Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1895 (Rama V.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1895 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2017-02-08. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1895.htm   

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-10-01

Überarbeitungen: 2017-02-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-02 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-25 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-11-24 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-10-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-06 [Ergänzungen]

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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

1895 undatiert

1895 - 1911

Chao Luang Inthayongyotchot (เจ้าหลวงอินทยงยศโชติ) ist Fürst von Lamphun (ลำพูน)

Abb.: Chao Luang Inthayongyotchot (เจ้าหลวงอินทยงยศโชติ)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Chao Luang Inthayongyotchot (เจ้าหลวงอินทยงยศโชติ) mit Frau und Kind

Abb.: Lage von Lamphun (ลำพูน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1895

Abb.: Alte Stadtmauern von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่), 1895

1895

Abb.: Mann mit Tätowierungen, Nordsiam, 1895

1895

Abb.: Gouverneursgebäude, Korat (โคราช), 1895

Abb.: Lage von Korat (โคราช)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1895

Abb.: Ausländerquartier, Bangkok, 1895

1895

Ausflug von Ausländern auf der Korat-Linie
[Bildquelle: Tips, Walter E. J.: Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and the making of modern Siam : the diaries and letters of King Chulalongkorn’s general adviser. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1996. -- 493 S. : Ill ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-58-9. -- S. 324]

1895

Kelantan (‏كلنتن) und Trengganu ( ترڠڬانو) werden dem Permanent Commisioner von Phuket (ภูเก็ต) unterstellt.

Abb.: Lage von Kelantan (‏كلنتن), Trengganu ( ترڠڬانو) und Phuket (ภูเก็ต)
[Bildquelle: Constables Hand Atlas of India, 1893. -- Pl. 59]
 

1895

Siam setzt in von Kelantan (‏كلنتن) einen Resident Commissioner ein unter dem Vorwand Frieden zwischen Sultan Mansur, dem Raja Kelantan, und seinen Gegnern zu erhalten.

1895

Das Unterrichtsministerium ein neues Curriculum für Standard III (Oberstufe) fest. Es kommt neu hinzu:

• Pali ist Pflichtfach
• Eine zweite Fremdsprache (Englisch oder Malaiisch) ist Pflicht
• Buchhaltung
• Trigonometrie
• Algebra
• Euklidische Geometrie
• Geographie
• allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
• Physiologie
• Mechanik
• Physik

In den folgenden fünf Jahren wird aber nirgends Standard III unterrichtet.

1895 - 1897

Es erscheint

กฎหมาย หมายประกาศพระราชบัญญัติเก่าใหม่ซึ่งคงใช้อยู่ในปัตยุบันนี้ / hrsg von หลวง ดำรง ธรรมสาร [Damrong Thammasan (Mi)]. -- พระนคร : โรงพิมพ์บำรุงนุกูลกิจ, ร.ศ. 115 (พ.ศ. 2439) [= 1896]. -- "Alte und neue Gesetze und Erlasse, die gegenwärtig noch gelten"

1895

Jules Albert Defrance (1860 - 1936) ist französischer Gesandter in Bangkok. Er erhält vor seiner Abreise nach Siam folgende Instruktionen:

„Nous avons ... un traité avec le Siam dont les termes vagues nous permettent de demander beaucoup au Siam. Il faut nous en servir ... dans cette lutte d’influence que nous avons entreprise contre le Gouvernement de Bangkok, la victoire doit forcément nous rester ... les provinces siamoises doivent peu à peu venir à nous jusqu’à l’incorporation sans à-coup dans notre domaine déjà considérable de l’Indo-Chine." [Zitiert in: Petersson, Niels P.: Imperialismus und Modernisierung : Siam, China und die europäischen Mächte 1895 - 1914. -- München : Oldenbourg, 2000. -- 492 S. ; 25 cm. -- (Studien zur internationalen Geschichte ; Bd. 11). -- ISBN 3-486-56506-0. -- Zugl.: Hagen, Fernuniv., Diss., 1999. -- S. 92]

1895

Aus dem Tagebuch des in Siam tätigen kanadischen Eisenbahningenieurs Henry Gittins (1858 - 1937):

Über Cholera bei Khorat [โคราช]:

"The country all round is dense jungle, and though I have made a large clearing around the house, it’s very dull and monotonous after a short time. The rains set in early in April and there was considerable sickness amongst the coolies, three of them dying from cholera. That disease takes a man off very quickly in this country. One man was perfectly well at 8.0 am and he was dead before midday. Cholera has been very bad down the Khorat [โคราช] district this spring, some hundreds having been carried off. Many of the small villages have cut off all communication with the main trail and prevent anyone coming into their houses. Other villages have left their settlements altogether and gone into the bush." [Zitiert in: Gittins, Paul <1964 - >: On track : Henry Gittins, railway pioneer in Siam and Canada. -- Bangkok : River, 2014. -- 151 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-7339-42-9. -- S. 63. -- Fair use]

1895

Frankreich teilt das Protektorat Laos in zwei Verwaltungseinheiten, jede verwaltet durch einen Commandant Supérieur:

• Haut Laos
• Bas Laos

1899 wird ganz Laos als Verwaltungseinheit unter einen Résident Supérieur gestellt.

1895

Es erscheint

Grindrod, Katherine Peterkin <1862 - 1940>: Siam : a geographical summary / Mrs Grindrod. -- London : Stanford, 1895. -- 142 S. ; 21 x 14 cm

1895

Es erscheint:

Helmholtz, Hermann von <1821 - 1894>: On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music / by Hermann L.F. Helmholtz ; translated, thoroughly revised and corrected, rendered conformable to the 4th (and last) German edition of 1877, with numerous additional notes and a new additional appendix bringing down information to 1885, and especially adapted to the use of musical students, by Alexander J. Ellis [1840 - 1890]. -- London ; New York : Longmans, Green, 1895. -- 576 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm. -- Originaltitel: Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen (1877)

Abb.: Titelblatt

 Auf S. 556 bringt der Übersetzer, Alexander John Ellis <1840 - 1890> im Postcript "Siamese Scales" aufgrund der Vorführungen des siamesischen Orchesters bei der London Inventions Exhibition 1885.

"Siamese Scales. The King of Siam sent over his Court Band with their instruments to the London Inventions Exhibition 1885, and the Siamese minister obligingly allowed Mr. Hipkins and myself to determine the musical scale. Prince Prisdang [พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าปฤษฎางค์ ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1935] told us that the intention was to divide the Octave into 7 equal intervals, each of which would then have 171.43 cents. Hence the following comparison. The scales are given as usual in cents from the lowest note. Theoretical scale: —0, 171, 343, 514, 686, 857, 1029, 1200 cents, having a neutral Second 171 lying between 100 and 200, a neutral Third 343 lying between 300 and 400, a slightly sharpened Fourth 514 for 500, a slightly flattened Fifth 686 for 700, a neutral Sixth 857 lying between 800 and 900, and a neutral Seventh 1029 lying between 1000 and 1100, but much nearer the former. As there is no harmonic interval but the Octave, and as the Siamese seem to tune by Octaves and single degrees, there is room for much variation from the ideal intonation, as shewn in the following observed scales. Abb.: Ranat ek [ระนาดเอก], 2009 [Bildquelle: Paul_012 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense] Ranat ek [ระนาดเอก] or wood harmonicon, first Octave 0, 208, 326, 537, 698, 883, 1048, 1208, second Octave (pitch of lowest note 382.6 vib. ), 0, 200, 359, 537, 711, 883, 1057, 1222, third (incomplete) Octave 0, 193, 347, 519, 698 (two more bars, too high to measure). This instrument is tuned by lumps of wax mixed with some heavy substance stuck to the under part of the bar. The tuning lump having fallen from the second bar of the first two Octaves, it was quite out of' tune, and its proper pitch (registered above) was determined by a comparison with other instruments. In the Ranat, p. 518, No. 85, all the lumps had been removed, hence, it was entirely out of tune. Abb.: Ranat t’hong [ระนาดทอง], 2009 [Bildquelle: Paul_012 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense] Ranat t’hong [ระนาดทอง] or brass harmonicon (pitch of lowest note 382.6 vib. ) scale 0, 200, 340, 537, 699, 881, 1043, 1207. Abb.: Ranat lek [ระนาดเหล็ก], 2009 [Bildquelle: Paul_012 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense] Ranat lek [ระนาดเหล็ก] or steel harmonicon, first Octave (the second bar absent), 0, 327, 519, 679, 856, 1075, 1202, second Octave (pitch of lowest note, 385.5 vib. ), 0, 150, 299, 447, 614, 743, 960, 1179, third (incomplete) Octave 0, 90, 222, 430, 609. Abb.: Tak’hay [ตะเข้ = Chakhe - จะเข้ ], 2009 [Bildquelle: Paul_012 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense] Tak’hay [ตะเข้ = Chakhe - จะเข้ ] or crocodile, a three-stringed instrument with high frets, played with a conical plectrum, 0, 198, 362, 528. 720, 890, 1080, 1250. Hence 52 single degrees were examined, each of which should have had theoretically 171-43 cents. In reality 5 were less than 132, 8 between 140 and 159, 12 between 160 and 167, 9 between 170 and 179, 3 between 180 and 185, 6 between 190 and 198, and 9 between 200 and 219. Hence only 15 approached to equal Tones, and only 2 approached to equal Semitones, both sets being clearly erroneous, while the 21 between 160 and 179 were tolerably close approximations to the ideal. Bearing these variations in mind, it is probable that p. 518, Nos. 81, 82, and 83, at least, belonged to this system of 7 intentionally equal heptatones, as they may be called. And this confirms the conception that Salendro, p. 518, Nos. 94 and 95, consists ideally of 5 equal pentatones. The instruments were beautifully and artistically ornamented, the execution by the musicians was florid and musicianly in accurate and varied rhythm, there was an observance of light and shade, together with a clear conception of melody, but none of harmony. Besides the harmonicous there were kettles or gongs (k’hong) [ฆ้อง], a three-stringed viol (saw t’hai) [ซอไทย], a two-stringed fiddle (saw Chine) [ซอจีน], the three-stringed crocodile (tak’hay) [ตะเข้]; reed instruments, flutes, and drums." [Quelle: Alexander John Ellis <1840 - 1890>. -- a.a.O. -- S. 556]

1895

Es erscheint

Estrade, Jean: Dictionnaire et guide franco-laotiens : prononciation en français avec signes conventionnels, transcription de tous les termes en caractères laotiens. -- Toulouse : Berthoumieu, 1895. -- 325 S.

Abb.: Titelblatt

"Notions générales sur l’idiome laotien. Règles grammaticales. Parler laotien, c’est presque parler siamois, les langues laotienne et siamoise ayant entre elles de grandes affinités; cela n’étonne nullement, connaissant l’origine commune des deux peuples. Au dire des lettrés laotiens, leur langue a très peu changé depuis son origine; il n’en est pas de même de la langue siamoise, qui s'est sensiblement modifiée quant à l'écriture. Repoussé, par l’action fatale des choses, vers les parties les plus incultes et les plus pauvres, le Laotien ne s’est nullement associé aux progrès de la race mère; abruti, animalisé par une fraction que le milieu rendait plus intelligente, il n’a eu qu’à obéir servilement au maître et n’a nullement éprouvé le besoin de développer son intellect. Il était le courtier en esclaves du Siamois, rien de plus. Depuis l'abolition de l'esclavage au Siam, le trafic des esclaves se fait (dans les provinces du Sud) avec le Cambodge. Le Siamois, qui a toujours voulu singer les races civilisées, avec peu de réussite d’ailleurs, a créé tant de règles pour son écriture et l’a émaillée d’un si grand nombre d’accents Ioniques ou autres qu’elle est devenue très difficile; quelques savants (? ) à peine l’écrivent couramment sous la dictée. L'écriture laotienne, au contraire, n’ayant pas d’accents, est très facile à écrire, mais très difficile à lire, plusieurs mots s'écrivant de la même façon et ne se différenciant que par l’intonation. Pour lire le laotien, il faut presque connaître le sens général de la phrase. (L’écriture laotienne n'a pas d’accents toniques. )" [a.a.O., S. 10]

1895

Es erscheint:

Norman, Henry <1858-1939>: The peoples and politics of the Far East; travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya. -- New York : Scribner, 1895. -- Eine Übersicht über Imperialismus und Kolonialismus in Ostasien.

Abb.: Grenzprobleme Indochinas 1895
[a.a.O..]

Abb.: Die malaiische Halbinsel
[a.a.O.]

Abb.: Bangkok, das Venedig des Ostens
[a.a.O., nach S. 408]

Abb.: Liebesszene im Schauspiel
[a.a.O., nach S. 424]

Abb.: Typische Siamesin
[a.a.O., nach S. 430]

Abb.: Prinzen nach der Mahlzeit
[a.a.O., nach S. 448]

"FICTIONS AND FACTS OF SIAMESE AFFAIRS. I HAVE shown what, in theory, is the government of the Kingdom of Siam. It remains to winnow the fact from the fiction. In the first place, to put it bluntly, the Cabinet itself now exists only on paper. For over twelve months, I believe, it has not once met, and has ceased to be a factor of government. How this has come about I will now try to explain. When the King was suddenly roused from his dream of ease in March, 1893, as already described, by the imminence of a national crisis, and returned to Bangkok to take up the reins, he found the Cabinet had made such good use of its novel freedom from control that he was unable, in his enfeebled state, to re-establish his personal supremacy. From 1892 to 1893 the Cabinet had held a nine months’ carnival of intrigues and jealousies, followed by a three months’ nightmare of cabals and recriminations. Thus when the country most needed a cool firm hand at the helm, it was at the mercy of a group of hotheaded and ignorant young despots, characterised alternately by bravado and terror, by resolution and vacillation. That the settlement of the Convention with France, such as it is, was ever reached at all, is due to the fact that the matter was at last taken out of the bands of the Cabinet and left for Prince Devawongse [Devawongse Varopakar - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923)] to conclude alone, thanks to the departure from Siam of Prince Svasti [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าสวัสดิโสภณ กรมพระสวัสดิวัดนวิศิษฎ์, 1865 - 1935], who had been the chief obstructionist throughout. From that date, August 20, 1893, until November 1894, there has not been, I believe, a single meeting of the Cabinet for governmental and administrative purposes. The entire machinery of government has come to a standstill. The estimates for 1894 have not been made up, much less sanctioned; no budget decided upon, no funds decreed. Only the most urgent expenses are being met somehow or other, casually, and by borrowed money. This complete breakdown of government by Cabinet is due to the fact that the Cabinet was composed of an arbitrary selection of the King’s half-brothers, together with a few nobles of no influence and importance. This band of brothers reflected perfectly the virulent jealousies of the various mothers that bore them: “ to hate like a brother, ” is a Siamese saying. The meetings of the Cabinet furnished an ideal field for the exercise of these jealousies; a succession of changing personal combinations for the purpose of smashing each fresh influence as it threatened to preponderate, forms the history of their deliberations. The cooperation of all for the common good is unknown, and indeed inconceivable to any one who understands the temperament of this polygamous brotherhood. When the French gunboats were actually in the river, a bombardment threatening, and Siam tottering to her fall, the meetings of the Cabinet were like the wrangles in a pot-house, so much so that the more dignified members on several occasions declined to be a party to any further discussion. As was well known in Bangkok, not a little of this was the direct result of Prince Svasti’s overbearing insistence upon strong measures against the French; his great influence, so deplorable in the interests of peace, being traceable to the fact that both the First and Second Queens are his own sisters. It is almost impossible to hope that the King's strong hand can ever be laid upon the Cabinet again, and now that twelvemonths of universal apathy have matured last year’s seeds of suspicion and intrigue, the power of the Cabinet as a combined body with initiative and a policy is non-existent, and its resuscitation is in the highest degree unlikely. Certainly nothing could accomplish this except either the King’s complete recovery of health and prestige, or the emergence of some strong will from the general chaos. And as the only strong will in this jarring family is that of Prince Svasti himself, the remedy might not he much better than the disease." [a.a.O., S. 451ff.]

"I turn to the United Services. The Siamese Army List as it figures in the Official Directory must make the Minister of War feel proud indeed at the excellence of all his arrangements and the completeness of his organisation. Not a title is wanting, not a rank left out, not a branch of equipment missing —on paper. To describe what actually exists, however, would be useless, since no one in Europe would believe the plain simple truth. Three batches of Australian horses have been landed during ten years, for the Cavalry, averaging some hundreds each time, of which about fifty altogether have managed to survive the neglect and filth in which they are kept, and still drag on a mangy existence in large and lofty but utterly neglected stables, whence they issue on state occasions in ragged files, with unkempt riders in tattered uniforms clinging nervously to reins and pommels. The Artillery is no better, with its recently-imported field guns, of which the brass sights were stolen and pawned within a fortnight of their arrival and have never been recovered; while the powder is in one place and the shells in another, and nobody knows where or how to bring them together. As for the Infantry, they come to drill when it suits them, desert by dozens weekly, and carry complaints and start agitations against any officer who attempts discipline. Many of them have never fired the rifles they carry; in fact the spirit of soldiery is as totally lacking in them as in a street mob. The officers—but here words fail. Imagine a Cadets’ School, of imposing proportions and appointments, with four or five hampered European instructors, where young Siam is comfortably housed and fed and paid some thirty shillings a month to wear a uniform and play at studies which are never carried out; where the very simplest control and training are resented; and where military tactics from English text-books, fortifications on the black-board, and military engineering in the field, figure on the curriculum of youths who can read their own language but poorly, cannot spell c-a-t in English, and only know enough arithmetic to check a good money bargain over a ring or a necktie in a Chinese pawnshop. To such a pass has come a nation who once fought and conquered the Burmese, wiped out the Peguans, repulsed the Annamites, subjugated the Malays, and developed Siam from a small hill-tribe to the possessors of the greater part of the peninsula of Indo-China! These ancient qualities, it is only fair to say, still show themselves in the common people when they are sent soldiering, in their own fashion, in the jungle or on the frontier. The explanation is that Siam has aped the farang [ฝรั่ง] method without the farang spirit. There is actually no word for “ discipline ” in the Siamese language. Of the few youths who have had some sort of military training in Europe not one has been allowed even to enter the service in Siam on his return, much less to have any authority to put things straight; while the indefatigable Dane, Major Schau [Gustav Schau - กุสตาฟ เชา aka. Phraya Vasuthep - พระยาวาสุเทพ, 1850 - 1919], who has vainly given them his best endeavours for over ten years, has had each regiment taken from him in turn so soon as he has begun to bring it in the least degree into shape. Yet a more easily-led race than the Siamese has never existed; under European management and full control, with regular pay and steady discipline, self-respect would soon be developed, and troops might be turned out at least as serviceable as those of Burmah. As for the other branch of his Siamese Majesty’s service, the Navy, while the pretensions are less, the realities in some respects are better. The Danish officer M. de Richelieu [Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu aka. Phraya Chonlayutthayothin - พระยาชลยุทธโยธินทร์, 1852 - 1932], of whom I have already spoken, has given many years of labour to this, and in alliance with him, Pra Ong Chorn, unique among Siamese officials for energy and integrity, has created a large body of marines who possess at any rate the elements of discipline, however much they may lack technical efficiency. They are supposed to man the forts, supply the fighting crews for the gunboats, and act as an armed force on land whenever one is required, though their whole training for these duties consists of a little elementary drill and the bare knowledge of how to discharge a rifle. The discipline which does characterise them, and which yet distinguishes them brilliantly from other Siamese organisations, is directed to wholly different ends. They are neither more nor less than the body-servants of the royal household—another striking instance of the subordination of national interests to royal luxury. Underpaid, harshly treated, and ground by the corvee, they wear the uniform of sailors and perform the duties of coolies. When the King goes to Koh-si-chang [เกาะสีชัง] or Bang-pa-in [บางปะอิน], the whole navy turns out to effect his household removal, to carry the pots and pans of the Palace retinue of innumerable ladies and women-servants (packing is an unknown art in Siam), to build their “ palaces" and shanties, to water their gardens, to erect and superintend their sanitary conveniences, to drag their jinrikishas, to carry their sedans, to dress up in their processions, and even to catch flies by bucketfuls to facilitate the royal repose. According to the books of reference the Siamese navy consists of two screw corvettes of one thousand tons and eight guns each, several gunboats, and several sea-going steam yachts; a small cruiser, Makut Rajakumar [มกุฎราชกุมาร]; and the cruiser-yacht Maha Chakri [มหาจักรี], a “ ram-ship ” of 2, 400 tons, 293 feet long, having a speed of 15 knots, and armed with four 47-in. Armstrongs and eight 6-pounder quick-firers. I fear I shall find it difficult to make anybody believe what this paper fiction amounts to in fact. A bigger sham than the Siamese navy has never existed in the history of mankind. A number of vessels of greatly varying sizes are moored in the river opposite the Palace. Of these the larger ones are for the most part hulks, upon which the u marines ” live; in some cases even the engines and propellers have been removed. The smaller ones serve as royal despatch-boats for river work, carrying the servants and supplies between the Palace and the two summer resorts. One or two are kept in decent condition for passenger work, but they possess no means of offence or defence. The King’s old yacht, the Oobon [อุบล], has succeeded in taking him round the Malay Peninsula, but if it has any guns on board they are of an obsolete and useless character. The Makut Rajakumar was built in Hongkong for the Governor of the Philippine Islands, but as he was unable to pay for it, it was sold to the Siamese in 1891. Upon this were put a number of muzzle-loading guns of the most ancient type, which had been lying about in the compound of the arsenal in Bangkok for many years. The Makut Rajakumar, however, won immortal fame in the battle of Paknam [ปากน้ำ] by sinking the small French trading-vessel the J. B. Say. The story of this battle has never been told, and as it is both entertaining and instructive I may linger over it for a moment First, with regard to the famous forts. The principal one had, I think, six 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages. Only two men in Siam had even elementary notions of the working of these weapons—Commodore de Richelieu, and Major Von Holck [Carl Christian Jens Wilhelm von Holck, 1854 - 1934], another Danish officer. The former was in command of the fort of which I have spoken. When the critical moment came he ran as quickly as possible from gun to gun and fired them one after the other. Needless to say nothing was hit. He then crossed the river in a launch and returned to Bangkok by special train. When one of these guns had been fired before the King a few days previous, out of six detonators five failed to ignite. This incident, however, had not shaken the confidence of the Siamese in the efficacy of their defences. The only technically-trained foreigner in Siamese employ at the time was a Danish naval officer, Captain Christmas. He had been placed in charge of the Coronation, the worst of the Siamese vessels, if one were worse than the others, and his share in the engagement was therefore necessarily small, consisting chiefly in escaping the ram of the Inconstant. The gunners of the Makut Rajakumar, into whose heads Captain Guldberg, of the Danish merchant service, had succeeded in hammering some knowledge of how to load and fire the guns above mentioned, had been taken off a short time before and placed in the royal yacht. The Makut was therefore chiefly manned by seamen of the coolie class. They had been specially charged not to ram the powder hard into the touch-holes of the ancient weapons, but to pour it in loosely. At the first onset they unanimously took refuge below. Leaving the wheel for a moment, Captain Guldberg chased them on deck again. When he desired to fire he discovered of course that the powder in the touch-holes was rammed as hard as a stone. He had to pick it out with his open knife from one gun after another, which he then fired in turn with his own hand. As he was not only his own gunnery lieutenant but navigation officer as well, he was then compelled to return to the bridge. After a trick at the wheel he again descended to the deck and discharged his pieces once more. It reflects the greatest credit upon him that he was able to hit the J. B. under these circumstances. Her captain—who afterwards explained that he had “ comme artillerie que mon fusil de chasse avec des cartouches à plomb No. 10 ”—and crew were formally arrested next day, blindfolded, and conveyed to the arsenal under guard. Amongst other incidents there, on asking for water they were given filth in a basin to drink. On the arrival of Commodore de Richelieu a few hours later they were informed that they might go anywhere they liked. One other Siamese vessel of war took part in this fearsome struggle. This was what was called the floating battery, a species of steam-barge upon which a single heavy gun had been mounted. Owing to the lack of | tackle, I believe, this could only be loaded when the barge was alongside the arsenal wharf. At the first fear of hostilities, therefore, this alarming weapon was gingerly charged and the “ battery ” proceeded down the river and came to a standstill in a promising situation. In due course it got rid of its projectile. It is only fair to add that Captain Christmas, of the Coronation, Captain Guldberg, of the Makut Rajakumar, and Captain Schmiegelow, of the “ floating battery, ” each claimed the honour of having sunk the only non-combatant present on the occasion. It will naturally be asked, what was happening all this time to the one really serviceable vessel of war the Siamese possessed —to the Maha Chakri, the new Armstrong cruiser-yacht, with its 2, 400 tons, its speed of 15 knots, its 4. 7 guns, its two fighting masts and its ram? The answer is painfully simple, and is but one more example of the fact that in Siam, king comes a long way before country. The Maha Chakri was lying moored in front of the Palace, under strict orders not to move except it might be necessary to convey the King up-river. When there was actually a wild intention to collect all available vessels and descend upon the little French gunboats in the middle of the night as they lay at anchor before the French Legation, the Maha Chakri was not to be included in the attack, although her tonnage exceeded that of all three French boats together by 600 tons. But even had there been any intention of using her, it could hardly have been carried out. Not once, I believe, since her arrival in Siam had her guns been fired, and nobody in the kingdom, except two or possibly three of the Danish officers, had any idea of the process. Her ammunition was put on board for the first time a few hours before the affair of Paknam. Moreover, her engines, which were large and complicated, could not have been worked without the English engineers, no Siamese having the remotest notion of their management, and these men as British subjects could of course take no part in the hostilities. Such was the force against which the French gunboats had to contend. To complete the farce, it only remains to add that M. Pavie [Auguste Pavie, 1847 - 1925 ], the French Minister-Resident, accompanied by M. Hardouin [Charles Hardouin], Consul-General, and Commander Bory [Victor Bory, 1843 - 1901] of the Inconstant, proceeded to the Foreign Office next morning, and Prince Devawongse [Devawongse Varopakar - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923], Minister of Foreign Affairs, “ congratulated Commander Bory upon his skill and daring in forcing the entrance. ” The same day, it being July 14th, all the Siamese vessels in the river were dressed with flags, the tricolour at the peak, in honour of the French national fête." [a.a.O., S. 461 - 467]

"To find picturesque Bangkok, one must look elsewhere than in the Palace, for there one sees merely the effect of money spent in the tasteless purchase of European extravagances, so that the result, though somewhat grand in general effect, only serves to heighten the squalor and disorder that prevail in every corner. On ordinary days, when the King is not expected to come out, and no foreign representatives are to have audience, the sentries of the Palace Guard usually sit about on rickety chairs at the grand gateways; the officials of the Household lie about in all descriptions of undress in the stone courtyards ; and gigantic chandeliers of countless German-made duplex lamps burn all day until they go out from want of oil, in the lack of any regular bands to perform the simplest household routine—that word so entirely hateful to the average Siamese. Every visit that I paid to the Royal Siamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was an Oriental object-lesson. A lazy sentry lolling on an old oil-tin at the outer gate would insolently ask my errand, and lazily give a reluctant guttural assent to my doubting ingress. Another sentry, if my visit was late— as it generally was, for the Foreign Minister usually began his work at eleven o'clock at night—lying asleep within the entry, would sulkily respond to my shouts of inquiry with a hardly intelligible reply in colloquial Siamese that the Prince was in or was out,—yu or mai yu—as might suit his own particular humour, without any needless reference to the truth of the matter. As I thus necessarily carried on my own hesitating researches unheralded into the inner regions, my ears were met with the snores of attendants lying about the passages, or the yawns of sleepy clerks kept there the whole night in idleness; till at length one might come suddenly upon the Royal Prince Minister himself, at supper with some favoured gossip, or intent upon a vigorous and exciting game of chess, an occupation at which he is facile princeps, as in most of the other games of skill that his Royal Highness affects, and on which he spends a very considerable portion of his " office hours." In the meantime suitors might wail, and Consuls rave at the needless delays, the perpetual procrastinations, which often continued from week to week and even from month to month; and usually wearied out, as they were intended to do, the unfortunate foreigners. Go where one would, and when one would, in this strange medley of departments, bureaus, and government offices, every passage and every room was all unswept and littered with the daily mess, the cast-off cigarettes, the decaying betel-nut, and all the indescribable debris of the countless hangers-on and ragged retainers who attend the footsteps of every official. In not a single office but that of Prince Damrong [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943]—a brilliant exception to the general slovenliness of Siamese ministers in this, as in many respects—did I observe the slightest desire for neatness and order, or even an idea of common cleanliness. One naturally expects great things, for instance, of the far-famed White Elephants that live at the gates of the royal palace, to whom fable and a credulous European public have attributed an absurd sanctity. But they are in reality in a plight that would shame the bear-cage of a wandering circus ; tended by slouching ruffians who lie about in rags and tatters, eking out a scanty livelihood by weaving baskets, and begging a copper from every visitor in return for throwing a bunch of seedy grass or rotting bananas to the swaying beasts which raise their trunks in anticipation of the much-needed addition to their scanty diet. Such is the Palace of the wealthy and progressive King of Siam." [a.a.O., S. 414f.]

1895

Über die Funktionen der Mönche:

"A middle-aged Siamese gentleman contrasts the old and new in Siamese education, and in particular notes the waning of the influence of monks. He writes to urge a closer intimacy between education and religion. Forty years ago (about 1895), when he was a boy, were the good old days. On his way to school, if asked where he studied, he would answer politely that he studied at the temple. All schools were in the temple and the teachers were all monks. When he got to school the first thing he had to do was to serve his teacher. He must empty his cuspidor, bring him fresh drinking water and tea, and prepare his meal for him. When the monks had eaten the boys ate. School started at nine o’clock. There were no benches or chairs. Everyone sat cross-legged on the floor. The only studies were arithmetic and Siamese. Before noon the boys prepared and served tiffin to the monks and then took a nap. The educational day concluded at four o’clock. Before and after study the boys prostrated themselves before the monks and took part in religious ceremonies, and before they started for home they went to the monks to say good-bye. This was the equivalent of asking permission to leave. The pupils all had the highest reverence for the monks and were on intimate terms with them. The monks knew the parents of their pupils and the details of their home life. If anyone was sick in the home, the monks either sent medicine or went to visit and heal. If a boy was sick, the monks kept him at the temple and cared for him. After the pupils were grown, they still showed respect to even the littlest novice in the Buddhist Order because of what he represented. Most of the pupils became novices for a short time. If anyone showed disrespect for the temple by walking into the temple with shoes on, or by playing ball, or by forgetting to show respect to novices or monks, he was much criticized. The displeasure of his neighbours was visited upon him in matters of law and business. Even when graduated from temple schools the old contacts remained. The monk was the one who healed. In times of difficult decision the monk was consulted. When a new law was passed the monk gave the information on worship day. In matters of marriage, parents always consulted the monk. At long last the body of the devout old man, who so long before had been a pupil in the temple school, was cremated at the temple. The temple was the centre of the community in matters of health, education, assembly, sport, and religion. When the temple needed money the people were always ready to make contributions, for it had won their confidence. If any attempt were made to divide temple from home, monk from householder, philanthropy from work, the attempt was doomed to be a failure. Monk and temple were as close to the people and their homes as perfume to the powder in which it has been absorbed. The writer of the articles then turns to modern education and traced the professional teacher’s growing power over young Siam. Monks whose education was faulty have been dropped from teaching positions, until very few monks are found in the educational system. He laments the swing away from the temple influence which formed the character and culture of the present Siamese nation. He admits that the monk is no longer, an important factor in education. In the modern temple school the children scarcely know the monks at all. They play ball and pitch pennies in the temple grounds. Even though the school is in the temple grounds the monks have no part in the instruction given. The writer closes his articles with a plea for the training of monks in the teaching profession, especially for the primary grades, so as to assure the continuity of the Siamese character in its traditional pattern within the sphere of the national religion." [Quelle: Thai Mai. -- 1933-02-13/14/15. -- Übersetzung in Landon, Kenneth Perry <1903 - 1993>: Siam in transition : a brief survey of cultural trends in the five years since the revolution of 1932. -- Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press, 1939. -- 328 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 108]

1895

Abb.: Kinder Ramas V. mit dem ersten Grammophon Siams, ca. 1895

1895

Bangkok: schwere Kämpfe zwischen den chinesischen Triaden (三合會) Ghee Heng (義興)  und Su-lee Ku. Die Kämpfe werden durch dänische Militärs niedergeschlagen.

1895

Das britische Konsulat wird zur Gesandtschaft erhoben.

1895

Es erscheint:

Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867 - 1943>: Notes of a journey on the Upper Mekong, Siam. -- London : Royal Geographical Society, 1895. -- 109 S. : Ill. -- Der Autor gehört um Royal Department of Mines and Geology, Bangkok

Abb.: Axt zum Aushöhlen von Einbäumen

[a.a.O., S. 20]

Abbildungen: Verschiedene Bootstypen
[a.a.O., S. 3 - 7]

Abb.: Laotisches Boot
[a.a.O., S. 47]

Abb.: Ruder
[a.a.O., S. 48]

Abb.: Steuerruder
[a.a.O., S. 72]

Abb.: Sandale
[a.a.O., S. 92]

Abb.: Laotische Tasche
[a.a.O., S. 20]

Abb.: Körbe
[a.a.O., S. 20]

Abb.: Wasserschöpfer
[a.a.O., S. 21]

Abb.: Messer
[a.a.O., S. 52]

Abb.: Glocke
[a.a.O., S. 78]

Abb.: Laotische Musikinstrumente
[a.a.O., S. 79]

Abb.: Khene
[a.a.O., S. 80]

Abb.: Mundstück der Khene
[a.a.O., S. 81]

Abb.: Wagen
[a.a.O., S. 84]

Abb.: Feld eines Edelsteingräbers
[a.a.O., S. 37]

Abb.: Haw-Karawanenhändler
[a.a.O., S. 47]

Abb.: The central part of the Kingdom of Siam showing the route of Mr. H. Warington Smyth 1892 - 1893
[a.a.O., Beliage]

 

1895

Erste Graduierte von Harriet House's 1874 gegründeten Wang Lang Schule für Mädchen (โรงเรียนกุลสตรีวังหลัง)

Abb.: Erste Graduierte von Harriet House's Wang Lang Schule für Mädchen (โรงเรียนกุลสตรีวังหลัง), 1895

Von links nach rechts:

• Plik Unyawong (ปลิก อุนยะวงษ์)

• Lucy Vickanet (ลูซี่ พิฆเนศร์)

• Khunying Khae Upakarn Silpasert (คุณหญิง แข อุปการศิลปเสริฐ)

1895

Abb.: Eisenbahnarbeiter, 1895

1895

Frankreich errichtet ein Konsulat in Nan (น่าน). Frankreich betrachtet Nan als von Siam unabhängiges Fürstentum.

Abb.: Lage von Nan (น่าน)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1895

Großbritannien bildet die Federated Malay States (نڬري٢ ملايو برسكوتو) (Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu).

Abb.: Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, 1907
[Bildquelle: Imperial Outposts, from a Strategical and Commercial Aspect, with Special Reference to the Japanese Alliance / by Colonel A. M. Murray <1852 - >. -- London 1907]

1895

Die Firma Carl Benz baut den ersten Kraftomnibus (Benzinomnibus) "Landauer". Er hat acht Sitze, 5 PS und fährt mit 15 km/h Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit. Er wird erstmals auf der Linie Siegen - Netphen - Deuz eingesetzt.

Abb.: Benzinomnibus "Landauer", 1895
[Bildquelle: Siegener Zeitung / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Busse, Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น), 2011
[Bildquelle: Marshall Astor. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/15965815@N00/6066481213. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-19. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
 

1895

Der US-Amerikaner William G. Morgan (1870 - 1942) erfindet unter dem Namen „Mintonette“ den Volleyball.

Abb.: Damenvolleyball Thailand - China, 2009-09-13
[Bildquelle: Hai Thinh. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/13812811@N00/3922766702. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-26. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1895 datiert

1895-01

Es erscheint:

ดำรงราชานุภาพ <สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา> [Damrong Rajanubhab] <1862 - 1943>: เรึ่องไปเมืองเตอร์กี [Bericht über eine Reise in die Türkei]. -- In: วชิรญาณ [Wachirayan] ร.ศ. 113, 4 (1895-01). -- S. 349 - 380

"Account of Prince Damrong’s November 1891 visit to Istanbul [إسطنبول], his stay in the palace and his audience with the sultan - the first reception of a Thai at the Ottoman [دولت عثمانيه‎] court." [Quelle: Breazeale, Kennon: The writings of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab : a chronology with annotations. -- Bangkok : Toyota Thailand Foundation : Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities Textbooks Project, 2008.  -- 60 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 9789740697411. -- S. 18f.]

Abb.: Osmanisches Reich um 1900
[Bildquelle: Juris Tiltins / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1896

Der japanische Fotograf  Kaishu Isonaga (磯長 海洲, 1860-1925) eröffnet in Bangkok ein Fotostudio, das er bis 1910 betreibt.

1895-01-04

Tod von Kronprinz (สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร) Maha-Vajirunhis (มหาวชิรุณหิศ, 1878 - 1895).

Abb.: König Chulalongkorn mit Kronprinz (สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร) Maha-Vajirunhis (มหาวชิรุณหิศ), 18090-01-20
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1895-01-10

Einrichtung eines Gesetzgebungsrats (Legislative Council).

1895-01-16

Der in England zur Ausbildung weilende Prinz Vajiravudh (วชิราวุธ, 1881 - 1925), der spätere Rama VI., wird Kronprinz (สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร). Die Erhebung zum Kronprinzen erfolgt in einer Zeremonie an der Thai Gesandtschaft in London. Der neue Kronprinz erhält in England drei Leibgardisten aus Bangkok. Her Majesty Victoria (1819 - 1901), by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India, gratuliert ihm in einer Privataudienz in Windsor Castle.

Abb.: Der neue Kronprinz Vajiravudh (วชิราวุธ, 1881 - 1925)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1895-01-21

Dem französischen Agenten Auguste Pavie (1847 - 1925) gelingt es im britischen Muang Sing (ເມືອງສີງ) ein siamesisches Dokument von 1892-10-22 aufzutreiben, in dem Muang Sing als Kron-Vasall Siams (Nan - น่าน) bezeichnet wird. Dadurch steht Muang Sing, das auf der französischen Seite des Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ) liegt, rechtlich Frankreich zu.

Abb.: Lage von Muang Sing (ເມືອງສີງ) und Nan (น่าน) (Grenzen von 2014)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1895-02

Es erscheint:

ดำรงราชานุภาพ <สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา> [Damrong Rajanubhab] <1862 - 1943>: เรึ่องไปลังกาทวีป [Über eine Reise nach Ceylon]. -- In: วชิรญาณ [Wachirayan] ร.ศ. 113, 5 (1895-02). -- S. 443 - 465

"Account of Prince Damrong’s two-day stop at Colombo [කොළඹ / கொழும்பு] in August 1891, during his voyage to Europe; includes visits to sacred sites at Kandi [මහ නුවර] and to the government agricultural school." [Quelle: Breazeale, Kennon: The writings of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab : a chronology with annotations. -- Bangkok : Toyota Thailand Foundation : Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities Textbooks Project, 2008.  -- 60 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 9789740697411. -- S. 18]

Abb.: Lage von Colombo [කොළඹ / கொழும்பு] und Kandy [මහ නුවර]
[Bildquelle: Baedeker: Indien, 1914]

1895-02-08

Mönchs-Prinz Vajirañāṇavarorasa (วชิรญาณวโรรส, 1880 - 1921) an Unterrichtsminister Phraya Phatsakorawong (Phon Bunnag) [พระยาภาสกรวงศ์ (พร บุนนาค), 1849–1920]:

"A good illustration of the difficulties that beset him [Vajirañāṇavarorasa] was an incident in 1895 when he reluctantly agreed to act as deputy chairman of the annual Pali examinations. The Minister of Public Instruction [Phraya Phatsakorawong] urged Vajiranana to accept the post on the grounds that the supreme patriarch, an octogenarian Dhammayut monk [ธรรมยุติกนิกาย], was old and incapacitated. The Minister pressed his case by claiming to speak for the king, but Vajirafiana resented this kind of coercion: "This happens to me all the time," he objected, "and I am not in a position to say no. I can barely keep my feelings under control." He did not say no and accepted the post. When a regulation he set was breached, he was unable to enforce his authority because most of the monks who administered the examinations were clients of the supreme patriarch. On 28 May 1895 he resigned from the position he knew he could not effectively administer, saying, "I have no power (.amnat) to organize things properly."19 It was this kind of experience which would later lead the prince to say in his autobiography, "I had always thought that any man who intended to be ordained in a serious way should not accept rank. But to my surprise, I found not a single monk was a pillar of Buddhism if he did not hold rank. . . .""

1895-02-09

Brief des französischen Diplomaten Raphaël Réau (1872 - 1928):

"1895. 9 février. M. de Pina étant malade, j'ai beaucoup travaillé cette semaine. J'ai eu en plus de mon travail celui de la chancellerie: j'ai jugé au civil comme au criminel, ou plutôt j'ai instruit les causes sur lesquelles prononçait M. Pilinski. Je ne sais si vous pouvez bien vous figurer quelles sont au juste les attributions consulaires en Extrême-Orient, et surtout à Bangkok, et je voudrais bien vous expliquer tout cela. Il y a à Bangkok, ou plutôt au Siam, 500. 000 Cambodgiens que nous sommes en droit de réclamer comme nos protégés. Deux petites villes prés de Bangkok sont absolument annamites et relèvent du Consulat français. Beaucoup d'anciens prisonniers de guerre laotiens emmenés au Siam sont aussi sous notre juridiction. C'est en droit plus de la moitié du Siam qui est à nous, que nous pourrions administrer. Or, en fait, le Consulat ne reconnaît guère qu'une dizaine de milliers de protégés, surtout de riches commerçants chinois dont nous protégeons les affaires. Tous les pauvres Cambodgiens, Laotiens, Annamites en butte aux persécutions et aux prévarications des fonctionnaires siamois qui leur prennent tous leurs biens en impôts, leurs femmes, leurs propriétés, et les fourrent en prison pardessus le marché, essaient bien de se faire inscrire comme nos protégés. Mais pensez quelle préfecture toute puissante serait le Consulat français, s'il les acceptait tous. Il faudrait au moins deux cents fonctionnaires, organiser les provinces, percevoir soi-même les impôts, avoir enfin une administration complète. Nous sommes trois pour cette besogne, aussi n'en fait-on rien. Si le gouvernement Français voulait prendre le Siam sans dépenser une goutte de sang, et un sou, ce serait la chose la plus facile du monde, et au bout de peu de temps les deux millions de Siamois qui ne vivent que des quatre autres millions d'étrangers établis sur leur sol seraient dans une misère telle que ce serait quantité négligeable. Ce serait, humanitairement, une grande et belle chose, car si vous saviez quel despotisme, quels abus quelles monstruosités fleurissent ici! Le royaume se trouve absolument comme fut la France sous la monarchie absolue après Louis XIII. Un Roi presque Dieu, des seigneurs petits rois, un palais rempli de 4. 000 femmes, d'esclaves, de gens mis là et qui y restent sans qu'on sache pourquoi. Et tout cela vit dans le luxe et l'oisiveté, dans des fêtes incessantes où s'écoule la moitié du budget; l'autre moitié est distribuée par le Roi aux grands, et à peine quelques sommes mesquines sont-elles gardées pour la marine et l'armée. Le budget des routes est presque nul ou plutôt fictif, et ce sont les particuliers qui s'en chargent. Donc aucune justice, des abus, des abus. Les mœurs, d'elles- mêmes, se prêtent à une grande latitude dans la morale. Un mari vend sa femme, ses enfants, une femme se vend à l'insu de son mari. J’ai été navré cette semaine d'avoir à instruire tant d'histoires de ce genre, aidé de Bourgueil et de Nhu, interprètes tous les deux. Je posais les questions, et rédigeais un résumé de chaque cas. Un pauvre diable de Cambodgien raconte qu'il y a huit mois il a perdu sa femme au marché. Pendant très longtemps, malgré ses recherches, il n'en peut rien apprendre. Un jour on vient lui annoncer que sa femme est en prison pour s'être sauvée de chez un seigneur à qui on l'avait vendue. Le pauvre mari court à la prison, demande sa femme. Il la demande encore, hélas! Le juge siamois lui répond qu'elle ne devait pas s'enfuir de chez son maître. "Mais puisqu'elle a été vendue par un autre que moi, qui n'en avait pas le droit! ajoute le mari.... Taisez-vous, mon garçon, ça suffit"! Je suis tellement indigné de ces turpitudes que les lettre que j'écris au gouvernement siamois en lui expliquant les cas, lui mâchant les bouchées, et lui intimant de résoudre les questions illico, sont empreintes d'une telle virulence que M. Pilinski, que mes colères amusent, est obligé d'en tempérer les termes. Je vous ai cité un cas; il y en a cent dans ce genre à juger par semaine. Ici c'est le royaume du bon vouloir, et ici le plus fort écrase le plus faible sans que le plus faible puisse se plaindre. Vous voyez alors quel prestige, quelle auréole de justice et de bonté rayonnent autour du Consulat français, et quel prix ces pauvres diables peuvent attacher à notre protection. Malheureusement le nombre de sujets français est déjà trop considérable, et on ferme la porte au nez de tous les arrivants. Pourtant, quel beau pays, et quelles richesses que le Siam! Finie cette longue dissertation que j'ai écrite pour vous faire comprendre l'état du Siam et quelques unes de nos attributions." [Quelle: Réau, Raphaël <1872 - 1928>: Jeune diplomate au Siam, 1894-1900 : lettres de mon grand-père Raphaël Réau / Philippe Marchat [1930 - ]. -- Paris : L'Harmattan, 2013. -- 246 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 978-2-336-29755-2. -- S. 52f.. -- Faire use]

1895-02-17

Außenminister Prinz Devawongse Varopakar [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยา เทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923] an den britischen Gesandten in Bangkok, Maurice William Ernest de Bunsen, 1st Baronet (1852 -  1932)

Abb.: Lage der Trans-Salween-Staaten
[Bildquelle: Crosthwaite, Charles Haukes Todd <1835 - 1915>: The pacification of Burma, 1912. -- Vor S. 209]

Prince Devawongse to Mr. de Bunsen: February 17, 1895 “Origin of the occupation of the Trans-Salween Karenni [ကယားလူမျိုး] by Siamese troops. In September 1888 it was on the invitation of the Government of India arranged that the Siamese should cooperate with the British against the rebellious Karenni Chief of Sawlapaw, who pretended to rule eastern Karenni as an independent state. The British were to attack the enemy in his strongholds on the left bank of the Salween [သံလွင်မြစ်], and the Siamese were to operate against him on the east bank. This plan was successfully carried out. The Siamese advanced through the Karen settlement to the Salween, and the British took Sawlaw, the capital of eastern Karenni, on the west bank of the Salween. The consequence was that the resistance of Sawlapaw was broken, that the Red Karens were compelled to submit and that peace and order were re-established in the country. The value of Siamese cooperation in bringing about this result was officially recognised on the British side. “Object and Nature of the Occupation It results from my correspondence of 1888 or 1889 with Mr. Gould [Edward Blencowe Gould, 1847 - 1916] that, in accepting the invitation of the Government of India to cooperate with them against Sawlapaw, His Siamese Majesty's government had a twofold object in view: they wanted to show their readiness to comply with the desire of a friendly neighbour; they considered the territory on which they had to cooperate as their own. The occupation of this territory was thus at the same time a temporary service rendered to the Indian government on its invitation, and the bona fide possession of a district on which Siam believed, for reasons to be recalled hereafter, that she had sovereign rights. Still more, the conclusions of the Siamese (sic) Commissioners themselves do not go beyond a future de facto recognisance of the frontier as laid down on the map. Nothing can be more clear in this respect than the final sentence of the Memorandum, and therefore I must be excused for quoting it in extenso. "It will be seen from the foregoing that the settlement of the frontier involves no alteration of existing arrangements except the withdrawal of any Siamese posts, if such there still should be, stationed within the limits of eastern Karenni as defined in the accompanying map. On the other hand, Her Majesty's Government being anxious to avoid all subjects of controversy, have decided to refrain from bringing forward any claims an account of losses suffered by the inhabitants of eastern Karenni from the action of the Siamese troops up the present date. " This should be the sentence of the judge, instead of being a one-sided conclusion of a party concerned in the business, could it be contended with some appearance of reason that it did not exclude any claim from the Karenni Chief Sawlawi for any loss of limber allegedly resulting for him from the action of the Siamese troops before the date of such sentence? If such exclusion is plainly implied by the terms of the sentence, the logical conclusion is that for in any case no claim of Sawlawi can be taken in consideration for the two first of the four year's occupation whereof he now complains. The Period Between 1890 and 1892 The first impression of His Majesty's government when receiving the note of Captain Jones and its annexes, contrary to what they considered as their incontrovertible rights on the part of Eastern Karenni situated on the eastern bank of the Salween, was that they had to forward a Counter-Memorandum in opposition with the British one. There was no lack of arguments to contradict and, in our opinion, to refute those of the British Separate Commission. The Siamese Separate Commission had, from its side, collected evidence tending to show that the whole district on the east of the Salween River was dependent from Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่], and consequently from Siam. The Salween River had been repeatedly agreed as the boundary-line between Siam and the Karenni country. The demarcation of this natural boundary line had been effectuated four times by the joint consent of the Chiangmai and Karenni Chiefs. The first one was done in the time of Phya Mungra Vichien Prakar [พระยาวิเชียรปราการ, r. 1774 - 1776], Prince of Chiangmai, and the last on the 13th of waxing moon in the 8th month of the year 1244 of the Siamese Era, about twelve years previously, the Salween River was definitely fixed and recognised as the boundary line between Siam and the Karenni country in a convention signed by the representative of the Prince of Chiangmai and the Chief of the Karennis. Muang Ché, on the Mé Ché River, was first founded by His Excellency Chao Phya Bholathep, Minister of the South (since then Commissioners of Chiangmai), and Phya Chatnarong Han was first appointed governor of this province. In the year 1868 of the Christian Era two proclamations, respectively dated the 14th Waning Moon of Wahsoe, 1230, and 10th Waning Moon of Wahgong, 1230, were issued, published, and communicated to the Chief Commissioner of British Burmah by the Prince of Chiangmai (see supplement to "the Maulmein Advertiser" of December 8, 1868). The former deals with the absolute power of Chiangmai in granting leases of teak forests on the east side of the Salween River, and the latter fixes the Salween River as the boundary line between Chiangmai and Karenni, so that the eastern bank is to be in the jurisdiction of Chiangmai, extending towards the north as far as Dingongtonk Depahet and Sinhone. Prior to this time, in 1868, the question of boundary between Siam and Karenni had already been judicially examined in the judgement of the Court of the Recorder, Maulmein, in Moung Myat v. Shooy Bine (see Civil Reb. No. 140 of 1866), and the Salween River had been recognised as the boundary line between Chiangmai and Karenni. This judgement was, on appeal, confirmed by Mr. Justice Loch and Mr. Justice Jackson, Judges of the High Court of judicature at Fort William, in Bengal. On delivering his decision Mr. Justice Loch (Mr. Justice Jackson concurred) said, "It appears to me that the Salween River in the boundary line between the Karen and Zimmay (Chiangmai) territory: and though the Karens have crossed the Salween and have located themselves in various parts of Zimmay territory, such location is not sufficient to extend the authority of the Karen Chiefs in this territory, nor to deprive the Zimmay Chief of rights which he still enjoys and exercises. " (See Judgement of the High Court of Judicature at Fort Williams, in Bengal, date March 24, 1868, Case No. 175 of 1867). There was also evidence to contradict the information of the British Commissioners as to the condition and to the origin of the inhabitants, who were mostly a mixture of Shans and White Karens [ကညီကလုာ်], speaking a dialect easily understood by the Siamese. There were, it is true, Red Karens also chiefly engaged in working teak forests, but they were come across the Salween, and as long as they remained on the east side of the river they submitted to the laws and jurisdiction of Chiangmai. They had never been the exclusive owners of the teak forests, but the forests were leased to them in consideration of royalty by Chiangmai. The evidence on this point was positive and clear. And even admitting what is stated in the report of the British Commissioners as the very foundation of the claim over those districts, that these Karens should have occupied for thirty or forty years the places, where they are living, it does not appear how such private occupation could have destroyed the sovereign rights exercised by Chiangmai. Such are, in substance, some of the objections which His Majesty's Government might have opposed against the Memorandum communicated by Captain Jones in November 1890. In fact, a Counter-Memorandum had been prepared to this effect. But after some interviews which I had with Captain Jones, it was admitted that we should not prolong the discussion, and that, when the detailed maps of the frontier attributing to the Indian government such boundaries as claimed by the British Separate Commission would be ready, we should accept them, as stating for the future the line of frontiers between Siamese and British possessions. I have, of course, not the least intention of retracting or of weakening this consent. My only object in recapitulating the results of our inquiry was to show that our possession of the Karenni district east of the Salween was a bona fide one, founded on the titles which we could not help from considering as good and serious, and that, when we conceded the claims of Great Britain, based on the appreciation of her own Commissioners, we did not admit, therefore, that our titles of sovereignty were not valid but we were simply moved by our constant desire of remaining in terms of friendship with Her Majesty's Government. As for the occupation of this district, I had already on August 7, 1889, informed Mr. Gould [Edward Blencowe Gould, 1847 - 1916] that the expedition set in 1888 had returned to Chiangmai since July 8, 1889. Since then there remained only a few posts, mostly garrisoned by natives of the country, and when on August 30, 1892, after having sent me some additional copies of the maps of "the frontier proposed, " Captain Jones [Henry Mitchell Jones, 1831 - 1916, britischer Resident] informed me that "Lord Rosebery [Außenminister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5. Earl of Rosebery, 1. Earl of Midlothian, 1847 - 1929]  expected the Chiangmai government would have withdrawn all its subordinates and armed levies from the Karenni district east of Salween before the Commission for demarcation of the frontier should begin its work, and as soon as possible. " I immediately replied that "all Chiangmai officials, if there were any in the disputed territory, would be entirely withdrawn before the Demarcation Commission would begin its work. " This promise was kept on the 16th November, the Karenni district was entirely evacuated, whilst the boundary Commissioners did not arrive before the following month of December. It is a remarkable, and, as I believe, a conclusive fact for the appreciation of the present claim that during this whole correspondence with Captain Jones not one word was said of any pecuniary liability of His Majesty's government towards Sawlaw, or any other Chief or British subject, which might survive the transfer of the district by the Siamese to the British authorities. If some allusion had been made to that effect, I would certainly have objected on the plea of the bona fide possession of our sovereign rights, and I, in the next place, would have revived our own claim, as reserved in my letter of August 7, 1889, for losses sustained by His Majesty's government, including the costs and expenses of our expedition sent, as stated before, at the request of the British authorities. But neither then nor afterwards in 1893 and 1894, when Lord Lansdowne [Vizekönig Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, 1845 - 1927] sent through Mr. Scott [geschäftsführender Generalkonsul James George Scott, 1851 - 1935] copies of the definite map of the boundaries, to be authenticated and duly exchanged between both governments, nor when, on October 17, 1894, I proposed to His Majesty's approval the Protocol stating this exchange, could I suppose that, after these acts, by which our renunciation to any portion of the Karenni territory was made irrevocable, any claim relating to facts anterior to this definite agreement should still be considered as receivable. It, on the contrary, appears to His Majesty's government that, in strict law, as in equity, all such claims are mutually precluded by our unqualified acceptance of the boundaries proposed by the British government. On the strength of the foregoing remarks, I trust that Lord Kimberly and the Indian government will reconsider their decision of supporting Sawlawi's claim. Accept, etc. Devawongse Varoprakar [เทวะวงศ์วโรปการ]" [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 312 - 318]

1895-02-18

Der britische geschäftsführender Generalkonsul James George Scott (1851 - 1935) nennt in einem Schreiben an Außenminister John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (1826 – 1902) den französischen Diplomaten, Forschungsreisen und Spion Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (1847 - 1925) als

Abb.: Französische Briefmarke: Auguste Pavie : pionnier de la France au Laos, 1947
[Fair use]

"a schemer of  the most dangerous kind." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>:  History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 134]

1895-03-01

Gründung der britischen Siam Exploring Company Limited. Geschäftsziel: Saphir- und Rubin-Gewinnung und sonstiger Bergbau.

1895-03-01

Beginn des Kampfes zwischen zwei chinesischen Triaden/Kongsi (三合會/公司) - Ghee Heng (義興) und Ghee Hok (義福) -  im von den Franzosen besetzten Chantaburi (จันทบุรี). Der Gouverneur, Phraya Vidchayathibodi (พระยาวิชยาธิบดี, Vard Bunnag - หวาดบุนนาค) beantragt bei den Franzosen die Erlaubnis, siamesische Truppen zusammenzuziehen. Die Erlaubnis wird erteilt und siamesische  Truppen schlagen die Kämpfe nieder. Die Anführer der Banden werden nach Bangkok zur Verurteilung gebracht.

Abb.: Lage von Chantaburi (จันทบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1895-03-09

Unterrichtsminister Phraya Phatsakorawong (พระยาภาสกรวงศ์) / Phon Bunnag (พร บุนนาค) (1849– 1920) unterrichtet den König über das Schulfinanzierungssystem "Zuschüsse nach Ergebnis" ("payment by results"):

Für jeden Schüler, der die Prüfungen in Standard I (Grundschule) besteht, erhält der Lehrer jährlich

• 4 Baht bei unabhängigen Schulen
• 3 Baht bei staatlichen Schulen

Für jeden Schüler, der die Prüfungen in Standard II (Mittelschule) besteht, erhält der Lehrer jährlich 8 Baht.

Dieses System wird 1896-09-01 abgeschafft.

1895-03-18

Kremation des Kronprinzen Maha Vajirunhis (มหาวชิรุณหิศ, 1878-06-27 – 1895-01-04)

Brief des französischen Diplomaten Raphaël Réau (1872 - 1928):

"1895. 18 mars. J'ai vu la chose la plus extraordinaire, le spectacle le plus curieux, qu'on puisse encore trouver sur tout le globe. C'est la crémation du fils du roi. Les fêtes ont duré quatre jours. D'immenses pagodes revêtues d'étoffes de couleur blanc et or avaient spécialement été construites, car ces fêtes là ne vont pas sans une dizaine de millions de dépenses. Le troisième jour, M. Pilinski et moi avons été conviés à nous rendre à la fête de nuit. Nous partons en habit, nous nous asseyons dans des tribunes proches de celle du Roi. Des trompettes, des coups de canon: c'est le Roi. Les gardes du corps, habillés de rouge, arrivent en tourbillons, et derrière, le landau d'où descend, faible et pâle, le souverain du Siam. M. Pilinski, M. Barret d'abord vont le saluer, puis moi et Kirkpatrick [Robert Kirkpatrick de Closeburn (1865-1901), belgischer Rechtsberater]. A chacun de nous il remet de petits citrons, tout petits. Le citron porte une fente dans laquelle est glissée une pièce, soit d'argent, soit d'or. J'ai eu 2 salungs d'or - c'est à dire 20 francs. Le roi et ses fils font alors pleuvoir sur les courtisans et les princes assis sous la tribune royale pendant dix minutes les citrons fendus, et c'est alors la chose la plus amusante du monde de voir les généraux empanachés, enrubannés et chamarrés montrer leurs gros derrières en l'air, les mains en avant, sur le sol. Et ils se bousculent, tous ces grands seigneurs, et ils roulent les uns sur les autres. Tordant! La pluie a cessé. Alors le Roi prend une torche, l'approche de quelque chose que je ne vois pas, et soudain, merveille entre les merveilles, une flamme court... pendant près d’un kilomètre et se divise. A droite et à gauche s'allument des centaines d'immenses mâts portant des pièces d'artifice qui éclatent, jettent le feu, ruissellent, s'éteignent pour recommencer, plus violent, plus furieux, ce déluge de flammes et de lumières. Puis apparaissent sur un immense catafalque le prince mort - dont le bûcher est, vu à cette distance, un écrin flamboyant -, du feu, de l'or dans la nuit, et, entre le bûcher et le Roi, des danses annamites avec des flambeaux, tandis que s'élèvent des chants. On fait circuler le thé. Les dames Rollin-Jacquemin arrivent, et c'est charmant, dans ce cadre merveilleux, ce petit cercle d'Européens que nous formons, causant devant ce bûcher, au milieu de la musique et des chansons." [Quelle: Réau, Raphaël <1872 - 1928>: Jeune diplomate au Siam, 1894-1900 : lettres de mon grand-père Raphaël Réau / Philippe Marchat [1930 - ]. -- Paris : L'Harmattan, 2013. -- 246 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 978-2-336-29755-2. -- S. 61. -- Faire use]

1895-03-30

Der deutsche Ingenieur Rudolf Diesel (1858 - 1913) erhält das Patent für den Dieselmotor.

Abb.: Konstruktionszeichnung aus der Patentschrift

1895-04-02

In einem Schreiben an den Schweizer Bundespräsidenten bevollmächtigt Rama V. Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns (1835 - 1902), den Beitritt Siams zur "Genfer Konvention betreffend die Linderung des Loses der im Felddienst verwundeten Militärpersonen" (Konvention des Roten Kreuzes) von 1864 zu unterschreiben.

Abb.: Vollmacht Ramas V., 1895-04-02

1895-04-09

"Hinlap [หินลับ], 9. April 1895 Der Unternehmer, der von den Chinesen aus Zahlungsrücksichten boykotiert wird, versucht nun sein Glück mit Tamils [தமிழர்], Eingeborenen aus Südindien. 23 solcher Leute haben heute mit den Arbeiten angefangen. Die Tamils sind von stark dunkelbrauner Hautfarbe. Sie tragen die Lasten auf dem Kopf im Gegensatz zu den Chinesen und Siamesen, welche die Lasten auf den Schultern tragen. Ihre Kleidung ist die primitivste, die ich bis jetzt gesehen habe, ein einfacher Lendenschurz. Im allgemeinen sind die Tamils große Leute, aber trotzdem haben sie ein mädchenhaftes Aussehen gerade so wie die Bengalen [বাঙালি], die seiner Zeit hier arbeiteten, es aber nur kurze Zeit aushielten. Ich fürchte, dass es den Tamils auch nicht besser gehen wird. Am besten widerstehen dem Klima noch die waldeingeborenen Siamesen, von denen es aber leider nicht viele gibt. Immerhin ist es als ein erfreulicher Fortschritt zu bezeichnen, dass der Unternehmer jetzt auch Siamesen zur Feldarbeit heranzieht. Man kann allerdings sagen, dass die Koratbahn eine Pionierbahn ist und man wird wohl noch lange Zeit nach ihrer Fertigstellung von ihr sprechen. Ein Streckengang über meine Sektion ist durchaus nicht uninteressant in Bezug auf die Völkerkunde. Chinesen, Siamesen, Hindus, Klings [Malien], Bengalen, Malaien, Araber und Japaner sind gewiss eine Konstellation wie man sie so leicht an anderen Punkten des Erdenrunds nicht wieder findet. Alle diese in Religion und Lebensgewohnheiten so verschiedenen Völkerschaften sehe ich hier während eines kurzen Vormittags an ihrer Arbeit. Wenn man nun noch die europäische Beamtenwelt hinzunimmt, die sich aus Engländern, Deutschen, Dänen, Schweden, Holländern, Italienern, Franzosen, Amerikanern, Österreichern, Schweizern, Australiern und Portugiesen zusammensetzt, so muss ich zuweilen an die biblische Geschichte vom Turmbau zu Babel [Genesis 11,1–9] zurückdenken. Größer kann der Sprachenwirrwarr da auch nicht gewesen sein." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 81f.]

1895-04-17

Im Vertrag von Shimonoseki (馬關條約 / 下関条約) muss sich China der militärischen Übermacht Japans beugen. Unter den Chinesen Siams wird dadurch das Nationalbewusstsein entfacht.

Abb.:  Vertrag von Shimonoseki (馬關條約 / 下関条約)
[Bildquelle: World Imaging / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Lage von Shimonoseki (馬關條約 / 下関条約)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Der Vertrag von Shimonoseki (chinesisch 馬關條約 / 马关条约 Mǎguān Tiáoyuē; jap. 下関条約, Shimonoseki Jōyaku bzw. 馬関条約, Bakan Jōyaku) vom 17. April 1895 beendete den Ersten Chinesisch-Japanischen Krieg (甲午戰爭 /日清戦争) und wird wegen seiner einseitigen Belastungen für das unterlegene China zu den sogenannten Ungleichen Verträgen (不平等條約) gerechnet. [...] Inhalt Der Vertrag sah insbesondere die Abtretung Taiwans ( 臺灣), der Pescadores-Inseln (澎湖群島) sowie der Halbinsel Liaodong ( 遼東半島) in der Mandschurei an Japan vor. Außerdem sollte China die „volle und umfassende Souveränität und Autonomie Koreas“ anerkennen, was praktisch die Entbindung vom Vasallenstatus, den Verlust der koreanischen Tribute und den offiziellen Verlust des Protektorats über die Koreanische Halbinsel bedeutete. Außerdem verpflichtete sich China zur Öffnung von vier weiteren Vertragshäfen (u.a. Chongqing (重慶) am oberen Yangzi (長江)) für den bilateralen Handel mit Japan; in deren Umgebung sollte Japan überdies das Recht zur Errichtung von Fabriken und Industrieunternehmen haben. Dazu war schließlich eine Kriegsentschädigung von 200 Mio. Silber-Tael ( 兩) vorgesehen, was deutlich mehr als der zweifachen Summe der Jahreseinkünfte der Qing-Regierung entsprach." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Shimonoseki. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-28]

1895-04-25

Vanity Fair <London>:

Abb.: "A Prince Royal": Vajiravudh (วชิราวุธฯ, 1881 - 1925) / von Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922)
[Bildquelle: Vanity. -- Fair 1895-04-25 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"The Prince Royal of Siam Chowfa [เจ้าฟ้า] Mahavajiravudh [มหาวชิราวุธ, 1880 - 1925] was born fourteen years ago to King Chulalongkorn [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, 1853 - 1910] of Siam; but being only the eldest son of a Princess and not of a Queen he was not born to the high place in which he now is. Yet when Prince Maha Vajirunhis [สยามมกุฎราชกุมารมหาวชิรุณหิศ, 1878 - 1895] died, Prince Mahavajiravudh being older than his surviving half-brother, was, by choice of the King with the consent of his Ministers, nominated Prince Royal of Siam [สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร], to the exclusion of the children of the senior Queen. He is therefore now invested with many titles and many insignia; whose weight he bears bravely and with dignity. He came to England a year and a-half back; and being then nearly thirteen, and knowing more of Pali [ภาษาบาลี] and Sanskrit [ภาษาสันสกฤต] than of English, he was not sent to school, but confided to the care of a private tutor, who was to coach him for the House at Oxford. But his new Dignity has altered the outlook, and Greek and Latin have been discarded for International Law and Political Economy; subjects whose knowledge is more needed in a coming King. He now talks English with much fluency and a foreign accent; he is fond of mathematics, history, and walking; and he believes in the English gentleman. He is not an athlete, but he takes life very seriously; and he was very kindly received by the Queen [Victoria, 1819 – 1901] in private audience just before Her Majesty’s departure for Cimiez [Frankreich]. The honours that have been thrust upon him have not at all spoiled him. I le is a dignified, polite, very amiable boy of some promise. He is so nice a Prince that no one is jealous of him. Jehu Junior" [= Thomas Gibson Bowles, 1841 – 1922] [Vanity Fair. -- 1895-04-25

1895-05

Der französische lieutenant-colonel François Tournier an die siamesischen Kommissare in Saiburee (ชยบุรี  - Jaiburi = Bueng Kan - บึงกาฬ) und Nong Khai (หนองคาย):

Abb.: Lage von Saiburee (Sanyaburi) und Nong Khai (หนองคาย)
[Bildquelle: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911]

"I inform you by the present protest that I am aware of your presence at Nongkhai/Saiburee which is contrary to the treaty of 3 October 1893 and that you take the place of local authorities and exercise police powers. "I therefore order you to withdraw immediately away from the reserved 25 km. zone, leaving to your government the entire responsibility for the violation of this treaty." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>:  History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 216]

1895-05-08

Der deutsche Ministerresident Peter F. Kempermann (1845 - 1900) an Reichskanzler Chlodwig Carl Viktor Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prinz von Ratibor und von Corvey (1819 - 1901) über ein Gespräch mit dem siamesischen Außenminister, Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923):

"„das siamesische Volk habe schon mehrfach bewiesen, dass es sich mit neuen Ideen leicht befreunde und dass es die Macht der Verhältnisse zu würdigen wisse", sagte Außenminister Devawongse dem deutschen Ministerresidenten Kempermann, bei dem diese Propaganda allerdings auf wenig fruchtbaren Boden fiel." [Quelle: Petersson, Niels P.: Imperialismus und Modernisierung : Siam, China und die europäischen Mächte 1895 - 1914. -- München : Oldenbourg, 2000. -- 492 S. ; 25 cm. -- (Studien zur internationalen Geschichte ; Bd. 11). -- ISBN 3-486-56506-0. -- Zugl.: Hagen, Fernuniv., Diss., 1999. -- S. 132]

1895-05-10

Der Generalgouverneur von Französisch-Indochina, Paul Armand Rosseau, an den französischen Kolonialminister Émile Chautemps (1850 - 1918):

Abb.: Émile Chautemps, 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

'Le traité de 1893 nous a créé dans la vallée du Mékong une situation dont nous ne pouvons sortir, je crois, d'une une manière satisfaisante, qu'en établissant notre protectorat sur le Siam. Malheureusement, nous nous trouvons là en compétition avec les Anglais qui cherchent à nous gagner de vitesse.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 389, Anm. 64]

1895-05-28

William John Archer, britischer Vize-Konsul in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่), an den britischen Gesandten in Bangkok, Maurice William Ernest de Bunsen, 1st Baronet (1852 – 1932):

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Saen [เชียงแสน], Chiang Khong [เชียงของ] und Nan [น่าน]
[Bildquelle: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911]

"Recent information shows that the French authorities in these Northern States are making vigorous efforts to assume exclusive control of the 25 kilometres zone on the west bank of the Mekhong [ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง], to claim a large protected class of settlers outside that zone. 1. Some recent proceedings of the French officials leave no room for doubt that they intend to become virtually masters in the 25 kilometres zone by ousting all Siamese officials. Phra Phrom Surin, the Siamese Commissioner at Nan [น่าน], told Mr. Warry early last April that he was on his way, in March, to Chiengkhong [เชียงของ] at the time of the meeting of the Mekhong Joint Commission there to meet and welcome Mr. Scott [James George Scott, 1851 - 1935], the British representative, as the latter was now staying at Chiengkhong within his jurisdiction, when M. Pavie [Auguste Pavie, 1847- 1925]wrote forbidding him to enter the zone, this although Phra Phrom Surin had no armed men with him, a fact well-known to M. Pavie. Since then, M. Dupuis, who had succeeded M. Macey as the so-called Commercial Agent at Chiengkhong, has driven out the Siamese postmasters from Chiengkhong and from the town of Chiengsen [เชียงแสน], recently visited by him. No reason for the expulsion is known other than the suspicion attaching to him as Siamese officials. This disposes of all Siamese officials within the zone and it constitutes an effectual intimidation to all Siamese officials that may intend to enter it." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>:  History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 219f.]

"Owing to the extensive registration of protégés by the French Consul at Nan (น่าน), that province is fast becoming French." "...The chiefs of the Muang Nan [น่าน] districts, of Chiengkhong [เชียงของ], Muang Thong [?] and Chieng Kham [wohl: Chiang Khan - เชียงคาน], situated close to the Mekhong [ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง] on the right bank, have told him that they would not drink the waters of allegiance to the King of Siam, ...As regards the registration of protégés by the French Consul at Nan, ...Mr Hardouin [Charles Hardouin] since his arrival at Nan, has been making exhaustive lists of settlers there from the left bank, including therein very old settlers, whom it is impossible for the Siamese authorities to recognize as French subjects; but that M. Hardouin now says that...he will discontinue this so-called registration, remarking at the same time that if he were to continue it, there would hardly be any Siamese subjects left in Nan." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>:  History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 221]

1895-06-20

Französisch-Chinesischer Vertrag. Ohne Vorherige Konsultation Großbritanniens. Der Vertrag erlaubt Frankreich u.a.

• Abtretung derr Distrikte von Muang -Ou-Tai (ເມືອງອູໃຕ້) und Muang Ou-Neua (ເມືອງອູເໜືອ) an Frankreich

Abb.: Lage von Muang -Ou-Tai (ເມືອງອູໃຕ້)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

• Handelsprivilegien für Frankreich

• Bergbaurechte für Frankreich

• Bau einer Eisenbahn von Tonkin nach Südwestchina. Diese Yunnan-Bahn (Le chemin de fer du Yunnan / 滇越鐵路 / Tuyến đường sắt Hải Phòng - Vân Nam) wird 1901 - 1910 gebaut und 1910-03-10 eröffnet. Sie führt von Haiphong (Hải Phòng) nach Kunming ( 昆明).

Abb.: Lage von Haiphong (Hải Phòng) und Kunming ( 昆明)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1895-06-25 - 1902-07-11

 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830 - 1903) ist Prime Minister Großbritanniens.

Abb.: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (links)
[Bildquelle: Weekly freeman. -- 1886-07-31]

1895-07-04

Tod von Dr. Marion Alonzo Cheek (1853 - 1895). Er hinterlässt ein Harem von ca. 20 Frauen. Er wird zusammen mit Louis Leonowens (1856 - 1919) in einem Volkslied Nordsiams besungen:

"Dr Chitt [Cheek] and Missa Louis [Leonowens] Sleeping with two girls Two nights for fifteen rupees Miss Luang is on the bed Miss On is waiting Hurry up and finish Doctor! Dr Chitt and Missa Louis Sleeping with two girls Two nights for fifteen rupees Miss Kum asked for silver Miss Huan asked for cloth Miss Noja asked for an elephant Hurry up and finish Doctor!" [Quelle: http://www.picturesfromhistory.com/gallery/CPA0016501-0017000/image/380/Thailand_Part_of_a_19th_century_folk_song_or_rhyme_written_in_Northern_Thai_script. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-16. -- Fair use]

Abb.:  Marion Alonzo Cheek
[Bildquelle: http://archives.payap.ac.th/web/archivespyu/photo/1300343330.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-02. -- Fair use]

"DEATH OF DR. M. A. CHEEK. A Councilor of the King of Siam Passes Away Suddenly. The Government Is Heavily Indebted to the Deceased— Facts of His Life. Dr. Marian [richtig: Marion] A. Cheek, a pioneer American in Siam, and one of the most influential men in that kingdom, is dead, and his wife and family, who are sojourning in Oakland, have been apprised of the fact by cable. The deceased was born in Arkansas forty-two years ago. When but a mere boy his parents moved to North Carolina, where he received his early education. At the. age of 16 he entered the Baltimore Medical College, where he graduated four years later with high honors. He decided that his life-work should be that of a medical missionary, and with that intention he set sail soon after his graduation for Siam, where he resided continuously up to the time of his death. He worked under the auspices of the Presbyterian Missionary Board. For ten years Dr. Cheek continued his work as a physician and missionary combined, when he decided that he could do more for the natives by introducing American inventions and appliances. Accordingly he went into the general merchandise business and succeeded in becoming quite wealthy. He imported into Siam the first guns and ammunition, and built the first steamboat there. On account of his amiable disposition and numerous kind acts the natives became greatly attached to him. From all over the province they went to him to be healed. The King and chief Princes employed him as their chief Consul. From the northern portion of the country about Laos he went to Bangkok, where he engaged in the lumber business on a large scale. In a short time the doctor came into possession of extensive forest tracts and was working very large forces of natives in getting out the valuable teak wood used for ornamentation. Some Englishmen interested the officials, who caused his franchises to be forfeited. Lying in a stream just outside of Bangkok 16,000 teak logs were seized by the Siamese Government. Dr. Cheek was working under the American flag and he appealed to the United States Government for protection. Negotiations are now being made between Washington and the American Consul at Siam for damages, which amount to several hundred thousand dollars, to be paid by the Government. Mrs. Cheek [Sarah Adorna, geb. Bradley, 1850-1933], who resides at 672 Eighteenth street, Oakland, learned a few days ago by cablegram that her husband was dead. No particulars were given. Five children are left to mourn the loss of their father. The mother came here to give her children an education. The oldest boy, Adolph, is a student at the Oakland High School and stands very high as an athlete, being the champion all-round athlete of the Pacific Coast." [Quelle: San Francisco Call. -- 1895-07-12. -- http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18950712.2.157#

1895-07-06

Thomas Henry Sanderson, 1st Baron Sanderson (1841 - 1923), ständiger Unterstaatssekretär im britischen Außenministerium, an George Nathaniel Curzon, 1. Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859 - 1925), Unterstaatssekretär im britischen Außenministerium:

Abb.: Thomas Henry Sanderson, 1st Baron Sanderson
[Bildquelle: Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1898-11-10. -- Public domain]

'the Siamese government is a very abominable one...’ By neutralizing Siam, 'we shall be debarred from any further extension into the Malay Peninsula...' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 151]

1895-07-11

Bangkok Times: "Education in Siam":

""It is a matter for regret that the Siamese Government does not pursue a more decided policy with regard to some general scheme of education in this country. At present there there appears to be a continual halting between two opinions, and whilst many influential men, of whom we believe His Majesty is the chief, take great interest in educational work, there are on the other hand highly placed officials whose indifference acts as a wet blanket upon the fire of their more progressive compeers.... It seems to us that the time has now arrived when some definite declaration should be made by the authorities as to their intentions in this matter. If it is considered undesirable to carry out any broad or comprehensive scheme of education in this country, let it be announced, and let an end be made to the present expenditure of time and money in that direction. If, on the other hand, the Government having put its hand to the plough does not wish to withdraw from the good work, let it proceed at once to the very necessary task of 'putting the house in order.’" The editor went on to survey the "present position of affairs, " the three "Anglo-vernacular schools" (Suankulap [โรงเรียนสวนกุหลาบ วิทยาลัย]; the Thai- English School, successor to McFarland’s Sunanthalai; and the New School) with their outdated syllabi and their relative independence of each other; the Normal School’s [Lehrerbildungsanstalt] inadequate resources; and the chaos in the ordinary elementary schools in the monasteries, of which "we are unable to ascertain their number, the number of teachers, or the number of scholars. " In their present state, he argued, the vernacular schools would simply waste the trained teachers the Normal School might be able to produce. What was needed was the inauguration of a sound inspection system, its work to begin with a thorough survey of public education to inform the government of where it stood and what had to be done to place these "schools on a proper footing. If however, nothing is done, the sooner the curtain falls on the present farce the better." " [Quelle: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 180f.]

1895-07-25

Bericht des geschäftsführenden britischen Generalkonsuls James George Scott (1851 - 1935) über die Mekhong Buffer State Commission an das Forei9gn Office (25 Seiten). Auszug:

Abb.: Pierre Antonin Lefèvre-Pontalis (links) und Auguste Pavie (rechts), 1893
[Bildquelel: Aventuriers du Monde / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Mr. Pavie [Auguste Pavie, 1847 - 1925] is a very crafty man... Lefêvre-Pontalis [Pierre Antonin Lefèvre-Pontalis, 1864 - 1938] is of the Deloncle [François Deloncle, 1856 - 1922] school (Colonial Party)... He believes that... our claim up to the Mekhong [ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง] is unblushing effrontery... he mentioned that the Franco-Siamese treaty of 3rd October 1893 formally ceded this eastern portion of the State, and that the French Commissioners consistently claimed all that was ostensibly ceded by that Treaty. " [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>:  History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 212]

1895-07-31 + 1895-11-25

Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826 - 1902) und der französische Au0ßenminister Jules Paul Develle (1845 - 1919) unterzeichnen die Protokolle über die Buffer State Commission, die sich in Muang Sing (ເມືອງສີງ) am 1896-01-01 treffen soll,

1895-08-13

Der britische Prime Minister, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830 - 1903), an den britischen Gesandten in Bangkok, Maurice William Ernest de Bunsen, 1st Baronet (1852 -  1932):

"Salisbury had already expressed this view earlier, on 13 August, when he had interviewed Prince Svasti [Svasti Sobhana - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าสวัสดิโสภณ กรมพระสวัสดิวัดนวิศิษฎ์, 1865 - 1935], the Siamese minister, and Rolin-Jaequemyns [Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns, 1835 - 1902, belgischer Regierungsberater] who was currently in London on a visit. Both had complained of the incompetence of the French government in restraining French colonial fanatics in their behaviour towards Siam. After reassuring Svasti and Rolin-Jaequemyns that British policy was to maintain Siam intact 'and that no other arrangement that could be come to would in any way repay England for the many inconveniences and difficulties which must result from [possessing] the Siamese kingdom’, Salisbury had added: '...At the same time I thought it necessary to interpose the caution that I did not think that the interests of Siam were likely to be of sufficient moment to this country to lead us to go to war with France in defence of them'." [Quelle: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 380, Anm. 89]

1895-08-31

Der neue Unterrichtsminister, Kitiyakara Voralaksana, Prince of Chanthaburi (กิติยากรวรลักษณ์, 1874 – 1931), berichtet an den König.

"In his report, he expressed shock at the generally poor attendance, the lack of discipline among both teachers and pupils, the general dirtiness of school buildings, the poor facilities and equipment, and the low academic standards —and he visited only the fully-supported government schools (the five major monastery schools, the three English schools, and the Normal School). To remedy this situation, Prince Kittiyakon recommended that the ministry’s Inspectorate be strengthened. He asked that the Standard I [Grundschule] curriculum be made more rigorous, carrying the students further through their studies of the four "r’s," [reading, writing, arithmetic, respect] and that Standard II [Mittelschule] be made more comprehensive to allow greater scope for the study of English, history, geography, composition, rhetoric, and logic. In support of these changes he urged that proper and appropriate textbooks be provided for all levels." [Quelle: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 181f.]

1895-09-05

Alphonse Chodron de Courcel (1835-1919), französischer Botschafter in London, an Gabriel Albert Auguste Hanotaux (1853 - 1944), französischer Außenminister:

Abb.: Alphonse Chodron de Courcel
[Bildquelle: Jean Baptiste Guth (1883 - 1921). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1895-01-31]

"On 5 September, during Salisbury's  [Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830 - 1903), Prime Minister Großbritanniens] absence on holiday at Dieppe [Frankreich], Sanderson [Thomas Henry Sanderson, 1st Baron Sanderson (1841 - 1923), ständiger Unterstaatssekretär im britischen Außenministerium] was authorized to renew the first British proposal along with some of the suggestions recently put forward by Curzon. He sent a note through Courcel to Hanotaux proposing that, in return for the cession of Mong Sing [Muang Sing - ເມືອງສີງ], the French should, first, set a date for the evacuation of Chantabun [Chanthaburi - จันทบุรี], second, offer a formal assurance that no extension of sovereignty over the 25 kilometre zone was being planned, and, finally, agree that any privileges ceded by China to France in Yunnan [雲南] should be reciprocal to both powers." [Quelle: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 154]

1895-09-07

William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne (1859 - 1942), britischer parlamentarischer Unterstaatsekretär für Kolonien, an Oppositionsführer Joseph Chamberlain (1836 – 1914):

Abb.: William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne
[Bildquelle: Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1901-10-03. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Joseph Chamberlain
[Bildquelle: Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1901-03-07. -- Public domain]

Britain was obliged either to pose "as the champions of the integrity and independence of Siam as we are doing now; or else to accept the inevitable which will probably before long be forced upon us by the aggressive policy of France as to the division of Siam into two parts, in the east of which we are to have no concern, and in the west of which France is to renounce all interests." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 155]

1895-10

Tōten Miyazaki (宮崎 滔天, 1871–1922), ein japanischer Anhänger Sun Yatsen's (孫逸仙, 1866 - 1925), bringt 20 japanische Emigranten nach Siam. Seine Intention:

"I heard that Siam was an easy country to live in and had many Chinese residents. If I went there, I could study to become expert on Chinese language and culture and prepare the way for revolution among the Chinese in this country. Later I would find an opportunity to travel to mainland China." [Übersetzt in: Eiji Murashima [村嶋 英治] <1951 - >: The Origins of Chinese Nationalism in Thailand. -- In: Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies (Waseda University). --  No. 21 (August 2013). -- https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/39825/3/AjiaTaiheiyoTokyu_21_Murashima.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-24]

1895-10-19

Jules Albert Defrance (1860 - 1936), französischer Gesandter in Bangkok, an Gabriel Albert Auguste Hanotaux (1853 - 1944), französischer Außenminister:

’Après s’être substitués...à la société allemande pour la construction du chemin de fer de Korat [โคราช], les Anglais ont placé sous leur protection les entreprises minières de la province de Chantaboun [จันทบุรี]. Ils ont obtenus des concessions considérables pour l'exploitation des bois de teck dans la vallée du haut Ménam [Chao Phraya - แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] et dans celle du Mé ping [แม่น้ำปิง]. Ils cherchent à obtenir des concessions de mines de rubis et de saphirs aux environs de Battambang [ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង] et ils fourniraient, d'après certains renseignements qui m'ont été communiqués, le projet de construction d'une voie ferrée remontant jusqu'à Xieng Mai [Chiang Mai - เชียงใหม่] et jusqu'à Nong Khai [หนองคาย]. De plus, en empiétant peu à peu, au nord dans le Xieng Kheng [ຊຽງແຂງ] et au sud dans la péninsule malaise, ils comptent mettre en dehors de toute discussion ultérieure les territoires qu'ils seraient parvenus à occuper et pouvoir ainsi réclamer, le cas échéant et dans l'éventualité d'un partage, une part plus considérable.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 383f, Anm. 8]

1895-11-01

Brief des französischen Diplomaten Raphaël Réau (1872 - 1928):

"1895. 1er novembre. Je suis très ennuyé par l'embrouillamini de nos affaires. M. Pavie [Auguste Pavie, 1847 - 1925 ], lors de son court séjour, avait placé sous la protection du Consulat un nombre considérable de Chinois, et leur inscription, pour n'avoir pas été accompagnée des précautions ordinaires, c'est à dire d'une enquête sur leur situation et leur moralité, nous attire de très grands embarras. Les Chinois, au Siam et en particulier à Bangkok, forment les deux-tiers de la population. Ils sont venus de plusieurs parties de la Chine, et se sont groupés d'après leur provenance, en congrégations. Ces congrégations sont reconnues, mais ce qui ne l'est pas, ce sont les sociétés secrètes qui subdivisent les congrégations. Il en est, formées de braves négociants qui n’ont pour but, en s'associant, que de trouver un appui chez leurs associés. Il en est d'autres, dont le but est moins explicable ou avouable, et dont les chefs véritables sont inconnus, car tout y est mystère. Ce sont les Anghis Jihock et Jihen qui, toutes les semaines, commettent des crimes effrayants, soit à Bangkok, soit dans l'intérieur. A qui obéissent-ils véritablement? On désigne un prince siamois devenu fort riche, on ne sait comment, dont les affaires ont été favorisées par on ne sait quelle puissance occulte. Ces Jihocks vous tuent un homme dans le Sain Pheng [Sampeng / สำเพ็ง], ville chinoise, sans qu'on s'en doute, sans aucun bruit. C'est fait, le cadavre va à la rivière, et c'est tout. Pour revenir à nos moutons - qui sont des loups -, parmi les Chinois enregistrés du temps de M. Pavie, nous avons dû reconnaître plusieurs chefs et sous-chefs de ces horribles associations. La semaine dernière, au Sain Pheng, les Jihocks ont tué trois Chinois, et c'est la joie de nos ennemis politiques ici, les Anglais, de voir que notre Consulat et sa protection sont discrédités par nos protégés. Ils ont beau jeu, et ils jouent toutes sortes de variations sur ce sujet. Le chef des Jihocks, de ces féroces Chinois, s'est malheureusement compromis dans le dernier crime de sa société, et il est actionné devant notre cour consulaire. Encore à moi de préparer le réquisitoire. Or, tremblez, depuis que j'ai commencé l’enquête avec Teutsch, j'ai été d'abord supplié par ces imbéciles de Chinois de voir les choses d'une certaine façon, vous voyez laquelle. On a été jusqu'à me proposer 5 000 ticaux pour démontrer que le chef des Jihocks est blanc comme des œufs à la neige. Teutsch aussi a été soumis aux mêmes demandes et a reçu les mêmes offres. Maintenant des lettres anonymes et des avis d'autres Chinois me font savoir, puisqu'il n'y a pas d'autres moyens d'agir sur nous, qu'ils vont prendre de grands moyens, les instruments ordinaires des Jihocks. Si bien que je me demande si je dois trembler pour ma vie. J'ai tout raconté à M. Defrance [Jules Albert Defrance, 1860 - 1936] qui s’est rendu compte de ce que la situation a de périlleux. On va mettre ces sales Chinois en dehors de la protection du Consulat, et le procès tombera à la Cour siamoise. Nous ne condamnerons pas. Je songe à la force de ces sociétés chinoises, et à leur richesse aussi, puisque l'une d'elles n'hésitait pas à débourser deux fois 5. 000 ticaux pour sauver un de ses membres, soit 16. 000 francs. Je vous parlerai dans une autre lettre de la corruption, au sens pécuniaire, qui règne à Bangkok, et qui a autrefois infecté jusqu'au Consulat." [Quelle: Réau, Raphaël <1872 - 1928>: Jeune diplomate au Siam, 1894-1900 : lettres de mon grand-père Raphaël Réau / Philippe Marchat [1930 - ]. -- Paris : L'Harmattan, 2013. -- 246 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 978-2-336-29755-2. -- S. 86f. -- Faire use]

1895-11-08

Würzburg: der deutsche Physiker Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845 - 1923) entdeckt die später nach ihm benannten Strahlen.

Abb.: Eine der ersten Röntgenaufnahmen: Linke Hand von Röntgens Frau (1895-12-22)

Abb.: Röntgens Laboratorium in der Universität Würzburg 1895 - 1900
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1895-11-11

Joseph Chamberlain (1836 - 1914), Secretary of State for the Colonies Großbritanniens, über die "Britische Rasse":

Abb.: Exemplar der "greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen": Joseph Chamberlain / von Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922)
[Bildquelle: Vanity fair. -- 1901-03-07]

"I venture to claim two qualifications for the great office which I hold, which to my mind, without making invidious distinctions, is one of the most important that can be held by any Englishman; and those qualifications are that in the first place I believe in the British Empire, and in the second place I believe in the British race. I believe that the British race is the greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen." [Rede vor dem Imperial Institute. -- 1895-11-11]

1895-11-20

Brief des französischen Diplomaten Raphaël Réau (1872 - 1928):

"1895. 20 novembre. La semaine passée a failli être la grande semaine que j'attends. Les Siamois, taquins, ne se sont-ils pas avisés de promulguer un édit qui soumettait aux tribunaux siamois les Laotiens et Cambodgiens, même munis de papiers du Consulat! La portée immense de cet édit ruinait notre puissance ici, puisque cela nous enlevait plus de 2500 protégés. Grâce à une ruse, j'obtins l'édit même, signé du maire de Bangkok, ce qui me valut les plus chaudes félicitations de M. Defrance [Jules Albert Defrance, 1860 - 1936]. Paris était prévenu par télégraphe de ce qui venait de se passer, et enjoignait de protester énergiquement. Jeudi denier, première arrestation d'un Cambodgien. Averti à la hâte, je me rends à la station de police et réclame notre protégé au nom du ministre de France. On m'envoie presque promener. M. Defrance écrit aussitôt au prince Devawonge [Devawongse Varopakar - สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923] une lettre où il menace d'user de la force, de rompre les relations si l'édit n'est pas rapporté. Une lettre au chef de la police demande que des excuses me soient faites pour la grossièreté avec laquelle il m'a été répondu. Trois heures plus tard, le prince Devawonge, au nom du gouvernement siamois, déclarait que cet édit avait été promulgué à son insu, et que l'initiative coupable de l'avoir signé serait sévèrement sanctionnée. Il présentait les excuses qui avaient été demandées pour moi, que le chef de la police était prié de venir renouveler. Paris, tenu au courant, félicitait le lendemain M. Defrance de ce qui s'était passé, et Bangkok sut quelques jours après seulement qu'il aurait pu entendre le canon, et voir changer ses maîtres. Ah, sans Madagascar et cette dernière crise ministérielle, quelle occasion! J'ai écrit le menu de cette histoire et me propose de la garder dans les archives, car elle marque mon premier succès. Figurez vous que, comptant sur l'emploi de la force, sur le refus du gouvernement siamois de rapporter l'édit, et de présenter ses excuses, j'avais eu des entretiens avec les divers chefs cambodgiens et Pégouans et que, s'il y avait eu une action militaire, les Siamois se seraient réveillés sans un marin par suite de la désertion de tous les Cambodgiens et Pégouans. M. Defrance, que j'ai informé de toutes ces tractations, en a été tout surpris. Quel succès, sans tirer, ni un coup de fusil, ni un coup de canon. Rien, rien, et tout était fini... Quand se représentera une occasion pareille? Je boue d'impatience et d'espoir. Quel beau pays, quelle mine d'or que ce Siam! De l'avis de tous ceux qui l'ont vu et étudié, C'est le plus riche qu'on puisse voir, plus riche que la Cochinchine qui, exception remarquable, puisque colonie Française, ne sait que faire de son argent. Des procès, des procès, et encore d'autres, mais intelligents..." [Quelle: Réau, Raphaël <1872 - 1928>: Jeune diplomate au Siam, 1894-1900 : lettres de mon grand-père Raphaël Réau / Philippe Marchat [1930 - ]. -- Paris : L'Harmattan, 2013. -- 246 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 978-2-336-29755-2. -- S. 88f. -- Faire use]

1895-11-25

Der französische Botschafter in London, Alphonse Chodron de Courcel, 1st Baron de Courcel (1835-1919), an den französischen Außenminister, Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot (18027 - 1907):

"If we reach the Christmas and New Year holidays, and then the recall of parliament, without settling anything, I consider that our attempt to make the agreement we have planned will fail, for we will once more be exposed to interminable parliamentary and journalistic discussions on the outstanding points of disagreement." [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 166]

1895-11-27

Der französische Botschafter in London, Alphonse Chodron de Courcel, 1st Baron de Courcel (1835-1919), an den französischen Außenminister, Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot (18027 - 1907):

Abb.: "a Liberal Imperialist": Edward Grey, 1. Viscount Grey of Fallodon
[Bildquelle: Leslie Ward (1851 - 1922). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1903-02-05]

'... si Lord Salisbury [Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830 - 1903), Prime Minister Großbritanniens] est amené, comme il me l'a indiqué, à déclarer ouvertement que la Grande Bretagne prend sous sa garantie l'indépendance et l'intégrité du Siam, il sera soutenu par une explosion de popularité semblable à celle qui, l'hiver dernier, a accueilli les déclarations de Sir Edward Grey [Edward Grey, 1. Viscount Grey of Fallodon, 1862 - 1933, Staatsekretär im birischen Foreign Office] relatives au Haut Nil. 'Dans ce cas, rien ne serait plus conforme à ses espérances que de nous voir répondre à sa déclaration publique par une déclaration analogue, puisque le Siam intégralement se trouverait dès lors placé sous la garantie souveraine des deux puissances limitrophes, qui est tout le but de sa politique. Si, au contraire, au lieu de faire une déclaration analogue, nous nous bornions à contester la sienne, nous assumerions le rôle ingrat d'ambitieux mécontents qui méditent une agression’. [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 380f., Anm. 94]

1895-11-28

Abb.: Lage von Pak Preo [Pak Phriao - ปากเพรียว]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Hinlap [หินลับ], 25. November 1895 In der ‘Bangkok Times’ wurde die Reise des Königs auf unserer Bahn des Näheren beschrieben. Wenn man diesen Bericht durchliest, glaubt man, dass die Bahnarbeiten in vollem Schwunge wären. Auf der Pak Preo Sektion [Pak Phriao - ปากเพรียว] sind in Wirklichkeit die Arbeiten aus mir unbekannten Gründen praktisch gestoppt. Um dem König Sand in die Augen zu streuen, wurde am Tage seiner Reise alles, was an Leuten aufzutreiben war, engagiert und im Steinbruch aufgestellt. Ein Mann hatte auf dem Pak Preo Hügel Aufstellung genommen und verkündete die Annäherung des Zuges. In diesem Momente fingen die Steinbrechmaschinen an zu arbeiten und etwa 250 Leute machten den Anschein zu arbeiten. Derselbe Vorgang wiederholte sich bei der Rückkehr des Königs." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 86]

1895-11-30

Der französische Gesandte Jules Albert Defrance (1860 - 1936) bespricht mit General Pierre Coronnat, Inspecteur des troupes coloniales, die Möglichkeiten und Logistik einer französischen militärischen Invasion Bangkoks. Er meldet die Details dem französischen Außenminister Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot (18027 - 1907). Dieser weist die Überlegungen scharf zurück:

'll est inadmissible que des agents n'aient d'autre pensée que de provoquer des expéditions armées!' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 384, Anm. 14]

1895-12-08

Sir Hugh Charles Clifford (1866 - 1941): Memorandum on British and Siamese relations in the protected Malay states of Kelantan [‏كلنتن] and Trengganu [ترڠڬانو]:

Abb.: Lage von Terengganu (ترڠڬانو)
[Bildquelle: Constables Hand Atlas of India, 1893. -- Pl. 59]

"With regard to the question of tributes, he said that in 1776, "the bunga mas [بوڠا مس], or golden flower, was sent to Siam by Sultan Mansur for the first time, not in compliance with any demand made by the Government of Bangkok, but because the Sultan of Trengganu [ترڠڬانو] desired to be on friendly terms with the only power in his vicinity which could disturb the peace of his country's. "The bunga mas had never been regarded by the Malays as an admission of suzerainty and had, indeed, this view of the question has been always entirely repudiated by the Sultan and Chiefs of Trengganu. When Sir Frederick Weld [Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld, 1823 - 1891, Goovernor of the Straits Settlements] visited Trengganu in 1886 and again in 1887, the Sultan on both occasions was careful to explain that the bunga mas was sent to Siam not as opi or tribute, but merely as a token of friendship, and that return presents sent by the King of Siam were given and received in a like spirit. "The same view has been repeatedly expressed to me by the Rajahs and Chiefs of Trengganu from whom I sought information on this subject, and the bunga mas being invariably described by them as a tanda s'pakat dan ber-sehabat - a token of alliance and friendship." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm.s -- S. 238f.]

1895-12-17 - 1895-12-19

In Phuket (ภูเก็ต) ankert das österreichische Kanonenboot S.M.S. Nautilus. Es kommt von Rangoon (ရန်ကုန်) und fährt weiter Richtung Penang. Reisezweck: Stationsschiff in Ostasien.

Abb.: Lage von Rangoon (ရန်ကုန်), Phuket (ภูเก็ต), Penang
[Bildquelle: Map of Indo-China showing proposed Burma-Siam-China Railway. -- In: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 2 (1886)]

1895-12-17 - 1895-12-26

In Paknam (ปากน้ำ) ankert die österreichische Kriegskorvette Aurora. Sie kommt aus Hongkomg und fährt weiter nach Singapur. Reisezweck: Missionsreise mit Seekadetten.

1895-12-28

Paris (Frankreich): Die Brüder Louis Lumière (1864 - 1948) und Auguste Lumière (1862 - 1954) veranstalten die erste kommerzielle Filmvorführung. Nach drei Wochen haben sie Tageseinnahmen von 2.500 Francs.

Abb.: Erstes Filmplakat der Welt: für die Komödie L'Arroseur Arrosé / von Marcellin Auzolle (1862-1942), 1896
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Kludas, Arnold <1929 - >: Die Seeschiffe des Norddeutschen Lloyd 1857 bis 1970. -- Augsburg : Bechtermünz, 1998. -- 165 + 168 S. : Ill ; 28 cm. -- ISB 3-86047-262-3. -- Standardwerk.

Ongsakul, Sarassawadee <สรัสวดี อ๋องสกุล>: History of Lan Na / translated by Chitraporn Tanratanakul. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2005. -- 328 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN974-9575-84-9. -- Originaltitel: ประวัติศาสตร์ลัานนา (2001)

Barmé, Scot: Woman, man, Bangkok : love, sex, and popular culture in Thailand. --  Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. -- 273 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. --  ISBN 0-7425-0157-4

Van Beek, Steve <1944 - >: Bangkok, then and now. -- 2. ed. -- Nonthaburi : AB Publications, 2001. -- 131 S. : Ill. 22 x 29 cm. -- ISBN: 974-87616-0-6

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Donko, Wilhelm M.  <1960 - >: Auf den Spuren von Österreichs Marine in Siam (Thailand). -- Berlin : epubli, 2012. -- 540 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-3-8442-2504-4

Zu Chronik 1896 (Rama V.)