Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

vons

Alois Payer

Chronik 1900 (Rama V.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1900 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2016-12-05 -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1900.htm    

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-10-03

Überarbeitungen: 2016-12-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-11-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-12 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

1900 undatiert

Siehe auch:

Bangkok um 1900/1908. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1908a.htm

Siam um 1900/1908. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1908b.htm

1894/95 - 1900/01

Ausgaben für Militär

Abb.: Ausgaben fürs Militär in Prozent des gesamten Staatshaushalts 1894/95 - 1900/01
[Datenquelle: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 380]

1900

Monatsgehälter der Beamten in Monthon Phayap (มณฑลพายัพ, Nordsiam)

Position		Monthly Salary (in baht)		Annual Increment (baht per month)
		Minimum	Maximum
Monthon governor	1st grade	1200	1600	200
	2nd grade	1000	1200	100
Monthon deputy governor	1st grade	900	1000	50
	2nd grade	500	600	50
	3rd grade	300	400	50
Provincial governor	1st grade	700	800	50
	2nd grade	500	600	50
	3rd grade	300	400	50
Governor of area less than province	1st grade	500	600	50
	2nd grade	300	400	50
	3rd grade	200	300	50
Assistant governor	1st grade	350	400	25
Chief Judge	2nd grade	200	240	20
Provincial division chiefs (Interior, Justice, Agriculture, Finance, Military, Royal Court), Monthon Prosecutor, Monthon Inspector- General of Posts & Telegraph		200	240	20
Deputies of the above six provincial officials	1st grade	180	200	10
Provincial Prosecutor	2nd grade	150	170	10
Inspector	3rd grade	100	120	10
Secretary to Monthon Governor	4th grade	60	80	10
Deputy District Officer	5th grade	40	60	10
Accountant	5th grade	40	60	10
Interpreter	1st grade	100	120	10
Chief Jailer	2nd grade	60	80	10
	3rd grade	30	50	10
Clerk	1st grade	40	60	10
Deputy Clerk	2nd grade	20	30	5
	3rd grade	15	19	2
Jailer	1st grade	20	30	5
Messenger	2nd grade	16	20	2
Servant	3rd grade	10	14	2

[Quelle: Siffin, William J. <1922 - 1993>: The Thai bureaucracy: institutional change and development. -- Honolulu : East-West Center, 1966. -- 291 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 117f. -- Fair use]

1900

Abb.: Karte von Siam, ca. 1900

1900

Abb.: Prozession, Lamphun (ลำพูน), 1900

Abb.: Prozessions-Trommel, Lamphun (ลำพูน), 1900

Abb.: Im Tempel, Lamphun (ลำพูน), 1900

Abb.: Lage von Lamphun (ลำพูน)
[BIldquelel: CIA. -- Public domain]

1900

Es erscheint:

ดำรงราชานุภาพ <สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา> [Damrong Rajanubhab] <1862 - 1943>: ข้อบังคับลักษณะการปกครองหัวเมือง รัตนโกสินทร์ศก ๑๑๖ [Regeln für die Provinzverwaltung 1897, 2. Ed.]. -- Bangkok : Bamrungnukunlakit, [1900]. -- 64 S.

"Written in his capacity as Interior Minister and sent to provincial officials as a supplement to new regulations for provincial government." [Quelle: Breazeale, Kennon: The writings of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab : a chronology with annotations. -- Bangkok : Toyota Thailand Foundation : Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities Textbooks Project, 2008.  -- 60 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 9789740697411. -- S. 19]

1900 - 1904

Es erscheint

Aymonier, E. (Etienne) <1844 - 1929>: Le Cambodge. -- Paris : Leroux, 1900 - 1904. -- 3 Bde : Ill.

1900

Gesetz zur Verhütung von Vieh-Erkrankungen (R.S. 119)

1900

Abb.: Staatsverschuldung der wichtigsten Nationen 1900
[Datenquelle: Die Woche <Berlin, Deutschland>. -- 1900-10-27]

1900

Der offizielle siamesische Name für Lan Na (ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠᩕᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ) ist kurzfristig Nordwest-Monthon (มณฑลฝ่ายตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ).

1895 - 1900

Chiang Mai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ / เชียงใหม่): Der (internationale) britisch-siamesische Schiedsgerichtshof behandelt in fünf Jahren 492 Fällr Jährlich geht es im Durchschnitt um einen totalen Streitwert von £20.000

1900–1904

Nhouy Ratsadanay Herrscher von Champasak (ຈຳປາສັກ)

"Bun Laphan Ratsadany (Nhouy Ratsadany, voller Titel Somdet Brhat Chao Buvanarabarna Rajadhanaya Negara Champasakti; * 1874 in Bassak, Champasak; † im November 1945 ebendort) war der letzter Herrscher des lange unter siamesischer Oberhoheit stehenden Königreichs Champasak. Bun Laphan Ratsadany war der älteste Sohn von Kham Souk, dem Prinzen von Champasak, seinem Vorgänger. Er wurde beim Königlichen Pagenkorps in Bangkok ausgebildet und folgte diesem nach dessen Tod am 28. Juli 1900 auf Anordnung König Ramas V. als Prinzgouverneur von Champasak (Chao Mueang Nakhon Champasakti) nach. In der Folge wurde Siam jedoch durch Frankreich gezwungen, Champasak aufzugeben. In der Folge verleibte Frankreich das Fürstentum in Französisch-Indochina ein und löste es mit Wirkung zum 22. November 1904 auf. Bun Laphan Ratsadany behielt jedoch seine Titel, Anreden und Orden auf Lebenszeit. Er wurde am 14. Oktober 1905 als Gouverneur der neu gebildeten Provinz Bassac mit der Hauptstadt Pakse (seit 1908) eingesetzt. Am 21. Dezember 1934 wurde er von den Franzosen gezwungen, aus Altersgründen zurückzutreten. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs konnte Thailand Champasak zurückgewinnen und setzte Bun Laphan Ratsadany am 11. März 1941 in seine früheren Rechte als Provinzgouverneur wieder ein. Auf Vermittlung von Japan gab Frankreich sein Territorium auf, seine Truppen zogen sich am 9. Mai 1941 aus Champasak und anderen Gebieten Südostasiens zurück. Nach der Niederlage Japans (und seines Verbündeten Thailand) lud Prinz Boum Oum am 14. September 1945 Frankreich ein, Pakse erneut zu besetzen. Bun Laphan Ratsadany war mehrmals verheiratet: [...] Bun Laphan Ratsadany starb im November 1945 in Bassac an Krebs und hinterließ zehn Söhne und sechzehn Töchter." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhouy_Ratsadanay. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-15]

1900-Herbst - 1903-01

Kronprinz Vajiravudh (วชิราวุธฯ, 1880 - 1925), der spätere Rama studiert am Christ Church College der Universität Oxford Geschichte und Recht.

Er ist Mitglied folgender Clubs in London

• United Service
• Army and Navy
• Traveller's
• Bachelor's

In Oxford ist er Gründungsmitglied der Cosmopolitan Society

"The United Service Club was a London gentlemen's club, now dissolved, which was established in 1815 and was disbanded in 1978. Its clubhouse was at 116 Pall Mall, on the corner of Waterloo Place. It was founded for the use of senior officers in the army and navy – those above the rank of Major or Commander – and the club was accordingly known to its members as "The Senior". Because of its emphasis on senior officers, it was considered the most prestigious of London's military clubs – reflected partly in its entry fees, which were the highest of any London club in the 1880s, although there has been some speculation this was a device to limit the number of new members.[1] Its clubhouse was built between 1826 and 1828 by the noted architect John Nash (in a style mirrored by the Athenaeum opposite), containing military friezes along the top of the building. The building was later altered and extended by Decimus Burton between 1858–9, and then again by the firm of Thompson and Walford, in the years 1912–13 and 1929–30.[2] It was built on the site of the former Carlton House.[3] Despite the club's prestige, like many other clubs it ran into serious financial difficulties in the 1970s, and was forced to close in 1978. However, when the building was bought by the Institute of Directors (IoD), a condition of the sale was that the IoD would retain all of the club's original fixtures and fittings, which it still does today. Although the building still stands today substantially intact, the old club building makes up only part of the IoD headquarters on Pall Mall, whose complex encompasses several neighbouring buildings which were never part of the club." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Service_Club. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-24]

"The Army and Navy Club in London is a gentlemen's club founded in 1837, also known informally as The Rag. Foundation and membership The club was founded by Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Barnes (1776–1838) in 1837.[2] His proposal was to establish an Army Club, with all officers of Her Majesty's Army on full or half pay eligible for membership.[2] However, when The Duke of Wellington was asked to be a patron, he refused unless membership were also offered to officers of the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines, and this was agreed.[2] On 28 August 1837 a meeting representing the various services took place, to elect a Committee and to settle the new club's Rules.[2] Sir Edward Barnes died on 19 March 1838, just two weeks before the first general meeting of the club.[2] By 1851, the club was in a strong position, with sixteen hundred members and a waiting list of 834.[3] This pressure led to the founding of the separate Naval & Military Club in 1862. Charles Dickens, Jr., reported in Dickens's Dictionary of London (1879).[4] - “ Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall. — Is instituted for the association of commissioned officers of all ranks in Her Majesty’s Regular Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Marines. Election by ballot in club meeting. Thirty members must actually vote, and one black ball in ten excludes. Entrance fee, £40; subscription, £7 7S. for old members; but the following resolution was carried at the annual meeting of the club on the 3rd June, 1878: "All new members who are elected to the club, commencing with the next ballot, shall pay an annual subscription at £10 10s." ” According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica article Club, in 1902[5] - “ The largest income... may be stated to be that of the Army and Navy club, which in the year 1875 amounted to £30,813, of which £19,383 was raised by entrance fees and subscriptions alone. The expenditure is, however, most commonly of nearly equal amount, and of few of the clubs can it be said that they are entirely free from debt. The number of members included in a London club varies from 2200 in the Army and Navy to 475 in the St James's club. ” Membership of the Army and Navy Club is now offered also to members of Commonwealth armed services, to members' immediate families and to individuals who have no service background who are nominated and seconded by existing members.[1] The club has some five thousand members, including women.[1] Men and women members now have entirely equal standing. As of 2011, the membership subscription costs between £223 and £465 per year, with a £130 rate for younger members (under 29); there are reduced rates for spouses and a rate for family membership. There is no joining fee. [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_and_Navy_Club. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-24]

"Der Travellers Club ist ein renommierter Londoner Club, der 1819 u. a. von Lord Castlereagh gegründet wurde. Die Los Angeles Times bezeichnete ihn einst als „the quintessential English gentleman’s club“. Zweck Der Club vereint Briten mit ausgeprägter Auslandsreiseerfahrung und empfängt umgekehrt distinguierte ausländische Besucher zum Gedankenaustausch. Ursprünglich war Aufnahmevoraussetzung, dass der Betreffende mindestens einmal ins Ausland gereist war und sich dabei 500 Meilen Luftlinie von London entfernt befunden hatte – ein Kriterium, dessen Erfüllung zur Zeit der Gründung des Clubs selbst in der Oberschicht keineswegs selbstverständlich war. Gewöhnlich genügte insofern aber die Absolvierung der sogenannten Grand Tour. Heute wird indes zumindest informell erwartet, dass der Kandidat wenigstens vier von ihm bereiste Staaten bezeichnen kann. Bisweilen war der Travellers Club aber auch Schauplatz informeller internationaler Verhandlungen, wie etwa 2003 zwischen Großbritannien und Libyen. Mitglieder Als ordentliches Mitglied wird in den Travellers Club nur aufgenommen, wer von zwei Mitgliedern vorgeschlagen und dann von fünf weiteren unterstützt wird. Für die – heute auch Frauen offenstehende – assoziierte Mitgliedschaft genügt indes die Unterstützung durch ein dem Club bereits angehörendes Mitglied. Die Obergrenze beträgt derzeit 1200 Mitglieder. Stark vertreten sind im Travellers Club insbesondere berühmte Reisende, herausragende Forscher, Entdecker und Reiseschriftsteller, aber auch Diplomaten. Als Ehrenmitglieder gehören ihm Vertreter der britischen wie auch ausländischer Königsfamilien an, weiter der amtierende Außenminister und verschiedene in London akkreditierte Botschafter. Zu den berühmtesten Mitgliedern zählten der Herzog von Wellington, Lord Russell, Arthur Balfour, Stanley Baldwin, Francis Beaufort, Graham Greene, Jules Verne, William Makepeace Thackeray, Edmund Hillary und Douglas Hurd. Clubhaus Ursprünglich in 12 Waterloo Place gegründet, zog der Travellers Club bereits 1821 nach 49 Pall Mall um – in ein Gebäude, das zuvor den Brooks’s Club beherbergt hatte. Nachdem dieses zu klein geworden war, beauftragte man schließlich 1826 den als Architekt der Houses of Parliament berühmt gewordenen Sir Charles Barry mit der Errichtung eines Neubaus auf 106 Pall Mall, in der Nähe der Carlton Gardens. Er greift die Formensprache des italienischen Renaissance-Palazzos auf und wurde 1832 fertiggestellt, der Turm erst 1842. Berühmt ist auch die Bibliothek mit einer umfangreichen Sammlung von Reiseliteratur sowie dem Abguss eines griechischen Tempelfrieses. [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travellers_Club. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-24]

The Bachelors' Club was a London gentlemen's club in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, now defunct. As the name suggests, membership was only open to bachelors. The club had a reputation for having a markedly younger membership than many other Edwardian clubs, and given the high-spirited antics which sometimes ensued on the premises, it was cited (along with Buck's) as an influence on the fictional Drones Club, in some of P.G. Wodehouse's earlier stories.[1] A persistent rumour circulated throughout its existence, and reached wider circulation in the 1920s, that some of its membership were 'confirmed bachelors' - then both illegal and publicly frowned upon – and it soon became superseded by Buck's as the young man's club in London, being forced to close shortly thereafter. Famous members included Field Marshal Sir Herbert Kitchener, and Capt. Berkeley Levett, a witness in the Royal Baccarat Scandal." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors'_Club. --  Zugriff am 2015-11-24]

Abb.: Lage von Oxford
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Christ Church College Oxford, 2010
[Bildquelle: Bloody-libu / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1900

Der britische Finanzbeamte (Indien) Walter James Franklin Williamson (1867-1954) wird Finanzberater Siams. Er beschäftigt sich vor allem mit der Ausgabe von Banknoten und allem Dazugehörigen. Er sammelt in Siam auch Vögel und ihre Eier und veröffentlicht darüber Artikel im Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam (1914 - ), dessen stellvertretender Herausgeber er ist.

ca. 1900

Abb.: Postkarte: Wat Chaiyamangkalaram (วัดชัยมังคลาราม), Penang, ca. 1900

Abb.: Lage von Penang
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1886]

1900

Nach einem neuen Erlass unterliegt Land, das Tempeln und Klöstern gehört denselben Grundsteuern wie Privatland. Bisher war Tempelland steuerfrei.

1900

Erlass: alle Transport- und Arbeitstiere müssen ins Grundbuch des Distrikts eingetragen werden, in dem sie sich befinden. Kommt das Tier in einen anderen Bezirk, muss es umgemeldet werden.

1900

Erlass über die Maßregeln betr. Tierschlächterei:  Tiere, die für den Konsum oder Export vorgesehen sind, müssen in einem staatlichen Schlachthaus tierärztlich untersucht werden. Tiere mit ansteckenden Krankheiten müssen sofort getötet und verbrannt werden.

1900

Erlass: Bauern dürfen Elefanten nicht mehr erschießen, auch nicht um ihre Felder zu beschützen. Einzige Ausnahme: Selbstverteidigung.

1900

Der Chef der Bangkoker Polizei stellt fest, dass gemauerte Gebäude öfter abbrennen als primitive Hütten. Der Grund ist vermutlich, dass die guten Gebäude versichert sind.

1900

Abb.: Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี): Willkomm für die Königsfamilie auf dem Weg nach Hua Hin (หัวหิน), 1900

Abb.: Lage von  Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี) und Hua Hin (หัวหิน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900

Abb.: Siamesischer Offizier, 1900
[Bildquelle: Album of Photography in Siam / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

190x

Über Phya Pisanoo (พญา พิษฌุ), einen traditionellen siamesischen Arzt:

"The first healer that I will try to describe is the late Phya Pitsanoo [พญา พิษฌุ], a very celebrated physician who practiced in Bangkok in the reign of King Chulalongkorn and died some twenty years ago. He came from a family that had been healers for several generations, and his elder brother followed the same profession and had been given the title of Luang. . . . He was a thin spare little man and very active for his age, with a bright intelligent face full of humour, and with those perfect manners so often seen in Siamese. ... On my first visit the hospital surprised, me, for it was cleaner, tidier, and better furnished than any other Siamese hospital in Bangkok, and that did not say very much. It was full of patients and there was a large proportion of women amongst them, another point which made it peculiar, for in those days it was very difficult to get a woman to go to the hospital. . . . What specially struck me, however, was his manner to his patients; it was the perfect bedside manner, personifying kindness, sympathy, confidence in himself, firmness, and knowledge." [Quelle: Bangkok Daily Mail. -- 1933-05-08. -- Zutiert in: Landon, Kenneth Perry <1903 - 1993>: Siam in transition : a brief survey of cultural trends in the five years since the revolution of 1932. -- Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press, 1939. -- 328 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 114f.]

1900

Preise für Sklaven in Lan Na (ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠᩕᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ, Nordthailand):

Abb.: Preise für Sklaven in Lan Na (ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠᩕᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ, Nordthailand) (in Baht), 1900
[Datenquelle: Ongsakul (2005), S., 227]

1900

Abb.: Kanang (คนัง), ein Sakai (Semang) aus der Provinz Phatthalung (พัทลุง), aufgenommen von Rama V. in Bangkok, 1900

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Phatthalung (พัทลุง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Die Semang sind eine Ethnie auf der malaiischen Halbinsel im heutigen Malaysia. Die Tiefland-Stämme der Semang werden auch Sakai genannt.[1] Die Semang sind kleiner gewachsen, dunkelhäutiger und kraushaariger als die Bevölkerungsmehrheit in Malaysia. Aufgrund dieser Merkmale werden sie zusammen mit weiteren Ethnien in Süd- und Südostasien, darunter den Mani in Südthailand, als „Negritos“ bezeichnet. Traditionell lebten sie vor allem im Inneren der Gebirge als Jäger und Sammler in den tropischen Regenwäldern. Die Semang sprechen heute Mon-Khmer-Sprachen, ursprünglich sollen sie jedoch eigene Sprachen gehabt haben, von denen sich einige Elemente in ihrem Vokabular erhalten haben. Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert lebten Semang auch im Gebiet des heutigen Thailands. Zu dieser Zeit machten die Malaien Sklavenjagden auf die Semang." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semang. -- Zugriff am 2013-01-19]

1900

Erste Auslandstournee einer Truppe königlicher Schauspieler. Sie treten u.a. in in St. Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург, Russland) auf.

Der Balettkritiker N. Svetlov (Н. Светлов) schreibt darüber in einer Zeitung.

"This year the Siamese ballet appeared for the first time on the stages of the leading European theatres and met with outstanding success everywhere, with its original music, picturesque costumes, exotic dances and rich contents of the scenes performed [...]. The main motives of some of the dances, for example, the Fan Dance, the Lantern Dance and the Dance with Silver Lances, are products of truly genuine choreographic thinking and beautiful form, full of elaborate patterns and complex combinations and, adjusted in a certain way to the requirements of our art, could easily enter our European choreography as new elements". [Übersetzt in: Ostrovenko, Yevgeny D. [Острове́нко, Евге́ний Дми́триевич] <1940 - > : Russian-Thai relations : historical and cultural aspects. -- In: Journal of the Siam Society. -- 92 (2004). -- S. 122]

1900

Anfänge der Firma โอสถสภา (Osotspa/德恆裕 = เต๊กเฮงหยู/Teck Heng Yoo)

Abb.: ®Trademark
 

"Osotspa Co., Ltd. (บริษัท โอสถสภา จำกัด) is a Thai beverage producer of drinks like Shark Stimulation. It is based in Bangkok. It also sponsors Osotspa Saraburi F.C. (สโมสรฟุตบอลโอสถสภา) History The origins of Osotspa date to 1900, when a pharmaceutical product called Kilane was developed by the Pae family in response to a dysentery outbreak within the Thai army, the "Wild Tiger Corps" (กองเสือป่า). The epidemic was cleared in days and Mrs. Pae was awarded the "Wild Tiger Corps" pin. The business continued to grow and thrive. For their services, the family received from King Vajiravudh the honorary family name "Osathanugrah" (โอสถานุเคราะห์).[1] After World War II the business continued to grow. The company name was changed to "Osotspa Co., Ltd.". In 1959, King Rama IX granted a Royal Warrant to the company, giving it permission to use the royal Garuda emblem. In 1965 the company began to import Lipovitan-D from Japan's Taisho Pharmaceutical Company. (大正製薬株式会社) Despite being classified as a pharmaceutical, it became very popular among working men. In 1969 due to growth, Osotspa began to manufacture the procuct under license from Taisho Pharmaceutical.[1] In 1970, M-150 was launched, which became the most successful product of the company. In 1978, regulations were changed that reclassified pharmaceutical products as food and beverages. This created new opportunities for product development. As a result, Magnum, which contained more caffeine than Lipovitan-D, was launched in 1980.[1] The market share of Osotspa increased along total sales, and grew to 100 million bottles by 1989. The electrolyte drink M-Sport was launched in 1990, followed by Magnum 357 in 1998. SHARK energy drink was launched in Austria in the same year.[1] In 2000, SHARK Cool Bite was launched, globally under the name SHARK Energy. Hang was introduced in 2003 as a cure for hangovers. M-150 was also introduced in powdered form, with sales reaching 10 million sachets per month. The year 2004 saw the launch of M-Max, which is only sold in Thailand. The following year SHARK Up and SHARK Lite were launched, which saw good sales. In 2007, M-150 was launched to new markets in Europe and South America. This drink experienced sales of over 700 million units per year by 2008.[1] In 2010 Osotspa has offices in Innsbruck, Larnaca, Santiago de Compostela, Harlow, Essex and Torrance, California." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osotspa. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-26]

1900

Gründung der protestantischen Missionsstation in Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช)

Abb.: Lage von Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900

Compte rendu des travaux der katholischen Société des Missions Etrangères (Paris) über die Laoten:

"If the Laotian is not moved by fear, vexations, or lawsuits ; if he is not shunned by everyone because of a hideous or incurable disease—he cannot bring himself without the greatest difficulty to study religion. He remains as quiet as a rat in his hole. He is neither hostile nor savage, but is simply a child who makes any excuse to put off his baptism." [Übersetzung: Thompson, Virginia <1903 - 1990>: French Indo-China. -- London : Allen, 1937. -- 516 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 379. -- Fair use]

1900

Kosten der Steuerpacht in Kedah (‏قدح‎). Steuerpächter sind Hokkien-Kaufleute (福建) aus Penang

Abb.: Lage von Kedah (‏قدح‎) und Penang
[Bildquelle: Constables Hand Atlas of India, 1893. -- Pl. 59]

	Kosten der Steuerpacht Spanische Dollar
Opium & chandu	212,400
Rice & padi	102,500
Gambling	129,750
Customs	62,000
Spirits	58,848
Tobacco	48,040
Multiple farms	64,900
Tin	33,250
Tapioca	23,300
Timber & wood	18,640
Pawnbroking	10,650
Poultry	8,160
Langkawi	6,500
Pigs	5,200
Cattle	3,000
Ferry	2,144
Eggs	2,000
Market	2,000
Boat licensing	1,650
Vehicle licensing	1,520
Pearl oysters	1,000
Hides & horns	780
Four islands	300
Measurement	240
Fishing stakes	104
Guano	100

Der durchschnittliche Wert der Opium & chandu - Steuerpacht ist $250.000, d.h. der durchschnittliche jährliche Profit ist. $37.600

[Quelle: Early modern history (1800 - 1940) / ed. Cheah Boon Kheng [1939 - ]. -- Singapore : Archipelago, 2001. -- 144 S. : Ill. ; 31 cm. -- (The encyclopedia of Malaysia ; vol. 7). -- ISBN 981-3018-47-X. -- S. 36]

Erklärung: "Vom Rohopium zu unterscheiden ist das Rauchopium (auch Chandu genannt), dessen Dampf inhaliert wird. Dieses wird durch mehrmaliges Erhitzen, Kneten und vorsichtiges Rösten des Rohopiums, nachfolgender Wasserextraktion und mehrmonatiger Fermentation mit dem Schimmelpilz Aspergillus niger hergestellt. Durch dieses aufwändige Verfahren werden Nebenalkaloide wie Codein, Papaverin und Narcotin weitgehend zerstört bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung des Morphingehalts. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass dabei, insbesondere aufgrund der Fermentation mit dem Schimmelpilz Aspergillus niger, weitere psychotrope Substanzen entstehen." (Wikipedia)

1900

Der Sultan des siamesischen Untertanengebiets Kedah (‏قدح‎) verhandelt mit der deutschen Firma Behn, Meyer & Co. (Singapur, Hamburg und Penang, gegründet 1840) über die Konzession einer Kohlenstation und Hafen für Schiffe auf Langkawi (لڠكاوي).  Die Deutsche Übersee Gesellschaft (gegründet 1899-11) verhandelt mit dem Sultan um eine Zinn-Abbau-Lizenz. Auf Druck Großbritanniens kommt beides nicht zustande.

Abb.: Lage von Langkawi (لڠكاوي)

1900

Als erster US-Gesandter besucht Hamilton King (1852 - 1912) Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่). Er wird von zwei seiner Töchter begleitet.

1900 - 1901

Es erscheint:

Gazetteer of Uper Burma and the Shan States / compiled from official papers by J. George Scott, assisted by J. P. Hardiman. -- Rangoon : Government printing, 1900 - 1901. -- 3 Teile in 5 Bänden : Ill. ; 27 cm.

Abb.: Titelblatt von Bd. 1,1

 

1900

US-Präsident William McKinley (1843 - 1901) in einem Interview mit General James Rusling (1834 - 1918). -- Veröffentlicht nach McKinleys Tod in: The Christian Advocate. -- 1903-01-22. -- S. 17

"When next I realized that the Philippines had [1898] dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know what to do with them. I sought counsel from all sides-Democrats as well as Republicans-but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. And one night late it came to me this way-I don't know how it was, but it came: That we could not give them back to Spain-that would be cowardly and dishonorable; That we could not turn them over to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and discreditable; That we could not leave them to themselves-they were unfit for self-government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse then Spain's was; and That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed and went to sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the War Department (our map-maker), and I told him to put the Philippines on the map of the United States (pointing to a large map on the wall of his office), and there they are and there they will stay while I am President! " [Quelle: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1257. -- Zugriff am 2015-09-07]

Abb.: Lage der Philippinen
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

um 1900

Abb.: La Poste au Siam
[Bildquelle: Editeurs Carl Künzli Frères, Zürich]

1900

Abb.: Frauen verschiedener Nationalitäten: Siam
[Bildquelle: Liebig's Sammelbilder, 1900]

1900

Eine Zeitung berichtet, dass Prinz Sanbhasatra Subhakich (Prince Thongthaem Thavalyawongse) (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าทองแถมถวัลย์วงศ์ กรมหลวงสรรพสาตรศุภกิจ) (1857–1919) erfolgreich im Filmen ist und seine Filme gegen Eintrittsgeld dem Publikum zeigt. Er ist Hof-Filmemacher und filmt Tätigkeiten von König Rama V. sowie verschiedene Zeremonien.

Drei bis vier Mal pro Jahr kommen ausländische Filmvorführer nach Bangkok, mieten geeignete Räume, und zeigen ausländische Filme

1900

Inzwischen sind Jagdausflüge von Ausländern in die Sümpfe von Don Muang (ดอนเมือง) (Vögel) und nach Nordostthailand (Wild) üblich.

Abb.: Lage von Don Muang (ดอนเมือง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900

Abb.: US-Gesandtschaft, Bangkok, um 1900
[Bildquelle: Greenlee, Grace E.: As we were journeying : the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, China, Siam, Java and Indis, as seen from a girl's point of view. -- Chicago : Blakely, 1900. -- Nach S. 138]

1900

Es erscheint

Toh [โต ?] <Mom Rajawongse> [หม่อมราชวงศ์]: Die Landwirtschaft, insbesondere der Reisbau, in Siam. -- Inauguraldissertation. -- Heidelberg, 1900. -- 47 S.

1900 - 1928

"Justice has followed in the wake of the Laotian administration. At first it was left almost untouched, with Laotian codes and magistrates, even for the mountain peoples. In 1900 the Resident Superior, Tour- nier, made a first tentative translation of some Laotian laws, but he found them so incomplete and so poorly organized that the work was temporarily abandoned. In 1908 Sallé, a Saigon magistrate, took up the task. Beginning with the kingdom of Luang-Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ] he promulgated three codes of civil and criminal law and procedure. Then new texts were discovered, which necessitated more study from 1917 to 1922, when another code was promulgated. It was this time very complete, in fact too complete for the type of judge who applied it. Simplification was needed for their understanding as well as for the illiterate masses. A modified version was put out in 1928, but the following year it was again changed. As in Cambodia and Annam, the problem of discovering, understanding, translating, re-organizing, and harmonizing native law with some basic principles of Western legislation is so delicate that it requires an enormous amount of time and experimentation. The Resident Superior is at the head of native justice, which is administered by native magistrates under the control of French administrators. As yet there is no specialization of administrative and judicial powers, since magistrates are taken from the civil service. The general organization of the courts resembles that of the other countries of the Union. Unimportant cases are settled by the heads of the villages and cantons. Important suits are sent to the provincial courts, which are presided over by the administrative head of the province and native judges. A higher court judges appeals from the provincial courts and is placed under the Resident Superior, French, and native judges. Wholly French courts exist for European cases. Nowadays the code of Vientiane [ວຽງຈັນ] or of Luang-Prabang is applied to the Thai peoples and to certain Kha [ຂະມຸ] tribes; Burmese custom law to the Lus [ລື້] in Muong Sing [ເມືອງສີງ]; and their particular customs to the other ethnical groups—all under magistrates of their own people. The judgments of these courts are examined by the French authorities. This is not a useless precaution, as often the judges themselves are in a quandary about interpreting their laws and traditions. Moreover, the venality of these judges passes all understanding. If the native appears without offerings appropriate to his station and that of the judge, he is lost. Undoubtedly with time the specialization of magistrates, with guarantees in salary and promotion, will obviate the most flagrant of these evils." [Quelle: Thompson, Virginia <1903 - 1990>: French Indo-China. -- London : Allen, 1937. -- 516 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 370f. -- Fair use]

1900

Es erscheint:

Pavie, Auguste <1847 - 1925>: Mission Pavie, Indo-Chine, 1879-1895. [1. sér.], Geograpie et voyages. -- Paris : Leroux,  190 - 1919. -- 7 Bde

• Bd. 1. Exposé des travaux de la mission (1879-1889) / par A Pavie. -- 1904
• Bd. 2. Exposé des travaux de la mission (1889-1895) / par A. Pavie. -- 1906
• Bd. 3. Voyages au Laos / par Cap. Cupet. -- 1900
• Bd. 4. Voyages au centre de l'Annam et du Laos / par le Cap. de Malglaive et par le Cap. Rivière.  -- 1902
• Bd. 5. Voyages dans le haut Laos / par P. Lefèvre-Pontalis. -- 1902
• Bd. 6. Passage du Mé-Khong au Tonkin (1887-1888) par Auguste Pavie. -- 1911
• Bd. 7. Journal de marche (1888-1889); Événements du Siam (1891-1893). -- 1919

Abb.: Verlauf der Mission Pavie (rot) 1879 - 1895
[a.a.O., Bd. 1, Pl. 1]

Abb.: Straße
[a.a.O., Bd. 1, S. 48]

Abb.: Katholische Dorfkirche, Südost-Siam
[a.a.O., Bd. 1, S. 145]

Abb.: Gefangene, Bangkok
[a.a.O., Bd. 2, S. 86]

Abb.: Siamesischer Offizier mit Soldaten
[a.a.O., Bd. 3, S. 41]

Abb.: Laotinnen
[a.a.O., Bd. 3, S. 221]

Abb.: Laotischer Wagen
[a.a.O., Bd. 3, S. 228]

Abb.: Silbergeld von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ)
[a.a.O., Bd. 6, S. 219]

Abb.: Silbergeld aus Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)
[a.a.O., Bd. 6, S. 240]

1900

Es erscheint:

McCarthy, James: Surveying and Exploring in Siam. -- London : Murray, 1900. -- 215 S. : Ill.

Abb.: Titelblatt

Abb.: Triangulationskarte Siams
[a.a.O., Beilage]

Abb.: Map of the Kingdom of Siam and its dependencies
[a.a.O., Beilage]

 

1900

Streik der Gewerkschaft der Straßenbahnbediensteten nach dem Vorbild der chinesischen Geheimgesellschaften.

1900

Es erscheint:

Frankfurter, Oscar <1852 - 1922>: Elements of Siamese grammar with appendices. -- Bangkok : American Presbyterian Mission Press ; Leipzig : Hiersemann, 1900. -- 142 S.

Abb.: Titelblatt

1900

Es erscheint:

Nitobe, Inazō [新渡戸 稲造] <1862-1933>: Bushido : the soul of Japan. -- Philadelphia (USA) : Leeds & Biddle, 1900. -- ix, 27 S ; 18 cm.

Damit wird der Westen mit Bushidō (武士道, wörtlich „Weg (dō) des Kriegers (Bushi)“), dem Verhaltenskodex und der Philosophie des japanischen Militäradels, der Samurai (侍), sowie des japanischen Militärs bekanntgemacht. Bushido wird den Fanatismus der Japaner im 2. Weltkrieg leiten.

Abb.: Samurai (侍), um 1860
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1900

In Belgien wird Browning Model 1900 hergestellt. Bis 1911 werden 700.000 Stück verkauft

Abb.: Browning Model 1900
[Bildquelle: M62 / Wikimedia]

1900

Per kaiserlichem Erlass wird die Kaiserlich Japanische Armee (大日本帝國陸軍) ziviler Kontrolle fast völlig entzogen und zum Staat im Staat gemacht..

Abb.: Soldaten der Kaiserlich Japanischen Armee (大日本帝國陸軍), 1900
[Bildquelle: Nouveau Larousse Illustre (1902) / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1900/1904

Abb.: Die außenpolitische Situation Chinas: "Newer version of THE SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST (時局圖). Its author (Tse Tsan-tai - 謝纘泰, 1872-1939) depicted the western powers encroaching on China at the end of the nineteenth century in symbolic form. At the left "to be clear at a glance" (一目了然), at the right, "self-evident" (不言而喻). The bear representing Russia is intruding from the north, the lion representing the United Kingdom is in south China, with its tail around the Shantung (山东) peninsula (Wehai - 威海 - English colony was the seat of the British bulldog in the first version of the cartoon), the Gallic frog is in southeast Asia, while the bald eagle representing the United States is approaching from the Philippines (the U.S. had already invaded the Philippines at this time). On the eagle is written "Blood is thicker than water", a reference to U.S. Navy Commodore Josiah Tattnall's (1794 - 1871) saying in 1859. The symbolic Sun behind Japan spreads its rays across Korea onto China, while Japan fishes for Taiwan. Some other European countries, following Prussia, are waiting to invade China at the bottom of the map."
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1900

Der britische Thronfolger His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales Albert Edward (1841 - 1910) kauft einen Daimler Phaeton. Damit ist er der erste britische Monarch, der ein Automobil besitzt.

Abb.: Daimler Phaeton (1900) von His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales Albert Edward, 2010
[Bildquelle: Elliott Brown. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/4575465734/. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-07. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900 datiert

1900-01

Bangkok Times:

"There have been five deaths from smallpox in Windmill Road [Silom Road - ถนนสีลม] in the past four days and there are at present at least a dozen more cases of smallpox now in the same street. The majority of those attacked are children. There is also one case of cholera. Bangkok is, of course, never free from smallpox but at present there seems to be something of an epidemic."

Abb.: Lage der Silom Road - ถนนสีลม
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Pocken, Bangladesh, 1973
[Bildquelle: CDC / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1900-01

Bangkok Times: Are the Siamese advancing?

"Die Grundthese des Autors lautete: „although the Government of Siam is undoubtedly improving the Siamese people are not advancing, that is to say, reform is not being brought about by an effort of the Siamese nation". Errungenschaften wie „liberty, justice, and good government" seien nicht etwa die Forderungen einer ihrer Interessen bewussten Bevölkerung an einen widerwilligen Monarchen; vielmehr würden Reformen „introduced by a wise King, backed by a few faithful supporters, in spite of the obstruction or apathy of the greater part of the nation." Siam laufe deshalb Gefahr, in dauernde Abhängigkeit von ausländischen Beamten zu geraten. Da Siamesen auch wenig Neigung zeigten, sich am Wirtschaftsleben zu beteiligen, drohe auch auf diesem Gebiet die Abhängigkeit von Europäern und Chinesen. Das Land lasse sich also von Ausländern entwickeln und „is deceiving itself with the idea that this is national progress." Den Siamesen fehle es an Bildung, um in absehbarer Zeit höhere Funktionen übernehmen zu können; gleichzeitig bewirke das Fortbestehen nepotistischer Praktiken und die Bevorzugung der Prinzen, dass es kaum Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten für diejenigen gebe, die gut ausgebildet aus Europa zurückkämen. Kurz, große Anstrengungen im Bildungsbereich und eine Öffnung der sozialen Strukturen seien die Vorbedingung dafür, dass Siam irgendwann auf eigenen Füßen stehen, dass es seinen „doubtful struggle on the threshold of reform" gewinnen könne." [Quelle: Petersson, Niels P.: Imperialismus und Modernisierung : Siam, China und die europäischen Mächte 1895 - 1914. -- München : Oldenbourg, 2000. -- 492 S. ; 25 cm. -- (Studien zur internationalen Geschichte ; Bd. 11). -- ISBN 3-486-56506-0. -- Zugl.: Hagen, Fernuniv., Diss., 1999. -- S. 135]

1900-01

Bangkok Times: Anzeige:

"Knowledge is power, and it is good to know that Timonelli Bros. just received a special choice lot of cigars and cigarettes."

1900-01

Bangkok Times: Anzeige:

"R. OMODA, Japanese Barber. Corner of Bush Lane [Charoen Krung Road Soi 30 - ถนนเจริญกรุงซอย 30]. Haircut, shave and shampoo: Tcs. [Ticals = Baht] 1.32. Haircut and shave: Tcs. 1.00. Shave: Tcs .32 Monthly system: Haircut twice and shave alternate days: 5. Haircut once and shave twice weekly: 3. Haircut once and shave weekly: 2. Sharpening a razor: .48. Sharpening scissors: .32. Open daily 8 a.m. to 8 p.m."

Abb.: Lage von Captain Bush Lane [Charoen Krung Road Soi 30 - ถนนเจริญกรุงซอย 30]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-01

Bangkok Times: Heiratsanzeige:

"NUPTIALS ANNOUNCEMENT Mr. A. Berli and Miss Mary Jucker were married at Singapore last Saturday. They have the congratulations and good wishes of all in Bangkok who know Mr. Berli. Mrs. P. [Paula] Jucker came out to Singapore with her daughter, arriving there by the German mail steamer on the 6th instant."

Abb.: Witwe Paula Jucker mit ihren Kindern, Winthertur (Schweiz), 1890
[Bildquelle: http://www.berlijucker.co.th/images/th/download/publication/16_download.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-11]

Abb.: Albert Berli mit Frau Mary, geb. Jucker, mit Tochter Nellie (Mitte), ca. 1920
[Bildquelle: http://www.berlijucker.co.th/images/th/download/publication/15_download.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-11]

"Berli Jucker is a major Thai import and export firm, based in Bangkok. Chairman of the Board of Directors in 2010 was Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi. History The history of Berli Jucker dates back to 1882, when the Swiss Albert Jucker from Winterthur[1] and later his cousin Henry Sigg established the company under the name “Jucker, Sigg & Co.” This partnership led to one of the Siam's earliest and most successful trading companies. Albert Jucker died of cholera in Bangkok in 1885 and left behind his wife Paula and five children. She departed with her children for Switzerland, where they were raised and educated. In 1889, Swiss entrepreneur Albert Berli took over the company. In 1901 the sons of Jucker returned to Thailand and became partners of Berli.[2] In 1924, the company’s name changed to “Berli Jucker & Co.” The company originally engaged in rice milling, mining, timber, shipping, importing, and other activities. Over the year it continuously growed to become a major Thai import and export firm. After World War II, Berli Jucker diversified its operations into manufacturing, packaging, and distribution. In 1965, the company was changed into a majority-owned Thai Limited Company. Due to its services, King Bhumibol Adulyadej granted the Royal Warrant in 1967, allowing the company to use the royal Garuda emblem.[3] Berli Jucker Co. Ltd. was one of the first seven companies to be listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand in 1975. In 1993, the company changed its status into a Public Company Limited. Thai Charoen Corporation Group (TCC Group), one of Thailand's largest conglomerates engaging in alcohol beverage and related businesses, commercial trading, industrial production, property and financial services, became in effect the majority shareholder in Berli Jucker in 2001. Berli Jucker continued to grow, increasing its BJC Cellox capacity up to 45,000 tons per year by 2006, thus becoming the largest producer of tissue in Thailand. With more capital, it also acquired in 2007 a 50% stake in Thai Beverage Can Co., Ltd., Thailand’s leading manufacturer of aluminium cans and can ends, and in the next year also acquired a 100% stake in Jacy Foods Snd Bhd, a Malaysian manufacturer and distributor of potato chips and extruded snacks both in its domestic market and other Asian countries, including Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines and Brunei. By mid-2008, the company was also able to increase its production capacity of glass bottles by constructing a new furnace capable of producing 434 tons per day. Company profile Berli Jucker in the year 2010 had a staff of over 5,000 and produced its own brands such as: Tasto potato chips, Dozo rice crackers, Cellox tissue paper products, and Parrot soap products. BJC also represented numerous brands from third parties. Berli Jucker is one of the leading providers of marketing, sales, and distribution services in Thailand and manages several manufacturing operations in Asia.[3] [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berli_Jucker. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-11]

1900-01

Streik der Leichter-Männer. (Leichterschiff (Lichter): zum Leichtern, d.h. Entfrachten (und Befrachten) von Seeschiffen bestimmtes offenes Hafenfahrzeug. -- Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 1905. -- s.v.)

1900-01-09

Jungfernrede des des republikanischen US-Senators Albert Jeremiah Beveridge (1862 - 1927). Auszüge:

"Mr. President, the times call for candor. The Philippines are ours forever, "territory belonging to the United States," as the Constitution calls them. And just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. And we will move forward to our work, not howling out regrets like slaves whipped to their burdens, but with gratitude for a task worthy of our strength, and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of the world. [...] Mr. President, this question is deeper than any question of party politics; deeper than any question of the isolated policy of our country even; deeper even than any question of constitutional power. It is elemental. It is racial. God has not been preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic peoples for a thousand years for nothing but vain and idle self-contemplation and self-admiration. No! He has made us the master organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns. He has given us the spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of reaction throughout the earth. He has made us adepts in government that we may administer government among savage and senile peoples. Were it not for such a force as this the world would relapse into barbarism and night. And of all our race He has marked the American people as His chosen nation to finally lead in the regeneration of the world. This is the divine mission of America, and it holds for us all the profit, all the glory, all the happiness possible to man. We are trustees of the world's progress, guardians of its righteous peace. The judgment of the Master is upon us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things; I will make you ruler over many things." " [Quelle: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge%27s_maiden_speech. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-14. -- Dort die ganze Rede]

Abb.: Die USA als Welt-Schulmeister, 1899
"School Begins" Political Caricature showing Uncle Sam lecturing four children labeled Philippines (who appears similar to Philippine leader Emilio Aguinaldo), Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba in front of children holding books labeled with various U.S. states. In the background are an American Indian holding a book upside down, a Chinese boy at door, and a black boy cleaning a window."
[Bildquelle: http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/USII.6. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-14]

1900-01-11

Tod des Sangharaja Somdet Phra Ariyawongsakhatayan (Sa / Pussadevo) (สมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ (สา ปุสฺสเทโว) สมเด็จพระสังฆราช สกลมหาสังฆปริณายก, 1813 - 1900). Bis 1910 wird kein neuer Sangharaja (สังฆราช) ernannt.

1900-01-15

Der britische Vizekonsul C. E. W. Stringer schreibt an den britischen Premierminister, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. Marquess of Salisbury (1830 - 1903), dass die Entwicklung des siamesischen Schulwesens wünschenswert ist, da dies den Bedarf an subalternen - gar deutschen! - Beamten verringere:

„it is ... in the interest of Great Britain that the Siamese should be trained to be independent as far as possible of such extraneous aid." [Zitiert in: Petersson, Niels P.: Imperialismus und Modernisierung : Siam, China und die europäischen Mächte 1895 - 1914. -- München : Oldenbourg, 2000. -- 492 S. ; 25 cm. -- (Studien zur internationalen Geschichte ; Bd. 11). -- ISBN 3-486-56506-0. -- Zugl.: Hagen, Fernuniv., Diss., 1999. -- S. 109]

1900-01-16 - 1901-01-29

Der dänische Admiral Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu (1852 - 1932) ist Chef der Siamesischen Marine.

Abb.: Admiral Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu / von Emil Hohlenberg (1841–1901)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu (24 February 1852 - 25 March 1932) was a Danish naval officer and businessman who became a Siamese admiral and minister of the navy. He was granted the Thai noble title Phraya Chonlayutthayothin (Thai: พระยาชลยุทธโยธินทร์).[1] He commanded Siamese gunboats in the Paknam Incident (วิกฤตการณ์ปากน้ำ) of July 13, 1893, that ended the Franco-Siamese War, and went on to become the first and only foreign-born commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Navy, from 16 January 1900 to 29 January 1901.[2][3] He returned to Denmark in 1902, suffering from malaria." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-09]

1900-01-20

Hanoi (Vietnam): Gründung der École française d’Extrême-Orient zur Erforschung der Kultur der von Frankreich abhängigen Gebiete Asiens.

1900-01-31

Brand zweier Reismühlen in Bangkok. Sachschaden $300.000.

Bangkok Times:

"The Chinese New Year [春節] is the fire season proper in Bangkok. On Tuesday evening, two important rice mills were burned down and there is naturally a strong suspicion that the fire owed its origin to the ‘seasonable’ firecracker. It is asserted, however, that the outbreak was due to an act of incendiarism, some persons having been seen throwing firebrands a little after eight o’clock.The damage is being put at Tcs. [Baht] 500,000 but it will take more than that to replace the property destroyed. The insurance on one mill was renewed a couple of days before the fire, while the other had not yet been renewed."

1900-02

Bangkok Times:

"The mail may be expected tomorrow and we shall then have completed twelve days without any European mail."

1900-02

Bangkok Times:

"AN EDITORIAL What came we out for to see? The European community in a Far Eastern port like Bangkok did not come out to see Siamese life and customs but it is at least peculiar how little interest we take in the life of the people around us. Our own home ways we rigidly enforce in our own little circle till these have come to rigidly hedge us in. Of Siamese ways the ordinary farang [ฝรั่ง] knows really next to nothing. We go to elaborate Siamese entertainments given by one or other of the Government departments and there we find few Siamese while the whole entertainment is conducted on purely European lines."

1900-02

Bangkok Times:

"One evening a short time ago, the Manager of the Paknam Railway was returning to Paknam [ปากน้ำ] on a trolley. Near the second bridge out from Bangkok, the trolley bumped into and was stopped by an obstruction on the line. It was dark, of course, but the Manager proceeded to investigate the matter and found the obstruction down the bank washing a bad wound on his head. It was a policeman who had gone to sleep on the line. But even that experience did not teach the P.C. wisdom for he had another collision with the Paknam Railway Co. A day or two ago, the Company’s Traffic Superintendent had occasion to call on a policeman at the Bangkok terminus to arrest a noted nakleng [ นักเลง] who was obstructing the employees in their work and the policeman flatly refused to effect the arrest. Presumably the nakleng was a friend of his. On investigation he was found to be the same policeman as had previously been bumped by the trolley. His days in the force are accordingly at an end and he is now in gaol, doing a month’s hard."

Abb.: Lage von Paknam [ปากน้ำ]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-02

Bangkok Times:

"The building operations now going on along Sapatoom Road [ถนนสระปทุม] may be taken as evidence that the Government recognizes the advantage of investing capital in house property for the purpose of comfortably accommodating its employees. Some of them live rent free while others pay a moderate rental out of a special allowance made to them and they are thus saved from having to pay the absurd rents extorted in the lower part of the town. Besides, the Rue Beige, as it used to be called, is becoming a more aristocratic quarter than ever, and property there is steadily appreciating in value. But with the constant increase in the number of residents the pressure caused by the want of good house property in Bangkok does not become less. Suriwong Road [ถนนสุริวงศ์] grows, of course, but only very slowly, and no landlords are eager to invest their money in providing house accommodation for the farang [ฝรั่ง].The fact is that if a row of small cheap wooden houses is run up in the space occupied by one ordinary cottage residence, they pay very much better. But it is farther north than even Sapatoom Road that the best residential quarter of Bangkok will be found, probably in the comparatively near future. The enormous improvements that have been effected in the Dusit Park [ดุสิต] neighborhood are bound to attract all who are able to fix their residence and already there are quite a number of very big houses completed in that quarter."

Abb.: Lage der Sapatoom Road [ถนนสระปทุม]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage der Suriwong Road [ถนนสุริวงศ์]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage des Dusit Park [ดุสิต]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-02

Bangkok Times: Anzeige:

"The Bodega, opposite Customs House Lane, has the largest bar in Bangkok and is supplied with only the best brands of liquors. Cold tiffins and suppers served on shortest notice. No cheap and nasty whiskey kept."

Abb.: Lage von Custom House Lane
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-02

Bangkok Times:

"The Bangkok C.C. [Cricket Club] has found that cricket is not much of an attraction here except when an outside team visits the port — on a British gunboat as a rule — but the game is not to be forgotten if the City Cricket Club can help it. This organisation has recently played three matches against a team somewhat vaguely termed ‘Shipping’ and has proved superior each time. On Saturday afternoon, they beat the Shipping eleven by 64 runs to 49 in the first innings. Going in again, the Shipping had made 30 for the loss of six wickets when the stumps were drawn. Another match was brought off yesterday afternoon when the B.C.C. put on 108 to which the Shipping replied with 78."

1900-02

Bangkok Times:

"Bangkok is now to have a regular cafe concert of an evening. Mme. Meranda opens the house today in Ban Mo street [ถนนบ้านหม้อ] opposite the Hotel de la Paix. There is a garden and a fine verandah and a musical entertainment will be given every evening."

Abb.: Lage von Ban Mo street [ถนนบ้านหม้อ]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-02-10

Joseph Chailley-Bert (1854 - 1928), Direktor der französischen Union coloniale, in der von ihm herausgegebenen Quinzaine coloniale:

'Comme l'Algérie a besoin du Maroc, notre Indochine a besoin du Siam. Le Siam à nous la complète; le Siam à d'autres que nous l'affaiblit... Le Siam sera à la France ou dans la sphère d'influence de la France; sinon, il faut renoncer à toute politique indochinoise'. [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 394, Anm. 5]

Abb.: Einbandtitel des Almanach du petit colon Algérien 1893
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lago von Algerien und Französisch-Marokko
[Bildquelle: Rand McNally pocket atlas of the world : historical, political, commercial, 1906. -- S. 348f. -- Public domain]]

"Mit dem Regierungsantritt des reformfreudigen Sultans Abd el-Aziz (1880 - 1943) (‏عبد العزيز بن الحسن‎) im Jahr 1900 in Marokko versuchte Frankreich, seinen Einfluss in Nordafrika vom angrenzendem Algerien nach Westen hin zu erweitern. Das langfristige Ziel sollte dabei ein französisch beherrschter Maghreb (المغرب) sein. Dafür sollte der Vertrag von Madrid (1880-07-03) weitgehend aufgelöst und die marokkanische Herrschaft zunächst im Grenzgebiet zu Algerien aufgeweicht werden." (Wikipedia)

1900-02-11/12

Abb.: Vornehmer Mann von Chao Kathai / von Fedor Jäger (1817 -1900)
[Bildquelle: Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen Berlin. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"The newcomer has not been in Bangkok very long before he is struck with the very loose manner in which the traffic in the town is conducted. In places of the size and importance of Bangkok where sidewalks for foot passengers are an unknown quantity, regulations for the control of the vehicular traffic are an absolute necessity. In taking a walk, say, along New Road [= Chroen Krung Road - ถนนเจริญกรุง], one is at a loss to know which way to turn in order to effectively dodge the rikshas and gharries [horse-drawn taxis] or probably a couple of galloping ponies, to say nothing of the ‘Bangkok Express’, the local tram. With the rapid improvement of Bangkok perhaps it is not too much to hope that some means of regulating the traffic will follow. The sooner the better."

Abb.: Lage von New Road [= Chroen Krung Road - ถนนเจริญกรุง]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

 

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"A steam organ is, we understand, being procured by Mr. Tileke to play to his customers in the Oriental Hotel at meal times."

Abb.: Lage des Oriental Hotel
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Dampforgel
[Bildquelle: Lowellt / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

[Quelle der ogg.Datei: Calliopeman316 / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
 

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"The police have at last taken action against the women who prowl about New Road [= Charoen Krung  Road - ถนนเจริญกรุง] at night from Bush Lane to New Khlong Road  accosting passers-by. The Chief Inspector sent out a number of his men last night and they arrested four women and a man who were taken before the magistrates today. There should be no difficulty in putting a stop to this practice in Bangkok."

Abb.: Lage der New Road (= Charoen Krung  Road - ถนนเจริญกรุง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"On the north side of Khlong [คลอง] Number 5 in Khlong Rangsit [คลองรังสิต] district, 30 buffaloes belonging to one cultivator were stolen on the 15th of last month. The gang of thieves numbered some 13 men, most of them riding ponies. The buffaloes were grazing about 10 Sen [เส้น, 1 Sen = 40 m] from the owner’s house. A herd of elephants proved something of an obstacle in the way of the thieves, but they succeeded in getting past and the owner of the buffaloes failed to catch them up. These cattle robberies in the Klong Rangsit district are far too frequent and it is high time the Department responsible took more effective steps to make the robber’s trade less ridiculously easy."

Abb.: Lage von Khlong Rangsit 5 [คลองรังสิต 5]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Khlong Rangsit 5 [คลองรังสิต 5]
[Bildquelle: Heinrich Damm / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Wasserbüffel, Chiang Mai, 2010
[Bildquelle: orange.tag.pixx. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/orange_tag_pixx/4590686191/. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"On Sunday evening a crowd of 30 or 40 men, principally sailors, were going round the streets of the town terrorizing everyone they met and making a collection of hats. The trouble had its origin at the fair of Wat Saket [วัดสระเกศ] where they rescued a prisoner who was being taken to the lock-up and severely mauled the police constable. Superintendent Miller heard of the party’s peregrinations and traced them down Ratchawong Road [ถนนราชวงศ์]. The quarry was met in Yaowarat Road [ถนนเยาวราช] when a miniature charge was made by Mr. Miller and a head constable resulting in four arrests. The rest of the party cleared off into adjacent houses and passages but later in the evening, Chief Inspector Luang Atikorn and his assistants succeeded in arresting the whole of them. They were in possession of about 20 stolen hats which can now be seen at the Sam Yek [สามแยก] Police Station."

Abb.: Lage von Wat Saket [วัดสระเกศ] und Yaowarat [ถนนเยาวราช]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Yaowarat Road [ถนนเยาวราช]

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"The Tramways Co. Ltd., seem to have decided to leave their hard-driving conductors to the tender mercies of the law. This is a complete change in the policy of this autocratic street railway company. Just twelve years ago, one of the company’s cars ran over a little girl at Pratoo Sam Yot [ประตูสามยอด], killing her outright, and on that occasion the Bangkok Times ventured to remark that the driver, one Nai Won was — well, not a member of the Blue Ribbon army. Forthwith, the company instructed counsel and went to all sorts of expense in prosecuting this paper with the result that we were mulcted in 150 ticals [Baht] for daring to impugn the character of a tramcar driver. The judgement was notoriously unjust but that was not surprising in those days; and if we remember rightly half of Bangkok were called to say that they had never seen Nai Won the worse for liquor. Now, however, the management of the company has come to recognise that the employees are not quite perfect, but it will not be an easy thing to convince these men that the streets of Bangkok were not specially constructed as a race course for their cars. Among their latest little pleasantries they have succeeded in ‘knocking spots’ out of a carriage in which Messrs. Roberts and Tartas were seated and have upset the person and conveyance of [Polizeichef] Mr. Lawson."

Abb.: Lage von Pratoo Sam Yot [ประตูสามยอด]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-03

Bangkok Times:

"TO THE EDITOR Can you or any of your readers kindly inform me whether Tapioca [Manihot esculenta Crantz] has been systemically cultivated in this country, and if so, with what results? Any information on this subject will greatly oblige. Yours truly, Sago (Reply) We have no information to give our correspondent about the cultivation of tapioca in Siam. But very few cultivators take up anything except paddy seriously and it is to be hoped the Agricultural Department will in due course succeed in encouraging the cultivation of many other plants. An attempt is at present being made to cultivate rubber plants here."

Abb.: Tapioca-Ernte, bei Korat [โคราช], 2009
[Bildquelle: Neil Palmer (CIAT). -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ciat/4039212151/. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz [Namensnennung, share alike]

1900-03-13

Hamburg: 16 Kaufleute und ein Oberlandesgerichtsrat gründen einen Verein für deutsche Interessen im östlichen Asien, den Ostasiatischen Verein (OAV).

Abb.: ®Logo

Die Gründungsmitglieder sind:

• Gustav L. Albers und H. W. Heitmann, Firma Kunst & Albers
• Charles von Bose (1855–1927), Firma Carlowitz & Co.
• Julius Brüssel, Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp.
• Albert F. Gültzow, Firma  Siemssen &_ Co.
• Carl Illies (1840 - 1910) und Max W. Kochen, Firma C. Illies &. Co.
• Hermann Jebsen, Firma Herm. Jebsen & Co.
• Philipp Adolf Lieder , Firma H. Mandl &. Co.
• Eduard Lorenz Meyer und Adolf Laspe, Firma Arnold Otto Meyer
• H. C. Eduard Meyer und J. Hinrich Garrels, Firma Meyer & Co., Hongkong und Shanghai
• Paul Pickenpack (1834 - 1903), Firma Pickenpack, Thies & Co.
• Wilhelm Reiners, Firma Reiners & Co.
• Carl Rohde, Firma Carl Rohde &. Co.
• Otto Rudorff, Oberlandesgericht

1900-03-29

Eröffnung des Nang-Lerng-Markts (ตลาดนางเลิ้ง) in Bangkok.

Abb.: Lage des Nang-Lerng-Markts (ตลาดนางเลิ้ง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-04

Eröffnung der Civil Service School. Direktor ist Phraya Wisut Suriyasak (พระยาวิสุทธ์สุริยาศักดิ์ , 1867 - 1916), bisher Gesandter Siams in London. Im Jahr 1900 graduieren an ihr 17 Männer für das Innenministerium. Ende des Jahres besuchen 182 Schüler die Schule.

1900-04

Bangkok Times:

"Rain water costs a Salueng [สลึง = ¼ Baht] per two tins in Bangkok at present. It seems a moderate price if the water is good but it seems a very great deal to those who are in the greatest need of it. Of course, the water supplied from the Royal Navy boats is still free but Bangkok is too scattered a town to be supplied by two boats."

1900-04

Bangkok Times:

"As a precaution in times of cholera, Messrs. B. Grimm and Co. strongly recommend their ‘Securitas’ which renders the body capable of throwing off infection. It also kills the microbes in the water to which it imparts a refreshing taste so that ‘Securitas’ should be of the greatest value at the present season. B. Grimm and Co.’s cholera mixture has been a well-known remedy for more than a quarter of a century."

Abb.: Dehydration durch Cholera, Haiti, 2010
[Bildquelle: UN Photo/UNICEF/Marco Dormino. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/5509873619/. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1900-04

Bangkok Times:

"The mosquito is probably never more exasperating then when inside a mosquito curtain. He then inspires the most peaceful with a desire to do murder and with disastrous results. On the night of the 27th last month, a peaceful villager living at Bang Kan Mak [บางขันหมาก] in the province of Lopburi [ลพบุรี] was annoyed by a mosquito inside his curtain till feeling 'real mad’ he rose and lighted a candle, determined to have the blood of the varmint. While searching about in the curtain he set that useful article on fire and before that fire was put out the greater part of the village was in ashes. Altogether upwards of 70 houses were destroyed."

Abb.: Lage von Bang Kan Mak (บางขันหมาก)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-04

Bangkok Times:

"The average pawnbroker in Bangkok is always glad to receive stolen goods for he knows he can drive a good bargain. This little weakness of his is so well known that it is sometimes taken advantage of. On Saturday evening a Siamese rushed up to a Chinese pawnbroker near Talat Noi [ตลาดน้อย] with a good-sized durian [Durio zibethinus L. ex Murr.] and gasped: "Here, quick! I have just stolen this and the owner will be after me. Give me two Saluengs [สลึง, 1 Salueng = ¼ Baht], quick quick!" It was a fine durian worth five or six times the money and the Chinaman passed over the coins, grabbed the fruit and hid it away from the eyes of any possible claimant. In a day or two he brought out the durian and opened it in the hope of enjoying a very fine meal. But the fruit had been eaten already and the only thing the shell contained was mud."

Abb.: Lage von Talat Noi [ตลาดน้อย]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Durian, ca. 1863
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

 

1900-04

Bangkok Times:

"Another gang robbery is reported from the province of Pathum Thani [ปทุมธานี]. Last Thursday morning some 20 buffaloes were being driven out to a field at Bang Toi when they were seized by a gang of 20 robbers. The head village men called out the people by drum and a number of shots were exchanged between the two parties. The robbers fired off all their cartridges but they had the cattle and being the more numerous body succeeded in getting them away. The owners made up a party of ten and set off in pursuit coming up with the thieves somewhere near the border of Suphan Buri province [สุพรรณบุรี] where another fight took place for the possession of the cattle. The robbers having no cartridges were in danger of being overpowered when they set fire to the dry jungle grass. The wind blew the flames against the attacking party who had to retreat. This let the robbers away again, but the owners still followed pluckily after them till near Suphan when all their exertions were rendered useless. Some head village men and amphoes [อำเภอ] there had the owners arrested on the ground that they were traveling out of their own Monthon [มณฑล] without passports so were probably thieves themselves. They had perforce to return home again without their cattle, but they have now applied to Bangkok for a warrant to arrest the thieves."

Abb.: Lage von  Pathum Thani [ปทุมธานี] und Suphan Buri [สุพรรณบุรี]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-04

Bangkok Times:

"The whereabouts of the Siamese theatrical troupe who have been touring Europe for the past six months, have now been discovered. They are in Amsterdam — stranded. It should now be evident that there is no money in European appreciation of the lakhon [ละคร] and we fancy it is unlikely that the promoters will respond to the appeal for yet another large sum of money. The wisest course will be to get the troupe brought back to Siam at once. Nai Boosra Mahin and his troupe’s lack of success recalls the worse fate of the team of Siamese football players that Mr. Solomon took to Australia in 1890. They were reduced to a frightful state of destitution, one died and the survivors were finally sent back by the authorities in Australia."

Abb.: Lage von Amsterdam (Niederlande)
[Bildquelle: Meyers großes Konversations-Lexikon. -- DVD-ROM-Ausg. Faksimile und Volltext der 6. Aufl. 1905-1909. -- Berlin : Directmedia Publ. --2003. -- 1 DVD-ROM. -- (Digitale Bibliothek ; 100). -- ISBN 3-89853-200-3.]

1900-04-01

Feierliche Eröffnung der Ratchadamnoen Road (ถนนราชดำเนิน).

Abb.: Lage der Ratchadamnoen Road (ถนนราชดำเนิน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-04-07

Großbritannien, Frankreich, Deutschland und die USA stellen China das Ultimatum, entweder den Boxeraufstand (義和團運動) zu unterdrücken oder eine Invasion zu erleiden.

Abb.: Boxer-Chaf mit Truppe, 1900

Abb.: Boxer-Rebellen, 1900
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1900-04-15 - 1900-11-12

Weltausstellung (Exposition Universelle) in Paris. Siam nimmt teil.

Abb.: Le Tour du Monde / Architekt: Alexandre Marcel (1860 - 1928)

Abb.: Pavillon Siams

Abb.: Am Pavillon Siams

Abb.: Pavillon von Französisch-Kambodscha

Auf der Weltausstellung wurde auch das Cinéorama von Raoul Grimoin-Sanson vorgestellt, ein Verfahren zur Rundumprojektion von Filmen. Es ist ein Vorläufer der in Thailand so beliebten IMAX-Kinos.

Abb.: Cinéorama, Film: Ballonfahrt über Paris
[Bildquelle: Scientific American Supplement, 1900-09-=1 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1900-05

Bangkok Times:

"The last fatal case of cholera had its genesis in the aggressive Durian [Durio zibethinus L. ex Murr.]. Thus is another charge brought against the fruit of fruits. It is not always referred to in this eulogistic manner but no matter."

Abb.: Durian [Durio zibethinus L. ex Murr.], Thailand, 2011
[Bildquelle: Bart van Poll. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/bartvanpoll/5386325168/. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-05

Bangkok Times:

"Two passenger steam launches were yesterday on their way down to Bangkok from beyond Ayutthaya [อยุธยา] when a man on the river bank at Wat Po-Lien near Pathum Thani [ปทุมธานี] shouted for one of them to pick him up. Both launches made for the river bank and the second crashed into the side of the first as the passenger was getting on board, doing considerable damage. Then, there was a fight, of course, and revolvers were fired. But the passengers on both launches objected and the crews had to desist before any serious damage had been done. There are great possibilities for adventure on these river launches."

Abb.: Lage von Pathum Thani (ปทุมธานี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-06

Bangkok Times:

"Thirty five years ago there were no streets in Bangkok. All traffic was carried on by boats. Numerous canals still compete with the street traffic. At late as 10 years ago, there were no more than nine miles of paved streets in the whole city. Today, there are over 47 miles and many new streets are being opened up each year. Moreover, the old iron and wooden bridges are being replaced by modern steel bridges. The King himself builds one steel bridge each year out of his private funds as a gift to the city and this is opened to the public with some ceremony on his birthday. Seventy-five miles of canals traverse the city of Bangkok, a large percentage of which has been added in recent years. The tendency, however, is to make streets instead. Outside of the city and extending all over the vast alluvial plain of Siam are a great number of canals, hundreds of miles in extent which serve as the highways of the country. These canals have all been dug within the last 50 years and up to 10 years ago were the only means of communication except by paths through the jungle. The opening up of rich rice fields is giving a new aspect to the question of agriculture in this country. Besides the thousands who are taking up small holdings, there are also those who are buying large estates to await an increase in values for the cultivation of rice on an extensive scale. Already the question of better methods and tools for the cultivation of the land is of importance. The crude wheels run by the human foot, the wooden plow with its iron shoe, the wooden-toothed buffalo rake used for a harrow, the scattering of the seed by hand, the thrashing floor of hardened mud and buffalo dung trampled by buffalo hoofs and the winnowing of grain by the shovel and the wind must soon give way to the windmill pump, the steel plows, the improved harrow, the seed drill, and the thrashing machine. Nothing has been done in these directions for instruments adapted to the peculiar demands of the soil have not yet been invented. Some enterprising American should certainly be able to make agricultural implements suitable for this country and reap substantial financial benefits therefrom. —Hamilton King, American Consul-General"

1900-06-24

Mönchs-Prinz Vajirañāṇavarorasa (วชิรญาณวโรรส, 1880 - 1921) leiht von Innenminister Prinz Damrong Rajanubhab (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943) folgende Bücher aus:

• Geikie, Archibald, <1835 - 1924>: The teaching of geography : suggestions regarding principles and methods for the use of teachers. -- London and New York : Macmillan, 1887. -- 205 S.

  
  Abb.: Titelblatt

• Sully, James <1842 - 1923>: Teacher's handbook of psychology : on the basis of the "Outlines of psychology". -- New York : Appleton, 1886. -- 414 S.

  
  Abb.: Titelblatt der 5. Aufl. 1910

• Colbeck, Charles: On the teaching of modern languages in theory and practice : two lectures delivered in the University of Cambridge in the Lent term, 1887. -- Cambridge : Univ. Press, 1887. -- 87 S.

  
  Abb.: Titelbalatt

1900-07

Bangkok Times:

"The latest Royal Gazette contains a proclamation which modifies the marriage laws of this country. In cases of divorce, the woman has hitherto been required to repay the money which the husband paid at the time of marriage. The new proclamation makes that unnecessary in the future."

1900-07

Bangkok Times:

"Nai Lert [นายเลิศ] has got a stock of Edison Phonographs, the latest out, at the Khlong Kut Mai [= Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem - คลองผดุงกรุงเกษม] Cash Store."

Abb.: Lage von Khlong Kut Mai
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Edison Phonograph, ca. 1899
[Bildquelle: Norman Bruderhofer, www.cylinder.de / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Lert Sreshthaputa (or Nai Lert, พระยาภักดีนรเศรษฐ = เลิศ เศรษฐบุตร) was known as a Thailand’s first and foremost developer, investor as well as preserver of Bangkok’s environment. He was royally bestowed a title “Beloved Millionaire” by King Rama VI and became known as Phraya Bhakdi Noraset (พระยาภักดีนรเศรษฐ). Nai Lert was born at his family’s home near the foot of Wat Bophitphimook Bridge (สะพานวัดบพิตรพิมุข) at the mouth of Klong Ong Ang (คลองโอ่งอ่าง) on June 22, 1872. He came from a distinguished background; his father, Chuen (ชื่น) Sreshthaputra, was one of the sons of Luang Prasertwanit and a nephew of Phra Prasertwanit, who was the founder of the Sresthatputra family. After an education at Suan Ananta School that included a study of the English language Nai Lert started working for various firms and ended up becoming partner at the Singapore Strait Company (later to become Fraser and Neave) by the age of 20. At the age of 22, Nai Lert started an imported goods business called Nai Lert Store and among other products offered the first ice to be made in Thailand. The distinguished Scholar Phraya Anuman Rajdhon (พระยาอนุมานราชธน) would later on describe the exciting novelty of ice as "Most people who had never seen it refused to believe that there was such a thing as frozen water. Ice had to be put on a tray and exhibited for the people to see at a museum which was then in the Sala Sahathai building. Some people even asked to take small cubes of ice for those at home to see. The old saying 'to make a solid shape out of water,' had been proved possible." Though Nai Lert continued to make his headquarters near the original shop, he soon expanded into other businesses in other parts of the city. One was a guesthouse called the Hotel de la Paix thereby creating the first hotel property of the family business. Nai Lert also expanded his business into a transportation and real estate empire. He introduced the first bus services in Thailand in 1907 [1] to serve Bangkok commuters and later expanded the business into the first taxi service using imported cars, the White Boat company operating pleasure boats, sea-going vessels and a public transportation service along the Klong Saen Saep (คลองแสนแสบ) from Pratunam (ประตูน้ำ). He is also credited for creating the first Bangkok bus service launching an even more innovative venture, the White Bus Company. The first route [2] ran between Pratunam and Yotse Bridge near Wat Thepsirin (วัดเทพศิรินทร์) on Klong Padung Krung Kasem; later several other routes were added, including one to Silom Road (ถนนสีลม). A novel convenience to commuters from the countryside was the fact that passengers travelling by ferry could use the same ticket when transferring to the bus at Pratunam. Nai Lert was also at the origin of the development of the Ploenchit area where he acquired a large piece of land in 1915 and created one of the first developments in Bangkok by master planning the area and selling off parts of the land as individual plots including the existing British Embassy site on Ploenchit which was sold to the British Government in 1922 .[3] He was also at the forefront of innovation creating the first ice factory in Thailand, building the tallest commercial building in Bangkok in 1927 and importing motor vehicles from Europe and the US. A few months after the end of World War II, Nai Lert died on December 15, 1945 leaving his business empire to his wife and his only descendant, his daughter Thanpuying Lursakdi Sampatisiri. His legacy included a real estate and hotel group[4] operating several office buildings, retail centers and a hotel in Bangkok, Swissotel Nai Lert Park,[5] a foundation named after him and his beloved wife Khunying Sin, the Lerd-Sinn Foundation and a history of deeply-held self beliefs of philanthropy and love of nature." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nai_Lert. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-30]

1900-07

Bangkok Times: Anzeige:

"The Bangkok Times has the largest circulation by far far of any newspaper in Siam. It is also borrowed and stolen more than any other periodical ever published. No bogus advertisements are found in The Bangkok Times."

Abb.: The Bangkok Times. -- 1900-02-03

1900-07-01

Phra Thammatrailokachan [พระธรรมไตรโลกาจารย์] , Erziehungsdirektor für den Monthon Krungthep (Bangkok) [มณฑลกรุงเทพ], schlägt Unterrichtsminister Phraya Phatsakorawong (Phon Bunnag) [พระยาภาสกรวงศ์ (พร บุนนาค), 1849–1920] vor, dass Voraussetzung für die Ordination als Mönch sein soll, dass der Kandidat lesen und schreiben kann sowie die grundlegenden buddhistischen "Vorschriften" kennt. Einzige Ausnahme, wenn der Kandidat in in einer Gegend wohnt, die weit von jeglicher Schule liegt. Der Vorschlag wird abgelehnt, da er keine Grundlage in den Mönchsregeln (Vinaya) hat.

1900-07-01

Decree for prevention of cattle disease

1900-07-03

Abb.: Ein Traum der Kaiserin von China: Der Europäer gießt die Segnungen seiner Kultur über den Erdball aus / von Thomas Theodor Heine (1867 - 1948)
[Bildquelle: Simplicissimus. -- 1900-07-03. -- Fair use]

1900-07-27

Der deutsche Kaiser Wilhelm II. verabschiedet in Bremerhaven das Ostasiatische Expeditionskorps zur Niederschlagung des Boxeraufstands in China. Dabei hält er die berüchtigte "Hunnenrede":

Abb.: "Pardon wird nicht gegeben"
[Bildquelle: Punch 1900. -- Public domain]

„Eine große Aufgabe harrt eurer: ihr sollt das schwere Unrecht, das geschehen ist, sühnen. Die Chinesen haben das Völkerrecht umgeworfen, sie haben in einer in der Weltgeschichte nicht erhörten Weise der Heiligkeit des Gesandten, den Pflichten des Gastrechts Hohn gesprochen. Es ist das um so empörender, als dies Verbrechen begangen worden ist von einer Nation, die auf ihre alte Kultur stolz ist. Bewährt die alte preußische Tüchtigkeit, zeigt euch als Christen im freudigen Ertragen von Leiden, mögen Ehre und Ruhm euren Fahnen und Waffen folgen, gebt an Manneszucht und Disziplin aller Welt ein Beispiel [...] Ihr sollt fechten gegen eine gut bewaffnete Macht, aber Ihr sollt auch rächen, nicht nur den Tod des Gesandten, sondern auch vieler Deutscher und Europäer. Kommt Ihr vor den Feind, so wird er geschlagen, Pardon wird nicht gegeben; Gefangene nicht gemacht. Wer euch in die Hände fällt, sei in Eurer Hand. Wie vor tausend Jahren die Hunnen unter ihrem König Etzel sich einen Namen gemacht, der sie noch jetzt in der Überlieferung gewaltig erscheinen läßt, so möge der Name Deutschland in China in einer solchen Weise bestätigt werden, daß niemals wieder ein Chinese es wagt, etwa einen Deutschen auch nur scheel anzusehen.“ [Zitiert: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnenrede. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-03]

Abb.: Postkarte: "Der Krieg in China: Ein Gott, Ein Kaiser, Ein Reich, Eine Treue" - Die heilige Schrift, nach 1900

1900-08

Bangkok Times:

"The opium inspector with a force of nearly two dozen armed police and a similar number of Customs guards made a seizure today of 90 tamluengs [ตำลึง; 1 tamlueng = 60 Gramm; d.h. 5,4 kg] of alleged illicit opium in a plantation off Surawongse Road. We understand the owner was arrested."

1900-08

Bangkok Times:

"The other evening a prominent Siamese Minister had his hat snatched off his head in Worachak Road (ถนนวรจักร)."

Das Wegreißen von Hüten ist ein Volkssport. Man bindet Geckos an eine Schnur und lässt sie aus einem Fenster aus dem oberen Stock herunter auf die angeberischen Kopfbedeckungen (mit Pfauenfedern usw.) der vorbeigehenden Herren. Der Gecko krallt die Federn und wird mit seiner Beute hochgezogen.

Abb.: Lage der Worachak Road (ถนนวรจักร)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-08

Bangkok Times:

"A Siamese from the country bought a revolver in a City pawnshop yesterday and then went to Sampeng [สำเพ็ง] where he bought a few cartridges. Having got the cartridges he proceeded to load the revolver when he was promptly arrested by the police and taken to a police station to reflect on the intricacies of the law relating to firearms."

Abb.: Lage von Sampeng [สำเพ็ง]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-08

Bangkok Times:

"According to our Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่ / ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵] correspondent, the law recently enacted for the purpose of doing away with slavery in Chiang Mai is, at least temporarily, working hardship among the ‘Lao Pung Dam’ [ลาวพุงดำ]. The law is posted on the public highways and on the Courthouse doors but in effect, he asserts, things are not altogether what they seem. There are different classes of slaves and it seems a master may successfully transfer his men from one class to another. He then continues: "There are good points in almost all of the new departures the Siamese have instituted up here. It is probably a good idea to prevent the sudden letting loose of all these slaves on a particular day with a flourish of trumpets. England said ‘five years’ to the people of Chiang Tung [Kentung, ၵဵင်းတုင်] and then went to work to provide something to take the place of the ‘paternal’ system of the Chaos. Most of the household slaves are a bad lot in consequence of their environment; and they will need looking after till they learn to settle down to an honest home life. There is a large populace of so-called serfs up here, self- respecting men and women with homes of their own. They are continually at the mercy of their masters. The present laws ought to see that this class is freed at once. There ought to be no haggling over this business.""

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่ / ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵] und Chiang Tung [Kentung, ၵဵင်းတုင်]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Man unterscheidet die Lao auch in zwei Gruppen: Die westlichen Lao tätowierten sich und werden deshalb lao pung dam (ลาวพุงดำ, Schwarzbäuchige Lao) genannt. Die östlichen Lao sind die lao pung khao (ลาวพุงขาว, Weißbäuchige Lao)." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-11]

1900-08-15

Abb.: China: "The real trouble will come with the - wake."
[Bildquelel: Puck <New York, USA>. -- 1900-08-15]

1900-08/09

Eine siamesische Theatertruppe besucht Berlin. Carl Stumpf <1848 - 1936> mach phongraphische Aufnahme. Diese sind der Anfangs- und Grundbestand des Berliner Phonogramm-Archivs (2013: über 150.000 Aufnahmen aus aller Welt)

Abb.: Zeitungsanzeige in Vossische Zeitung. -- 1901-08-26

Abb.: Siamesische Theatertruppe, die Berlin besucht, 1900
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Audio: "Kham hom" (คำหอม, Süße Worte), aufgeführt von einer siamesischen Theatertruppe in Berlin, 1900-09-24 / Aufnahme von Carl Stumpf <1848 - 1936>, Phonogramm-Archiv Berlin
[Quelle der ogg-Datei: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Eine der Berliner Aufnahme-Platten

1900-09

Bangkok Times:

""There are some expert hat snatchers up in the City. On a tramcar last evening, one of them paid his three at [อัฐ, 1 at = 1/64 Baht; 3 at ≈ 5 Satang - สตางค์]  and, when the car was passing the Badman store, snatched a toupee off the head of a Japanese passenger and had disappeared before anyone could stop him."

1900-09

Bangkok Times:

"The Polyphone is to be exhibited tomorrow evening for one night only at the Hotel Europe. This is Edison’s latest and most wonderful talking machine and there will be a varied program of European and Siamese vocal and instrumental music."

Abb.: Polyphone

1900-09

Bangkok Times: Anzeige:

"VITAL POWER. Many thousands of men suffer from enervating weaknesses and cannot find a cure for them. I say to such sufferers, write to me and I will show you a recently discovered means (simple and certain) by which you can be relieved of your sufferings at once and for all time. It will only cost you a penny for postage and it will cure all the undermentioned diseases as well as those peculiar ailments which invariably accompany nervous disorders of all kinds so common in these parts of the world. If you suffer from: Spermatorhoea, Lost Manhood, Exhausted Vitality, the Errors of Youth, Loss of Energy, Weakness, Despondency, Premature Decay, Varicocele, Brain Fag, Nervousness, Blotches on the Skin, Dimness of Sight, Melancholy, Loss of Memory, Noises in the Ears, Kidney or Liver Complaints or any disease of the Bladder or Urinary Organs, do not fail to send a stamped, addressed envelope to George Write, Esq. ‘Colne House’ Rembrandt Road, Lee, London S.E., United Kingdom."

1900-09

Bangkok Times:

"A resident who has had old memories stirred by a letter in the Siam Observer today on the history of Windmill Road [Silom Road - ถนนสีลม] sends us the following: The road was made in the time of the late King, I believe at the request of Sir T.G. Knox and in those early days the greatest care was taken that the cattle traders should not monopolize it. Their cattle were only allowed to pass single file in order that it might not be cut up. Barrot, a French cattle trader, used to give much trouble and he was arrested again and again for cutting the road up. It was considered so important a road that Mr. Newman of the British Consulate has instructions to exercise a general supervision over it. When Sir Thomas Knox took his rides morning and evening along it, the Klings  were wary of meeting him. They all disappeared as soon as he turned the corner at the bridge (at New Road). The khlong [คลอง] was dug somewhere in 1864 or ’65 but cattle boats were not allowed to be kept in it. The cattle were landed at Sapatoom [สระปทุม]."

Abb.: Lage der Silom Road - ถนนสีลม
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Sapatoom [สระปทุม]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-09

Bangkok Times:

"In the time of the old Regent, we understand, there was a regulation that no Siamese who held an official post could marry a European lady and retain his position under the Government. That was a harsh regulation but somehow it embodies the wisdom of an experience much wider than that of Siam. The objection to it is that it makes no provision for the exceptions to the rule and, so far as we know, Siam’s little experience has gone to prove the rule chiefly by providing exceptions."

1900-09

Bangkok Times:

"The public are warned that from the 1st of next month, the Siam Electricity Co., Ltd. may have full electric current on all its wires by day or night. To touch the wires, therefore, will be extremely dangerous."

1900-09

Prinz Norodom Arun Yukanthor  (1858/1860 - 1934, er lebt im Exil in Bangkok von 1913 bis 1934)) legt dem französischen Ministerpräsidenten und anderen Kabinettsministern ein langes Memorandum vor mit Beschwerden gegen die französische Protektoratsverwaltung in Kambodscha (Affaire Yukanthor). Der Journalist Jean Hess (1862 - 1926), der Yukanthor nach Paris begleitet, bringt die Beschwerden zur Kenntnis der Öffentlichkeit durch Zeitungsartikel und das Buch

Hess, Jean <1862 - 1926>: L'Affaire Iukanthor : les dessous d'un protectorat. -- Paris : Juven, 1900. -- 335 S. : Ill. -- Darin klagt der Autor die französische Protektoratsherrschaft in Kambodscha an.

Abb.: Titelblatt

1900-09-07

Brand einer Reismühle. Sachschaden: $400.000.

1900-10

Bangkok Times:

"A correspondent writes that King Chulalongkorn had a very pleasant time at Lopburi [ลพบุรี] and that being in so quiet a place he came into closer contact with the people of the district than he has perhaps ever done before with his ordinary subjects. He was very frequently out and about meeting with them and one day shortly before he left he had tiffin [Vesper] at the house of a Phu Yai Baan [ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน, Bürgermeister]. On the occasion of a religious festival held at the royal pavilion, His Majesty gave instructions that the people of the district should be permitted to join in the ceremonies. All this is very different from the old days when king and people hardly ever saw one another and no one can doubt that, even in Siam the change that His Majesty has made, is all for the better."

Abb.: Lage von Lopburi (ลพบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-10

Bangkok Times:

"In connection with the recent Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Consular report emphasizing the importance of good floating seasons at the present juncture, it may be of interest to mention that there are at present 30,000 logs of teak blocked at the entrance to the rapids [Bei Kaeng Soi - แก่งสร้อย]. They comprise practically a year’s delivery and probably will have to be shifted by elephants."

Abb.: Lage von Kaeng Soi - แก่งสร้อย
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-10

Bangkok Times:

"A policeman and village headman have been brought into Bangkok from Saen Saep [แสนแสบ]. A Saen Sab man had invited a priest from Wat Chaeng  [วัดแจ้ง = Wat Arun - วัดอรุณ] to preach in the village last Thursday and a large number of people gathered to hear him. The policeman and the village headman differed seriously on the question of whether the latter should grace the proceedings armed with a sword. There was trouble over this point of etiquette and one of the bystanders got hurt (your on-looker does generally see most of the game). The two village authorities are now in Bangkok that they may explain this little matter."

Abb.: Lage von  Saen Saep (แสนแสบ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-10-10

Duff-Raja Kelantan Partnership Deed  zwischen dem britischen Duff Syndicate (später: Duff Development Company) von Robert William Duff  (1867 - 1937) und dem Raja von Kelantan (‏كلنتن) (Protektorat Siams). Dadurch erhält Duff eine monopolistische Konzession über 7.800 km² samt "sole commercial rights of every description" sowie weitgehende fiskalische und administrativen Befugnissen. Siam ratifiziert diesen Vertrag 1902. Es kommt bis zur Übernahme Kelantans durch Großbritannien 1903 - 1909 immer wieder zu Konflikten zwischen Duff und dem Briten Walter Armstrong Graham (1868–1949), His Siamese Majesty's Resident Commissioner for the Siamese Malay State of Kelantan.

Abb.: Lage von  Kelantan (‏كلنتن) 
[Bilkdquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage der Duff Company's Concession
[Bildquelle:  Graham, Walter Armstrong <1868 – 1949>: Kelantan, 1908. -- Beilage]

1900-10-15

Größere Lieferungsaufträge an den Staat dürfen nur noch nach öffentlicher Ausschreibung vergeben werden. Damit soll die Handlungsfreiheit deutscher Eisenbahningenieure eingeschränkt werden.

1900-10-15

Der britische Finanzberater Charles James Rivett-Carnac (1853 – 1935) an Francis Leveson Bertie, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame (1844 - 1919), Assistant Undersecretary im Foreing Office:

'...thus, the Belgians have the department of justice, the Danes the navy, the Italians the public works, the Germans [besides the railways] the postal and telegraph departments.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 177]

1900-10-22

Beispiel für die deutsche Kanonenbootdiplomatie: S. M. Kanonenboot Tiger (1899) trifft im deutschen Stützpunkt in China, Tsingtau (青島 - Qingdao), ein. Bis Kriegsende 1914 verrichtet es Stationsdienst.

Abb.: S. M. Kanonenboot Tiger (1899)

Abb.: Lage von Tsingtau (青島 - Qingdao)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Postkarte Tsingtau, ca. 1900
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

 

1900-11

Dekret über die Einziehung von Steuern: vereinfacht das bisherige unübersichtliche Gewirr verschiedenster Bestimmungen.

1900-11

Bangkok Times:

"A postal report from Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่ / ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵]  notes that letters arrive from Bangkok in about three weeks and from London in about six weeks. The London mail comes via Moulmein [မော်လမြိုင်မြို့] and Raheng [ระแหง = Tak - ตาก]. Early in 1899 owing it is said to some departmental dispute in Bangkok, the local post offices in the North were not supplied with stamps and all letters destined for Europe had to be sent to Bangkok to be stamped. This caused much inconvenience and a delay in delivery of about three weeks. Since the visit of the vice-minister of the Interior to the North, the mails have come in very regularly. The telegraph lines to Moulmein and to Bangkok, also to Lakhon [ละคอน = Lampang - ลำปาง], Phrae [แพร่] and Nan [น่าน] are in good working order. Although communication is often interrupted for 10 days at a time, an answer can always be got from Bangkok, distant 450 miles, in three days at most. But businessmen are thankful even to be able to do that, and to feel somewhat confident that an interruption will not exceed a fortnight."

Abb.: Auslandspostverbindung Moulmein [မော်လမြိုင်မြို့] - Raheng [ระแหง = Tak - ตาก] - Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่ / ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵] (rot)
Telegraphenverbindung: Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่ / ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵] - Lakhon [ละคอน = Lampang - ลำปาง] - Phrae [แพร่] - Nan [น่าน] (blau)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Schiffsverbindungen London - Moulmein [မော်လမြိုင်မြို့], 1905

Abb.: Drei Wochen Postweg (meist über Fluss): Bangkok - Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่ / ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵]

1900-11-08

Großbritannien: Stapellauf des größten Schlachtschiffs der Welt, des japanischen Linienschiffs Mikasa (三笠)

Abb.: Mikasa (三笠), Planzeichnung, 1906
[Bildquelle: JANE'S FIGHTING SHIPS 1906-07 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1900-11-09

Geschätzte Kosten pro Jahr, um einen Schüler am King's College (ราชวิทยาลัย) auf ein Universitätsstudium in Großbritannien vorzubereiten: $35. Ein zweitklassiges internat in Großbritannien kostet dagegen $120 pro Jahr.

Die Gehälter der 11 Lehrer am King's College sind fast so hoch wie die Gehälter für über 200 Lehrer an 70 thaisprachigen Schulen.

1900-11-11

Der Brite John Gordon Drummond Campbell (1864 – 1935), Educational Adviser for the Education Department of the Siamese Government, an Kitiyakara Voralaksana, Prince of Chanthaburi (พระองค์เจ้ากิติยากรวรลักษณ์, 1874 - 1931) im Unterrichtsdepartment:

"The boys of the upper classes should receive their education in Bangkok itself and not in Europe, and, if this is to be the case, the present provision for such education is far from adequate." [Zitiert in: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 272f.]

1900-11-17

Rama V. an Paribatra Sukhumbhand, Prinz von Nakhon Sawan  (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าบริพัตรสุขุมพันธุ์ กรมพระนครสวรรค์วรพินิต, 1881 - 1944):

"Once it was usual for numerous royal princes to serve as soldiers. Later, for fear of rebellion, none was permitted to do so unless there was military need; so they acted in civilian capacities only." [Übersetzung: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 14]

1900-11-17

Großbritannien: Premiere des 15-Minuten-Films Attack on a China Mission von James Williamson (1855 - 1933). Der Film zeigt wie während des Boxeraufstands in China ein Missionar getötet wird, seine Frau und Tochter aber von britischen truppen gerettet werden.

Abb.: Filmszene
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1900-12

Bangkok Times:

"A couple of Indian dairymen were summoned to the British Counsellor Court today for allowing their cattle to stray on the paddy fields at Sala Daeng [ศาลาแดง]. Defendants were ordered to pay Ticals [Baht] 20, the amount of the damage."

Abb.: Lage von Sala Daeng (ศาลาแดง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1900-12

Bangkok Times:

"LETTER TO THE EDITOR Dear Sir, In Saturday’s issue of the Siam Free Press there appeared under the heading of "A Suicide’s Confession" a statement to the effect that I had committed suicide and that "a twinge of remorse was unaccountable for it." I shall feel exceedingly obliged if you will correct this very grievous mistake since I have not departed this life under the disturbing circumstances related by the Siam Free Press but that it was my valuable servant, a lad named Nai Yee, with whom I would not have parted for anything who took his life, much to my regret and that of a wide circle of his friends by whom he was held in the greatest esteem for his integrity and honesty. I shall feel greatly obliged if you will publish this letter in the columns of your esteemed journal. I remain, Sir, Yours truly, Chamun Maha Sanit. (Reply) Our contemporary has already apologised for the mistake made but in the circumstances a man seems to have a right to be allowed to proclaim his existence as widely as possible. — Editor."

1900-12

Bangkok Times:

"There seems to be a general desire on the part of the telephone subscribers here that the system of using numbers should be instituted. Owing to the imperfections of the instrument, names alone are often misunderstood with the result that time and temper are wasted."

1900-12

Bangkok Times:

"It is averred by a famous Chinese doctor that nervousness is kept out of the Celestial Empire by the use of soft-soled shoes. The hard soles worn by the Anglo-Saxon races are said to be the cause of their extreme nervous temperament."

Abb.: Schuld am extrem nervösen Temperament der Engländer: harte  (hier: genagelte) Schuhsolen
[Bildquelle: StromBer / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1900-12

Bangkok Times:

"Kiam Hoa Heng & Co., Book Department have just received MAGAZINES: Pearson’s Royal Strand, English Illustrated, Wide World, Windsor, Cassells, Century, Harper, Cassier Fielden, Engineering Idler, Review of Reviews, Pall Mall, Harmsworth, Catholic Mission, Catholic Fireside, Punch, Practical Photographer, World of Dress, Journal de Mode, Myra’s Journal, Lady’s Companion, Junior Photo. NEW NOVELS, COLONIAL EDITION: The Mamed Miss Binks by John Strange Winer, The Flower of the Flock by W.E. Norris, Blood Track of the Bush by Simpson Newland, A Prick of Conscience by Alan St. Aubyn, The Town Lady, The Isle of Unrest."

Abb.: The English Illustrated Magazine, 1886

Abb.: Harper's Bazar, 1899

Abb.: Punch, 1895

Abb.: The isle of unrest / by Henry Seton Merriman, 1900

1900-12-08

Abb.: "Some must back up" / von Victor Gillam (1858 - 1920)
[Bildquelle: The Judge. -- 1900-12-08]

1900-12-14

Der deutsche Physiker Max Plank trägt vor der Physikalischen Gesellschaft eine Gleichung vor, die die Strahlung eines schwarzen Körpers korrekt beschreibt. "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum". Damit legt er die Grundlage für die Quantentheorie.

Abb.: Erste Seite des Vortrags

1900-12-21

Eröffnung der Eisenbahn bis Korat (โคราช).

Abb.: Eisenbahnlinie bis Korat (โคราช)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Kludas, Arnold <1929 - >: Die Seeschiffe des Norddeutschen Lloyd 1857 bis 1970. -- Augsburg : Bechtermünz, 1998. -- 165 + 168 S. : Ill ; 28 cm. -- ISB 3-86047-262-3. -- Standardwerk.

Ongsakul, Sarassawadee <สรัสวดี อ๋องสกุล>: History of Lan Na / translated by Chitraporn Tanratanakul. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2005. -- 328 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN974-9575-84-9. -- Originaltitel: ประวัติศาสตร์ลัานนา (2001)

Barmé, Scot: Woman, man, Bangkok : love, sex, and popular culture in Thailand. --  Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. -- 273 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. --  ISBN 0-7425-0157-4

Van Beek, Steve <1944 - >: Bangkok, then and now. -- 2. ed. -- Nonthaburi : AB Publications, 2001. -- 131 S. : Ill. 22 x 29 cm. -- ISBN: 974-87616-0-6

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Zu Chronik 1901 (Rama V.)