-03-16
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) informiert den französischen Staatssekretär für Kolonien, Théophile Delcassé (1852 - 1923), dass Develle den Plan von Jean-Marie Antoine Louis de Lanessan (1843 - 1919), Generalgouverneur von Indochina, unterstützt. Lanessan hatte gefordert, Polizeiexpeditionen nach Stung Treng (ខេត្តស្ទឹងត្រែង) und Khone (ຄອນ) zu schicken, um die dortigen Garnisonen Siams zu vertreiben. Auch sollen auf dem Mekong zwei französische Kanonenboote patroullieren, die so gebaut sind, dass sie mit der Decauville-Eisenbahn um die Mekong-Fälle herum gefahren werden können. ("Die Maschinen- und Lokomotivfabrik Decauville ist ein französischer Industriebetrieb, der durch seine Feldbahnsysteme berühmt wurde." Wikipedia) Um den Anschein eines Kriegs gegen Siam zu vermeiden, soll das ganze als zivile Polizeiaktion getarnt sein.
Am 1893-03-23 erhält Lanessan aus Paris die Anordnung, seinen Plan sofort durchzuführen.
Lanessan kann für die Aktion auf dem Mekong nur 3 Offiziere und 150 Soldaten einsetzen, später kommen weitere 75 Europäer und 50 Einheimische hinzu. Die Besetzung von Stung Treng ist am 1893-04-03 kampflos beendet. Am 1893-04-05 wird in Khone eine französische Militärstation errichtet.
Abb.: Jean-Marie Antoine Louis de Lanessan
[Bildquelle: fr.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Lage von Stung Treng (ខេត្តស្ទឹងត្រែង) und Khone (ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນພະເພັງ)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Französischer Angriff auf Khone (ຄອນ), 1893
1893-03-17
"Im Inneren Siams sind Porzellanmünzen im Gebrauch. Die Sache hat allerdings einen Haken. Diese Münzen werden nämlich nicht vom Staat ausgegeben, sondern von den in allen größeren Dörfern bestehenden Spielbanken. Die Bankhalter sind meistens Chinesen. Trotzdem haben diese Porzellanmünzen die kleinen Silbermünzen vollständig verdrängt. Es gelingt mir hier beim besten Willen nicht, die kleine Silbermünzen aufzutreiben. Ich muss daher auch zu den Porzellanmünzen meine Zuflucht nehmen, mit welchen ich zum Teil meine Kulis auszahle. Diese Münzen haben entweder den Wert eines Salung (สลึง) (¼ Tical) oder eines Fuang (เฟื้อง) (1/8 Tical). Zwischenstufen gibt es nicht. Sie haben immer nur in dem betreffenden Dorfe, in welchem die Spielbank ist, Gültigkeit. Das ist auf Reisen natürlich sehr unangenehm. Man muss sich dann eben zur Bestreitung der kleineren Ausgaben genügend mit Kupfer versehen. Größere Beträge bezahlt man mit Einticalstücken. Ticaistücke in Kugelform sind sehr selten. Ich habe bisher nur zehn Stück davon auftreiben können. Papiergeld wird im Inneren nicht angenommen." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 35]
1893-03-19
Die groupe colonial der französischen Abgeordnetenkammer richtet an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) eine Petition. Darin wird gefordert, dass Frankreich gegen Siam Maximalforderungen stellen soll in Übereinstimmung mit den Gefühlen des französischen Parlaments.
1893-04
Die Zeitung ธรรมศาสตร์วินิจย [Dhammasat Winichai]:
"We will form our ranks and give our blood to our Country, our King, our Religion, our Race."
[Übersetzt in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 336]
1893-04-02
Frankreich besetzt in einem Überraschungsangriff Stung Treng (ស្ទឹងត្រែង). Die dortige Garnison Siams besteht aus 14 Mann und weicht ohne Widerstand.
Abb.: Lage von Stung Treng - ស្ទឹងត្រែង
[Bildquelle: Kmusser / NordNordWest / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
1893-04-04
Frankreich besetzt Khone (= Champasak - ຈໍາປາສັກ).
Abb.: Lage von Champasak - ຈໍາປາສັກ
[Bildquelle: Infernoapple / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
1893-04-04
Der britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), rät Siam gegenüber Frankreichs Gebietsforderungen entgegenkommend zu sein und so zu einem Kompromiss zu kommen.
1893-04-04
Der französische Resident in Bangkok, Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) berichtet an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), der König habe angeordnet
- 1500 Soldaten nach Battambang (ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង) zu entsenden
- 200 Soldaten nach Ubon (อุบลราชธานี) und Champassak (ຈໍາປາສັກ) zu entsenden
- und habe Verhandlungen über den Kauf dreier neuer Kriegsschiffe aufgenommen
Abb.: Lage von Battambang (ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង), Ubon (อุบลราชธานี) und Champassak (ຈໍາປາສັກ)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
1893-04-10
Der König kehrt aus Koh Sichang (เกาะสีชัง) zurück, wo er sich zur Erholung von seiner Krankheit aufgehalten hat. Der König war seit 1892 krankheitshalber nicht regierungsfähig gewesen. Das Kabinett, das in der Zwischenzeit die Regierungsgeschäfte führte, war in zwei Fraktionen gespalten
- Die Anhänger der Königin Saovabha Phongsri (เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1864 - 1919): der Oberkommandierende der Streikräfte, Prinz Svasti Sobhana (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าสวัสดิโสภณ กรมพระสวัสดิวัดนวิศิษฎ์, 1865 - 1935), und Außenminister Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923): fordern eine militärische Vorbereitung gegen einen Angriff Frankreichs
- Einige ältere Minister wie Militärminister Chaophraya Phonlathep (เจ้าพระยาพลเทพ / พุ่ม ศรีไชยยันต์, 1821 - 1901): sind gegen Widerstand gegen Frankreich
Der König wünscht Widerstand gegen Frankreich. Daraufhin berät das Kabinett, welchere Art und wie groß der Widerstand sein soll.
Das Kabinett weist Krom Luang Phichit Prichakon (กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากร, 1855-1909) in Ubon (อุบลราชธานี) an, ca. 5.000 Soldaten einzuziehen zur Aufstellung in Champassak (ຈໍາປາສັກ). In Bangkok werden Truppen zusammengezogen zur Entsendung zum Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง).
Munition wird in Europa bestellt sowie in Singapur eingekauft. In Singapur wird bis Ende April alles erhältliche Schießpulver aufgekauft.
Abb.: Lage von Koh Sichang (เกาะสีชัง), Ubon (อุบลราชธานี), Champassak (ຈໍາປາສັກ) und des Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Chaophraya Phonlathep (เจ้าพระยาพลเทพ / พุ่ม ศรีไชยยันต์)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Krom Luang Phichit Prichakon (กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากร
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
1893-04-10
Der französische Resident in Bangkok, Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) informiert Siam offiziell von der Besetzung von Stung Treng (ខេត្តស្ទឹងត្រែង) durch Frankreich. Siam schickt 800 Mann Militär von Bangkok an den Mekong(ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง). Die Festung Paknam (ปากน้ำ) wird verstärkt.
1893-04-11
Feierliche Eröffnung der Eisenbahn Bangkok - Paknam (ปากน้ำ)
Abb.: Eisenbahnlinie Bangkok - Paknam ((ปากน้ำ)), (Samut Prakan - สมุทรปราการ)
[Bildquelle: US ARmy 1954. -- Public domain]
"Railway schemes followed quickly in the wake of this tramway venture. The pioneer line was one from Bangkok to Paknam, a distance of 14 miles. The project was financed by a company with the modest capital of 422,000 ticals (£33,000), half of which was subscribed by the king. The work of construction was completed early in 1893, and on the 11th of April in that year the line was formally opened. It was mentioned at the time with legitimate pride that the concern, though an entirely new departure, had been carried through at the extremely low cost of £2,400 per mile, that sum including rolling-stock. From the first the Siamese took very kindly to railway travelling. The British Consul-General, in his report for 1893, noted that "large receipts are being made from pleasure-seekers, who take trips to Paknam to enjoy the novelty of travelling by steam." [Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 68 - 70]
"The Paknam Railway Company, the oldest concern of its kind in Siam, owns the little line, 13 kilometres in length, which connects Bangkok with Paknam, the thriving and prosperous village at the mouth of the Menam river. A concession for a period of twenty years was granted to the company in 1890. The work of construction was commenced immediately, and in 1893 the line was formally opened to traffic. From the outset it was a great success, and has always paid handsome dividends to its shareholders. Four trains are run each way daily."
[Quelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 202]
1893-04-12
Außenminister Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923) an den britischen Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) via Gesandtschaft Siams in London:
"The modus vivendi proposed by Siam has been refused by France, who insists upon the withdrawal of the Siamese military and official posts east of the Mekong. In their place Annamite posts will be set up, and the French claims will be pushed forward as far as possible. The Siamese Government are unable to grant the terms asked, but will be ready to submit the matter to international arbitration.
The French gunboat now at Bangkok evidently intends to remain there, and another gun-boat now on the way is expected to arrive on the 8th instant.
Although friendly intentions towards Siam are professed, there
is every appearance of forcing unacceptable terms upon the Siamese Government by menaces. Negociations between the two parties are still pending, but the Siamese Government are determined to resist to the utmost."[Zitiert in: Norman, Henry <1858-1939>:
1893-04-13
Der französische Resident in Bangkok, Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) berichtet an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), dass am Chao Phraya (แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา) drei neue Festungen gebaut werden sollen und das dafür Ausgaben im Gegenwert von 1,6 Mio. Francs bewilligt worden seinen. Auch der Hafen von Chantaburi (จันทบุรี) solle befestigt werden. Auf dem Bang-Pakong-Fluss (แม่น้ำบางปะกง) seien Waffen- und Munitionslieferungen via Prachinburi (ปราจีนบุรี) zum Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง) beobachtet worden.
Abb.: Lage des Bang-Pakong-Flusses (แม่น้ำบางปะกง) und von Chantaburi (จันทบุรี) und Prachinburi (ปราจีนบุรี)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
1893-04-15
"In the crisis year of 1893 efforts were made so that swift messengers should take, for the round trip from Bangkok, only twenty nine days to Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ], twenty eight days to Nongkhai [หนองคาย], twenty six to Bassac [ຈໍາປາສັກ], twenty four to Ubon [อุบลราชธานี], and fourteen days to Battambang [ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង]." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 7. -- Faire use]
Abb.: Lage der genannten Orte
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1886]
1893-04-18
Der französische Gesandte Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) berichtet an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), dass 3.000 bis 4.000 Soldaten mobilisiert worden seien und dass 5.000 bis 6.000 Soldaten nach Champassak (ຈໍາປາສັກ) in Bewegung gesetzt worden seien (in Wirklichkeit sind es nur 800).
Pavie berichtet eine Aussage von Chaophraya Phanuwong [Chaophraya Phanuwong Mahakosathibodi / Dit Bunnag - เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี / ดิศ บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913]:
"We Siamese are able with the tongue. Fight only with the tongue and do not arm. You will reveal our weaknesses to the people and the foreigners. Siam will be lost."
Again by report, Prince Devawongse [Devawongse Varopakar - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923] laughed at the old man's fears and replied,
"The Siamese today are men like the Europeans. They ought to behave like them.""
[Übersetzung: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 333f.]
1893-04-18
Siam Free Press:
[Außenminister Devawongse Varopakar - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923] "counted on Siam being able to place from 9,000 to 12,000 men in the field, and asserted that the Siam of today is not the Siam of twenty years ago. The naval department is counted on to supply 2,000 able-bodied seamen and marines. Phraya Surasak [เจ้าพระยาสุรศักดิ์มนตรี = Saeng Saeng-Xuto - เจิม แสง-ชูโต, 1851 - 1931] might reasonably raise 8, 000 to 10, 000 men. With this number... Siam would make so serious a fight that France would hesitate before beginning hostilities." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 335]
1893-04-19
Der König sagt vor einer Versammlung buddhistischer Mönche, dass er eher bis zum Tode kämpfen werde als sich den Franzosen zu unterwerfen.
1893-04-22
Massenausbruch aus Gefängnis in Bangkok. 11 Gefangene werden erschossen.
1893-04-26
Gründung der Red Unalom Society (สภาอุณาโลมแดง, später Siam Red Cross Society).
Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
"The Thai Red Cross Society (Thai: สภากาชาดไทย) is the major humanitarian organisation in Thailand, providing services as part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It was founded in 1893 and has headquarters in Bangkok. History
The origin of the Thai Red Cross Society relates to the Franco–Siamese territorial dispute of 1893 in which no organised aid was available to assist the military casualties. Lady Plien Pasakornravongs assembled a group of female volunteers and proposed to Queen Savang Vadhana (สว่างวัฒนา, 1862 - 1955) for royal permission to establish a humanitarian organisation. Permission was granted by King Chulalongkorn, who also granted permission to raise starting funds of 443,716 Baht. The society, then known as the Red Unalom Society (สภาอุณาโลมแดง) , was founded on 26 April 1893, with Queen Savang Vadhana as maternal patron. Queen Saovabha was appointed the first president, and Lady Plien acted as the society secretary.
The society's name was later changed to the Siam Red Cross Society and, following the renaming of the country, the Thai Red Cross Society. The society was officially recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross on 27 May 1920, and membership in the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (then the League of Red Cross Societies) was granted on 8 April 1921."
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Red_Cross. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-16]
"THE SIAMESE RED CROSS SOCIETY The Establishment of the Society.
In B.E. 2436 (A.D. 1893), there arose a misunderstanding between the Siamese and the French Governments regarding the boundary line along the Mekhong River[แม่น้ำโขง
]. As a result there was a certain amount of fighting between Siamese and French soldiers. Though the two governments were cognizant of the affair, open declaration of war was averted. Her Majesty the late Queen Mother Saovabha [เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1878 - 1910] was very much concerned about soldiers wounded in that fighting and resolved that something must be done in order to mitigate their sufferings. Through her philanthropic and queenly appeal, members of the Royal Family, Aristocracy and Gentry of the country gave donations to form a voluntary aid society for rendering medical assistance to the sick and the wounded in the field. Medicine, food, clothing, etc. were sent to the sick and wounded soldiers through the charitable efforts of those ladies. That benevolent act so pleased His Majesty King Chulalongkorn that he consented to become its Patron and gave Royal command that the association should be named "Sabha Unalom Daeng" [สภาอุณาโลมแดง] (The Red Unalom Society), but the name was afterwards changed to " Sabha Kajad Sayam " [สภากาชาดสยาม] or the " Siamese Red Cross Society."When peace prevailed the work of the Society ceased and subsequently members of the Committee passed away. Later the Society was placed under the control of the Ministry of War.
When His Majesty King Rama VI., then Crown Prince of Siam, was passing through Japan, he was so struck by the work and efficiency of the Red Cross hospitals in that country, that he determined to set up a permanent Red Cross hospital in Siam also.
After the lamentable death of His Majesty King Chulalongkorn, all of his sons and daughters, under the leadership of His Majesty King Rama VI, expressed their wish to erect some permanent memorial to their August Father which would also be an honour to their Kingdom. The building up of a Red Cross hospital was readily agreed to and a sum of Baht 122,910 (Baht 11 = £ 1) was subscribed among them for that purpose. His Majesty King Rama VI was graciously pleased to give the land necessary for the building of this hospital which after completion was named the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital [โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์
].Although Siam adhered to the agreement signed on 22nd August 1864 at Geneva and was represented at the Conferences in Geneva in 1906 and at Washington in 1912, the Siamese Red Cross Society was not then accepted as the National Red Cross Society until after its being put on the same basis as similar Red Cross Societies all over the world, by the promulgation of the Red Cross Act B. E. 2461 (A. D. 1918).
The Siamese Red Cross Society had full recognition of the International Red Cross Committee at Geneva on 27th May 1920 and adhered to the League of Red Cross Societies on 8th April 1921.
Its Object and Control.
The present object of the Siamese Red Cross Society, adhering to the principles of moral solidarity which unite all the National Red Cross Societies and in conformity with the Geneva Convention of 1906, is to care for the sick and wounded in time of war; to undertake, in time of peace, relief service in cases of public calamities or other disasters; to carry on such activities as relate to public health, to the prevention of diseases and to the alleviation of suffering, and to the organization of the Junior Red Cross Section.
The Siamese Red Cross Society has been very fortunate in having His Majesty the King as its Patron. Her Majesty the Queen has also graciously extended her exalted patronage to the Junior Red Cross."
[Quelle: Siam : general and medical features / by the Executive Committee of the 8th Congress of Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1930. -- 332 S. : Ill ; 25 cm. -- S. 271f.]
1893-04-27
London Times:
"The party of the queen, which includes the Foreign Minister, pushes for war whilst the opposition, old nobles and...country gentry, is in favor of a policy of reconciliation rather than blunt resolve." "Above all it is the young men who preach resistance to the end; they are a sort of dandy or Siamese chauvinist and have no real notion of war."
[Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 334, 348]
1893-05
Auf Anregung von Königin Saovabha Bongsri (เสาวภาผ่องศรี) Gründung der Ratchakumari School (โรงเรียนราชกุมารี - Prinzessinnenschule), ausschließlich für Prinzessinnen.
1893-05-01 - 1893-10-30
Chicago (USA): Weltausstellung World's Fair: Columbian Exposition. Siam nimmt teil. Siam schickt Gegenstände im Wert von über $100.000 Versicherungswert auf einem eigens dafür gecharterten Dampfer. Zu den Ausstellungsstücken gehören
- ca. 100 Gläser, in denen alle Früchte Thailands eingelegt sind
- ein Riesenbambus
- zehn Sorten Öl
- Samen
- landwirtschaftliche Produkte
- Forstartikel
- landwirtschaftliche Geräte
- Handarbeiten
- Keramik
- Kunstgegenstände
- Boote verschiedenster Art
- Hausmodelle
Abb.: Vogelschau-Bild
Abb.: Der Pavillon Siams, 1893Auf der Columbian Exposition gibt es u.a. das erste Laufband (Fahrsteig).
Abb.: Moving sidewalk, Columbian Exposition, 1893
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Laufband (walkway), Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, 2007
[Bildquelle: Tahir Hashmi. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/61697474@N00/471502727. -- Zugriff am 2014-02-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]
1893-05-01
Der französische Gesandte in Siam Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918) macht dem französischen Marineminister Admiral Adrien-Barthélémy-Louis Rieunier (1833–1918) folgende Schätzungen über die militärische Stärke Siams:
- stehende Armee: 4.000 Mann
- davon einsatzfähig: 2.000 Mann
- rekrutierbare Reserve: 20.000 Mann
- Offiziere: einige Ausländer, vor allem Dänen
Die Truppen Siams sind unzuverlässig, da sie zu einem großen Teil aus Laoten und Khmers bestehen. Diese seien apathisch und tendierten zur Rebellion.
Bewaffnung:
- weniger als 100 Artillerie-Waffen, davon einige defekt
- ca. 20.000 Gewehre, aber Mangel an Munition: Mannlicher-Gewehre der Österreichischen Waffenfabriks-Gesellschaft (ÖWG) sowie Schneider-Gewehre
- 84.000 Patronen seien im Mai aus Antwerpen (Belgien) bestellt worden
Marine
- 2 stählerne Kreuzer mit Doppelschrauben
- Maha Chakri (มหาจักรี)
- Makut Rajah Kumar (มกุฎราชกุมาร)
- 5 dampfbetriebene Kanonenboote
- Nirben (1866)
- Jan Jar
- Coronation (Morata)
- Maida (1867)
- Han Hak Sakru (1866)
- 1 Segel-Kanonenboot
- Regent
- Fünf Yachten und unbewaffnete Dampfboote
- Eine große Anzahl Boote und Dampf-Beiboote
Munitionsvorräte sind gering, Waffen sind in schlechtem Zustand. Die Siamesen seien nur zu einer komischen Andeutung von Widerstand fähig.
1893-05-11
Eröffnung der Rajakumari Schule für Prinzessinnen [ราชกุมารี] im Großen Palast.
"Running parallel to the short history of Rajakumara School [ราชกุมาร] was the course of a similar institution established for the purpose of tutoring the young princesses, daughters of Chulalongkorn, although its purpose was to give the girls a broad general (and modern) education rather than to prepare them for studies in Europe. The idea for the school originated with Queen Saowapha’s [เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1864 - 1919] concern for Princess Wilaiyalongkon [Valaya Alongkorn - วไลยอลงกรณ์, 1884 - 1938], who was attending Rajakumara School with her brothers in 1893 and was becoming too boyish and excessively indulged by the male European teachers.
Abb.: Valaya Alongkorn (วไลยอลงกรณ์)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]The queen suggested that a new, separate school be established for the younger princesses in which they could begin their Thai studies and perhaps later study with a European woman teacher. At her request, the king asked Chaophraya Phatsakorawong [เจ้าพระยาภาสกรวงศ์, 1849–1920] to investigate how such a school might be established without getting Morant [Robert Laurie Morant, 1863 - 1920] involved and how they might prevent any European teacher from spreading palace gossip as Mrs. Leonowens [Anna Leonowens, 1831 - 1915] had done. Phatsakprawong arranged for Phraya Itsaraphan Sophon (Nu) [อิศรพันธุ์ โสภณ (หนู)] and "other elderly teachers" to provide instruction in Thai and Mrs. Loftus, wife of the Government Hydrographer [A. J. Loftus], to serve as instructress of English, and it opened as Rajakumari School [ราชกุมารี] on 11 May 1893 in the Amarin Palace building [พระที่นั่งอมรินทรวินิจฉัยมไหสูรยพิมาน] of the Grand Palace. The school continued for a number of years, at insignificant cost to the Privy Purse, and captured little of the interest or attention accorded its counterpart. Like Rajakumara it was a temporary measure, and it gradually closed down as it ran out of pupils in the later years of the decade.
Rajakumara and Rajakumari schools were passing phenomena on the Thai educational scene. They provided no new models, no new teaching materials, and no new influence for education as a whole. They enjoyed only brief and tenuous relationships with the Ministry of Public Instruction, being more appropriately the concern of the Ministry of the Palace in its management of the king’s personal affairs. They certainly were significant as further stages in the transformation of traditional palace education and as the institutions in which the next royal generation was trained, but they hardly affected the development of public education."
[Quelle: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 163f.]
1893-05-12
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) weist Admiral Edgar Eugène Humann-Guillleminot (1838 - 1914) an, die Division navale de l’Extrême-Orient der Marine vor Saigon zu konzentrieren, damit sie sofort im Golf von Siam für eine Demonstration französischer Seemacht einsatzfähig ist.
Diese Flotte besteht aus:
- drei Kanonenbooten
- Aspic
- Vipère
- Lion
- ein veralteter eisengepanzerter Kreuzer: Triomphante (Flaggschiff des Admirals)
- ein Kreuzer dritter Klasse: Forfait
- ein einschraubiges Kanonenboot: Comète (500 Tonnen, 4 Kanonen, 5 Offiziere, 72 Mann Besatzung)
- drei Transporter erster Klasse
- Inconstant (830 Tonnen, 4 14cm-Kanonen, 5 Revolver-Kanonen, 7 Offiziere, 109 Mann Besatzung)
- Papin
- Lutin
Vor Annam und Tonkin liegen noch weiters
- drei Transporter
- fünf Kanonenboote
Abb.: Triomphante
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Lutin
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1893-05-13
Der französische Gesandte Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919)
'un protectorat sur le Siam nous dédommagera’... 'Une occasion semblable s'offrira-t- elle jamais, si nous la négligeons aujourd'hui, de compléter notre empire Indochinois?' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 365, Anm. 43]
1893-05-16
Der siamesische Kommissar in Stung Treng (ខេត្តស្ទឹងត្រែង) verhaftet den französischen Kolonnenführer Captain Maurice Thoreux in Khone (ຄອນ). Die groupe colonial der französischen Chambre des députés fordert in einer von François Deloncle (1856 - 1922) verfassten Petition von Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), dass als Strafe die Inseln Siams im Golf von Siam besetzt werden sollen als Vorbereitung zu einer späteren Annexion Siams.
Abb: Lage von Stung Treng (ខេត្តស្ទឹងត្រែង) und Khone (ຄອນ)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
1893-05-22
Frankreich entsendet weitere 125 Soldaten nach Khone (ຄອນ). Siam hält aber immer noch den größten Teil von Khone sowie die ganze Don-Khong-Insel (ດອນໂຂງ) im Mekong besetzt.
Abb.: Lage von Don Khong (ດອນໂຂງ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1893-05-22 - 1894-07-13
Der Fall "Phra Yot" [พระยอดเมืองขวาง (ขำ ยอดเพชร), 1852 - 1900].
Abb.: Phra Yot [พระยอดเมืองขวาง (ขำ ยอดเพชร), 1852 - 1900]
Abb.: Lage von Kham Muon [Khammouane - ຄໍາມ່ວນ = Thakhek - ທ່າແຂກ] und Outhene [Tha Uthen - ท่าอุเทน]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
"Because the parti [colonial] expected Siam to offer only a ‘comic gesture of resistance’ it came as a considerable surprise when Captain Luce telegrammed Paris that the Siamese Commissioner of Kham Muon [Khammouane - ຄໍາມ່ວນ = Thakhek - ທ່າແຂກ], Phra Yot [พระยอดเมืองขวาง (ขำ ยอดเพชร), 1852 - 1900], who had initially agreed to peacefully relinquish the contested territory and to leave for Outhene [Tha Uthen - ท่าอุเทน] under the ‘protection of an armed escort led by M. Grosgurin, had in fact ‘secretly sent for a band of 200 armed Siamese and Laotians[, ] who surrounded... the house where [M. Grosgurin] was lying ill, and “assassinated [him] with a revolver“ whilst the band massacred the escort’.
The parti [colonial] immediately demanded full reparations for the ‘act of treason’, sent three men-of-war from Saigon to Bangkok and ordered the capture of the Gulf Islands in the Bay of Samit [Koh Smach/Samit - កោះស្មាច់] and Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ].
Abb.: Lage von Bay of Samit [Koh Smach/Samit - កោះស្មាច់] and Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ]The Siamese, however, doubted the veracity of Luce’s telegram, and refused to pay reparations unless and until additional reports confirmed that events had taken place in the manner described therein.
News of Siam’s temporizing in the face of Grosgurin’s ‘murder’ remained on the front page of the major Parisian periodicals for over a month, where it fed a wave of anti-Siamese sentiment that emboldened the parti [colonial] to enlarge their territorial claims and agitate the remainder of the French political establishment into action.
On 20 July 1893 the French parliament communicated its first formal ultimatum to Siam, by which Bangkok was required to
- relinquish all rights to the east bank of the Mekong;
- pay an indemnity to the victims of various acts of Siamese aggression; and
- punish the officers responsible for various attacks on French troops, including the Grosgurin attack.
Failure to accept the terms of the ultimatum within forty-eight hours would result in a blockade of the Siamese capital. The Chamber of Deputies also unanimously ratified the decision of Foreign Minister Jules Develle [Jules Paul Develle, 1845 - 1919] to send Charles Le Myre de Vilers [Charles Marie Le Myre de Vilers, 1833 - 1918], the parliamentary deputy for Cochinchina, to Bangkok, with instructions to negotiate a treaty that would guarantee French territorial rights along the Mekong River [แม่น้ำโขง / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ] and secure compensation for Siam’s various ‘violations of jus gentium'.
Two days later Gustave Rolin-Jacquemyns [Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns, 1835 - 1902], the Belgian General Advisor to the King of Siam, drafted and sent a qualified acceptance in which Siam
- agreed to withdraw their military posts from the disputed territory within the month, but suggested that the dispute over ownership of the territory be submitted to international arbitration;
- consented to paying the indemnity demanded, but proposed that a Joint Commission be established to investigate the French claims;
- confirmed its readiness to deposit a 3, 000, 000-franc guarantee with the French, but emphasized that the Siamese counted on ‘French justice’ to restore to them any sum remaining after the ‘equitable adjustment of all claims’;
- assented to the punishment of any individuals ‘responsible for personal attacks not in compliance with national and international law’; and
- accepted responsibility for paying reparations to the families of the deceased ‘in accordance with ordinary justice’.
Alas, the Siamese reply was considered ‘insolent’ and ‘unsatisfactory’ by Develle, and prompted the umbrageous French cabinet to escalate their demands once more. After announcing the imposition of a blockade on 26 July 1893, the French sent a ‘declaration’ to supplement the terms of the ultimatum, inter alia obliging the Siamese to withdraw all troops located within twenty-five kilometres of the Cambodian border and accept the French occupation of Chantaboon [จันทบุรี]. The Siamese, fearful of losing additional territory, unconditionally acquiesced to the ‘second Ultimatum’ that same day.
Abb.: Lage von Chantaboon [Chanthaburi - จันทบุรี]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Charles Marie Le Myre de Vilers, 1898
[Bildquelle: Maurice Dulac / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]Le Myre’s arrival in Bangkok on 16 August 1893 marked the beginning of the second phase of negotiations between France and Siam. Although Develle had cautioned the Plenipotentiary to adopt an attitude of benevolence’ during the negotiations, Le Myre made no secret of his intention to impose very 'harsh’ measures on the Siamese, with whom he considered negotiating ‘a waste of time’. Indeed, the record of negotiations is rife with instances of Le Myre attempting to deceive, bully and frustrate the Siamese negotiator, Prince Devawongse [Außenminister Devawongse Varopakar - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923], into surrendering more than the ultimatum had demanded. For example, during their second meeting Le Myre requested that the Prince affix his signature to an unexamined copy of the proposed Treaty of Peace and Friendship ‘as a matter of form’. When the Prince politely declined, Le Myre menacingly reminded him that the French warships stationed in the Gulf could make matters at any moment quickly change for the worse’.
Le My re’s conduct was particularly egregious with respect to the settlement of what had come to be known as the Affair of Kham Muon [Khammouane - ຄໍາມ່ວນ]. The French Plenipotentiary arrived in Siam determined to see Phra Yot brought before a predominantly French Franco-Siamese Mixed Court, but with the exception of one presumptive and offhand remark to Devawongse that the culprits’ of the Affair of Kham Muon would 'of course’ face a court composed of the ‘competent Siamese authorities in conjunction with [French] Consul’ Le Myre refused to discuss the matter preferring to hold it in terrorem over the Siamese. The telegrams exchanged between Le Myre and Devawongse tell their own story: throughout September 1893 the French Plenipotentiary constantly protested that Siam had failed to fulfil its obligation to punish 'guilty parties’ involved in the Kham Muon incident, and demanded that Siam grant additional concessions as a consequence, even as Devawongse affirmed Siam’s willingness to bring the individuals the French considered guilty before an impartial domestic court, pending confirmation from the Plenipotentiary that this would satisfy France.
The question of Phra Yots fate came to a head on 29 September 1893, when Le Myre handed Devawongse a draft Treaty and draft Convention, the latter incorporating his as yet unseen proposal for a trial of Phra Yot before a Mixed Franco-Siamese Court (Article III), and announced his intention to leave for Saigon with or without an agreement within four days. Rolin-Jaequemyns spent the evening reviewing the terms of the proposed Convention and, finding himself in agreement with Devawongse that Article III was ‘completely unacceptable’, immediately began work on a note verbal summarizing Siam’s objections. In the note, which was delivered to Le Myre on 31 September 1893, Rolin-Jaequemyns protested that
‘the Siamese government do not think that it is in their power to violate by a retroactive disposition the individual right, recognized by Treaties, of any of their subjects to be judged by a competent Court of their own nation’.
On 1 October 1893, the two Plenipotentiaries commenced a final round of negotiations. Le Myre flatly refused to alter the language of the Convention itself, but agreed to address Siamese concerns over Article III in a proces-verbal to be appended to the Convention. He also insinuated that a rejection of the draft Treaty and the unmodified draft Convention would incite the French to authorize additional attacks against Siam. Facing a ‘third Ultimatum’, mindful of the inferiority of Siam’s armed forces, and exhausted by months of French cavilling, deception and abuse, the Prince finally capitulated and signed the Treaty and Convention, thereby committing Siam to trying Phra Yot before a domestic court and, at the discretion of the French, before a Mixed Court as well Rolin-Jaequemyns was furious at Devawongse’s ‘act of inconceivable weakness’ and drafted a letter to Le Myre ‘highlight[ing] the gaps’ of Article III. In his last-ditch effort to alter the Convention language, Rolin-Jaequemyns characterized Article Ill’s inclusion in the signed Convention as a ‘common oversight, suggested extricating the Article from the Convention before news of the agreement was publicized, and reiterated the concerns of his letter of 31 September 1893, adding that:
[I]f there is some sort of mixed jurisdiction in civil cases where both parties belong to different nationalities, there is none at all in criminal cases... It would thus be a serious infringement on individual rights to create a Mixed Court for the trial of past crimes or offences, infringement all the graver if the composition of the Court depends upon a State to which the accused do not belong.
Le Myre again declined to remove the controversial provision, arguing that Rolin-Jaequemyn’s ‘reasoning [was] based on an incomplete draft of the Convention’, and on 3 October 1893 the Siamese government publicly acknowledged their acceptance of the unmodified Treaty and Convention.
[...]
The Mixed Court's verdict
[...]
On 13 June 1894 the Affair of Kham Muon was brought to a close when the accused was found guilty by majority (the two Siamese judges refused to sign the verdict) as an accomplice to the assassination of Grosgurin and fifteen Annamite soldiers, but acquitted of any thefts and burning that took place during or after the gunfight."
[Quelle: Brockman-Haew, Benjamin E.: A supranational criminal tribunal for the colonial era: the Franco-Siamese mixed court. -- In: The hidden histories of war crimes trials / ed. by Kevin Jon Heller and Gerry Simpson. -- Oxford : OUP, 2013. -- ISBN 9780199671144. -- S. 52 - 57 ; 67. -- Open Access. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]
1893-05-28
Le Petit Parisien. Supplement littéraire illustré <Paris, Frankreich>:
Abb.: "Les incidents de la frontiere de Siam: La garnison française dans l'ile de Khone [= Champasak - ຈໍາປາສັກ]". -- In: Le Petit Parisien. Supplement littéraire illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- 1893-05-28. -- Titelblatt
1893-05-31 ff.
Mobilmachung:
- 31. Mai: Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา)
- 8.Juni: Prachinburi (ปราจีนบุรี)
- 10. Juni: Lom Sak (หล่มสัก) und Petchabun (เพชรบูรณ์)
Abb.: Lage der genannten Orte
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1893-06-02
Der britischen Minister resident in Bangkok, Captain Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916) in einem Telegramm an den britischen Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929):
Abb.: Henry Mitchell Jones
"A show of resistance on the part of Siam is, I am of opinion, the best method of securing reasonable conditions from France, who has commenced this undertaking in the belief that Siam would yield without a struggle. The exaggerated claims of France would, I think, be moderated by the mere probability of a contest." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 343, Anm. 4]
1893-06-03
Kampf zwischen siamesischem und französischem Militär in Khieng-Chek (Khammouane Provinz - ຄໍາມ່ວນ). 6 Siamesen werden getötet.
Abb.: Lage von Khammuan (ຄໍາມ່ວນ) = Thakhek (ທ່າແຂກ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
"The Assassination of Inspector Grosgurin in Laos in June 1893 was one of the events that precipitated the Franco-Siamese War later in that year. Phra Yot, the Siamese commissioner who had led the ambush that resulted in French colonial official's death, was put on trial by a joint Franco-Siamese court the following year and sentenced to 20 years hard labour for his role in what became known as the "Affair of Kham Muon (Kien Chek)". French occupation of Khmamuan
"Killing of Inspector Grosgurin
Inspector Grosgurin was a French inspector and commander of a Vietnamese militia in Laos. Like the French explorer and diplomat Auguste Pavie (1847 - 1925), he had been engaged in several exploratory expeditions in the region.[5][6] He was a member of one of the French armed columns despatched in April 1893 by de Lassenan (Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan, 13 July 1843 - 1919) to cross the Annamite Range (ພູຫລວງ / Dãy Trường Sơn) into the Laos area of Khammuan (ຄໍາມ່ວນ) (modern Thakhek - ທ່າແຂກ)[7] and to occupy the disputed territory. The column was at first successful in evicting the Siamese commissioner at Khammuan by May 25.[5][6]
Inspector Grosgurin was a French inspector and commander of a Vietnamese militia in Laos in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Like the French explorer and diplomat Auguste Pavie, he had been engaged in several exploratory expeditions in the region.[1][2] He was a member of a French armed column despatched in April 1893 from Vietnam on the orders of de Lassenan, governor-general of French Indochina, to cross the Annamite Chain into the Laos area of Khammuan (modern Thakhek - ທ່າແຂກ)[3] and to occupy territory disputed with Siam. The column was at first successful in evicting the Siamese commissioner at Khammuan by May 25th.[2][1]
Ambush at Kien KetShortly afterwards on June 5, the Siamese commissioner organized a surprise ambush on the village of Kien Ket, where Grosgurin, confined to his sickbed, had encamped with his militia.[5][6] The commissioner had apparently been instructed by Siamese government representatives to "compel their [French troops] retirement, by fighting, if necessary, to the utmost of their strength" .[7][8] The ambush resulted in the razing of the village and the killing of Grosgurin and 17 Vietnamese.[4]
The incident and the death of Grosgurin became known as the "Affair of Kham Muon (Kien Chek)" and was ultimately used as a pretext for the strong French intervention in the Franco-Siamese War.[3][5]
Franco-Siamese trialFollowing the killing, the Commissioner of the Kammuon District, Phra Yot, was acknowledged by his government to have been the responsible official, although was he initially acquitted of wrongdoing in a trial in March 1894.[4][6] A "Franco-Siamese Mixed Court" was subsequently convened in June 1894.[4] The court determined that Phra Yot had brought extra forces to surround the house in Kien Ket occupied by the ill Grosgurin, outnumbering his small Vietnamese militia; that Grosgurin and those Vietnamese who had not managed to escape had been killed and the house subsequently set on fire on the orders of Phra Yot.[5][7]
In a joint agreement between the Siamese and the French, Phra Yot was condemned to 20 years of penal servitude.[4] The solicitor for the defense was the Ceylonese lawyer William Alfred Tilleke (1860 - 1917), who was later appointed Attorney General of Siam and granted a peerage by the king.[8][5][9] The Royal Thai Army fort Phra Yot Muang Khwan in Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) Province on the border between Thailand and Laos commemorates Phra Yot.[9]
Notes
- de Pouvourville, Albert (1897), L'affaire de Siam, 1886-1896, Chamuel
- The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans by Arthur J. Dommen p.18 [1]
- The Kingdoms of Laos Peter Simms, p.207 [2]
- The Peoples and Politics of the Far East (1895) by Sir Henry Norman, p.480-481 [3]
- The Case of Kieng Chek Kham Muon before the Franco-Siamese Mixed Court. Constitution of the Mixed Court and rules of procedure"
- New York Times archive
- New York Times archive
- Official history of Tilleke & Gibbons
- Loos, Tamara (2006), Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand, Cornell University Press, p. 59–60, ISBN 0801443938"
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Inspector_Grosgurin. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-26]
1893-06-10
Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>:
Abb.: Die Geschehnisse in Siam: der König und die Königin. -- In: Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- 1893-06-10. -- Titelblatt
Abb.: Die Geschehnisse in Siam: Die siamesische Armee im Aufmarsch . -- In: Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- 1893-06-10. -- S. 240
1893-06-11
Der Gouverneur von Songkhla (สงขลา) berichtet, dass die Bevölkerung von Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช), Phatthalung (พัทลุง) und Songhla (สงขลา) durch ein Postschiff vom Krieg mit Frankreich erfahren hat. Daraufhin seien sie in die Wälder verschwunden. Niemand Tüchtiges sei zurückgeblieben.
Abb.: Lage von Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช), Phatthalung (พัทลุง) und Songhla (สงขลา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1893-06-16
Der französische Gesandte in Bangkok erfährt, dass Soldaten des siamesischen Grenzkommandanten von Khammouane (ຄໍາມ່ວນ), Phra Yot, bei Kien Ket den französischen Inspecteur de la Garde Civile, Grosgurin, aus einem Hinterhalt getötet haben. Die Presse Frankreichs reagiert empört. Später zeigt sich, dass Grosgurin nicht aus einem Hinterhalt getötet worden war, sondern den Vorfall provoziert hatte.
1893-06-20
Der französischen Staatssekretär für Kolonien, Théophile Delcassé (1852 - 1923) fragt telegraphisch an Jean-Marie Antoine Louis de Lanessan (1843 - 1919), Generalgouverneur von Indochina, an, ob er Truppen im Süden konzentrieren kann,
"pour agir, le moment venu, à Battambang [ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង]" [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 366, Anm. 49]
1893-06-21
Der katholische Bischof Jean-Louis Vey (1840 - 1909) an den französischen Gesandten Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925):
Abb.: Bischof Jean-Louis Vey
"It is not the Siamese element of the population [that makes] up the army; the chiefs and a small minority of the soldiers only belong to this race. The Peguans, Burmans, Lao, Malays, Cambodians, not to speak of the numerous tribes called savage, all slaves of war, are the bulk of the military forces that would have to be opposed to the enemy. These poor people, bowed beneath the yoke of their exacting masters, obtain their living and that of their families with difficulty. Their departure throws women and children into black misery. In such conditions, how can the soldier feel the least glimmer of patriotism. In their personal conversations, when there is no risk of being betrayed, these unfortunates do not hide their private sentiments... they say among themselves, "Why are we made to kill ourselves for masters who are our worst enemies? They have detained our mothers and our fathers as prisoners, they oppress us, they suck our blood; at the first encounter, we will turn to the side of the Europeans. "
Vey, whose bias is obvious, had an axe to grind for he and fifty Roman Catholic missionaries wished to sway Pavie to consider making Siam a protectorate of France."
[Übersetzt in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 349]
1893-06-26
Telegramm des französischen Gesandten Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) an das französische Außenministerium:
"The Chinese leaders have renewed their assurance to me, advising me to impose a protectorate on Siam." [Übersetzung: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 350f.]
1893-06-26
Der französische Gesandte Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919):
"The leaders of the Hai Nan [海南人], Canton [廣府人] and Akas [Hakka - 客家] have renewed their assurance to me offering to make an attack on the palace with their men when it is requested, counseling insistently the establishment of our Protectorate over the country." [Übersetzung: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 351.]
1893-06-28
John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (1826 – 1902), britischer Staatssekretär für Indien, gibt dem britischen Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), den Rat, Kanonenboote vor Bangkok zu schicken, um Macht zu demonstrieren.
Abb.: John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley
[Bildquelle: Carlo Pellegrini (1839 - 1889). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1768-07-17
1893-06-28
Rama V. zum Dänen Commodore Richelieu [Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu aka. Phraya Chonlayutthayothin - พระยาชลยุทธโยธินทร์, 1852 - 1932]:
"If anything happens to our country, I will not have the least fear, nor will I tamely submit to circumstances. I ask you, one and all, to be confident and to feel assured that we shall support each other and defend our country to the utmost of our power and ability." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 347]
1893-06-29
Der britische Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) entsendet zwei Kanonenboote nach Bangkok, um im Falle von Unruhen britische Staatsangehörige zu schützen. Dies fördert bei der Regierung Siams die Illusion, dass Großbritannien im Fall eines französischen Angriffs Siam Beistand leisten würde.
1893-07
Phraya Surasak [เจ้าพระยาสุรศักดิ์มนตรี = Saeng Saeng-Xuto - เจิม แสง-ชูโต, 1851 - 1931] bestellt die Führer der chinesichen Geheimgesellschaften sowie die chinesischen Unternehmer und Geschäftsleute ein und warnt sie davor, ihre Untergebenen zu unterdrücken oder Unruhen hervorzurufen.
1893-07
Abb.: Map to illustrate the Siamese question showing the present limits of French claims and the additional territory now demanded July 1893. -- Edinburg, 1893
1893-07
280 Angehörige der französischen Fremdenlegion (Légion étrangère) werden nach Indochina eingeschifft, um die Aggressions-Streitkräfte gegen Siam zu verstärken.
"Die Légion étrangère [leʒjõetrãˈʒɛːr], deutsch Fremdenlegion, ist ein militärischer Großverband, gegenwärtig bestehend aus Freiwilligen aus 136 Nationen[1], die als Zeitsoldaten Dienst in den Streitkräften Frankreichs leisten. Sie gehört zum französischen Heer. Die Fremdenlegionäre sind in ihrem Mannschaftskern aus dem nichtfranzösischen Ausland angeworbene Söldner. Im Sinne des Völkerrechts gelten sie als reguläre Soldaten der französischen Armee. Die französische Fremdenlegion wurde am 10. März 1831 durch einen Erlass von König Louis-Philippe I. gegründet und diente zunächst der Eroberung und Absicherung der Kolonien Frankreichs in Afrika, mit der zu dieser Zeit in Algerien begonnen wurde (später Französisch-Nordafrika; Kämpfe bis in die 1920er-Jahre). Sie untersteht seit ihrer Gründung unmittelbar dem jeweiligen französischen Staatsoberhaupt, in der Französischen Republik also dem Staatspräsidenten. Die Truppe umfasste Anfang der 1960er-Jahre, gegen Ende des Algerienkriegs, bis zu 35.000 Mann und wurde danach kontinuierlich auf die gegenwärtige Stärke von rund 7700 Mann reduziert.[2] Das Offizierskorps der Legion besteht seit jeher grundsätzlich aus Franzosen. Bis in die Zeit des Zweiten Weltkriegs gab es ausnahmsweise auch Offiziere mit ausländischen Patenten. Laut einer Ansprache von Colonel Morellon haben in der Légion Étrangère seit der Gründung bis Ende der 1980er Jahre mehr als 600.000 Mann aus aller Welt gedient. Über 36.000 seien in diesem Zeitraum bei den jeweiligen Einsätzen ums Leben gekommen."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re. -- Zugriff am 2014-12-15]
1893-07
Es erscheint:
Norman, Henry <1858 - 1939>: The future of Siam. -- In: The contemporary review <London>. -- 64 (1893-07). -- S. 1 -13
Darin berichtet der Autor folgenden Ausspruch des siamesischen Außenministers Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923):
Abb.: Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ), 1896
"That may seem incredible to you but we shall certainly fight. We should have no more to lose by fighting than by not fighting, and a militant resistance would draw the attention of the world to our just rights, and then perhaps they would not let us be eaten by France. Believe me, we shall certainly fight." [a.a.O., S. 11]
Norman bewertet die Wehrkraft Siams so:
"A couple of hostile British and French gunboats in the Menam, and a thousand soldiers on shore, and the whole structure of Siam would fall like a house of cards, and the only difficulty would be to suppress the anarchy of the Chinese." [a.a.O., S. 12]
1893-07-08
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) erhält vom Kabinett die Erlaubnis, als Gegenmaßnahme gegen die beiden britischen Kanonenboote ebenfalls zwei Kanonenboote nach Bangkok zu schicken, um Siam ein Ultimatum zu stellen, Reparationsleistungen zu erfüllen.
Der französische Sonder-Gesandte Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918) wird beauftragt, von Siam eine Million Francs als Reparation zu fordern für Grenzzwischenfälle im Mekong-Tal seit 1891. Falls sich Siam weigert, solle sich LeMyre de Vilers aus Bangkok zurückziehen und eine Blockade Bangkoks durch die Marine im Golf von Siam anordnen. Jean-Marie Antoine Louis de Lanessan (1843 - 1919), Generalgouverneur von Indochina, werde dann mit allen verfügbaren Truppen die siamesischen Provinzen Battambang und Siem Reap besetzen.
Aus Oran (وهران, französisch Algerien) werden Fremdenlegionäre (Légion étrangère) zur Verstärkung der in Indochina stationierten Streitkräfte entsandt.
Abb.: Lage von Oran (وهران)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1885. -- Public domain]]
1893-07-12
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) weist telegrafisch den französischen Gesandten in Bangkok, Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) an, dass die französischen Kanonenboote im Golf von Siam ankern und nicht nach Paknam (ปากน้ำ) vordringen. Das Telegramm kommt am 13. Juli um 14:00 in Bangkok an, zu spät um das Folgende zu verhindern.
1893-07-13 18:30
Die französischen Kanonenboote Inconstant und Comète erzwingen den Zugang zu Paknam (ปากน้ำ). Die Kanonboote werden von der Festung aus mit Kanonen beschossen. Sie fahren weiter nach Bangkok, wo sie ihre Kanonen auf den Königspalast richten. Beim Gefecht kommen 15 siamesische und zwei französische Matrosen um. Das französische Leitboot J. B. Say wird von Siamesen versenkt.
Abb.: Lage von Paknam (ปากน้ำ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Plan of the action at Paknam [ปากน้ำ] 13th July 1893
[Bildquelle: Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867-1943>: Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896. -- London : Murray, 1898. -- 2 Bde. : Ill ; 21 cm. -- Bd. I, nach S. 264]
1893-07-14
Französischer Nationalfeiertag (Fête nationale). Auf den französischen Kriegsschiffen weht La Tricolore. Außenminister Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923) geht an Bord der Inconstant.
Abb.: La République triomphante préside à la grande fête nationale du 14 juillet 1880.La République triomphante préside à la grande fête nationale du 14 juillet 1880. - See more at: http://www.histoire-image.org/site/etude_comp/etude_comp_detail.php?i=546#sthash.wouPairj.dpufLa République triomphante préside à la grande fête nationale du 14 juillet 1880. - See more at: http://www.histoire-image.org/site/etude_comp/etude_comp_detail.php?i=546#sthash.wouPairj.dpuf
1893-07-18
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) hält vor der französischen Abgeordnetenkammer eine Rede, in der er die Erwartungen der kolonialistischen Extremisten befriedigt. Er erklärt, dass er entschlossen ist, von Siam volle Anerkennung der territorialen Rechte Frankreichs zu erzwingen, damit die militärische Sicherheit französischer Besitzungen in Indochina vollkommen mache.
Abb.: Jules Paul Develle
1893-07-18
Der französische Gesandte in Bangkok, Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) auf die Frage, ob der Außenminister Siams, Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923), ihn über die Entscheidung vom 12. Juli informiert hat, dass die französischen Kanonenboote im Golf von Siam ankern sollen:
"Le ministre des affaires étrangères [Devawongse] m'a informé le 13 au soir après le combat qu'il avait reçu du ministre du Siam à Paris le télégramme lui disant que vous ordonniez d'arrêter nos bâtiments à la barre." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 369, Anm. 76]
1893-07-18
Eugène Etienne (1844 - 1921), Anführer der groupe colonial im französischen Abgeordnetenhaus, in der Zeitung Echo de Paris:
Abb.: Titelleiste 1893
Abb.: Eugène Etienne , 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
'C'est longtemps qu'on y songe... et je ne vois d'autre dénouement possible’. [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 369, Anm. 87]
1893-07-18
Eugène Etienne (1844 - 1921), Anführer der groupe colonial im französischen Abgeordnetenhaus, in La Cocarde:
"Le Siam sera un jour pris par eux [Großbritannien] ou par nous infailliblement; il vaut mieux que le morceau nous échoit." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 402, Anm. 2]
1893-07-18
Eugène Etienne (1844 - 1921), Anführer der groupe colonial im französischen Abgeordnetenhaus, fordert in einem Interview mit der Zeitung La Cocarde die sofortige Besetzung der Provinzen Battambang (ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង) und Siem Reap (សៀមរាប):
Abb.: Titelleiste 1891
Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Battambang (ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង) und Siem Reap (សៀមរាប)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]
’...elles [Battambang und Siem Reap] nous serviront de points stratégiques pour menacer Bangkok par terre ... voulez-vous sans cesse reculer devant le léopard comme en Egypte? Le Siam sera un jour pris par eux ou par nous infailliblement; il vaut mieux que le morceau nous échoit.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 369, Anm. 88]
1893-07-18
Der französischen Staatssekretär für Kolonien, Théophile Delcassé (1852 - 1923) an seine Frau:
'Ce qui émeut l'opinion publique, ce n'est pas le Siam mais l'Angleterre dont on ne veut pas être le jouet.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 369, Anm. 86]
1893-07-18
Der britische Chargé d'affairs in Paris, Eric Phipps, berichtet dem britischen Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), die Mitteilung des dem französischen Außenministers Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), dass der Herausgeber des Journal des Débats, dem Außenminister gesagt habe:
Abb.: Titelleiste 1893-05-15
"unless he employed language in touch with public feeling, he would inevitably be overthrown." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 119]
1893-07-19
Der britische Chargé d'affairs in Paris, Eric Phipps, berichtet dem britischen Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) über die französischen Zeitungsberichte über die Vorfälle in Siam:
"They [die französischen Zeitungen] were almost unanimous in favour of French action, and most urge stronger action." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 119]
1893-07-19
Um Präsenz zu zeigen, schickt das Deutsche Reich von Saigon das Kanonenboot SMS Wolf (1878 - 1919) nach Bangkok.
Abb.: Schwesterschiff Hyäne
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1893-07-20
Der britischen Minister resident in Bangkok, Captain Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916) macht dem Außenminister Siams, Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923), Hoffnung auf eine Intervention Großbritanniens. Devavongse telegraphiert an Maha Yotha, den Gesandten Siams in London:
"I have seen Captain [MacLeod] of H.M. ship Pallas and the British minister yesterday evening. They agree with me that now is the time something must be done by the British government, very soon, very much better. If later, expense will be very much greater." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 120]
1893-07-20
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) stellt Siam ein Ultimatum. Er fordert
- das ganze Gebiet östlich des Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง) inklusive des größeren Teils von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ)
- die Kontrolle Frankreichs über den Mekong
- Wiedergutmachung für die neueren militärischen Zwischenfälle
Siam akzeptiert das französische Ultimatum mit Ausnahme des Verzichts auf Luang Prabang.
1893-07-22
Der britische Generalkonsul an Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929):
"I wish to asseverate that at no time during the complications with France have I given Siamese reason to believe that they could rely on assistance from England. " [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 329]
1893-07-22
Abb.: Événements du Siam. - L'aviso le Lutin devant le consulat de France, a Bangkok. -- In: Le monde illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 1896. -- 1893-07-22
1893-07-23 - 1893-07-31
"The French colonial interest, formally represented since the dissolution of parliament on 20 July only by Delcassé [Théophile Delcassé (1852 - 1923)] at the Colonial Under-secretariat, had raised its sights yet further as a result of Siam's rejection of the ultimatum. Since the middle of May, Delcassé had been making preparations for the annexation of Battambang [ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង] and Siem Reap [សៀមរាប]. On 25 June, even before the British gunboats had been sent to Bangkok, he was considering the deployment of the French Far Eastern Naval Division [division navale de l'Extrême-Orient] to Si Chang island [เกาะสีชัง] to impose an ultimatum on the king, adding Battambang to the list of other French demands. But after the Paknam fracas, Delcassé had begun thinking in terms of imposing a protectorate. At a meeting with the ministers of the interior, the navy and foreign affairs on 17 July, he had argued for an immediate blockade to accompany the ultimatum. Much to Delcassé's exasperation Develle [Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), französischer Außenminister ] restrained him. Blaming Develle's caution on 'the vapid atmosphere one inhales at the Quai d'Orsay’, Delcassé told his wife: 'with a little decisiveness and speed, we could, with a show of our gunboats, take the lot at a stroke'.
The technical rejection of the ultimatum by the Siamese on 23 July gave him an opportunity to press for a protectorate. On 26 July, according to a report in Le Figaro which is confirmed on some points by private letters from Delcassé to his wife and by a letter from Develle to the French chargé in London, Delcassé proposed to the Cabinet the imposition of a protectoral treaty which would put the conduct of Siam's foreign relations under French control. Develle, however, reminded the Cabinet of his promise to Rosebery [Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), britischen Außenminister] to preserve Siam's independence and offered his resignation. Balked by this show of intransigence, Delcassé then compromised with a proposal to occupy the 'lost' provinces, insisting, however, that the order be sent immediately. Develle objected to such a summary proceedings and again threatened resignation, whereupon Delcassé offered his own resignation, though this was almost immediately retracted. It was finally agreed to leave the demand for Battambang and Siem Reap on the agenda but to defer the matter for later discussion.
Lord Rosebery now began playing upon the Quai's nervousness of an Anglo-French confrontation to ensure Siam's survival through the crisis. After pressing the Siamese to accede immediately to the terms of the second ultimatum, which he later described as
'the only fatal blow that we could strike at the [French] forward party'
Rosebery put Develle under pressure to counteract Delcassé's influence in the Cabinet. Dufferin [Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 - 1902), britischer Gesandter in Frankreich] had reported that
'Whilst on the one hand [Develle] dreads plunging his country into a serious war with England, on the other, as a member of a weak government he is equally afraid of incurring the denunciations of the French colonial chauvinist party.... Our task is to strengthen his hands as much as possible. '
In order to enable Develle to argue in Cabinet that Britain would not stand for any form of threat to Siam's independence, Dufferin, with Rosebery's encouragement, resorted to an unusually histrionic protest when on 29 July Develle hinted that the French might attempt to extend their list of demands upon Siam. When the possibility of taking Battambang and Siem Reap was raised, Dufferin reported,
'I at once arose and said with considerable heat that I declined to discuss the suggestion, which was a most disgraceful proposal to put to a British representative and one which would practically extinguish the independence of Siam owing to the proximity of these provinces to Bangkok. '
Dufferin reported that
'M. Develle listened to me with... much equanimity, for my strong language placed weapons in his hands for his anticipated fight with his enemies. '
Dufferin evidently felt that in a curious way the British Foreign Office and the Quai had moved into alignment on this issue against the colonial party.
Dufferin's tactics seem to have succeeded. President Carnot [Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837 - 1894), französischer Staatspräsident] and the Cabinet discarded the possibility of demanding Battambang and Siem Reap and Develle told the chargé in London that, with Britain's attitude now changing, and with no troops yet in place on the borders of Battambang and Siem Reap, there was no hope of seizing the two provinces. Instead, it was decided that a series of additional 'guarantees' should be added to the ultimatum.
- The first of these demanded that the port of Chantabun [จันทบุรี] should be placed under French occupation until the evacuation of the Siamese posts on the east bank of the Mekong [ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง] had been completed.
- The second was that the Siamese should remove all troops not only from the provinces of Battambang and Siem Reap, but also from a band of territory 25 kilometres deep running parallel to the river along the west bank of the Mekong. Although the Siamese government would be allowed to 'maintain sufficient police personnel to keep order' in these demilitarized zones, it was forbidden to deploy armed vessels on the waters of the Mekong and the Great Lake [Tonle Sap - ទន្លេសាប] of Cambodia.
- Finally, the French reserved the right to establish consulates at Nan [น่าน] and Khorat [โคราช].
These were moderate terms compared with what Delcassé had been demanding. Dufferin commented to Rosebery:
'[Develle] seems to have fought a hard battle on our side in the Cabinet',
and Rosebery concluded:
'(The French) had certainly gorged the two provinces already and the disgorging is a noble affair'."
[Quelle: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 122f. -- Fair use]
1893-07- Ende
Frankreich hat 660 Soldaten gegen Siam aufgestellt, 170 davon sind Europäer. Täglich sind im Durchschnitt 40 krank.
1893-07-25
Der britische Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) an Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India (1819 - 1901):
"French by blockading Bangkok are practically blockading British commerce in order to obtain a coterminous frontier with India which will impose great perils and burdens upon us." "The whole history of the French aggression on Siam is unspeakably base. We cannot, however, intervene anywhere; and if I can secure a sufficient buffer state between our frontiers and those of France, I trust that Your Majesty will be satisfied."
[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 121]
1893-07-25
Der britische Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) privat an Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, 1826 - 1902:
'We must get a buffer or I will go' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 121]
1893-07-26
Französische Seeblockade Siams.
1893-07-26
Der britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), zu Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India (1819 - 1901):
Abb.: Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India
[Bildquelle: Charles Léandre (1862 - 1934). -- In: Le Rire. -- 1897-06-12 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
"If the French cut the throats of half Siam in cold blood we should not be justified in going to war with [them]." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 242]
1893-07-27
Der britische Konsul E. H. French in einem Privatschreiben an den britischen Parlamentsabgeordneten und Unterstaatssekretär im India Office, George Nathaniel Curzon, 1. Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859 - 1925), der die Siam-Frage im Parlament zur Sprache gebracht hatte:
"I regret to say that I have got into the ill graces of Captain Jones [Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916), Minister resident in Bangkok] for suggesting that the intervention of England was by no means certain, and that there was nothing to show that any such intervention would occur...While Captain Jones, Mr. Jaequemyns [Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns (1835 - 1902)], and this man Thompson [Korrespondent von The Times] counsel resistance to the death, when the Siamese can no more resist than they can fly, I am getting into hot water with Captain Jones because I do not agree with him but would prefer to follow Lord Rosebery's [Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), britischer Außenminister] instructions." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 120]
1893-07-27
Frankreich kapert den siamesischen Dampfer Asadang. Ausweitung der Seeblockade.
Abb.: Französisches Schiff beschießt Paknam (ปากน้ำ)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Die Schiffe der französischen Aggressoren: Inconstant, Comète, Lutin
[Bildquelle: Christmas, Walter <1861 - 1924>: Et aar i Siam. -- Kjøbenhavn : Hegel, 1894. -- S. 202]
Abb.: Siamesische Kanone in Fort Chulachomklao (จุลจอมเกล้า), Paknam
[Bildquelle: Ahoerstemeier / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
Abb.: Lage von Fort Chulachomklao (จุลจอมเกล้า)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
Abb.: Die Paknam-Aggression
[Bildquelle: Christmas, Walter <1861 - 1924>: Et aar i Siam. -- Kjøbenhavn : Hegel, 1894. -- S. 194]
1893-07 (?)
Bilderbogen Imagerie d'Épinal (Frankreich):
Abb.: Le conflict avec le Siam. -- Imagerie d'Èpinal No 195. -- 1893
Abb.: Le conflict avec le Siam. -- Imagerie d'Èpinal No 196. -- 1893
1893-07-29
L'Illustration:
Abb.: Titelblatt: Der König von Siam mit seinen Kindern
Abb.: Der König badet im Mae Klong (แม่น้ำแม่กลอง)
Abb.: Lage des Mae Klong (แม่น้ำแม่กลอง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1893-07 Zusammenfassung
Französische Aggression in Paknam (ปากน้ำ). Als Belohnung dafür gesteht das kapitalistische Großbritannien dem kapitalistischen Frankreich alle imperialistischen Wünsche zu.
Abb.: "Der französische Wolf und das siamesische Lamm", Punch Magazine, 1893
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Französisch-siamesische Grenze 1905
[Quelle: Meyers Geographischer Hand-Atlas, 1905. -- Public domain]
"The position of affairs in Siam, meanwhile, was becoming critical. A peremptory intimation was given by the French Government to the Siamese authorities that the boundary of Annam would be brought up to the eastern bank of the Mekong, and a demand was made for the withdrawal of the Siamese forces from the disputed territory. The Siamese protested against this assertion of territorial rights over an area which had hitherto been regarded as belonging to Siam, and insisted that any delimitation must be based upon actual possession. They suggested that the disputed points should be referred to arbitration. The French Government declined to entertain this idea, and replied to the Siamese protest by pushing their posts further into the debatable land. Positions were taken up at Stung-Treng and the island of Khone—both being posts of great strategical importance. The Siamese retired without firing a shot, but they made up for their inactivity on this occasion by an act of aggression which was to cost them dear.
A French convoy on its way to Khone was attacked by a body of Siamese soldiers and the officer in command, Captain Thoreux, was made prisoner and taken to Bassac. This incident tended very considerably to aggravate an already overcharged situation. Its immediate result was to induce the French Government to order up reinforcements into the disputed area and to conduct a more vigorous initiative all along the line. The Siamese were not at all intimidated by these measures. At the capital active steps were taken to prepare for the worst, and on the Annam border a Siamese attack was made on a body of French troops, with the result that a French sergeant and some seventeen soldiers were killed and all their property destroyed. In regard to the latter incident there was, it is true, at first a disavowal of responsibility on the part of the Siamese Government, but no one attached importance to this plea at the time, and it was eventually abandoned. It was daily becoming clearer to every one at Bangkok that the war cloud was on the point of bursting.
Amongst the British commercial community the outlook was viewed with grave misgiving. British interests were enormously preponderant at Bangkok, and the chief force of any blow which might be delivered would necessarily fall upon British traders. Moreover, with a vast floating population, composed largely of low-class Chinese, there was serious danger of a rising in the event of an attack by the French. Urgent representations were made to Lord Rosebery by the Borneo Company and other great trading firms of the dangers of the position, and the Government were requested to send warships to meet any eventuality that might arise. The ministry, responding, as they were bound to do, to this demand, issued the necessary orders to the naval authorities, and two small British warships soon dropped anchor at the mouth of the Menam. Their appearance on the scene excited not a little irritation in France, as the measure was accepted as a confirmation of the suspicions, held quite unjustly, that the British Government was backing the Siamese Government up in its resistance to French demands.
The sentiments entertained by the French Government at the period are outlined in this despatch, dated July 3, 1893, from Lord Rosebery to Mr. Phipps, who was in charge of the British Embassy during Lord Dufferin's temporary absence :—"I received a visit to-day from the French Charge d'Affaires, who called to furnish me with a spontaneous explanation from M. Develle respecting the course of affairs in Siam. He said, with some strength of language, that for the last ten years France had been suffering a series of paltry wrongs and encroachments on the part of Siam, which she had hitherto been too much occupied by the difficulty of organising her administration in Tonkin to resent. Of late, however, she had thought it necessary to do so, as well as to assert her right on the left bank of the Mekong. The Siamese had resisted these proceedings, had fired on the French troops, and had also captured a French officer, whom they had promised to deliver up, though they had not done so.
"I asked if it were not the fact that Captain Thoreux was coming from the Mekong by land, and whether it did not take a long time to make the journey.
"M. d'Estournelles said that was the fact, and that this prolonged journey was a further aggravation. In any case, the Siamese had shown backwardness and tardiness in offering satisfaction for this outrage, and the French Government could wait no longer. He then went on to complain of the language of Sir E. Grey in the House of Commons, as tending to give an impression in Siam and in France that Great Britain was giving her support to the Siamese.
"This view I at once contested, stating that I did not think Sir E. Grey's words could be so interpreted. The despatch of British ships to Siam was rendered necessary by the fact that our merchants loudly demanded protection—not against France, but against a native rising which they feared was imminent. Complaints had already been made that I was too supine in the matter, but if a rising were to take place, and British life and property were to be injured, I should be very seriously and justifiably attacked. I reminded M. d'Estournelles that the official map published in France showed that the places recently invaded by the French were in Siamese territory. But I had always sedulously kept aloof, and I authorised him to tell M. Develle that from the very inception of this business I had never seen the Siamese minister or any one connected with him. On the other hand, through Sir T. Sanderson, and through H.M.'s minister at Bangkok, I had inculcated the desirability of coming to a prompt understanding and peaceful settlement with France, which should include all pending difficulties, and settle the frontier question on a permanent basis."
It is manifest from this despatch that French opinion at the time was very much excited against Siam, and that a strong disposition existed to push matters to extreme limits. The French Charge d'Affaires was eloquent in his interview with Lord Rosebery about the "wrongs" inflicted by the Siamese; and no doubt there were some irritating incidents in the past relations of the French and the Siamese to exacerbate feeling in France. But the real motive force at the back of the French claims was an earth hunger on the part of the forward school of French colonial politicians, who at that period, owing to various causes, had a predominant voice in the direction of the external policy of the Republic.
While the position of Siam in the face of the French demands was, as we have seen, engaging the serious attention of the British and French Foreign Offices, the war spirit in Siam was daily rising higher. The patriotic feeling was stirred to its depths by what was regarded as the unjust claims of France to territory which it was claimed had long been Siamese, and it was deemed a point of national honour to resist to the utmost these attempts at aggression. Critics of the Siamese Government censured it severely for this bellicose attitude, and no doubt its resistance beyond a certain point was in the eyes of the world sheer folly ; but it has always to be remembered that an Oriental Power has to consider seriously the effect that a tame surrender, even in the face of overwhelming odds, will have on its subjects.
Moreover, it must not be overlooked that British intervention, however chimerical the idea might have seemed in Whitehall, was regarded on the spot at the time, and not merely by the Siamese, as quite within the bounds of possibility.
Whatever the truth may have been on this point, the Siamese Government had no doubt in its mind as to the necessity of preparing for the crisis which was obviously approaching. The defences at Paknam were overhauled, and the king himself spent some days there personally superintending the operations. Simultaneously measures were taken, not very successfully, as it turned out, to block the channel of the river.
The preparations were barely completed ere the French cruiser Inconstant and the gunboat Comete appeared at the mouth of the Menam. An intimation of the fact of their arrival was given to the Siamese Government, with a notification that they would cross the bar on the evening of July 13th. To this announcement Prince Devawongse, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, replied
- that the reasons advanced by France for sending warships were neither valid nor founded on facts ;
- that the Siamese Government objected to an interpretation of the treaty which would give any Power an absolute right to send into the territorial waters of Siam and to the capital of the kingdom as many war vessels as they should like.
"The spirit of the Treaty cannot be," it was added, "that Siam should be deprived of the natural right of any nation to protect itself, and the French Government will easily understand, under present circumstances, we cannot, without abdicating our right to exist as an independent State, adopt such interpretation."
M. Pavie, the French representative at Bangkok, replied to this with a statement that he had not failed to inform his Government of the Siamese objections to the Inconstant's entry into the river, and an intimation that he had equally made known that "I have insisted with your Highness that the Inconstant, while waiting a reply, anchors at Paknam conformably to the Treaty."
Prince Devawongse in turn wrote in answer to this : "I feel obliged to state without delay that my objections against the Inconstant passing the bar are of a general nature, and apply to its anchoring at Paknam as well as its going up to Bangkok. . . . Indeed, the reasonable interpretation which I think ought to be given to the Treaty, as not depriving Siam of the essential right of any State to watch over its own safety and independence, is applicable to any part of our territorial waters." This firm attitude taken up by the Siamese authorities was proof against a strong verbal protest which M. Pavie made at an interview he had with Prince Devawongse on July 12th. After the meeting the Prince wrote to the French representative as follows : "Notwithstanding your insistence in our interview to-day on having the Inconstant and the Comete admitted to anchor at Paknam, it is my duty to maintain my peremptory objections which I made in my preceding letter, against their entering the waters of the Menam, and to declare that under present circumstances the Government of his Majesty is unable to consent to the presence in this river of more than one warship of any State. All necessary instructions to that effect have been given to our naval and military authorities."
Obviously the position was now such that unless one party receded hostilities were inevitable. At Paris the news of the uncompromising character of the Siamese opposition had made an impression—the greater, no doubt, because opinion in Great Britain at the time was greatly excited at the course of events in Siam, and strong pressure was being brought to bear by Lord Rosebery upon the French Government to take no action which would precipitate hostilities. Orders were sent out to the admiral in command of the French Indo-Chinese squadron to issue instructions that the French ships should remain outside the bar. Unfortunately the instructions did not reach the Menam in time to prevent the step which was fraught with so much danger to peace.
On the evening of July 13th the two French warships hauled up their anchors, and the Inconstant, with the master of a small French coasting ship, the J. B. Say, acting as pilot, proceeded up the river. What further happened is narrated by Captain Jones in a despatch to Lord Rosebery of the date July 17, 1893 :—"It was now approaching dusk, the tide was rapidly rising, and some trading-vessels were passing through the channel to the south. As soon as they had cleared it the commander of the Inconstant gave the signal to enter, the J. B. Say (which had already provided itself with a local pilot) leading the way. A heavy thunder-cloud, with torrential rain, helped to conceal the vessels from the batteries, and as soon as they were abreast of the outer fort the Inconstant steamed ahead, going on the flood tide at the rate of twelve knots, and exchanged shots with the forts and Siamese ships which had begun to take part in the engagement.
"The firing on both sides seems to have been of the wildest, as comparatively few casualties happened to ships or men. The French have lost three men killed and the same number wounded ; the Siamese return fifteen killed (solely by the machine-guns in the tops) and about twenty wounded. The J. B. Say was struck by a shot alter leaving the channel, and foundered shortly after. The ships were under fire altogether about twenty-five minutes.
"The intelligence that the French ships had succeeded in forcing their way had scarcely reached Bangkok before the vessels themselves arrived and anchored near to the French Legation. The Siamese fleet followed closely after, intending to bring them to action in the river, but fortunately orders arrived from the King to abstain from attack, and the night passed by both parties in making preparations for the morrow.
"As those charged with the defence of the river had repeatedly assured the King that the passage of the bar had been rendered absolutely impracticable by the measures taken—sinking of ships, torpedoes, &c.—the news of the French success fell on the Court like a thunderclap, as no preparations had been made in case of insuccess, but everything was at once done by the King's command to secure and maintain order, and although great excitement and alarm prevailed among the European merchants—caused chiefly by the menacing conduct and hostile demonstrations of the French ships during the night—-yet nothing happened to provoke riot or revolution, and tranquillity has continued until the present time.
"All danger was to be feared from the King putting into execution his original resolution of abandoning his capital and retreating into the interior, taking with him his troops, Court, and chief functionaries, under which circumstances anarchy would follow at once, and the whole city be abandoned to the criminal classes and their work of fire and plunder.
"Happily, also, nothing has occurred from stoppage of trade, &c, to force the principal traders to close their rice or teak mills up to the present time, which would have thrown out of work many thousands of Chinese coolies, the most turbulent and reckless class of the population.
"The arrival of her Majesty's ship Linnet early on the 14th inst. tended most materially to reassure those who feared immediate riot and destruction. The presence of a Dutch gunboat also went far to restore confidence.
"Many causes have been assigned by the chief actors themselves to explain away their failure in preventing the French vessels passing the bar—the approaching dusk, hastened by the sudden thunderstorm, obscured the view of the vessels from the forts ; the obstacles in the channel were insufficient to impede their progress, and of the two torpedoes fired, one exploded too soon and the other too late.
"The officer in charge of the defence wished to close the channel effectually and altogether on the morning of the 13th, but in view of the generally favourable and reassuring political prospects at that moment, and the expected arrival of the Austrian Crown Prince, his advice was overruled in the King's Council."
Having made good their entrance to the river, the French were content to rest on their laurels for a few days and await events. As, however, it soon became evident that their successful coup had brought them no nearer a solution of the difficulty, the French Government, on July 20, sent through M. Pavie the following ultimatum to the Siamese authorities :—
- " Recognition of the rights of Cambodia and Annam to left bank of river Mekong and the Islands.
- "The Siamese shall evacuate, within one month's time, any posts which are there held by them.
- "Satisfaction for the various acts of aggression against French ships and sailors in the river Menam and against French subjects in Siam.
- "Pecuniary indemnities to the families of the victims and punishment of the culprits.
- "For various damages inflicted on French subjects indemnities of 2,000,000 fr.
- "As a guarantee for the claims under clauses 4 and 5 the sum of 3,000,000 fr. in dollars shall be at once deposited, or, in default, the farming of the taxes of Siemrep and Battambong shall be assigned to the French.
"In the event of the non-acceptance of these terms the French Minister will leave Bangkok and the blockade of the coast will at once take place.
"The Siamese Minister for Foreign Affairs, in view of the French demands for immediate surrender of the country to the east of Mekong, calls the attention of her Majesty's Government to conditions on which Kiang Chiang was transferred to Siam."
The following reply was returned by Siam to the French ultimatum :—
- "The King of Siam declares that no explicit definition has as yet ever been made to the Siamese Government as to what constitutes the rights of Cambodia and Annam on the Mekong. But as H.M. is anxious at once to secure peace and security for his people, he agrees to cede to France the country lying to the south of the 18th parallel of latitude and to the east of the Mekong.
- "The withdrawal of all Siamese posts within the above-mentioned territory to take place forthwith.
- "The loss of life which has occurred in the recent actions between the French and the Siamese forces is regretted by the King, and the satisfaction required by France will be given in accordance with ordinary justice and the independence of Siam, which the French Government affect to respect.
- "Those found guilty of illegal aggression will receive condign punishment, and the sufferers will receive due reparation.
- "The King agrees to pay the indemnity demanded on account of the claims advance by French subjects, although the justice of many of them has been denied by the Siamese. H.M., however, suggests that a joint commission should first investigate these claims.
- "The sum of 3,000,000 fr. required as guarantee will be deposited, concurrently with the exchange of notes between the representatives of France and Siam. After the equitable adjustment of all reasonable claims, the King trusts that French justice will restore to Siam any sum which may remain over.
"This compliance with the demands of France will, the King trusts, be looked upon as a proof of his sincere desire to live with the French Republic on terms of friendship."
This submission, though it conceded almost everything, did not satisfy the French. M. Pavie sent in reply a letter in which he announced that in conformity with instructions from his Government he was transferring the protection of French nationals and protected persons to the Netherlands Consul-General, and that on July 26th he intended to embark on the Inconstant. Acting up to this declaration, M. Pavie left Bangkok and settled at the island of Koh-si-chang.
On July 28th Admiral Humann, who had just arrived with some ships of the French squadron from Saigon, issued a notice that a strict blockade would commence on July 29. The proclamation excited the greatest consternation in British commercial circles, and the wires were set in motion to avert what was feared would prove a disastrous blow to trade. The representative mercantile bodies at home took up the question in earnest. In forcible language the Leeds Chamber of Commerce represented to the Government the great concern they felt at the action of France towards Siam —action which they regarded "as threatening both the independence and the stability of a friendly and unaggressive neighbour and the large trading interests in this country." Other not less urgent representations were made by other bodies.
The blockade continued with some exciting incidents until August 3rd, when, much to the relief of everybody, it was raised and diplomatic relations were restored between Siam and France. The event which had brought about this much to be desired change from the atmosphere of war to peace was the conclusion of an agreement between the British and the French Governments to make the frontier question a matter of diplomatic arrangement between themselves.
The negotiations were commenced at Paris at the end of July, when Lord Dufferin, the British ambassador, had an interview with M. Develle, the French Foreign Minister.
Narrating the circumstances of this interview, Lord Dufferin, writing on July 23, says :—"After a preliminary conversation, I informed M. Develle that I had been sent with instructions to enter upon a friendly interchange of ideas with him in reference to the Siamese question, and more especially with regard to the interpretation which the French Government intended to place upon the first article of their ultimatum, namely, the demand that Siam should recognise 'the left bank of the Mekong ' as the western boundary of the French possessions in Indo-China. I then communicated to his Excellency in very exact and careful language the entire substance of your Lordship's instructions to me as contained in your despatch of July 20th, and I insisted at some length on the various considerations which had induced your Lordship to suppose that in using the term 'the left bank of the Mekong' his Excellency could not have intended to claim for France the immense tracts of Siamese territory extending not to the east; and abutting upon Annam, but to the northwards of the Upper Mekong, and conterminous with China, not to mention the districts lying beyond which had been incorporated with her Majesty's Empire of India after the conquest of Burmah.
"M. Develle replied that as it was with Siam, and with Siam alone, that France was dealing, there could be no question of her laying claim to any territory outside the kingdom of Siam, no matter how situated, and he incidentally gave the the further assurance that there was no truth in the report that his Government had any intention of taking possession of the Siamese provinces of Battambang and Angkor.
"I then produced a map which I had brought with me, and, pointing out the way in which the Mekong makes a sudden bend just above the 18th parallel of latitude to the southward and westward and the subsequent bend in the same direction at the 20th parallel, I asked M. Develle whether the extensive territories at these points between the Mekong and the actual French boundary depicted upon the existing French maps, comprising the Principality of Luang Prabang and other districts, were also claimed by France as lying on 'the left bank of the Mekong.' M. Develle said that they were intended to be included under that definition, and that France claimed a right to Luang Prabang and the adjacent countries as being ancient and historic dependencies of Annam ; and that, furthermore, she had always insisted that her territorial sovereignty extended all along the left bank of the Mekong. I ventured to express my extreme surprise at this latter statement, and I called M. Develle's attention to the fact that on several occasions M. Waddington, in his communications with the Marquis of Salisbury, had in the most explicit terms repudiated any such pretensions on behalf of his Government. . . .
"I further remarked that even if France has persistently advanced such a claim as M. Develle has supposed, which certainly she had not done through any authoritative channel, a claim by no means proved a right, and that many claims advanced both by nations and by individuals had been found on examination to be unsubstantial and unjust.
"I then recurred to the proposed absorption by France of Luang Prabang and the adjacent districts, an area comprising nearly 100,000 square miles, which had been universally recognised for years past as integral parts of the Siamese kingdom, and I recalled M. Develle's attention to that part of your Lordship's instructions in which you desire me to insist on the incompatibility of the confiscation by France of so considerable a proportion of the kingdom of Siam with M. Develle's and the French Government's previous assurances that they had no intention to allow their dispute with Siam on the Lower Mekong to entail any measures which would jeopardise her integrity or her independence. How could these professions, I asked, which I knew had been made in perfect sincerity, be reconciled with the slicing off of what amounted to nearly a third of the kingdom ?
"M. Develle listened to me with his usual courtesy and attention, and it was impossible not to feel that he was giving a very anxious consideration to my arguments. He seemed particularly struck with what I told him about M. Waddington's communications to Lord Salisbury on the subject.
"I then proceeded to touch upon another aspect of the question. I said that our two Governments were pretty well agreed upon one very important point, namely, that it was desirable that France and England should not become limitrophe in Asia, and that Siam as an independent State should be left as a buffer between them. Again referring to the map, I pointed out that were France to take possession of the left bank of the Upper Mekong, it would bring her into direct contiguity with Burmah, in consequence of the two rapid bends which the northern Mekong takes to the westward, and that the approach of a great military Power like France to a frontier at present lying naked to attack could not be regarded by us with indifference, even if the previous considerations I had submitted to him were for the moment to be left out of account. And in this connection I called M. Develle's attention to the fact that in our recent cession to Siam of a Shan State which has hitherto been subject to Burmah, we had expressly stipulated that it should never be allowed to pass under the jurisdiction of another Power, and that, consequently, we ourselves possessed a reversionary interest in this portion of Siamese territory 'which was situated on the left bank of the Mekong.'
"Although there are some further considerations which it may be desirable to submit to M. Develle, I thought that I had said enough for the present, and I therefore concluded by impressing upon him in as earnest terms as I could command the extreme gravity which the situation might assume were the French demands to be pressed upon Siam beyond what was just and reasonable and in conformity with the legitimate interests of other Powers. Was it worth while, I asked, for the sake of a violent acquisition of territory to which France herself must know she had no legal right, to risk such grave complications as must inevitably arise were the claim to the left bank of the Mekong to be interpreted in an unrestricted and literal sense ? But I said that if I rightly understood the terms of the first article of the ultimatum as verbally communicated to Mr. Phipps (for we had never received a copy of it), it had itself contained some sort of qualification in a geographical reference to Cambodia and Annam. In any event M. Develle could not have failed to understand that, although at the outset of the dispute the English Government had considered the misunderstanding between France and her Siamese neighbour in regard to obscure questions of delimitation on the Lower Mekong as beyond their purview, the situation was entirely changed when the expanding claims of the French Government jeopardised the integrity of the entire kingdom of Siam, brought France nearly half-way down to Bangkok and into actual juxtaposition with ourselves and Burmah. Such a transformation of the French pretensions was undoubtedly calculated to excite alarm in England and the most serious apprehensions in the mind of her Majesty's Government.
"After again listening with the most courteous attention to this further exposition of our views, M. Develle observed that the terms of the first article of his ultimatum having been published to the world, and all France being acquainted with them, he could not now alter them, especially under manifest pressure from us. Public opinion in France was equally excited. The Siamese had been guilty of various outrages and had committed considerable wrongs on French subjects. They had fired upon French ships of war, and we must not be surprised at France pursuing a line of conduct which England herself would have adopted in similar circumstances. But he himself was quite ready to recognise the force of my observations in regard to the necessity of leaving a 'buffer' between the Asiatic possessions of France and England and thus leave a door open for future negotiations. I thought it prudent to ask H.E. to give me an assurance that an acceptance on the part of the Siamese of the first article of the ultimatum should not militate against a settlement of this part of the question in the sense desired by us. He was good enough formally to promise that it should not, inasmuch as it referred to a different order of idea and was a matter of joint interest to Great Britain and to France. In any event, he added, he must consult his experts. This observation filled me, I confess, with considerable misgivings. Of course, I could raise no objection to such a course, but in as courteous a manner as was possible I ventured to observe that subordinates in a public office were often fanatically anxious about special points and were prone to sacrifice the larger interests of their country in pursuit of their own narrow preoccupations, and that it was his Excellency who was responsible for the peace of Europe and the world, about which these experts generally cared but little."
Lord Dufferin a day or two later had a second interview with M. Develle, when the discussion on the question of a territorial arrangement was renewed. In a despatch of the date July 26th the British ambassador recounts the results of this further exchange of views :—" We proceeded to renew our discussion on the main question, during the course of which we went over a good deal of the ground which we had covered at our interview on Saturday, M. Develle still maintaining his two previous theses :
- first, that Luang Prabang was an actual dependency of Annam, and,
- secondly, that France ab antiquo had vindicated her right to the left bank of the Mekong.
Upon my part I urged that to adduce Annam's historical claim to Luang Prabang was a dangerous line of argument, for we might on almost equally tangible grounds demand the retrocession of Normandy, Gascony, and Guierine. M. Develle knew as well as I did that in every French Annuaire, in every French map, in every French geographical gazetteer Luang Prabang, until a year ago, had been described as an integral part of Siam. It was true that within the last twelve months a mysterious revolution had occurred in the minds of French geographical authorities, but as an honest man he must be convinced, as I was, that the district in question was and had been for nearly a century bona fide Siamese territory, and that it could not be confiscated by France without a flagrant infringement of the formal assurances he had given us not to impair the integrity of Siam. As for the pretension advanced by France ab antique to the left bank of the Mekong, such a supposition was not only contradicted by M. Waddington's express declarations on the subject, but by the further fact that under the Franco-Siamese Convention of 1886 the French had claimed the right of sending a Vice-Consul to Luang Prabang. This in itself was an absolute proof that the locality belonged to Siam. M. Develle objected that the Convention in question had been refused ratification by the French Chambers. That, I said, did not in any degree affect my contention. The draft Convention distinctly showed in what light Luang Prabang was at that time regarded by the French Government.
"M. Develle then proceeded to reinforce his previous arguments by various other considerations—amongst them that the tribes on the western borders of Tonquin had been lately giving a good deal of trouble, and that it was necessary therefore that they should be subjected to French authority, and he endeavoured to minimise the character of the contemplated annexation.
"At this point M. Develle put up the shutters on this compartment by saying that the ultimatum having once been published to France and to Siam, it was impossible for the Government, in the excited state of public opinion, to withdraw or modify it.
"After expressing my great regret at so untoward an intimation in regard to the ultimatum, which I could not help thinking had been launched somewhat 'a la légère,' I suggested to M. Develle that we should proceed to a discussion of the further aspect of the question, namely, as it affected English interests apart from those of Siam, and I again reminded him that it was quite out of the question that we should accept an arrangement which made France conterminous with our Indian Empire. France herself had always advocated the policy of introducing an independent State as a 'buffer' between the two countries, and it was evident that it was for the advantage of both France and England that a neutral territory should intervene between them. To this M. Develle cordially assented. He said that he fully recognised our right to intervene in the Franco-Siamese question on these grounds, and that he was most anxious to consult our wishes and interests in the matter, whether as regarded our predilectionin favour of the 'buffer' principle or our desire for facilities for trade with China in that neighbourhood. I then asked him whether he had in his own mind considered the width of the area which should be left between our respective frontiers, and as we bent over the map together I pointed out the Namu, which flows into the Mekong a little to the west of Luang Prabang, as affording a suitable line of demarcation, if we were driven to a solution on this basis and our views in regard to Luang Prabang were to be ignored. His Excellency did not seem to be averse to this suggestion, though he subsequently said he would prefer to substitute its western watershed for the river itself, on the understanding that a parallel line should demarcate the Burmese frontier between the Salween and the Mekong. On this I told him that, to the best of my belief, such a line already existed. In right of Burmah the jurisdiction of England had been extended over the Shan province of Kyaing Chaing, which lay on both sides of the Mekong, but with the view of consulting French susceptibilities, and in order to avoid the appearance of advancing too far eastwards, we ourselves had already re-enforced the ' buffer' principle by handing this province over to Siam, and retiring to a considerable distance westwards from the Mekong."
To facilitate matters the British Government sent to Captain Jones instructions to recommend the Siamese authorities to make an immediate and unconditional compliance with the French demands. The advice thus given was taken, with the consequence that the blockade was raised, as already related, and the way paved for an amicable discussion of the territorial question. The arrival at Bangkok at the beginning of August of M. le Myre de Velers as a special Minister Plenipotentiary indicated the importance which the French Government attached to the negotiations. M. le Myre de Velers was a former Governor-General of Indo-China, and a man of much experience in the ways of Oriental diplomacy. He had not been long in the Siamese capital before he found that the settlement of outstanding questions was not to be an easy one.
The Siamese Government was sore under the series of humiliations which had been inflicted upon it, the last and not the least of which was the forced acceptance by it of a series of conditions embracing the occupation by French troops of the river and port of Chantabun and a prohibition against the stationing of Siamese troops anywhere within twenty-five kilometres of the Mekong river.
The king, under the depression of the situation, had retired to his Summer Palace, a considerable distance from the capital, and was disinclined to return to receive the French representative. M. de Velers, however, insisted on a full measure of respect being shown him, and eventually an arrangement was made by which he was received at the palace at Bangkok on the same day that a court function was held which necessitated the king's presence there.
Meanwhile, negotiations had been entered upon, on the Siamese side in a half-hearted, dilatory fashion. The king retired once more to his Summer Palace, and his ministers found it practically impossible to induce him to give his attention to the pressing question of the moment. M. de Velers' eager spirit chafed under the delay. At length, after repeated and ineffectual protests, he on September 27th formally handed to Prince Derawongse a convention drawn up by the French Foreign Minister in Paris, with an intimation that he would leave Siam in four days whether the conditions set forth in the document were accepted or not. This had the desired effect. At the last moment the terms were accepted by the Siamese Government unconditionally, and on October 3rd the treaty and convention were duly signed.
While the pressing dangers of the situation had been removed by this surrender on the part of the Siamese Government, there yet remained for adjustment the delicate question of the arrangement of the frontier and the determination of the limits of the British and French spheres of influence in the watershed of the Mekong.
In the long and important despatch of Lord Dufferin of July 23rd quoted above it is shown that at that time the British and French Governments had practically reached an agreement to accept the principle of a buffer Siamese State between British Burma and French Indo-China. The somewhat stormy controversy which arose out of the enforcement by the French of a blockade of the Menam river thrust the frontier question for a time into the background, and it was not until the storm clouds which seemed to threaten a rupture between Great Britain and France had cleared away that the threads of the negotiations were once more seriously taken up. An agreement was now reached without much difficulty.
On September 2nd Lord Rosebery was able to write in the following satisfactory terms to Lord Dufferin :—" The difference between France and Siam, which at one time assumed so threatening an aspect, has happily been brought to a peaceful settlement. It was one in the later and more serious phases of which Great Britain could not be otherwise than greatly concerned, on account of her preponderant commercial intercourse with Siam, of her friendly relations with that kingdom, her desire to preserve its independence, and in view of the expediency, in the interests both of France and Great Britain, of maintaining a neutral territory between the British and French possessions in those regions.
"The French Government have shown themselves equally alive to the importance of this last consideration, and your Excellency has been able to come to an agreement with the French Minister for Foreign Affairs as to the general principle of an arrangement for securing the object in view ; and I do not doubt that on your return to Paris you will find M. Develle ready to negotiate with you the details of that arrangement."
The agreement to which Lord Rosebery referred in his despatch settled merely the principle of the establishment of a buffer State, and the exact boundaries had still to be fixed. For this purpose a joint commission was appointed by the Governments concerned. There was considerable delay in the taking of the preliminary measures, and it was not until December, 1894, that the commissioners got to work. Many more months passed before they had fully completed their labours.
Finally, on January 15, 1896, an understanding was reached by Great Britain and France under which the two Powers agreed to the special treatment of that portion of Siam which is comprised within the drainage basin of the Menam and of the coast streams of a corresponding latitude. Within this area the two Powers undertook that they would not operate by their military or naval forces, except so far as they might do it in concert for any purpose which might be required for maintaining the independence of Siam. They also undertook not to acquire within that area any privileges or commercial facilities which were not extended to both of them.
Lord Salisbury (who had by this time once more taken charge of foreign affairs), in a despatch of January 15, 1896, thus summarised the points of the agreement :
"It might be thought that because we have engaged ourselves, and have received the engagement of France, not under any circumstances to invade this territory, that therefore we are throwing doubt upon the complete title and rights of the Siamese to the remainder of their kingdom, or, at all events, treating those rights with disregard. Any such interpretation would entirely misrepresent the intention with which this agreement has been signed. We fully recognise the rights of Siam to the full and undisturbed enjoyment, in accordance with long usage or with existing treaties, of the entire territory comprised within her dominions ; and nothing in our present action would detract in any degree from the validity of the rights of the King of Siam to those portions of his territory which are not affected by this treaty. We have selected a particular area for the stipulations of this treaty, not because the title of the King of Siam is less valid, but because it is the area which affects our interests as a commercial nation. The valley of the Menam is eminently fitted to receive a high industrial development. Possibly in course of time it may be the site of lines of communication which will be of considerable importance to neighbouring portions of the British Empire. There seems every prospect that capital will flow into this region if reasonable security is offered for its investment, and great advantage would result to the commerce and industry of the world, and especially of Great Britain, if capitalists could be induced to make such an application of the force which they command. But the history of the region in which Siam is situated has not in recent years been favourable to the extension of industrial enterprise, or to the growth of that confidence which is the first condition of material improvement. A large territory to the north has passed from the hands of the Burmese Government to those of Great Britain. A large territory to the east has passed from the hands of its former possessors to those of France. The events of this recent history certainly have a tendency to encourage doubts of the stability of the Siamese dominion ; and without in any degree sharing in these doubts, or admitting the possibility within any future with which we have to deal of the Siamese independence being compromised, her Majesty's Government could not but feel there would be an advantage in giving some security to the commercial world that in regard to the region where the most active development is likely to take place no further disturbances of territorial ownership are to be apprehended. . . . Her Majesty's Government hope that the signature of this agreement will tend to foster the industrial growth of all these extensive districts ; and they have been sufficiently impressed with this belief to be willing to attest it by admitting the French claims to the ownership of the Mong Hsing district of Keng Cheng, a triangular portion of territory on the eastern side of the Upper Mekong. Its extent and intrinsic value are not large, and, on account of its unhealthy character, it has no great attractions for Great Britain, though her title to it as formerly tributary to Burmah appears to us evidently sound ; but its retention by her might prove a serious embarrassment to the cheap and effective administration by France of her possessions in that neighbourhood."
Lord Salisbury's views as to the satisfactory character of the settlement were supported by the Government of India. In a despatch of May 6, 1896, referring to the cession of Mong Hsing, the Indian authorities wrote : "We were prepared to cede this district to Siam in 1893 and include it in a buffer State in 1894, and though we were reluctantly compelled to occupy it in 1895, we have all along recognised that this small excrescence on the other side of the Mekong could be of no advantage or profit to us.
"... We accept the settlement now made with France as advantageous to the interests of Burma and the Shan States, and the limitation of our frontiers to the Mekong as making for economy and efficiency in the civil and political administration of the border. Under some circumstances a possible loss of prestige amongst the Shan chiefs might have been involved in the renouncing of territory formerly belonging to Burma, and so recently claimed as part of the dominions of the Queen Empress. This, however, had been discounted by the previously announced cession of Keng Cheng to Siam and the consequent doubt and uncertainty as to the future of the State. Moreover, we have now a convenient opportunity of compensating the Keng Tung State, which will gain in Cis-Mekong, Keng Cheng, and Keng Lap territory exceeding in area and value both the Trans-Mekong tracts which it now loses and also those which passed to Siam under the frontier settlement of 1894."
Thus the crisis—the greatest in modern Siamese history—passed. Siam emerged from it with greatly diminished territory, a depleted treasury, and damaged prestige. But, severe as was her trial, it is at least a debateable point whether in the long run she will not gain more than she has lost by the transaction. The disputed territory which she had to surrender was valuable more from its future possibilities than its present worth. Siamese rule over the greater part of it was very shadowy, and it brought little or nothing to her exchequer. As a set-off to it she had the guarantee of the integrity of the acknowledged territory of Siam under an instrument to which the two greatest European colonising Powers had set their seal. Such an arrangement was calculated to have a tranquillising effect on the political relations of Siam, and at the same time a stimulating influence on her material interests. That has been the actual result. From the moment that the Siamese Government reluctantly agreed to the convention with France the country entered upon a new and prosperous era. Trade expanded, the revenue prospered, and the name and fame of Siam abroad extended."
[Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 75ff.]
1893-07
Es erscheint:
Curzon, George Nathaniel: The Siamese boundary question. -- In: The Nineteenth Century : a monthly review <London>. -- Vol. 197. -- 1893-07. -- S. 34 - 55]
Curzon ist Unterstaatssekretär im India Office und wird 1899 Vizekönig von Indien.
Abb.: George Nathaniel Curzon
[Bildquelle: Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1892-06-18]
"But the French temper appears to prefer force to argument.
Apart from the lust for territorial acquisition, which appears to be a settled feature of modern French colonial policy, and the desire to earn a cheap popularity by at once gratifying the Jingoes, waving the national flag, and diverting attention from other troubles in Tongking, it may be wondered what motive can have urged the French to a forward policy in the Mekong valley."[a.a.O., S. 49]
"French gunboats may parade the tranquil reaches [of the Mekong] but they will unfortunately find no one to overawe. French steamers may transport the wares of the Syndicat du Haut Laos, but they will find no one to whom to sell them [...] If the French choose to embark upon costly experiments in a region so destitute, other nations are not called upon to inveigh against their folly."
[a.a.O., S. 50]
"Of the great ships lying in the river off Bangkok, there is scarcely one that is not owned by British subjects, 88 percent of the entire trade of this port is so carried. Thousands of British subjects, Indians, Burmese, Shans and Chinamen are pursuing their avocations or trade in different parts of the country. They constitute the predominant mercantile interest. The heavy rice crops of the Menam valley are bought by British merchants and exported in British hulls. British engineers and contractors are laying the important railways and British concessionaires hold the most important of the Siamese mines." [a.a.O., S. 53]
1893-07-30
Il Secolo illustrato delle domenica <Milano, Italien>:
Abb.: "Conflitto tra la Francia e il Siam". -- In: Il Secolo illustrato delle domenica <Milano, Italien>. -- No 201. -- 1893-07-30
1893-08
Es erscheint:
Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston <1859 - 1925>: India between two fires. -- In: The Nineteenth Century <London>. -- 1893-08
Darin befürchtet Lord Curzon einen französisch-russischen Zangenangriff auf Britisch-Indien:
"...Russia might be advancing upon Constantinople and England might be deploying her full strength to resist that movement. Is it inconceivable that at such a moment news of an outbreak might arrive from Upper Burma, or that the French should be reported as having crossed the upper Mekong?" [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 139.]
Dazu bemerkt Sir William Vernon Harcourt (1827 - 1904), britischer Innenminister:
Abb.: Sir William Vernon Harcourt
[Bildquelle: Alfred Thompson (1831–1895). -- In. Vanity Fair. -- 1870-06-04]
'The idea of France invading India via Siam is the most foolish of all bugbears.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 139.]
1893-08-01
The progress of the world. [regelmäßige Kolummne] -- In: The review of reviews <London>. -- 8 (1893-08). -- S. 117:
"It is difficult to say exactly why the French should have chosen the present time of all others for pushing forward their frontier in the Far East. Circumstances appear to have precipitated their action, but the decision was probably taken long ago. There is only one way to save Siam from becoming a French possession, and that is to make it British. We may talk as we please about Siamese independence being a British interest. A power that capitulates before three gunboats cannot be independent. If we do not intend to see the tricolour flying over Bangkok we shall have to anticipate it with the Union Jack. We may postpone the inevitable by temporising expedients, but ultimately there will be no escape from this alternative. At present we may probably find that it will be sufficient to establish some arrangement with the King of Siam which will enable us to regard Siam as we regard Afghanistan — a protected State in fact although not in name. We are immeasurably stronger than the French in the Indian Ocean, and Bangkok is much easier of access than Cabul, France has practically no trade with Siam, from 80 to 90 per cent, of whose foreign trade is conducted with the British Empire. Siam buys two and a half millions worth of goods per annum from British markets. It might suit France to handicap our traders by a prohibitive tariff for the benefit of her own subjects, and it would be well not to lead her into that temptation."
1893-08-01
In La politique coloniale wird dei Gründung der Union Coloniale Française angekündigt.
"The French Colonial Union[1] (French: Union coloniale française) was an influential group of French merchants established for the purpose of ensuring continued French colonialism, as well as solidifying their own commercial interests.[2] It was founded in 1893 and published La Quinzaine coloniale.[1] The French Colonial Union served as a pivotal colonial organization that greatly aided in commercial and foreign French affairs. Though from its initial establishment, the French Colonial Union was never major, its members set out with a mindset of expressing its ideas, being vocal, and then placing those ideas into reality. The foundations of the French Colonial Union displayed an organization that was focused on change and advancement. The success of the French Colonial Union would directly influence the French colonies, and how France dealt with them. Membership and Inclusion into the Union Process
The French Colonial Union’s policy on membership was that it would not accept new members for the sake of numbers. The French Colonial Union’s goal was not to increase its numbers, but to increase its influence and impact through action not population.[3] A few of its most prominent members include
- the first French Colonial President Emile Mercet (1842 - 1908)
- and the Secretary General, for about twenty years, Joseph Chailley-Bert (1854 - 1928) - one of the union’s most determined and prominent members.[1]
Others members include
- Jules Le Cesne,
- Paul Doumer (1857 - 1932),
- Noël Auricoste (1844 - 1909), and
- Ulysse Pila (1837 - 1909),
Abb.: Einbandtitelamong many other well-known figures of society from the times.[3]
Basic GuidelinesThe close relationship between the French Colonial Union and the colonies tied its fate directly to any and all things it managed to achieve. The lack of support from “large industry and capital” necessitated an alternate means of seeking support by the Union.[3] As in any new organization, popular and well-known associates will help bolster your influence and your appearance to the general public. By not being able to secure many of these larger scale backers, the French Colonial Union was not as potent nor nearly as authoritative as it could have been. The Union instead had to rely on less-influential commercial businesses to add to its resume and empower its impact.[3] This was an unfortunate flaw of the French Colonial Union, because it greatly hampered its power whenever the Union voiced its views. One positive was that by having such a strong-minded figure as Chailley-Bert in its offices, the French Colonial Union was able to remain a figure among reform and colonial affairs."
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Colonial_Union. -- Zugriff am 2015-01-09]
1893-08-01
Der britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) teilt dem britischen Gesandte in Frankreich, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902), mit, dass er der Außenminister überlegt, auf Frankreich Druck auszuüben, indem er das Deutsche Reich und China überredet, zusammen mit Großbritannien als "sponsors" von Siam aufzutreten.
1893-08-02
Der französische Gesandt Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919):
'En nous contentant de terrains sans valeur sur la rive gauche du Mékong et en ne donnant pas satisfaction au Cambodge qui ne nous le pardonnera pas, nous compromettons l'avenir; mieux vaudrait ne rien conclure.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 371, Anm. 115]
1893-08-03
Frankreich hebt die Seeblockade siamesischer Häfen auf.
1893-08-03
Le Voleur illustré et la Semaine illustré réunis <Paris, Frankreich>:
Abb.: "Le conflit franco-siamois": Le contre-amiral [Edgar Eugène] Human [1838 - 1914], M. Auguste-Jean-Marie Pavie. -- In: Le Voleur illustré et la Semaine illustré réunis <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 1883. -- 1893-08-03. -- Titelblatt
1893-08-03
Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918), designierter französischer Ministre plénipotentiaire in Siam, aus Singapur (auf dem Weg nach Bangkok) an den französischen Außenministers Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) über seine Absichten:
'compléter l'ultimatum ... en introduisant plusieurs dispositions de détail qui nous conduiraient à un véritable protectorat' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 371, Anm. 113]
1893-08-Anfang
Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918) trifft französischer Ministre plénipotentiaire in Bangkok ein. Er vertritt die Meinung der Kolonialverwaltung Cochinchinas und der parti colonial der französischen Abgeordnetenkammer und weniger die des französischen Außenministers Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919)
1893-08-05
Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>:
Abb.: Les evenements de Siam: Lord Dufferin [Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, 1826 - 1902], ambassadeur d'Angleterre. -- In: Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 141. -- 1893-08-05. -- Titelblatt
1893-08-05
L'Illustration <Paris>
Abb.: Karte mit den Gebietsansprüchen Frankreichs. -- In: L'Illustration <Paris>. -- 1893-08-05
1893-08-05
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) weist die Gesandten in Bangkok an, gegenüber Siam eine positivere Haltung einzunehmen und Siam nicht zu demütigen.
1893-08-08
Théophile Pierre Delcassé (1852 - 1923), französischer sous-secrétaire d'État aux Colonies, an seine Frau:
'On n'est pas content en Indochine. Les Cochinchinois s'attendaient à la mainmise sur tout le Siam et Saigon voyait son commerce tripler et son importance politique s'accroître d'autant. Elle se croyait déjà la reine de l'Extrême-Orient' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 389, Anm. 59]
1893-08-12
Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>:
Abb.: Vue de Bangkok, capitale du royaume de Siam. -- In: Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 142. -- 1893-08-12. -- Titelblatt.
Abb.: Carte du Royaume de Siam. -- In: Le Petit Journal. Supplement illustré <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 142. -- 1893-08-12. -- S. 256
1893-08-16
Der belgische Regierungsberater Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns (1835 - 1902) an Frederick William Verney (1846 – 1913), English Secretary and Counsellor to the legation in London of Siam
"There is a general feeling amongst [the enlightened Siamese] that instead of brooding over their loss, they must try to improve as soon and as completely as possible, the administration of the splendid country which is still under their rule. A new impulsion must be given. The last events have revealed how sadly deficient are some services which everybody thought to be at least satisfactorily organized, what is the want of unity, of serious organization, how urgent it is to create or improve all sorts of communications, to provide for the police and security of the country at large and of a capital when part of the Chinese population seem to live under no law at all but that of their secret societies... My principal care will now be, when all external difficulties are settled, to prepare a national plan which could be executed not all at once, but gradually and consistently. I hope for this work the support of the king, who every day seems more confident [in] and kind to me, and of the most influential ministers." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 372f.]
1893-08-20 ; 1893-09-03
Parlamentswahlen (Élections législatives) in Framnkreich, die "groupe colonial" unter den Abgeordneten wächst von 92 Abgeordneten auf 120 (von 581 Abgeodneten, d.h. 21%) an
1893-08-20 - 1893-08-23
"Develle's [Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), französischer Außenminister] only means of controlling Le Myre de Vilers [Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918) französischer Ministre plénipotentiaire], who was not, after all, a permanent official of the Quai [Quai d'Orsay], was by threatening non-ratification, and by telegraphing modifications of his suggested texts for the treaty and the convention to Bangkok. Although he insisted on considerable alterations to the draft treaty, Develle later admitted that he had shown a want of vigilance in leaving other clauses in the convention intact. Initially, he modified Le Myre de Vilers's telegraphic drafts of the treaty by insisting that King Chulalongkom's Danish mercenary officers should not, as Le Myre de Vilers was demanding, be degraded and expelled, but merely scolded. The Danish royal family had interceded for them through the Tsar, and no mention of them was therefore to be made in either agreement. Develle also refused to endorse Le Myre de Vilers's draft clause demanding that the Siamese bear the cost of the French occupation of Chantabun [จันทบุรี]. More notably he rejected an entirely unauthorized proposal for a draft clause abolishing Siamese customs administration in the zone réservée and stipulated instead that a commercial treaty regulating customs arrangements in the zone should be negotiated within six months. Develle also tempered the wording of a clause relating to the trial of Grosgurin's supposed murderer, Phra Yot: Le Myre de Vilers had insisted on the right, if the verdict were unsatisfactory, to hold a retrial conducted by a predominantly French tribunal, but Develle reduced this clause to a right to demand a retrial by another Siamese court." [Quelle: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 128]
1893-08-24
Der französische Gesandte Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918) an den französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919):
‘Les procédés de la diplomatie européenne ne conviennent pas au Siam. Avec des Asiatiques on impose sa volonté quand on est le plus fort; on s’abstient quand on est le plus faible; autant que possible on ne discute pas, ce serait perdre du temps.’ [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 332, Anm. 5]
1893-08-26
"Das Leben fällt hier den Leuten sehr leicht. Mit wenigen Atts (อัฐ = 1/64 Baht) bestreiten sie ihren täglichen Lebensunterhalt. Schutz gegen Regen finden sie in jedem Wat (วัด). Zur Not bauen sie sich in einem Tage aus Bambus und Attaps (Nipa-Palme - Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) eine Hütte. Ein Kuli, den ich vor einem Monat wegen allzu großer Faulheit entließ, wohnt mir gegenüber mit seiner Frau und einem Kinde in einer solchen Hütte. Er hat nichts und verdient nichts und ist trotzdem sehr vergnügt. Wozu soll er auch arbeiten ? Braucht er einmal ein paar Atts, um Reis zu kaufen, so hilft er für ein paar Tage einem Bauer das Feld bestellen und dann hat er wieder Geld genug für lange Zeit. Die gesamten Erdarbeiten auf unserer Bahn werden durch Chinesen, welche aus China und Sumatra kommen, ausgeführt. Der Unternehmer hat auch versucht, Siamesen zu dieser Arbeit heranzuziehen, aber vergeblich." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 52]
1893-08-26
The Graphic : an illustrated weekly newspaper <London, Großbritannien>:
Abb.: "The Franco-Siamese frontier dispute: the French forcing the Menam / by Joseph Nash. -- In: The Graphic : an illustrated weekly newspaper <London, Großbritannien>. -- 1893-08-26
1893-09-04
Der britische Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) an Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India (1819 - 1901)
Abb.: Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian
[Bildquelle: Leslie Ward (1851. - 1922). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1901-03-14]
"There are few blacker pages in history than those which record the recent French proceedings in Siam. They proceed as a man who has unprovokedly knocked down someone else, and exacts compensation from his victim because he has bruised one knuckle in doing so." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. xviif.]
1893-09-14
Chicago (USA): The World's Parliament of Religions 1893 anlässlich der World's Columbian Exposition: William Pipe trägt das Paper "The Buddhism of Siam" von Seiner Königlichen Hoheit. Prinz Chandradat Chudhadharn (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าจันทรทัตจุฑาธาร กรมหมื่นวิวิธวรรณปรีชา พระนามเดิม พระองค์เจ้าจันทรทัตจุฑาธาร, 1860 - 1933), Bruder des Königs von Siam vor. Der Königliche Siamesische Gesandte für The World's Columbian Exposition, Hon. Phra Suriya, spricht einige einleitende Worte.
Abb.: Prinz Chandradat Chudhadharn
[Bildquelle: World's Parliament. -- 1893. -- S. 643]
"BUDDHISM AS IT EXISTS IN SIAM.
By H.R.H. PRINCE CHANDRADAT CHUDHADHARN.Buddhism, as it exists in Siam, teaches that ail things are made up from the Dharma, a Sanscrit term meaning the " essence of nature." The Dharma presents the three following phenomena, which generally exist in every being :
- The accomplishment of eternal evolution.
- Sorrow and suffering according to human ideas.
- A separate power, uncontrollable by the desire of man, and not belonging to man.
The Dharma is formed of two essences, one known as matter, the other known as spirit. These essences exist for eternity; they are without beginning and without end , the one represents the world and the corporeal parts of man, and the other the mind of man. The three phenomena combined are the factors for molding forms and creating sensations. The waves of the ocean are formed but of water, and the various shapes they take are dependent upon the degree of motion in the water; in similar manner the Dharma represents the universe, and varies according to the degree of evolution accomplished within it. Matter is called in the Pali " Rupa," and spirit " Nama." Everything in the universe is made up of Rupa and Nama. or matter and spirit, as already stated. The difference between all material things, as seen outwardly, depends upon the degree of evolution that is inherent to matter; and the difference between all spirits depends upon the degree of will, which is the evolution of spirit. These differences, however, are only apparent; in reality, all is one and the same essence, merely a modification of the one great eternal truth, Dharma.
Man, who is an aggregate of Dharma, is, however, unconscious of the fact, because his will either receives impressions and becomes modified by mere visible things, or because his spirit has become identified with appearances, such as man, animal, deva or any other beings that are also but modified spirits and matter. Man becomes, therefore, conscious of separate existence. But all outward forms, man himself included, are made to live or to last for a short space of time only. They are soon to be destroyed and recreated again and again by an eternal evolution. He is first body and spirit, but through ignorance of the fact that all is Dharma, and of that which is good and evil, his spirit may become impressed with evil temptation. Thus, for instance, he may desire certain things with that force peculiar to a tiger, whose spirit is modified by craving for lust and anger. In such a case he will be continually adopting, directly or indirectly, in his own life, the wills and acts of that tiger and thereby is himself that animal in spirit and soul. Yet outwardly he appears to be a man, and is as yet unconscious of the fact that his spirit has become endowed with the cruelties of the tiger.
If this state continues until the body be dissolved or changed into other matter, be dead, as we say, that same spirit which has been endowed with the cravings of lust and anger of a tiger, of exactly the same nature and feelings as those that have appeared in the body of the man 'before his death, may reappear now to find itself in the body of a tiger, suitable to its nature. Thus, so long as man is ignorant of that nature of Dharma and fails to identify that nature, he continues to receive different impressions from beings around him in this universe, thereby suffering pains, sorrows, disappointments of all kinds, death.
If, however, his spirit be impressed with the good qualities that are found in a superior being, such as the deva, for instance, by adopting in his own life the acts and wills of that superior being, man becomes spiritually that superior being himself, both in nature and soul, even while in his present form. When death puts an end to his physical body, a spirit of the very same nature and quality may reappear in the new body of a deva to enjoy a life of happiness not to be compared to anything that is known in this world.
However, to all beings alike, whether superior or inferior to ourselves, death is a suffering. It is, therefore, undesirable to be born into any being that is a modification of Dharma, to be sooner or later again and again dissolved by the eternal phenomenon of evolution. The only means by which we are able to free ourselves from sufferings and death is therefore to possess a perfect knowledge of Dharma, and to realize by will and acts that nature only obtainable by adhering to the precepts given by Lord Buddha in the Four Noble Truths. The consciousness of self-being is a delusion, so that, until we are convinced that we ourselves and whatever belongs to ourselves is a mere nothingness, until we have lost the idea or impression that we are men, until that idea become completely annihilated and we have become united to Dharma, we are unable to reach spiritually the state of Nirvana, and that is only attained when the bodies dissolve both spiritually and physically. So that one should cease all petty longing for personal happiness, and remember that one life is as hollow as the other, that all is transitory and unreal.
The true Buddhist does not mar the purity of his self-denial by lusting after a positive happiness which he himself shall enjoy here or hereafter. Ignorance of Dharma leads to sin, which leads to sorrow; and under these conditions of existence each new birth leaves man ignorant and finite still. What is to be hoped for is the absolute repose of Nirvana, the extinction of our being, nothingness. Allow me to give an illustration. A piece of rope is thrown in a dark road ; a silly man passing by cannot make out what it is. In his natural ignorance the rope appears to be a horrible snake, and
immediately creates in him alarm, fright and suffering. Soon light dwells upon him; he now realizes that what he took to be a snake is but a piece of rope; his alarm and fright are suddenly at an end; they are annihilated as it were; the man now becomes happy and free from the suffering he has just experienced through his own folly.It is precisely the same with ourselves, our lives, our deaths, our alarms, our cries, our lamentations, our disappointments, and all other sufferings. They are created by our own ignorance of eternity, of the knowledge of Dharma to do away with and annihilate all of them.
I shall now refer to the Four Noble Truths as taught by our merciful and omniscient Lord Buddha; they point out the path that leads to Nirvana or to the desirable extinction of self.The first Noble Truth is suffering; it arises from birth, old age, illness, sorrow, death, separation from what is loved, association with what is hateful, and in short, the very idea of self in spirit and matter that constitute Dharma.
The second Noble Truth is the cause of suffering which results from ignorance, creating lust for objects of perishable nature. If the lust be for sensual objects it is called, in Pali, Kama Tanha. If it be for supersensual objects, belonging to the mind but still possessing a form in the mind, it is called Bhava Tanha. If the lust be purely for supersensual objects that belong to the mind but are devoid of all form whatever, it is called Wibhava Tanha.
The third Noble Truth is the extinction of sufferings, which is brought about by the cessation of the three kinds of lust, together with their accompanying evils, which all result directly from ignorance.The fourth Noble Truth is the means of paths that lead to the cessation of lusts and other evils. This Noble Truth is divided into the following eight paths: right understanding; right resolutions; right speech; right acts; right way of earning a livelihood ; right efforts ; right meditation ; right state of mind. A few words of explanation on these paths may not be found out of place.
By right understanding is meant proper comprehension, especially in regard to what we call sufferings. We should strive to learn the cause of our sufferings and the manner to alleviate and even to suppress them. We are not to forget that we are in this world to suffer; that wherever there is pleasure there is pain, and that, after all, pain and pleasure only exist according to human ideas.
By right resolutions is meant that it is our imperative duty to act kindly to our fellow creatures. We are to bear no malice against anybody and never to seek revenge. We are to understand that in reality we exist in flesh and blood only for a short time, and that happiness and sufferings are transient or idealistic, and therefore we should try to control our desires and cravings, and endeavor to be good and kind toward our fellow creatures.
By right speech is meant that we are always to speak the truth, never to incite one's anger toward others, but always to speak of things useful, and never use harsh words destined to hurt the feelings of others.
By right acts is meant that we should never harm our fellow creatures, neither steal, take life, or commit adultery. Temperance and celibacy are also enjoined.
By right way of earning a livelihood is meant that we are always to be honest and never to use wrongful or guilty means to attain an end.
By right effort is meant that we are to persevere in our endeavors to do good and to mend our conduct should we ever have strayed from the path of virtue.
By right meditation is meant that We should always look upon life as being temporary, consider our existence as a source of suffering, and therefore endeavor always to calm our minds that may be excited by the sense of pleasure or pain.
By right state of mind is meant that we should be firm in our belief and be strictly indifferent both to the sense or feeling of pleasure and pain.
It would be out of place here to enter into further details on the Four Noble Truths; it would require too much time. I will, therefore, merely summarize their meanings, and say that sorrow and sufferings are mainly due to ignorance, which creates in our minds lust, anger and other evils. The extermination of all sorrow and suffering and of all happiness is attained by the eradication of ignorance and its evil consequences, and by replacing it with cultivation, knowledge, contentment and love.
Now comes the question, what is good and what is evil ? Every act, speech or thought derived from falsehood, or that which is injurious to others, is evil. Every act, speech or thought derived from truth and that which is not injurious to others is good. Buddhism teaches that lust prompts avarice ; anger creates animosity ; ignorance produces false ideas. These are called evils because they cause pain. On the other hand, contentment prompts charity; love creates kindness; knowledge produces progressive ideas. These are called good because they give pleasure.
The teachings of Buddhism on morals are numerous, and are divided into three groups of advantages : The advantage to be obtained in the present life, the advantage to be obtained in the future life, and the advantage to be obtained in all eternity. For each of these advantages there are recommended numerous paths to be followed by those who aspire to any one of them. I will only quote a few examples.
To those who aspire to advantages in the present life Buddhism recommends diligence, economy, expenditure suitable to one's income, and association with the good.
To those who aspire to the advantages of the future life are recommended charity, kindness, knowledge of right and wrong,
To those who wish to enjoy the everlasting advantages in all eternity are recommended purity of conduct, of mind and of knowledge.
Allow me now to say a few words on the duties of man toward his wife and family, as preached by the Lord Buddha himself to the lay disciples in different discourses, or Suttas, as they are called in Pali. They belong to the group of advantages of present life.
A good man is characterized by seven qualities. He should not be loaded with faults, he should be free from laziness, he should not .boast of his knowledge, he should be truthful, benevolent, content, and should aspire to all that is useful.
A husband should honor his wife, never insult her, never displease her, make her mistress of the house, and provide for her. On her part a wife ought to be cheerful toward him when he works, entertain his friends and care for his dependents, never do anything he does not wish, take good care of the wealth he has accumulated, not be idle, but always cheerful when at work herself.
Parents in old age expect their children to take care of them, to do all their work and business, to maintain the household, and, after death, to do honor to their remains by being charitable. Parents help their children by preventing them from doing sinful acts, by guiding them in the path of virtue, by educating them, by providing them with husbands and wives suitable to them, by leaving them legacies.
When poverty, accident or misfortune befalls man, the Buddhist is taught to bear it with patience, and if these are brought on by himself, it is his duty to discover their causes and try, if possible, to remedy them. If the causes, however, are not to be found here in this life, he must account for them by the wrongs done in his former existence.
Temperance is enjoined upon all Buddhists for the reason that the habit of using intoxicating things tends to lower the mind to the level of that of an idiot, a madman or an evil spirit.
These are some of the doctrines and moralities taught by Buddhism, which I hope will give you an idea of the scope of the Lord Buddha's teachings. In closing this brief paper, I earnestly wish you all, my brothel-religionists, the enjoyment of long life, happiness and prosperity."
[Quelle: The World's parliament of religions; an illustrated and popular story of the world's first parliament of religions, held in Chicago in connection with the Columbian exposition of 1893 / Ed. by John Henry Barrows ... -- Chicago : The Parliament Publishing Company, 1893. -- 2 Bde. : 1600 S. : Ill. -- S. 645 - 649]
1893-09-18
Abb.: Lage von Wat Saket (วัดสระเกศ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
"Sodann fuhren wir nach Wat Saket (วัดสระเกศ), cremation ground. Die Leichen vornehmer Siamesen werden hier in feierlicher und prächtiger Weise aufgebahrt und verbrannt. Wir sahen eine solche Aufbahrung. Der mit reichen Goldornamenten versehene Sarg ruhte auf einem mehrere Meter hohen kostbaren goldornamentgeschmückten Postament. Die Leichen armer Leute werden in ganz einfachen Holzkästen verbrannt. Wir sahen mehrere solcher Kästen. Die Leichen der Verbrecher endlich werden von den Priestern an einer beliebigen Stelle des Hofraumes tranchiert und von den Geiern und Hunden aufgefressen. Da fast täglich Leichen von Verbrechern einge- liefert werden, so haben die Geier hier dauernden Aufenthalt genommen. Auf jedem Dache und auf den Bäumen sitzen zahllose Geier auf frische Nahrung wartend. Es ist eigentlich kaum glaublich, dass in einem Lande und in einer Stadt, in welcher europäische Kultur bereits ihren Einzug gehalten hat, solch eine barbarische Sitte besteht." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 54]
1893-09-18
Als erstes Land der Welt führt Neuseeland das aktive und passive Wahlrecht für Frauen ein.
Abb.: Britische Postkarte, die auf das Vorbild Neuseelands weist, 1910
1893-10-03
Unterzeichnung des Traité de paix (Friedensvertrag) du 3 Octobre 1893 zwischen Siam und Frankreich
"Le Traité Franco-Siamois du 3 Octobre 1893.
Article 1
Le Gouvernement siamois renonce à toute prétention sur l'ensemble des territoires de la rive gauche du Mékong [แม่น้ำโขง / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / មេគង្គ] et sur les îles du fleuve.Article 2
Le Gouvernement siamois s'interdit d'entretenir ou de faire circuler des embarcations ou des bâtiments armés sur les eaux du Grand Lac [Tonle Sap - ទន្លេសាប], du Mékong et de leurs affluents situés dans les limites visées à l'Article suivant.Article 3
Le Gouvernement siamois ne construira aucun poste fortifié ou établissement militaire dans les provinces de Battambang [ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង] et de Siemreap [សៀមរាប] et dans un rayon de vingt-cinq kilomètres sur la rive droite du Mékong.Article 4
Dans les zones visées par l'Article 3, la police sera exercée selon l'usage par les autorités locales avec les contingents strictement nécessaires. Il n'y sera entretenu aucune force armée régulière ou irrégulière.Article 5
Le Gouvernement siamois s'engage à ouvrir, dans un délai de six mois, des négociations avec le Gouvernement français en vue du règlement du régime douanier et commercial des territoires visées à l'Article 3 et de la révision du traité de 1856. Jusqu'à la conclusion de cet accord il ne sera pas établi de droits de douane dans la zone visée à l'Article 3. La réciprocité continuera à être accordée par le Gouvernement français aux produits de ladite zone.Article 6
Le développement de la navigation du Mékong pouvant rendre nécessaire sur la rive droite certains travaux ou l'établissement de relais de batellerie et de dépôts de bois et de charbon, le Gouvernement siamois s'engage à donner, sur la demande du Gouvernement français, toutes les facilités nécessaires à cet effet.Article 7
Les citoyens, sujets ou ressortissants français pourront librement circuler et commercer dans les territoires visés à l'Article 3, munis d'un passeport délivré par les autorités françaises. La réciprocité sera accordée aux habitants desdites zones.Article 8
Le Gouvernement français se réserve d'établir des Consuls où il jugera convenable dans l'intérêt de ses ressortissants, et notamment à Korat [โคราช] et à Muang-Nan [เมืองน่าน].La Convention annexé au Traité du même jour.
Les Plénipotentiaires ont arrêté dans la présente Convention différentes mesures et dispositions qu'entraîne l'exécution du Traité de paix signé en ce jour et l'ultimatum accepté le 5 août dernier.
Article 1
Les derniers postes militaires siamois de la rive gauche du Mékong devront être évacuée dans le délai maximum d'un mois à partir du 5 Septembre.Article 2
Toutes les fortifications de la zone visée à l'Article 3 du présent Traité en date de ce jour devront être rasées.Article 3
Les auteurs des attentats de Tong-Xieng-Kham et de Kammuon [Khammuan - ຄໍາມ່ວນ] seront jugés par les autorités siamoises; un représentant de la France assistera au jugement et veillera à l'exécution des peines prononcées. Le Gouvernement français se réserve le droit d apprécier si les condamnations sont suffisantes, et, le cas échéant, de réclamer un nouveau jugement devant un tribunal mixte dont il fixera la composition.Article 4
Le Gouvernement siamois devra remettre à la disposition du Ministre de France à Bangkok ou aux autorités françaises de la frontière tous les sujets français, Annamites, Laotiens, de la rive gauche, et les Cambodgiens détenus à un titre
quelconque; il ne mettra aucun obstacle au retour sur la rive gauche des anciens habitants de cette région.Article 5
Le Bam-Bien de Tong-Xieng-Kham et sa suite seront amenés par un délégué du Ministre des Affaires étrangères à la Légation de France, ainsi que les armes et le pavillon 'français saisis par les autorités siamoises.Article 6
Le Gouvernement français continuera à occuper Chantaboun [Chanthaburi - จันทบุรี] jusqu'à l'exécution des stipulations de la présente convention et notamment jusqu'à complète évacuation et pacification tant de la rive gauche que des zones visées à l'Article 3 du Traité en date de ce jour.Le Myre de Vilers [Charles LeMyre de Vilers (1833-1918), französischer Gesandte in Siam]
Devawongse Varoprakarn [Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923), Außenminister Siams]
Bangkok, Palais de Vallabha [วัลลภา], 3 octobre 1893."[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 290 - 295]
Wegen des Vertrags bekommen Rama V. und seine Berater Hunderte anonymer Briefe, in denen ihnen Feigheit vorgeworfen wird."
Abb.: Französische Karte deer Grenzen aufgrund des Vertrags
[Bildquelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 200]Während der französischen Okkupation von Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) beantragen viele christliche Chinesen sowie Angehörige chinesischer Geheimgesellschaften, als Untertane Frankreichs anerkannt zu werden. Der siamesische Gouverneur widerspricht, da die Chinesen entweder Emigranten aus China oder lukjin (ลูกจีน - in Siam geborene Nachkommen von Chinesen) sind. Trotzdem gewährt Frankreich den Chinesen den Status von Untertanen Frankreichs.
1893–1904
Sakkalin (พระเจ้าสักรินทรฤทธิ์) König von Luang Prabang (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ)
Abb.: König Sakkalin (พระเจ้าสักรินทรฤทธิ์)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
"Sakkalin auch Zakkarinth (Sakkarin, Sakharine, Sackarine, Zackarine oder Zacharine, ursprünglich Kham Suk; voller Thronname Somdet Brhat Chao Maha Sri Vitha Lan Chang Hom Khao Luang Phrabang Parama Sidha Khattiya Suriya Varman Brhat Maha Sri Sakarindra Ridhi Dharma Varman; * 16. Juli 1840 in Luang Phrabang; † 25. März 1904 ebendort) war zwischen 1895 und 1904 König des Reiches Luang Phrabang. Er ist insbesondere bekannt durch seine Einwilligung, das Königreich Luang Phrabang zu einem französischen Protektorat zu machen. Sakkalin war der älteste Sohn von König Oun Kham und dessen erster Frau, Prinzessin (Sadet Chao Nying) Sri Ambali (Simphali), und wurde bei Hofe ausgebildet. Er wurde später als dritthöchster Würdenträger des Reiches mit dem Titel Raja Varman versehen, als der er die Streitkräfte von Luang Phrabang 1874 bis 1877 während des ersten Invasionsversuchs der Ho anführte. Auch bei deren zweitem Versuch, Luang Phrabang zwischen 1885 und 1887 zu überrennen, war Sakkalin Oberkommandierender, doch musste er diesmal fliehen, als die Ho die Hauptstadt Luang Phrabang einnahmen und plünderten. Er musste sich eine Zeit lang, wie sein Vater Oun Kham, in Bangkok aufhalten, wurde jedoch im April 1888 zum Regenten ernannt.
Infolge der militärischen Drohung Frankreichs willigte Sakkalin am 3. Oktober 1893 ein, das Königreich Luang Phrabang zu einem französischen Protektorat zu machen. Am 15. Dezember 1895 folgte er nach dessen Tod seinem Vater offiziell auf den Thron und wurde am 14. Juli 1896 in Luang Phrabang gekrönt. Auf Veranlassung Frankreichs führte er mehrere wichtige Reformen durch, u. a. die Abschaffung der Sklaverei und die Gleichheit aller Individuen vor Gericht.
Sakkalin war mehrfach verheiratet. [...]
Sakkalin starb am 25. März 1904 an Gehirnschlag und hinterließ zehn Söhne und sieben Töchter."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakkalin. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-15]
1893-10-01
Zur Feier des 25. Todestags von König Rama V. (Mongkut - พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, 1804 - 1868-10-01) Eröffnung der buddhistischen Königlichen Mahamakut Akademie (มหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย) (Vorläufer der Mahamakut-Universität - มหาวิทยาลัยมหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย, MBU).
Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]
Abb.: Lage der Mahamakut Akademie (มหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
"Die Mahamakut-Universität (Thai มหาวิทยาลัยมหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย, auch kurz MBU) ist eine buddhistische Universität im Wat Bowonniwet (วัดบวรนิเวศวิหาร), in Bangkok. In ganz Thailand gibt es nur zwei buddhistische Universitäten. Geschichte
Die Geschichte der Mahamakut-Universität kann über ein Jahrhundert zurückverfolgt werden. Im Jahre 1893 ließ König Chulalongkorn (Rama V.) in Erinnerung an seinen Vater, König Mongkut (Rama IV.), die Königliche Mahamakut Akademie (มหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย) gründen. Die Ziele der Akademie waren:
- eine Bildungseinrichtung für buddhistische Mönche (Bhikkhu) und Novizen zum Studium der Pali-Sprache
- auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene zu gründen, die
- zur Verbreitung der Lehren des Buddha beitragen sollte.
Der König besuchte am 26. Oktober 1893 das Institut, um dessen akademischen Aktivitäten zu regeln.
Von Anfang an war die Akademie ein voller Erfolg, so dass am 31. Dezember 1945 Seine Heiligkeit der Oberste Patriarch Krom Luang Vajiranyanavong in seiner Eigenschaft als Präsident der Königlichen Akademie zusammen mit weiteren Älteren Mönchen die Inauguration einer buddhistischen Universität ankündigte, die den offiziellen Namen „Mahamakut Royal Academy Educational Council, the Buddhist University of Thailand“ erhielt. Sie ist bekannt als die erste buddhistische Universität, die in Thailand für Mönche und Novizen eingerichtet wurde.
Fachbereiche
Seit dem 1. Oktober 1997 sind die beiden buddhistischen Universitäten, die Mahamakut-Universität und die Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya-Universität (มหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวิทยาลัย), welche sich im Wat Mahathat (วัดมหาธาตุ) befindet, öffentliche Universitäten.Die Mahamakut-Universität ist in mehrere Fachbereiche und Institute aufgeteilt: Fakultät für Religion und Philosophie, Fakultät für Ausbildung, Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften, Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaften.
Internationale ZusammenarbeitDie Mahamakut-Universität hat eine Zusammenarbeit angekündigt mit dem „Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies“ an der Oxford University.
2005 veranstaltete die MBU den „Fourth World Buddhist Summit“. Abgesandte von buddhistischen Vereinigungen aus 23 Ländern nahmen daran teil, insgesamt hatte die Veranstaltung 3700 Teilnehmer."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamakut-Universit%C3%A4t. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-13]
1893-10-03
König Sakkalin (พระเจ้าสักรินทรฤทธิ์) willigt ein, das Königreich Luang Prabang (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ) zu einem französischen Protektorat zu machen.
Abb.: Lage des Königreichs Luang Prabang (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Siamesische Soldaten in Laos, 1893
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Flagge des französischen Protektorats Laos, 1893 - 1951
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1893-09-03
Abb.: Carte politique de l'Indo-Chine en 1893 avant le traité franco-siamois du 3 Octobre d'aprés le Carte politique de l'Indo-Chine de M. François Deloncle
[Bildquelle: Reinach, Lucien de <1864 - 1909>: Le Laos. -- Paris : Charles. -- Bd. 1. -- 1901. -- Pl. IV]
1893-10-29
Der britische Gesandte in Frankreich, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902) an den britischen Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), über die französische Regierung:
Abb.: Charles Alexandre Dupuy
[Bildquelle: Noel Dorville (1874-1938). -- In: Le Monde Politique, recueil de 40 planches de portraits dessinés de Sénateurs, Députés et journalistes en 4 fascicules reliés, éditions J. Thil, 1902-1903]
"With this weak Government [Regierung unter Ministerpräsident Charles Alexandre Dupuy, 1851 – 1923] the real interests of the country are never present to the mind. Their sole attention is fixed upon what the papers will say, and on the best means of safeguarding their position in Parliament. In such circumstances argument is useless.... the Paris press has taken the alarm about Siam...and it will be very difficult to hurry on a solution." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 137]
1893-10-29
Der britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929), an den britischen Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone (1809 – 1898), über die französische Regierung:
'Dufferin [Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902), britischer Gesandter in Frankreich] says he has [had] to negotiate with Turks and Russians, but neither can hold a candle to the French in cynicism and mendacity.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 139]
1893-10-31
Der britische Gesandte in Frankreich, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 – 1902) an den britischen Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929):
"[Develle] {der französischen Außenminister Jules Paul Develle, 1845 - 1919}was perfectly specific in his acceptance of your proposal for a mutual guarantee of the independence and integrity of Siam... I do not consider that there was any sign of evasion or deceit in his plea for delay until Siam had completely fulfilled her engagements. He said he was quite convinced that Siam was doing her best, and that there would be no hitch; but he evidently did not wish to disarm until he had got everything he was entitled to, and for this there is some justification. Our object therefore should be to put as much pressure as we can on the Siamese to wind up the business." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 140]
1893-11
Seit August hat der Rama V. 42 Pfund an Gewicht verloren. Es heißt, dass er durch eine Überdosis des Desinfektionsmittels Chlorol den Freitod wählen will. Er erklärt:
"Ashamed to look men in the face I will close my eyes and look upon the void."
[Übersetzung: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 369]
1893-11
Es erscheint:
Norman, Henry <1858 - 1939>: Urgency in Siam. -- In: The contemporary review <London>. -- 1893-11
Darin berichtet der Autor folgenden Ausspruch des britischen Minister resident in Bangkok, Captain Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916):
'[Jones] is far from enthusiastic about the Empire he represents, and he says quite frankly, to both Europeans and Siamese, that the Siamese government makes a great mistake in employing Englishmen at all'.
1893-11-09
Der britische Konsul E. H. French sendet ein Memorandum an das britische Foreign Office zur Verteidigung gegen Vorwürfe, die der Korrespondent Thompson gegen ihn in The Times <London> erhoben hatte:
"Consul E.H. French of the British Legation, Bangkok. Memorandum for the Foreign Office, 9 November 1893. [F.O. 17/1186] In the beginning of the present year, when the demands of the French for the satisfaction of their various claims upon the Siamese began to get really pressing, it still seemed to me that the question would end as such questions have always previously ended here, by the Siamese yielding at the last. M. Jaequemyns [Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns (1835 - 1902)] however, unfortunately held the firm opinion that the French were only talking, and would never resort to actual force. I took the trouble to ascertain from M. Hardouin [Charles Hardouin, Konsul von 1883 - 1904] of the French Legation what sum would be sufficient to satisfy those claims which could be satisfied by the payment of money, and I gathered that a small sum would be sufficient. The Siamese minister in Paris also telegraphed out that M. Develle [Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919), französischer Außenminister] told him that if the Siamese would settle off the smaller matters, he would be prepared to enter into pourparlers regarding the frontier. Then in the correspondence between Prince Devawongse [Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923)] and M. Pavie [Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie, 1847 - 1925] the latter, in one of his notes, rather implied that the claims of the French to territory were confined to 'Haut-Laos', a district on the extreme North-East of Siam over which Siamese sovereignty had long been merely nominal. Then I knew what hardly anyone except a few Siamese knew, that at that time they had in their arsenal only a very short supply of ammunition. Moreover no country such as France can for long suffer claims such as she had to be treated with indifference by so small a power as Siam.
Under these circumstances it seemed the wiser course for the Siamese to meet the French in a spirit of conciliation, and with this view I frequently discussed the matter with M. Jaequemyns. He would not, however, in the least alter his opinion and said that to give in on one claim was, as it were, to 'break a link in a chain', and he was sure that the French would never resort to force. Then again came the telegrams from the F.O. [Foreign Office] counselling a settlement of the smaller claims and advising that resistance would be futile and ill-advised. This seemed to clinch the matter beyond any possibility of doubt.
When Mr. Thompson [Korrespondent von The Times <London>] first came here he seemed to take at first a reasonable view of the question. After a short time, however, he adopted the opinion of M. Jaequemyns and became more eager than that gentleman that the Siamese should resist at all hazards. Prince Devawongse, I knew, would counsel peace if he knew that the Siamese could not look for active assistance from England and then play off England against France.
One day, at the beginning of July I think it was, I was talking over the affair in a general way with Mr Thompson, expressing the view that I held that the Siamese could not wisely by themselves resist the French. There was great alarm in the place at the idea of such a ridiculous war. Therefore, when Mr Thompson would argue that the Siamese should resist, and said M. Jaequemyns thought so too, I was disgusted and annoyed to think of the terrible predicament the Siamese would get into by resisting the French singlehanded and very likely said that the advice of himself and M. Jaequemyns was foolish. That I used the expressions regarding M. Jaequemyns that Mr Thompson says I did is utterly untrue....
On July 13th came the forcing of the river by the two gunboats. For the few days immediately preceding this and for a few days after the king listened entirely to M.Jaequemyns. Prince Devawongse was put on one side and the king, he said, seemed to be losing confidence in him.
When, however, no sign of support came from England, after some hesitation (for Prince Devawongse had drafted a note accepting the ultimatum which I took to Captain Jones, but which M. Jaequemyns persuaded the king not to send, substituting one of his own refusing some of the terms of the ultimatum) the ultimatum was finally accepted and Prince Devawongse regained his old position in the king's confidence.
Then came the negotiations respecting the treaty and convention. These I knew but little of, for Captain Jones [Henry Mitchell Jones (1831 - 1916), britischer Minister resident] had interdicted me from speaking to the Siamese on these matters, saying I was acting in opposition to M. Jaequemyns and was madly jealous of him. This I denied as being quite untrue. He also said I had spoken violently of M.Jaequemyns, and this I equally denied. I was quite aware, of course, (though I was not told), who had made these charges against me.
That any advice I had given to the Siamese was in opposition to that of M. Jaequemyns was simply owing to the fact that in this particular matter the opinions of our Foreign Office and M. Jaequemyns did not coincide.... I am in very good terms with M. Jaequemyns and have never had the slightest argument."
[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 257 - 259]
1893-11-27 - 1894-07-26
Der britische geschäftsführende Generalkonsul, James George Scott (1851 - 1935), an den britische Außenminister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian (1847 - 1929) bzw. John Wodehouse, 1. Earl of Kimberley (1826 - 1902), britischer Indien-Minister:
1893-12-01
Frankreich und Großbritannien unterzeichnen in Paris das Protokoll über Siam als Bufferstaat.
1893-12-07
Der französische Außenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) privat an Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles Baron de Constant de Rebecque (1852 - 1924), französischer Gesandter in London:
Abb.: Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Périer
[Bildquelle: Jean Baptiste Guth (1883 - 1921). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1894-08-30. -- Public domain]
'll y a un vent de folie qui trouble les cerveaux et nombre de gens sont disposés à ne plus tenir compte de l'Angleterre ... Nos coloniaux sont enragés et je ne sais pas si Périer [Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Périer, 1847 - 1907, französischer premierminister] parviendra à les calmer'. [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 3371, Anm. 111]
1893-12-09 - 1893-12-12 ; 1893-10-26
U. a. in folgenden französischen Zeitungen wird gegen den britischen Vorschlag polemisiert, am oberen Mekong Siam als neutralen Pufferstaat (etat tampon) zwischen Frankreich und Großbritannien zu garantieren. Dies diene nur dazu, Frankreich die Kontrolle über den oberen Mekong zu verweigern:
- Le Figaro <Paris> (1893-10-26)
- Politique Coloniale (1893-12-09)
- Le Siècle <Paris> (1893-12-09)
- Le Rappel <Paris> (1893-12-10)
- L'Eclair (1893-12-12)
Abb.: Le Figaro <Paris>. -- 1893-10-26
Abb.: Le Siècle <Paris>. -- 1893-12-09
Abb.: Le Rappel <Paris>. -- 1893-12-10
ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm
Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.
Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". -- Grundlegend.
Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.
Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.
Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7
Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982. -- 761 S. ; 28 cm. -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0
Kludas, Arnold <1929 - >: Die Seeschiffe des Norddeutschen Lloyd 1857 bis 1970. -- Augsburg : Bechtermünz, 1998. -- 165 + 168 S. : Ill ; 28 cm. -- ISB 3-86047-262-3. -- Standardwerk.
Ongsakul, Sarassawadee <สรัสวดี อ๋องสกุล>: History of Lan Na / translated by Chitraporn Tanratanakul. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2005. -- 328 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN974-9575-84-9. -- Originaltitel: ประวัติศาสตร์ลัานนา (2001)
Barmé, Scot: Woman, man, Bangkok : love, sex, and popular culture in Thailand. -- Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. -- 273 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-7425-0157-4
Van Beek, Steve <1944 - >: Bangkok, then and now. -- 2. ed. -- Nonthaburi : AB Publications, 2001. -- 131 S. : Ill. 22 x 29 cm. -- ISBN: 974-87616-0-6
ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. -- กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9
Donko, Wilhelm M. <1960 - >: Auf den Spuren von Österreichs Marine in Siam (Thailand). -- Berlin : epubli, 2012. -- 540 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-3-8442-2504-4
