Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik B. E. 2457 / 1914-04 - 1915-03 (Rama VI.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik B. E. 2457 / 1914-04 - 1915-03 (Rama VI.). -- Fassung vom 2017-02-11. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1914-15.htm  

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-10-13

Überarbeitungen: 2017-02-11 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-12-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-25 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-12-02 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-09-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-28 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-04-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-07-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-28 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2457 / 1914-04 - 1915-03 undatiert

1914

Abb.: Siam, 1914
[Bildquelle: Baedeker's Indien: Handbuch Für Reisende, 1914]

1914

"Money was not all the King lost. A number of his most trusted favorites turned out to be involved in the financial machinations which were subsequently exposed. Chalorng [Chalorng Nayanarot (U Seng Siwakoset)] and his brother admitted their guilt and were sentenced to long prison terms. Another Director of the Siam Commercial Bank, Phraya Bamroeboriphak (Sai Na Mahachai), a prominent official in the Royal Pages and a member of several of the King’s other organizations, was fired. Phraya Atsawabodi (Lek Komanraphat), an old friend of the King’s dating back to his early days as Crown Prince and a high-ranking official in the Wild Tiger Corps as the Master of the Royal Horses, was recalled from his mission abroad to purchase steeds in Australia and eventually fined 2,000 baht for improper conduct with regard to the Siam Commercial Bank. Phraya Ratsadakomkoson (Hong Nawanukhrai), the Director-General of the Bangkok Revenue Department and recently a member of the Committee to Investigate State Revenues and Expenditures, was charged with opening five accounts in his own name at the Chino-Siam Bank. He admitted to owing more than 122,000 baht to the government, but denied that he had done anything illegal. He claimed that certain individuals in the Ministry of Finance were trying to gain revenge on him for his part in the investigation of that ministry while he was serving on the 1912 Finance Committee. Thanks to the support of his superior, Chao Phraya Yomarat [เจ้าพระยายมราช (ปั้น สุขุม), 1862 - 1938] who refused to consider his resignation, Phraya Ratsadakomkoson escaped all punishment and was merely commanded by the King to repay the money. Corruption was also found within the King’s own Secretariat. The head of this Department, Phraya Rachasat (Sa-at Chuto), was convicted of stealing money and withholding petitions from the King and was dismissed from his job. Many other officials also came under suspicion of mishandling the King’s money, but it was said there was not sufficient evidence to warrant bringing charges against them." [Quelle: Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman: Absolute dreams : Thai government under Rama VI, 1910-1925. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1999. -- 224 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8434-69-9. -- S. 86. -- Fair use]

1914

Die Royal Palace Guards (กรมทหารรักษาวัง) bestehen aus zwei Kompanien mit je 200 Mann. Sie werden zweimal wöchentlich im Bereich des Königspalasts gedrillt. Die Favoriten des Königs spielen auch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Garde:

• Phraya Aniruttha (Fuan Phuangbun) (พระยาอนิรุทธเทวา (หม่อมหลวงฟื้น พึ่งบุญ), 1893 - 1951)
• Phraya Burinaworat (Chuan Singhaseni) (พระยาบุรีนวราษฐ์ (ชวน สิงหเสนี), - 1926)
• Phraya Sucharit (Ut Sucharitkun) (พระยาสุจริต (อู๊ด สุจริตกุล))

1914

Es erscheint:

Vajirañāṇavarorasa [วชิรญาณวโรรส] <1880 - 1921>: เรึ่อง นิกาย [Über dei Nikayas]. -- 2457 [= 1914]. -- 63 S.

Abb.: Titelblatt

"Die Behauptung, die Angehörigen des Mahanikaya [มหานิกาย] seien keine wirklichen Mönche nach den Regeln des Vinaya [พระวินัย], wird als Schaden auf jene zurückfallen, die sie aufgestellt haben; nämlich auf einige Mönche des Thammayutika-Nikaya [ธรรมยุติกนิกาย]." [a.a.O., S. 28. -- Übersetzung: Skrobanek, Walter <1941 - 2006>: Buddhistische Politik in Thailand : mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des heterodoxen Messianismus. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1976. -- 315 S. ; 24 cm. -- (Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; 23). -- ISBN 3-515-02390-9. -- Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1972. -- S. 115. -- Mit Erlaubnis des inzwischen verstorbenen Autors]

1914/1915

Es erscheint der erste Teil von

ประชุมพงศาวดาร (Sammlung der Chroniken), insgesamt erscheinen 82 Teile. Hauptsächlicher Herausgeber der Reihe ist Damrong Rajanubhab (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 - 1943)

Übersicht: th.wikisource.org/wiki/ประชุมพงศาวดาร . Zugriff am 2015-04-28

Abb.: Einbandtitel eines der Bände

1914

Es erscheint

สมโมท อมรพรรณ [Sommot Amoraphan] <1860 - 1915>: จดหมายเหตุเรื่องทรงตั้งพระบรมวงษานุวงค์กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ ตั้งแต่รัชกาลที่ ๑ จนถึงรัชการที่ ๕ [Documents Pertaining to the Appointments to Princely Titles of Members of the Royal Family from the First to the Fifth Reigns]. -- Krung Thep : Daily Mail Press, [1914]. -- 464 S.

"Prince Sommot Amoraphan (1860-1915) compiled biographical notes about members of the Chakri dynasty from 1782 to 1910; Prince Damrong [ดำรงราชานุภาพ <สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา>, 1862 - 1943>] wrote the historical introduction to this volume. This book was revised and reprinted in an illustrated edition with the title Granting of Princely Ranks [เรึ่องเฉลิมพระยศเจ้าฉบับมีพระรูป] (see 1925). Prince Damrong’s ‘Introduction’ was revised and reprinted alone with the title An Explanation of Princely Ranks [อธิบายว่าดัวยยศเจ้า] (see 1929)." [Quelle: Breazeale, Kennon: The writings of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab : a chronology with annotations. -- Bangkok : Toyota Thailand Foundation : Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities Textbooks Project, 2008.  -- 60 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 9789740697411. -- S. 23]

1914

Es erscheint;

ตำนานพระอารามและทาเนียบสมณศักดิ์ [Zur Geschichte buddhistischer Klöster und Liste des buddhistischen Klerus]. -- Bangkok : Thai Press, [1914]. -- 209 S.

This book comprises three works: Chao Phraya Wichitwong Wuthikrai’s list of 115 monasteries and their founders; Prince Damrong’s [ดำรงราชานุภาพ <สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา> [Damrong Rajanubhab] <1862 - 1943>] essay ‘Explanation of the Buddhist Hierarchy and Ecclesiastical Titles’ (reprinted separately as A Historical Account of the Thai Buddhist Hierarchy [ตำนานคณะสงฆ], see 1923) and Phraya Phrütthathibodi’s list of Sangha offices and titles, mostly of the Fourth to Sixth Reigns." [Quelle: Breazeale, Kennon: The writings of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab : a chronology with annotations. -- Bangkok : Toyota Thailand Foundation : Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities Textbooks Project, 2008.  -- 60 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 9789740697411. -- S. 23f.]

1914

Es erscheint:

พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว [Rama VI.]: กาพย์เห่เรือยุคใหม่ [Rudergesänge des neuen Zeitalters]

Darin sind 12 Rudergesänge enthalten, die Rama VI. 1914 verfasst hat:

1. เห่ชมกระบวนเรือ -  Ruderlied zum Preise der Prozessionsschiffe
2. เห่ชมพระนคร - Ruderlied zum Preise Bangkoks
3. เห่ชมทางไปปากน้ำ - Ruderlied zum Preise der Reise nach Pak Nam
4. เห่ชมปลา - Ruderlied zum Preise der Fische
5. เห่ชมชายทะเล - Ruderlied zum Preise der Meeresküste
6. เห่ครวญ - Ruderlied auf die Sehnsucht
7. เห่ชมเครื่องว่าง - Ruderlied zum Preise der Erfrischungen
8. เห่ครวญถึงหนังสือ - Ruderlied auf die Sehnsucht nach Büchern
9. เห่เรื่องนางสีดา - Ruderlied auf Sida
10. เห่เรื่องพระร่วง  - Ruderlied auf Phra Ruong
11. เห่เรื่องซ้อมกระบวนเรือ - Ruderlied auf das Manöver einer Flottenabteilung
12. เห่ชวนเข้าราชนาวีสมาคม - Ruderlied, um zu überreden, in die königliche Marinegesellschaft einzutreten

[Deutsche Titel nach: Wenk, Klaus <1927 - 2006>: Die Ruderlieder, kāp hē rüö, in der Literatur Thailands. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1968. -- 177 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ; Bd. 37,4). -- S. 85]

"Eine weitere Gruppe von he rüö [เห่เรือ] dient fast ausschließlich der Glorifizierung der nationalen Vergangenheit. Dazu gehören He rüöng Nang Sida [เห่เรื่องนางสีดา], He rüöng Phra Ruong [เห่เรื่องพระร่วง] sowie He rüöng som rop krabuon rüö [เห่เรื่องซ้อมกระบวนเรือ] und teilweise He chom chai thale [เห่ชมชายทะเล]. Letztere verherrlichen den Soldatentod für das Vaterland. Man lese nur die Strophen 17 bis 19 des „Ruderliedes zum Preise des Meeresküste"! Spätestens hier schaudert man vor dem hohlen Pathos Wachirawut’s zurück. Bei dieser letzten Gruppe wird offenbar, daß die he rüö Wachirawut’s Wesentliches von denen seiner Vorgänger trennt. Die Dichtung Rama VI ist Tendenzdichtung mit der Absicht, eine politische Idee, den Nationalismus, zu propagieren. Die Tendenz überflügelt bei ihm die künstlerische Gestaltung. Damit beginnt die Auflösung der traditionellen kap he rüö [กาพย์เห่เรือ]. Im Gegensatz zu der literarischen Gattung des kap ho khlong [กาพย์หอ่โคลง], gleichfalls einer Verbindung des kap yani [กาพย์ยานี] mit khlong si-Strophen [โคลงสี่], können die he rüö nicht als inhaltsneutrale, nur metrisch bestimmte literarische Gattung angesehen werden. Die Form der he rüö ist terminologisch eindeutig als „Ruderlied" festgelegt, das, von seinen Ursprüngen an und durch die folgende Entwicklung bestätigt, sich mit der Vorstellung verbindet, ein dem volkstümlichen Empfinden angenähertes Lied zu sein, dessen Hauptthema die Sehnsucht nach der Liebsten ist. Der Inhalt, den Wachirawut seinen he rüö gibt, ist zweifellos nicht der von „Ruderliedern", auch nicht von he rüö luong [เห่เรือหลวง]. Welch ein Monstrum ist schon der Titel „Ruderlied auf die Sehnsucht nach Büchern"! Man könnte gegen die hier vertretene Meinung einwenden, dass Wachirawut seine „Ruderlieder" von einem eisengepanzerten Kanonenboot aus verfertigte und nicht auf Grund des Erlebnisses einer Ruderbootpartie, und dass die von ihm heraufbeschworene „neue Zeit" auch eine Anpassung der literarischen Formen bedinge. Diese Argumentation ginge jedoch fehl, da sie nur das rein Formale berücksichtigen und den typischen Stimmungsgehalt des thailändischen „Ruderliedes" außer acht lassen würde. Die he rüö Wachirawut’s sind nur noch formal „Ruderlieder". Wie in den dramatischen Formen der nationalen Dichtung Thailands ist der König auch in der he rüö-Dichtung einer der Zerstörer, ohne Neues geschaffen zu haben. Wachirawut hat ein eigenes Schaffen in seinem „Ruderlied auf die Sehnsucht nach Büchern" gekennzeichnet"... sie sind fleißig dabei zu zerstören" (Strophe 3)." [Quelle: Wenk, Klaus <1927 - 2006>: Die Ruderlieder, kāp hē rüö, in der Literatur Thailands. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1968. -- 177 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ; Bd. 37,4). -- S. 87]

Aus dem เห่ครวญถึงหนังสือ - Ruderlied auf die Sehnsucht nach Büchern:

๏ ภาษาสมัยใหม่   ของถูกใจพวกนักเรียน อ่านนักชักวิงเวียน   เขาช่างพียรเสียจริงจัง	3. Die Sprache dieser neuen Zeit!       Den Schülern gefallen nur billige Sachen. Liest man weiter, fühlt man’s im Kopfe drehen.       Sie sind fleißig dabei, zu zerstören.
๏ โอ้ว่าภาษาไทย   ช่างกระไรจวนฉิบหาย คนไทยไพล่กลับกลาย   เปนโซ็ดบ้าน่าบัดสี	6. Welch Schaden für die thailändische Sprache,       es scheint, dass alles beinahe verlorengeht. Thailänder selbst ändern die überlieferte Form.       Das ist charmant, wahrlich dumm und beschämend.
๏ พุทโธ่โอ้ใจหาย   เราเคราะห์ร้ายนี่กระไร จบหมดบทกลอนไทย   ไม่เปนส่ำระยำมัง	9. O je, welch ein Jammer,       welch ein Unglück für uns. Vorbei ist es mit der Dichtung Thailands.       Kein Volk macht sich so verachtenswert.
๏ ทั้งมวลล้วนเหลวแหลก   ทุกแพนกอนิจจัง เรื่องเปื่อยเลื้อยรุงรัง   ทั้งถ้อยคำซ้ำหยาบคาย	10. Alles ist restlos zerstört,       jedes Kapitel - wie nichtig. Die Geschichte ist sinnlos, verwirrt,       obendrein wiederholen sich die Worte und sind vulgär.
[Quelle: www.reurnthai.com/wiki/กาพย์เห่เรือ_พระราชนิพนธ์พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว. -- ZUgriff am 2015-06-06]	[Übersetzung: Wenk, Klaus <1927 - 2006>: Die Ruderlieder, kāp hē rüö, in der Literatur Thailands. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1968. -- 177 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ; Bd. 37,4). -- S. 146f.]

1914

Es erscheint:

ชิต บุรทัต [Chit Burathat] <1892 - 1942>: สามัคคีเภทคำฉันท์ [Der Bruch der Eintracht - in Chan-Versen]. -- 410 Verse. -- Didaktisches Werk nach einem Stoff der buddhistischen Kommentarliteratur.

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer späteren Ausgabe

1914

Es erscheint:

โอมาร์ คัยยาม  <1048 - 1131> [عمر خیام]: รุไบยาต [Rubaiyat] / übersetzt von นราธิปประพันธ์พงศ์ (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ ; กรมพระ) [Narathip Praphanphong, 1861 - 1931]. -- Originaltitel: The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (رباعیات عمر خیام) (1859)

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer späteren Ausgabe

1914

Compulsory Vaccination Act macht in Bangkok Pockenimpfung zur Pflicht.

Abb.: Pocken, USA, 1910

 

Abb.: Pocken, USA, 1910

1914

Im Monthon Bangkok [มณฑลกรุงเทพ] besuchen schätzungsweise 1400 Mädchen die Schule.

1914

Eröffnung der Krankenschwesternschule der Rot-Kreuz-Gesellschaft. Absolventinnen werden zur Hebammenschule geschickt, wenn sie als Hebammen ausgebildet werden sollen.

1914

The Royal Grant of Land to the Roman Catholic Mission in Thailand Act 1914.

Abb.: Katholische Missionskirche bei Bergvölkern, Provinz Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน), 2006
[Bildquelle: prince de tubal. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/princedetubal/288336863/. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage der  Provinz Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1914

Fertigstellung des von Prinz Naris (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าจิตรเจริญ กรมพระยานริศรานุวัดติวงศ์, 1863 - 1947) in Auftrag gegebenen Plainoen Palace (วังปลายเนิน). Prinz Naris wohnt hier bis zu seinem Tod.

1914

Es erscheint:

The Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. - London ; Leipzig. --   1.1914/16 - 6.1923/24,3. -- Fortgeführt als: The Journal of the Siam Society. Natural history supplement.

1914

Adolf Link erwirbt alle Geschäftsanteile an der Firma B. Grimm in Siam. Adolf Link ist seit 1903 Manager der Firma

1914

Siam eröffnet ein Konsulat in Hannover.

1914

Es erscheint:

Besso, Salvatore <1884 - 1912>: Siam and China / translated from the Italian by C. Mathews. -- London : Simpkin, 1914. -- 286 S. : Ill. ;  30 cm. -- Der Autor war 1911 bei der Krönung von Rama VI. Der band enthält seine Briefe und Postkarten nach Hause aus dieser Zeit. Enthält viele Abbildungen von Postkarten um 1911.

1914

Es erscheint:

Schaeck, Ivan de <1865 - 1926>: S.A.I. le grand-due Boris de Russie aux fêtes du Siam, pour le couronnement du roi. -- 3. ed. -- Paris : Plon-Nourrit, 1914.  -- 225 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm

2003 erscheint eine Übersetzung von นันทพร บรรลือสินธุ์ ins Thai unter dem Titel:

การเสด็จพระราชดำเนินของมกุฎราชกุมารแห่งรัสเซียในพระราชพิธีบรมราชาภิเษก พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว

1914

Manchester (Großbritannien): Inbetriebnahme der ersten rein biologischen Abwässerkläranlage nach einem Entwurf von William Dibdon.

1914

Erster betriebstauglicher Dieseltriebwagen der Welt.

Abb.: Dieselelektrischer Triebwagen ABm 2/5 9 (ex. BCm 2/5 9), Verkehrshaus der Schweiz, 2010
[Bildquelle: Commons limousin / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1914

Die US-Firma Cutex bringt flüssigen Nagellack auf den Markt.

Abb.: Vom Nagellack zu künstlichen Fingernägeln: Bangkok, 2012
[Bildquelle: antjeverena. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/82138793@N00/6822467911. -- Zugriff am 2013-08-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielel Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

um 1914

Erstmals Einsatz von Treib- bzw. Zugnetzen im Hochseefischfang. Später wird das zur Überfischung, besonders der Küstengebiete führen.

Abb.: Treibnetze
[Bildquelle: José Ramón García Ares / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1914

Der Sultan von Johore (جوهور) wird gezwungen, einen britischen "Berater" zu akzeptieren. damit wird das Sultanat britisches Protektorat und Bestandteil der britischen Unfederated Malay States

Abb.: Lage von Johore (جوهور)  und den  Unfederated Malay States (blau)
[Bildquelle: Bukhrin / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1914

Abb.: Inserate. 1914

1914

Es erscheint:

Kruse, Walther <1864 - 1943>: Die Erreger von Husten und Schnupfen. -- In: Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. -- 61/28 (1914). -- S. 1545 - 1600. -- Darin weist der Bakteriologe Kruse nach, dass Husten und Schnupfen durch Viren (nicht Bakterien) übertragen werden.

1915 - 1919

Rama VI. überzieht sein Budget für "reception during tours" insgesamt um über 1 Mio. Baht. Ordnungsgemäß stehen im dafür jährlich 50.000 Baht zu.

1915

In Siam gibt es 107 Postämter.

1915

Allgemeines Lotterieverbot, auch in Bangkok.

1915

Es erscheint folgendes Buch von Rama VI.:

Vajiravudh: Clogs on our wheel. -- Bangkok, Siam Observer, 1915. -- 164 S.

Darin: The cult of imitation. In diesem Aufsatz behauptet er, dass verwestlichte Politiker in China den Fortschritt um mindestens 100 Jahre zurückgesetzt hätten.

Darin auch seine Ansichten zu Ehe:

"In an important essay of 1915 on the conceptual "cakes of mud" that were clogging the wheels of Siam's national progress, the King devoted many pages to problems in the area of marriage and the family. He castigated "temporary marriage," that is, informal cohabitation, as a custom that encouraged promiscuity, gave no security to women, and was subversive to morality. He wrote: "Have pity on our women and girls! Help them to obtain some justice and equality. Help them to become honoured as the future mothers of our nation.'' He castigated the "parental irresponsibility'' that resulted from temporary marriages in which the partners, having joined together for sexual enjoyment, gave little heed to "their duty to bring up their children so as to become useful members of the community, and good, loyal citizens of Siam." And lastly, he castigated "traffic in young women," which he described as a new fashion worse than polygamy. The old custom had been for a well-to-do man to have a principal wife and, in the same household, a number of female servants who also served as lesser wives. The new custom favored by the "modern young Siamese" who claimed to be opposed to polygamy was to acquire a number of secret wives, often by paying the parents for them. The old custom had the virtue of being a more or less permanent arrangement; the new custom was highly temporary. Wealthy men simply used young, ignorant girls, tossing them off when they tired of them." [Quelle: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 156.]

2457 / 1914-04 - 1915-03 datiert

1914-04-01

Es erscheint:

นรินทร์ ภาษิด [Narin Phasit] <1874 - 1950>: ช่วยบำรุงชาติ. -- Bangkok : Buddhist Society Press, 1914-04-01 (Reprint: 1930)

"The Japanese would certainly not be deluded into believing in a debased version of Buddhism. They most certainly would not be willing to maintain tens of thousands of temples or support monks numbering in the hundreds of thousands. If we estimate the amount of money that is wasted and rendered useless to our nation and its people in this manner, at the very least the figure would be in the tens of millions annually, not to mention the human waste." [Übersetzung: Koret, Peter: The man who accused the king of killing a fish : the biography of Narin Phasit [นรินทร์ ภาษิด] of Siam (1874-1950). -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2012. -- 397 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 9786162150432. -- S. 28. -- Fair use]

1914-04-12

"Ich beschäftige mich jetzt zuweilen mit dem Gedanken nach Fertigstellung der Bahn nach Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่], die allerdings noch in weiter Ferne liegt, Nachtbetrieb einzuführen. Man könnte dann in 24 Stunden von Bangkok nach Chiengmai gelangen. Das klingt zwar sehr verlockend, erscheint mir aber doch als großes Wagnis. Zunächst dürfte wohl die Sicherheit des Betriebes nur gering sein. Die Sicherung der Weichen bei Nacht bei dem nicht allzu zuverlässigen Personal erregt mein Bedenken, sodann auch das gute Funktionieren des dem Zuge vorauseilenden telegrafischen Dienstes. Von geringer Bedeutung ist die Unbequemlichkeit des Schlafens in einem kleinen geschlossenen Raum bei der tropischen Hitze. Immerhin lasse ich mir die Sache durch den Kopf gehen." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 251]

1914-04-25 - 1914-09-13

Rama VI. hält den "Wild Tigers" elf Vorlesungen über den Buddhismus: เรื่องเทศนาเสือป่า. Maschinschriftlicher englischer Text: http://archive.org/details/cu31924022930204. -- Zugriff am 2013-07-13.

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer neueren Ausgabe

Der Anfang der ersten Vorlesung (1914-04-25) gibt das Thema für die ganze Reihe über "religious topics" vor:

"It has been my wont on Saturdays to speak in the way of giving instruction. Having completed one series I shall now speak of matters pertaining to the heart of the Wild Tiger, or the control of ones own heart. A soldier of any race or country must have a purpose in order to induce bravery. It is necessary that he should, understand why it is important that life and flesh be sacrificed. If he fails to understand this, though he be dragged forth, he may run away; but understanding the right and advantage of going to war, he will not desert. A right attitude of heart results from the realization that one fights to defend his race, his religion and his king. He must have righteousness fixed in his heart. How then can a real love of race be fostered; a love that makes one willing to sacrifice his life?" [a.a.O., S. 1.]

1914-05

Der König muss wegen Geldmangel eine Reise nach Südsiam und British India absagen.

1914-05

In der Zeitschrift

สารธรรม / von นรินทร์ ภาษิด [Narin Phasit] <1874 - 1950>. -- Heft 17 (1914-05). -- "Message of dharma" (Peter Koret) erscheint folgende Fassung von Nithan Khrua Te:

"[An abbot known as Khrua Te] was corrupt in his behavior and had been an enemy of the Buddhist religion for fifteen or sixteen years. In front of laymen, however, he presented himself as a virtuous monk. The members of his community had great faith in him and knew nothing at all of his trickery. In addition, Khrua Te had seventeen disciples at his temple, all of them false monks obscene in their conduct. They drank alcohol without cease. One day, however, they ran out of food and alcohol and were lacking in money to replenish their stock. When Khrua Te was informed of the situation by one of his disciples, he said, "I know how to extinguish our suffering. " He then dressed up in his monk’s robes and went to the house of a Mr. Klong. The villagers fell for his ploy and collected donations that were ultimately to be spent on food and alcohol for the old monks. [The abbot explained to them that the money was needed] for the performance of a special ceremony to appeal to celestial deities in order to rid the community of its present state of misfortune. [Once they had received a sufficient amount of donations, ] Khrua Te and his disciples drank until they were intoxicated. Mr. Son saw [their debauchery] and upon returning home he informed his wife’s parents with absolute honesty of what he had seen. Their response, however, was to accuse him of being crazy and perverted in thought. He had grown unsound in mind, they said, because he had stepped inside the sanctified circle of the temple, the entrance to which had been forbidden by the abbot during the course of the sacred ceremony. [Members of the community] therefore seized Mr. Son and beat him badly all over his body. None of them sought to investigate his words in a reasonable manner for they thoroughly believed in the sanctity of the evil men who called themselves monks. In the end, Mr. Son could no longer withstand such great punishment for he was alone and without friends. He was oppressed by the majority. His situation is comparable to a small amount of water, which will always lose out to a much larger fire. Finally, therefore, he was forced to take back his words and declare that the abbot and his disciples had not become intoxicated. Never in the future did he again act in such a crazy fashion. " [Übersetzung: Koret, Peter: The man who accused the king of killing a fish : the biography of Narin Phasit [นรินทร์ ภาษิด] of Siam (1874-1950). -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2012. -- 397 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 9786162150432. -- S. 20f. -- Fair use]

1914-05

Der Niederländer Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet (aka Henk Sneevliet aka Maring, 1983 - 1942)  gründet die Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV). Sie ist die Vorläuferin der Partai Komunis Indonesia. Sie nimmt 1920 den Namen Perserikatan Komunis di Hindia (PKH) an und wird die erste kommunistische Partei Asiens, die der kommunistischen Internationale beitritt.

1914-05 - 1914-10

Leipzig (Deutschland): Internationale Ausstellung für Buchgewerbe und Graphik (Bugra). Siam nimmt teil und stellt u.a. Photographien und Bücher Ramas VI. aus. Rama VI. erhält für seine Fotos zwei Goldmedaillen, eine Silbermedaille und eine Bronzemedaille.

Abb.: Internationale Ausstellung für Buchgewerbe und Graphik Leipzig 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Die Ausstellung wurde von dem in Leipzig ansässigen Deutschen Buchgewerbeverein von Mai bis Oktober 1914 durchgeführt. Initiator der Ausstellung war Max Seliger, der Direktor der Königlichen Akademie für graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe zu Leipzig. Äußerer Anlass war das 150-jährige Bestehen der von ihm geleiteten Einrichtung. Zum Präsidenten der Ausstellung wurde Ludwig Volkmann, der Vorsitzende des Buchgewerbevereins gewählt. Das Ausstellungsgelände befand sich auf dem Gebiet des späteren Technischen Messegeländes, auf dem ein Jahr zuvor die Internationale Baufach-Ausstellung stattgefunden hatte. Neben dem Gastgeber Deutschland waren noch Gäste aus insgesamt 22 Ländern vertreten, fünf davon mit Nationalausstellungen in jeweils eigenem Pavillon. Aus Deutschland allein beteiligten sich 2300 Firmen und Personen. Im Mittelpunkt standen nicht nur Herstellung und Vertrieb des Buches, sondern auch die Herstellung der notwendigen Rohmaterialien und Maschinen und die graphischen Künste. Dazu war die Ausstellung in 16 Haupt- und etwa 60 Untergruppen gegliedert. Die Palette reichte von Maschinen und Produkten der Papierherstellung über Schriftgießerei, Druckverfahren, Reprotechnik, Buchbinderei und Buchhandel bis zu Zeitungs- und Nachrichtenwesen, Bibliothekswesen und Bibliophilie. Wolf Netter & Jacobi zeigten eine dreistöckige freistehende Regalanlage für Archive und Bibliotheken, die im In- und Ausland große Beachtung fand.[2] Es gab Sonderausstellungen für bestimmte Berufs- und Interessenskreise wie „Die Frau im Buchgewerbe und in der Graphik“, „Der Kaufmann“, „Schule und Buchgewerbe“, „Deutschland im Bild“ und andere. In der Halle der Kultur (heute Halle 16, Pantheon) erhielten Künstler die Möglichkeit, ihre grafischen Werke, Buchillustrationen und Plakate zu präsentieren. Ausstellungsobjekt war auch die Haynsburger Papiermühle, in der von 1700 bis 1909 handwerklich Papier hergestellt worden war. Die besten Arbeiten und Produkte wurden durch Medaillen prämiert, die von einer Fachjury vergeben wurden, in der u.a. Georg Belwe und Walter Tiemann mitwirkten. Unter den ausgezeichneten Firmen waren die Druckereien Oscar Brandstetter und Fischer & Wittig sowie die Papierfabrik Ferdinand Flinsch. Preisträger bei den bildenden Künstlern waren unter anderen Max Klinger, Edvard Munch, Käthe Kollwitz, Gustav Klimt und Erich Gruner. Es wurden 2,3 Millionen Besucher der Ausstellung aus allen sozialen Schichten gezählt und die Ausstellung als großer Erfolg gewertet. Allerdings ging der Besuch ab August wegen des Ausbruchs des Ersten Weltkrieges deutlich zurück. Die Bugra blieb zwar offen, aber die Veranstaltungen der feindlichen Staaten Russland, England, Frankreich, Belgien und Japan wurden geschlossen." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugra. -- Zugriff am 2013-11-19]

1914-05-02

In einem Rundschreiben an alle Gesandtschaften Siams verbietet der König allen Prinzen, die im Ausland mit einem königlichen Stipendium studieren, zu heiraten.

1914-05-14

Der deutsche Militärarzt Friedrich Schaefer (1868 - 1914) stirbt an den Folgen einer Blutvergiftung, die er sich bei einer Operation zugezogen hat. Er war seit 1909-01-01 im Dienst der siamesischen Armee. Der König zahl der Witwe freiwillig eine hohe Pension. Sein informatives Tagebuch ist veröffentlicht:

Schaefer, Friedrich <1868 - 1914>: Siamesisches Tagebuch : ein deutscher Arzt in Bangkok 1909 - 1912 / hrsg. Walter Schaefer-Kehnert [1918 - 2006]. -- Bonn : Deutsch-Thailändische Gesellschaft, 1991. -- 303 S. : Ill ; 21 cm. -- (Publikationen / Deutsch-Thailändische Gesellschaft ; 18). -- ISBN 3-923387-17-2

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1914-05-16

Die deutsche Chemiefirma Merck erhält das Patent für das von Anton Köllisch (1888 - 1916) 1912 synthetisierte MDMA (3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin) unter dem damaligen Namen Methylsafrylamin. "MDMA war bis in die 1980er Jahre mit der Droge Ecstasy synonym. Später verstand man unter Ecstasy jedoch Drogen, die nicht auf MDMA als Inhaltsstoff festgelegt sind, sondern weitere Inhaltsstoffe und auch gar kein MDMA enthalten können." (Wikipedia) Ecstasy (Ya ba - ยาบ้า und ya ice ยาไอซ์) wird in Thailand die verbreitetste Droge werden.

Abb.: ya ba (ยาบ้า), um 2010
[Fair use]

1914-05-30

Eröffnung des King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH, โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์).

Abb.: Lage des King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH, โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH, โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์)
[Bildquelle: ScorpianPK / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Das King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (abgekürzt KCMH, in Thai: โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์, deutsch etwa Chulalongkorn-Krankenhaus) ist ein großes Krankenhaus in Bangkok, der Hauptstadt von Thailand. Betrieben wird das Krankenhaus vom thailändischen Roten Kreuz (Thai: สภากาชาดไทย). Das Krankenhaus wurde am 30. Mai 1914 von König Vajiravudh feierlich eröffnet, und nach seinem Vater, König Chulalongkorn benannt. Es wurde vom König und seinen Familienangehörigen finanziert. Das Krankenhaus mit heute über 1400 Betten gilt als eines der größten Krankenhäuser Thailands. Das Krankenhaus arbeitet eng mit der Chulalongkorn-Universität als Lehrkrankenhaus zusammen und bildet in einer eigenen Schule Krankenpflegepersonal aus. Das Krankenhaus liegt im Innenstadtbezirk Pathum Wan an der Kreuzung der Thanon Rama IV (Rama-IV.-Straße) mit der Thanon Henri Dunant (Henri-Dunant-Straße). In der Nähe, auf der anderen Straßenseite der Thanon Henri Dunant, befindet sich das Pasteur-Institut, welches aufgrund seiner Produktion von Gegengiften bei Schlangenbissen auch als Snake-Farm bekannt ist." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn_Memorial_Hospital. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-13]

"Foundation of the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital [โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์] was laid on. June 28th, 1911. One administrative building, two wards of 22 beds each, and two operating theatres were built, totally of ferro-concrete. Dr. F. Schaefer, late adviser to the Military Medical Department, was made director of the Hospital, and it was largely due to him that the present Hospital was so well planned, with the various blocks spaced out and the interior well equipped on modern lines, to the admiration of visitors, lay and medical. Unfortunately, Dr. F. Schaefer died suddenly of blood poisoning a fortnight before the date fixed for the formal opening of the Hospital. Major-General Phya Vibul Ayuraved (then Luang Sakda Bolaraksba) was promptly put in charge and remained in office for three years, at the end of which he was transferred to the head of the Military Medical Department and was succeeded by Major-General Phya Damrong Baedyagun [1881 - 1953], the present director. May 30th, 1914, the first Red Cross hospital in Siam was opened with all due ceremony by His Majesty King Rama VI. The inaugural address made by the Minister of War clearly stated the object of the Hospital: “ To examine and treat all sufferers regardless of racial differences. ” Contributions and special funds dedicated to new wards rapidly followed. In the meantime patients clamoured for admittance, and it at once became necessary to improvise temporary housings for them, while new blocks were being added from year to year. These were donations of individuals in memory of some dear ones. The following wards came into being in the order stated: 1916. Panjama Rajini Ward, for general female medical cases (23 free and 10 paying beds). 1917. Vajiravudh Ward, for general male medical cases, (23 free and 10 paying beds). Chirapravati Ward, general surgical male (22 free beds). 1923. Lim See Lun Ward, general surgical men (21 free and 15 paying beds). Singha Seni Ward, for male eye cases (10 free beds). Vajirayarna Ward, medical, specially for priests (8 free beds). 1925. Ratana Sangwalaya Ward, for ear, nose and throat male cases (10 free beds). Kao Asawanandha Ward, female eye cases (10 free beds). 1926. Posayanandha Ward, for ear, nose and throat female cases (10 free beds). Malini Ward, for infants (42 free beds). Yomaraj Ward No. 1, lying-in (20 free beds). Yomaraj Ward No. 2, lying-in (20 free and 4 paying beds). 1927. Sai Yud Ward, surgical, specially for priests (10 free beds). 1930. Athorn Ward, female, gynaecological (above) and general surgical (below), (45 free beds). Paibhul Ward, eye, ear, nose and throat cases, for priests (10 free beds). Of the total 365 beds 325 are free. Other buildings: Chakrabongse Out-patient, with various special sections, accommodating 200 people with ease. Sudhadibya Nursing School and quarters for 60 students. Accommodation for the Director and Resident Staff. Endowment beds. There are now 323 beds, 243 of which have been endowed at The King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from 3,000 to 6,000 Ticals per bed. This sum is estimated to bear an interest which will keep one patient, the average, cost for one patient being 0.50 Tical per day. Paying patients. 40 beds (in rooms of one and two beds) are allotted to paying patients at 6 and 3 Ticals per day inclusive of meals and medicine. A medical case pays no treatment fee, but a surgical case pays from 50 to 200 Ticals for a major operation, or 20 Ticals for a minor operation; and a lying-in patient pays 40 Ticals for attendance on labour. Members of the Red Gross Society are charged at half the price. The Hospital ground. The Hospital is situated on about 200,000 square metres of land in an outskirt of the metropolis. Though ten years ago this was rather a desolate place, now it is a busy part and within easy reach by tram and omnibus, owing to rapid extension of the city in this direction. The land is connected with the Royal Bangkok Sports Club ground behind, an open park on the left, and the Saovabba Institute on the right, all of which are no hindrance to the inrush of pure country air. This piece of land has been leased from the Royal Privy Purse since 1911 at a nominal sum. Medical Officers. The first thing that strikes one visiting this Hospital is the appearance of men in military uniform, and one wonders at the association of anything military with the Red Cross. As a matter of fact, the Hospital was at the commencement under the direct supervision of the Chief of the General Staff who acted as the Directing Vice-president of the Red Cross Society, for the Red Cross Society was unable to meet the running expenses and the salaries of the medical officers. The Ministry of War thereupon sent some officers from its Medical Department to man the Hospital. But in 1916 the Red Cross Society took back the administration of the Hospital, though the military men remained. They, however, were gradually withdrawn and new medical men under the pay of the Red Cross Society put in their places. The few military medical officers remaining at the present time have been lent by the War Office to serve directly under the Red Cross Society. There are at the present time 23 medical officers amongst which number are 3 surgeons, 3 physicians, 2 gynaecologists, 2 ear-nose-and-throat specialists, 2 ophthalmic surgeons and 3 dentists, each of whom has one or two assistants. Beside these are 2 consulting surgeons, 3 consulting physicians, 2 consulting obstetricians and gynaecologists, and 1 consulting dentist. Work of the Hospital. To the Siamese people modern medicine had never been popular. They had had always a fear of being “cut up” or something done to them against their will while in hospital; and at the outset it was doubted if anyone would come to hospital at all. But the result of treatment was so far superior to the old Siamese method that people began to seek admittance, and it needed a great exertion on the part of the Red Cross Society to advertise for funds necessary for the rapid extension of the wards. Perhaps in no other country has the response been so well given, and it stands to-day a credit to the Nation that the Hospital shows up as it does, one of the finest and most up-to-date in the Far East. Medical work is carried on very much on the same lines as in Europe and America, thanks to the Red Cross Society’s action in sending out men to England and America to bring hack medical knowledge from time to time both as under-graduates in universities and as post-graduates by special arrangement. Besides our men always keep in touch with British and American methods through various medical literatures, thanks to their knowledge in the English language, a compulsory subject in all Government schools. An abstract of some common diseases treated in this Hospital may be of interest. Visitors come here fully expecting to find rich examples of tropical diseases, but they are doomed to disappointment. Though situated in the tropical zone, Siam liar-hours few really tropical diseases. One finds no yellow fever or sleeping sickness of Central Africa, no bilharziasis or relapsing fever of Egypt, Kala-azar of India, nor the oriental sore of North Africa. A disease is tropical in virtue of the transmitting agents which exist only in the tropics. Thus here we find endemic the following:— Malaria in its three varieties. The tertian is uppermost in Bangkok and everywhere, the subtertian is found commonly enough in the northern provinces with and without the sequela of Blackwater fever, while the quartan variety is sparse all through the country. Natives have good resistance to malarial infection, getting only mild attacks which are however difficult to get rid of altogether. Seven days administrations of plasmochin [N,N-diethyl-N'-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine] compound (1 grain plasmochin and 7 grains quinine a day) have brought cure to most cases found in the army.   Beri-beri, prevalent but decreasing in severity. Occasional outbreaks amongst troops have been quelled by the substitution of unpolished rice and the allowance of more generous fish and vegetable food. Cases admitted into this Hospital are of the chronic peripheral neuritic type which does not yield to treatment. Acute peripheral neuritis is occasionally seen after labour, but disappears readily under treatment. The cardiac type is probably rare everywhere save as a concomitant lesion towards the final stage of the disease.   Yaws [Frambösie] ravages in many provinces. It is conveyed from person to person by flies alighting on exposed sores of the infected and by infected drinking cups. Treatment with three weekly injections of 0.3 gramme neosalvarsan [Sodium 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dihydroxyarsenobenzene-N-formaldehydesulfoxylate] is the rule.   Amoebic dysentery [Amöbenruhr]. One may state with fair accuracy that nearly every Siamese has been affected at least once by this infection; so much so that it is nothing unusual to find amoebic dysentery cropping up during some other illness in a patient whose vitality is for the moment below par. Treatment with Emetine [(2S,3R,11bS)-2-{[(1R)-6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}-3-thyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline] followed by 0.5 gramme doses twice a day, of stovarsol [3-Acetamido-4-hydroxyphenyl)arsonic acid] is as a rule successful.   Leprosy. No case is admitted but is sent to the Red Cross Leper Asylum down the river through the agency of the Health Section.   Hookworm infection is prevalent in many provinces especially in the Lao provinces of the North and North-East. When it is found during the routine examination of faeces, chenopodium or thymol [2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol] given at one drop (a grain) per year up to twenty, twice, at an interval of 3-4 days. Epidemics of Plague, Cholera, and Bacillary Dysentery have appeared from time to time especially during the dry hot season, but of late years they seem to have subdued, thanks to the assiduity of the Government Public Health Department. Such cases are not admitted but are at once removed to the Infectious Diseases Hospital on the west bank of the river. Anti-cholera vaccines were inoculated free of charge to out-patients during past epidemics. Cases of filarial diseases, viz : guinea-worm infection, elephantiasis and filaria loa infection, are met with but very rarely in this country. Only few cases have been seen in hospital. One case of mycetoma of the foot and two cases of trematode infection of the liver have been met with. Experience and Research Work. Facilities are given to research workers by helping them with material and apparatus and allowing the use of the rooms of the pathological department. Experience we have had little, but we have stored up some observations : for instance, most cases of acute appendicitis are found really amoebic in origin and do better with emetine than an operation which is dangerous owing to the flaring-up of amoebae hystoliticae. All cases of bladder stone are operated on through the suprapubic route, supplemented in advanced cases with deteriorated kidneys with thorough drainage. A few cases with stone stuck in a pocket at the base of the bladder have been operated upon through the perineum. About 60 lithotomy have been performed annually. No crushing operation could be employed owing to the large size and hardness of stone. For .anaesthesia stovaine is most suitable. Prolonged administration of ether was found dangerous due to rapid evaporation through the bronchioles, and patients often died of severe bronchitis. The method has therefore been discarded. Administration of short closed ether, however, is most convenient and safe for minor operations lasting within five minutes. Otherwise chloroform is the anaesthetic generally employed. The first Caesarean section was performed in this Hospital fifteen years ago, and on the gynaecological side we have the largest ovarian cysts in our museum. The only child in the world born outside the womb is actually living in this Hospital, now nine years of age. Lastly, much experience has been gained from cases of accidents and injuries, especially of emergency operations on the skull, chest and abdomen. Within recent years attention has been given specially to prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus which abounds in Bangkok. It is a rule of the Hospital that every wound contaminated with earth must receive at once a subcutaneous injection of antitetanus serum (1500 U. S. A. units). We have been giving only one dose and found it sufficient to prevent lock-jaw. Out of 566 cases so treated from August 1927 to August 1930, not a single one came back with symptoms of tetanus, whilst two cases— one of a stab wound, the other a large chronic ulcer which had been poulticed with certain dirty Chinese medicinal leaves— admitted into hospital but by some oversight no prophylactic serum was given, both died of acute tetanus. Every old accident wound when to be reopened receives the same amount of serum 24-48 hours before or during operation. Even with all these precautions, we admitted into Hospital an average of nine cases of tetanus a year (between 1919 and 1929). All the surgeons here agree that the result of treatment with daily intrathecal injections of serum (9,000-12,000 U. S. A. units) is uncertain, and that one may hope for a cure only in very mild cases. Recently experimental treatment with intrathecal carbolic acid (1 in 400 normal saline) has given very good results : 15-20 c. cm. in a child of twelve and 30-40 c. cm. in adults, once only. Out of 9 cases so far treated 3 died which were children of 6,12 and 13 years of age; the first showing symptoms of tetanus 12 days after operation for bladder stone and post-mortem examination revealed suppuration of both kidneys with dilated calyces, the second and third cases were in extremis with clenched teeth and successive spasms. More cases, however, are awaited before the method can be published without causing scruple on the part of the general medical body. Research work on cancer is being started, but it needs a strong stimulus to rouse the capitalists to the necessity of financial assistance. Intravenous injections of lead acetate have been tried, and when combined with surgical removal or subsequent treatment with radium have given a few encouraging results, particularly in epithelioma of lip and carcinoma of breast. The Hospital as a practical school. Post-graduates of the King Chulalongkorn University and officers of the Military Medical Department are received as house surgeons, physicians, obstetric, etc., for a period of six months. There is no medical school attached to the Hospital. The Nursing School. A nursing school under the supervision of the Relief Section of the Red Cross Society is attached to the Hospital. A three years course is advocated, comprising of class lectures and practical demonstrations in general nursing, midwifery and childwelfare. Examinations are held at the end of each year. After having passed the third year the student obtains a Certificate as a nurse. If she wishes to be a certified midwife, she must continue 6 months more in the lying-in ward." [Quelle: Siam : general and medical features / by the Executive Committee of the 8th Congress of Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1930. -- 332 S. : Ill ; 25 cm. -- S. 311 - 318.]

1914-06

Die Siam Rice Milling Company geht in Konkurs. Die Siam Commercial Bank (ธนาคารไทยพาณิชย์ ) bleibt auf 700.000 Baht Forderungen sitzen. Rama VI. hatte die Bank angewiesen, die Schulden der Company zu übernehmen.

1914-06-18

Der US-Pilot Lawrence Burst Sperry (1892 - 1923) führt in Paris den von ihm erfundenen Autopiloten vor. Sperry wird auch folgende für den Flugverkehr bzw. Luftkrieg wichtige Erfindungen machen:

• Künstlicher Horizont
• Kreiselinstrumente für den Allwetterflug
• Einziehfahrwerk
• Lufttorpedo

Abb.: Lawrence Burst Sperry vor dem Capitol, Washington DC, 1922
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1914-06-28

In Sarajewo (Сарајево, Bosnien und Herzegowina) werden der österreichisch-ungarische Thronfolger Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este (geb. 1863) und seine Gattin Sophie Maria Josephine Albina Gräfin Chotek von Chotkowa und Wognin (geb. 1868) vom bosnischen Serben Gavrilo (Gavre) Princip (Гаврило Принцип, 1894 - 1918) erschossen. Dieses Attentat wird zum Ersten Weltkrieg führen.

Abb.: Attentat von Sarajewo
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Sarajewo (Сарајево)
[Public domain]

1914-07

König Rama VI. veröffentlicht unter dem Pseudonym Asvabahu in Thai und Englisch einen Zeitungsartikel "The Jews of the Orient". Darin bezeichnet er in einem Vergleich der Eigenschaften die Chinesen als Juden des Orients. Die englische Fassung wird in vier Teilen im Siam Observer im Juli 1914 veröffentlicht. Eine Buchausgabe in 63 S. erscheint ebenfalls 1914.

Englisch: Vajiravudh: The Jews of the Orient. -- Bangkok : Siam Observer, o.J. 63 S.

Thai: อัศวพาหุ: พวกยิวแห่งบูรพทิศ

Abb.: Einbandtitel

Eine vollständige Übersetzung der Thaifassung  durch Margaret D. M. Landon in:

Landon, Kenneth Perry <1903 - 1993>: The Chinese in Thailand. -- Londondon : Oxford UP, 1941. -- 310 S. ; 23 cm. -- (International Research Series of the Institute of Pacific Relations). -- S. 34 - 43

"The best known of the King's anti-Chinese writings was an essay published simultaneously in Thai and English in July 1914. The English title was "The Jews of the Orient."92 The essay began with an analysis of the Jewish problem in Europe. The Jews in Europe, said Vajiravudh, differed from other Europeans not only because of their religion but also because of their racial exclusiveness. They always remained aliens, never became real citizens of the country they lived in. The Jews also held to a feeling of racial superiority, regarding themselves as the chosen people and Gentiles as inferior. And, most important, the Jews were thoroughly possessed by the moneymaking instinct. They had raised moneymaking to a cult for which they were willing to endure any hardship or privation, including obloquy and persecution. After having provided this background of anti-Jewish stereotypes, Vajiravudh proceeded to point out parallels between the Jews and the Chinese. The Chinese also preserved their allegiance to their race, taking advantage of all the benefits of foreign citizenship but giving no loyalty in return. The Chinese also possessed the concept of racial superiority, regarding only Chinese as civilized and classifying all other peoples as barbarians. And, lastly, the Chinese shared the Jewish moneymaking instinct; they had indeed "discovered the Art of living on nothing." In their devotion to money the Chinese were without morals or conscience or pity. They would cheat, rob, or murder for money. The wealth that Chinese produced was sent back to China; in effect the Chinese were "like so many vampires who steadily suck dry an unfortunate victim's life-blood." In this respect they were worse than the Jews, said Vajiravudh, for at least the Jews, who had no country, spent their wealth in the country in which they resided. (The King did begrudgingly allow one point in favor of the Chinese: that at least the Chinese, who, unlike the Jews, had a country of their own, did not get involved in local politics.) "The Jews of the Orient" represents the King's views at their most extreme. The essay was scathing in its denunciations. Needless to say, it borrowed heavily on anti-Semitic thoughts of the West, thoughts the King had certainly become familiar with during his long years in England. And it borrowed from a growing body of anti-Chinese Western literature. Indeed, the comparison of the Chinese to the Jews was not new with Vajiravudh; it had been used at least as early as 1898 by a Britisher in the employ of Siam who had written that the Chinese were "the Jews of Siam." There is good reason to believe, in fact, that the essay was written with a European audience in mind: the Jewish comparison might be expected to appeal to Westerners, but it would be meaningless to the Thai, who were hardly aware of the existence of the Jewish people. After the essay appeared, the King noted with particular pleasure its good reception by Europeans." [Quelle: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 193f.]

Begin des Pamphlets:

"The Anglo-Saxon peoples (that is England and America) are inclined to congratulate themselves on the lack of anti-Semitism in their countries. They parade their sympathy for the Jews, their resentment of the anti-Semitism in other European nations. Apparently they presume that this places them in a position to condemn the various countries in which the Jews have been the recipients of unjust treatment. They forget, however, that in territory under their own jurisdiction an analogous situation exists, differing only from anti- Semitism in that it happens to be called "The Yellow Peril." When these nations speak of "The Yellow Peril" (by which they mean the danger of an attack by the yellow races upon the white), I must ask the privilege of objecting to the term, inasmuch as they use it generically to include all the races of Asia. As a matter of fact, the danger of which they speak has reference only to the Chinese. In Thailand we have quite as much to fear from the Chinese as the white races have; although at the present time we have not reached the place where we feel that we need to be unduly alarmed about it. That being the case, however, I protest any inclusion of the Thai in the term "The Yellow Peril," for the Thai are not even as much like the Chinese as Europeans are like Jews." [Übersetzung von Margaret D. M. Landon in: Landon, Kenneth Perry <1903 - 1993>: The Chinese in Thailand. -- Londondon : Oxford UP, 1941. -- 310 S. ; 23 cm. -- (International Research Series of the Institute of Pacific Relations). -- S. 34]

Der chinesische Journalist Seow Hoodseng (Xiao Focheng/ 潇佛成) greift Asvabahu deswegen in der Thai-Ausgabe der Zeitung Chino-Siam Warasap (จีนโนสยามวารศัพท์) an, dass er rassische Stereotype verwendet, um die Chinesen zu verleumden.

1914-07-06

Singapore Free Press:

"The extension of the Northern Railways would provide Germany with an excellent opportunity to come more on a level with Great Britain, Denmark, France and Italy in building up the new Siam." [Zitiert in: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 108]

1914-07-23

Rama VI. gründet die Royal Society of Literatur (RSL) (วรรณคดีสโมสร). Die Gesellschaft gibt bald (1916) eine Liste herausragender Thai-Literatur heraus. Gewinner in der Kategorie Western-style Drama ist Rama VI. mit  "Herz eines Kriegers" (หัวใจนักรบ) (1913). Später kommen weitere Auszeichnungen für den König hinzu. Die RSL soll auch Hüter für korrektes Thai werden. Nach dem Tod Ramas VI. wird die RSL 1925 aufgelöst.

"The fundamental aim of the RSL, according to Vajiravudh, was to improve contemporary Thai writing. In the decree, the king lamented that despite the significant increase in both writers and readers, writers of the day neither paid any attention to the proper use of language nor attempted to compose anything knowledgeable or useful. Instead, they imitated what others had done, or they translated mediocre works of foreign origin. Besides, they often based Thai grammatical structure on foreign models, and considered the practice proper and modern, even though it was, according to Vajiravudh, having a ruinous effect on their own language. Worse still, because the number of these books was growing, some readers mistakenly understood that these styles of writing and language use were a sign of progress in modern literature (wicha nangseu samai mai) [วิชชาหนังสือสมัยใหม่] (Prachum kotmai prajam sok 2457 [1914] [ประชุมกฎหมายประจำศก ๒๕๗๔], 283-288)." [Quelle: Thanapol Limapichart [ธนาพล ลิ่มอภิชาติ]. -- In: Disturbing conventions : decentering Thai literary cultures / edited by Rachel V. Harrison. -- London : Rowman, 2014. -- 274 ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 9781783480142. -- S. 37]

"Of various literary genres, Vajiravudh suggested five main categories for the committee to select: kawiniphon [กวีนิพนธ์] — specifically khlong [โคลง], chan [ฉันท์], kap [กาพย์] and klon [กลอน], the four principal verse forms of Thai classical poetry; lakhon thai [ละครไทย], Thai drama in verse, composed in the form of klon paet [กลอนแปด]; nithan [นิทาน], a style composed in prose; lakhon phut [ละครพูด], spoken drama; and athibai [อธิบาย], "essay" or "pamphlet", which displays knowledge of certain subjects, but which should be neither a textbook nor a history, such as phongsawadan." [a.a.O., S. 45]

Rama VI. gibt für die Auswahl folgende Kriterien vor:

"It must be a good book (nangseu di [หนังสือดี]), that is to say—it should not be useless or harmful to the public. In other words, it... must not be a corrupt (thuphasit [ทุพภาสิต]) story. Nor should it be a story that encourages nonsensical thoughts (mai pen kaen san) or political ideas that may become a nuisance to His Majesty's government.   It must be a well-written book (nangseu teng di [หนังสือแต่งดี]). No matter the form of composition, it has to use proper Thai language; that is, it must be written in accordance with either a traditional, or a contemporary style. It should neither imitate a foreign language, nor use foreign syntactic styles (for instance, using the phrase, "pai jap rotfai" [ไปจับรถไฟ] (to catch the train) instead of "pai kheun rotfai" [ไปขึ้นรถไฟ] (to get on the train) or "doisan rotfai" [โดยสารรถไฟ] (to board the train), and "ma sai" [มาสาย] (to come late) instead of "ma cha" [มาช้า] or "ma la" [มาล่า]). (Prachum kotmai prajam sok 2457 [1914] [ประชุมกฎหมายประจำศก ๒๕๗๔], 286)" [Übersetzt in: Thanapol Limapichart [ธนาพล ลิ่มอภิชาติ]. -- In: Disturbing conventions : decentering Thai literary cultures / edited by Rachel V. Harrison. -- London : Rowman, 2014. -- 274 ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 9781783480142. -- S. 45f.]

1914-07-28 - 1918-11-11

Erster Weltkrieg.

Abb.: Kriegsgegner im Ersten Weltkrieg:

   Entente und Alliierte
   Mittelmächte
   Neutrale

[Bildquelle: Thomashwang / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Auch im Ersten Weltkrieg spielt das Bajonett noch eine Rolle: französische Soldaten beim Bajonett-Angriff, o. J.
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Während des ersten Kriegsjahrs des ersten Weltkriegs kappt Siam alle direkten Postverbindungen ins Ausland uns sendet Auslandspost unsortiert nach (britisch) Singapur. Singapur lehnt bald die Verantwortung für solche Post ab, daraufhin sendet Siam einmal pro Woche Auslandspost von Bangkok ab.

Der Norddeutsche Lloyd und andere deutsche Schifffahrtsgesellschaften ziehen ihre Dampfer aus dem Ostasiengeschäft ab oder stationieren sie in neutralen Häfen. Dies führt zur Knappheit der Schiffskapazitäten und einem Anstieg der Fahrpreise und damit zu einem Einbruch der Einwanderung von Chinesen in Siam.

Abb.: Geschätzte Einwanderung von Chinesen nach Thailand und Rückkehr nach China:, 1882 - 1916
[Datenquelle: Skinner (1957), S. 61]

Der chinesische Reismüller Lee Teck-ow (李柱溪) ergreift die Gelegenheit des Rückzugs der Deutschen auf der Schifffahrt und pachtet zehn Schiffe, mit denen er die Routen zwischen Bangkok und Haikou ( 海口), Hong Kong (香港), Shantou (汕头) und Singapur bedient. Bei Kriegende hat er eine Vermögen von ca. 10 Millionen Baht.

Zu Frankreichs Armee gehört auch La Coloniale mit Soldaten aus Gebieten, die Frankreich nach 1879 erobert hat, also auch aus Indochina. Rund 50.000 Vietnamesen und 13.000 Chinesen aus Französisch-Indochina arbeiten in französischen Munitionsfabriken und Arbeitseinheiten der Armee. Während des Kriegs haben die Kolonialsoldaten und -arbeiter in Frankreich französisches Bürgerrecht, nach dem Krieg werden sie wieder zu Kolonialisierten.

"During the War, the old animosities [von Frankreich gegen Deutschland bezüglich Indochina] reawakened. It was noted that the Annamite Pretender, Prince Cuong De, visited Berlin in the spring of 1914; that Annamite revolutionaries had been admitted to the German schools in Canton; that the German Consul whom the War had forced out of Hong-Kong had taken refuge in Siam, whence issued much Annamite nationalist propaganda. Yunnan, too, was a great centre for German agitation. The border incidents of 1915, as well as the Muong revolt, were thought to be German-incited." [Quelle: Thompson, Virginia <1903 - 1990>: French Indo-China. -- London : Allen, 1937. -- 516 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 100. -- Fair use]

Großbritannien setzt im Weltkrieg u.a. auch die indische Berufsarmee ein. Diese besteht zu Beginn des Krieges aus 241.000 Soldaten. 1918-11 dienen 548.311 Soldaten in der indischen Armee.

1914

Die Stimmung im Weltkrieg ist in Siam eher pro-deutsch:

• die Deutschen haben im Gegensatz zu Großbritannien und Frankreich keine imperialistische Vergangenheit in Siam
• die Deutschen in Siam sind beliebt, da sie mehr als andere Ausländer bemüht sind, Thai zu lernen, und sich sozial weniger von den Siamesen abzuheben versuchen als die Alliierten. Viele Deutsche sind mit einer Siamesin verheiratet, einige haben sogar die siamesische Staatsbürgerschaft angenommen

1914

Die drei englischsprachigen Zeitungen Siams

• Bangkok Times
• Daily Mail
• Siam Observer

nehmen im Weltkrieg für die Alliierten Partei.

1914-07-31

Auf die Aufforderung Rama VI, dass alle bei ausländischen Streitmächten eingeschriebenen Prinzen kündigen, antwortet Prinz Mahidol (สมเด็จฯ เจ้าฟ้ามหิดลอดุลยเดช กรมหลวงสงขลานครินทร, 1892 - 1929, Vater Ramas VIII. und Ramas IX.), dass er eine Kündigung seiner Tätigkeit bei der Deutschen Kriegsmarine als unehrenhaft ansieht ("contrary to my military honor"). Rama VI. antwortet, dass Mahidol kündigen muss, denn "I have also my Honour as Sovereign to think of".

Prinz Mahidol ist Leutnant der Deutschen Kaiserlichen Marine an der Marineschule Mürwik.

Abb.: Hält auf militärische Ehre: Prinz Mahidol (สมเด็จฯ เจ้าฟ้ามหิดลอดุลยเดช กรมหลวงสงขลานครินทร)

1914-08

Als erstes Land setzt Frankreich Chemiewaffen ein: Xylylbromide (oder evtl.: Bromessigsäureethylester). Im Laufe des Weltkriegs werden beide Kriegsparteien Giftgas einsetzen. Es "werden insgesamt 132.000 Tonnen Kampfstoffe produziert, wovon 113.000 Tonnen zum Einsatz kommen. Insgesamt werden 45 unterschiedliche Kampfstoffe benutzt. Insgesamt werden 1.200.000 Menschen verletzt, wovon 91.000 durch diese Kampfstoffe sterben." (Wikipedia)

Abb.: Britische Gasbombe, 1915
[Bildquelle: Benjamin Hirschfeld / Christoph Herrmann / Europeana / Wikimedia]

Abb.: Alliiertes Senfgasopfer, ca. 1918
[Bildquelle: US Army / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1914-08-01

Abb.: Lage von Maenam Ping [แม่น้ำปิง]
[Bildquelle: Kmusser / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Der erste Teil der Fahrt auf dem Meh Ping [แม่น้ำปิง] ähnelt sehr der auf dem Meh Wang [แม่น้ำวัง]. Die Flüsse tragen denselben Charakter. Sie wälzen sich flach und breit durch ebenes Land. Die Sohle besteht aus reinem Sand von dem Granitgestein der Quellberge herrührend. Die tonsandigen Ufer sind stark angefressen und liefern weiteres Material zu Anlandungen. Wie auf dem Meh Wang durchqueren zahlreiche aus Bambusstecken, die in der Strömung zittern und klappern, gebildete Fischwehre den Fluss. Diese sind häufig durchsetzt von kleinen auf Pfählen ruhenden und durch mehrfache Pfahlreihen gegen antreibende Stämme geschützte Hüttchen, von denen aus die Fischer ihre Netze auswerfen. Die Herstellung dieser Wehre ist sehr einfach. Die etwa 2 m langen Bambuspfähle werden von einem Boote aus von einem Mann mit einem Holzhammer eingetrieben. Unterhalb der Fischerhütte sind Öffnungen vorhanden zum Durchlass der Fische. Außer diesen dem Fischfang dienenden Wehren sind solche für Irrigationszwecke vorhanden. Sie sind in einfachster Weise aus Bambus, Dschungelholz und Gestrüpp hergestellt und haben weniger den Zweck, das Wasser zu stauen, als es in die Bewässerungsgräben zu leiten, welche etwa 2 m breit und 4 m tief in die Ufer eingeschlitzt und ausgezimmert sind, um nach etwa 40 bis 50 m in die gewöhnliche Grabenform überzugehen. Der ausgezimmerte Teil ist nach Art eines Schützenwehrs durch Einfügen von Brettern verschließbar. Zum Durchlass der Boote sind die Wehre auf genügende Länge eingekerbt. Es ist mir oft bei meinen Reisen im Norden aufgefallen, wie sehr das Verständnis für künstliche Bewässerung in der Bevölkerung verbreitet ist. Zwischen Lampun [ลำพูน] und Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่] sah ich Reisfelder, welche schon reif für die Ernte waren, also schon während der Trockenperiode bestellt worden waren. Bei systematischer Organisierung des Bewässerungswesens ließen sich vermutlich ohne zu große Kosten noch bedeutendere Erfolge erzielen. Die Korrektion der Flussläufe sollte sich bis in die Gebirgstäler der Quellbäche erstrecken, in welchen das Geschieh erzeugt wird, das die Flussläufe nicht verdauen können. Das strömende Wasser ist gelb, fast braun. Eine Schüssel Wasser aus dem Flusse geschöpft ergibt sofort einen leicht messbaren Niederschlag. [...] Der Glanzpunkt der Reise ist die Fahrt durch die Meh Ping Schlucht. Die Länge der Schlucht ist 96 km, in der Luftlinie gemessen 60 km. An dem letzten Dorf vor dem Eingang pflegen die Boote anzulegen, um noch eines prüfenden Blickes durch den Führer unterzogen zu werden. Die Ruderschlingen werden neu befestigt und die Fahrt beginnt. Die Berge sind dicht an den Fluss herangetreten. Nach sechs bis sieben Kilometern werden die ersten Stromschnellen passiert. Einige mächtige Felsbrocken ragen aus dem Wasser hervor, welches schäumend und wellenschlagend über eine verborgene Felsschwelle dahin braust und von kundiger Hand geführt unser Boot zu Tale leitet. Es ist bemerkenswert, dass die Stromschnellen in vielen Fällen mit der Einmündung von Seitentälern zusammenfallen, woraus man wohl auf ihre Bildung schließen darf. Mit der kurzen Bemerkung Keng yei [แก่งใหญ่] (große Stromschnelle) wendet sich der Bootsführer mir zu. Der Zweitälteste der Besatzung tritt mit an das Steuerruder. Man sieht, es wird ernst. Noch eine Biegung des Flusses und wir sind in der reißenden Strömung. Pfeilschnell jagt das Boot durch die Felsmassen. Ein Knacks, und ein Ruder bricht. Und weiter geht die wilde Fahrt. Hart legen sich die zwei Mann mit vereinten Kräften gegen das Steuerruder, um den Klippen auszuweichen und die Ruderer feuern sich durch Zurufe an. Gleich unterhalb wird angelegt. Ein Gefühl der Befriedigung spiegelt sich auf den Gesichtern. Scherzen und Lachen beschließen das Ereignis. Ich hatte das Glück, auch eine aufwärts gehende Flotille die Schnelle nehmen zu sehen. Die Boote werden einzeln an langen Seilen von etwa 20 Mann gezogen während vier Mann im Boot dieses mit Stangen durch die Felsen dirigieren. Aus diesem Grund sind die aufwärts gehenden Boote gezwungen in Gruppen zu fahren. Unter 30 Tagen lässt sich im allgemeinen die Reise von Paknam Poh [ปากน้ำโพ] nach Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่] nicht machen. Beabsichtigte Rekordleistungen mit doppelter Mannschaft und Verkürzung der Rastzeiten mögen es auf 20 Tage bringen." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 255 - 259]

1914-08-03

"Nachts um halbzwölf Uhr wurde ich aus dem Schlafe geweckt. Im Aufträge der deutschen Gesandtschaft überbrachte Herr Adolfo André die Nachricht von der Anordnung der Mobilmachung. Auf der Gesandtschaft wurden mir die Namen der von der Eisenbahn Einzuberufenden mitgeteilt, an welche ich die Mitteilung, soweit sie im Lande stationiert sind, telegrafisch weitergebe. Des Abends war Versammlung im Klub zur Verabschiedung der Gestellungspflichtigen. Es waren ungefähr hundert Mitglieder anwesend, wovon dreißig bis vierzig einberufen waren. Einer der Anwesenden, Kapitän Meyer, hat 1870 mitgefochten. Dr. Remy hielt eine Ansprache. Nach dem Hurrah auf unseren und den österreichischen Kaiser wurden beide Nationalhymnen gesungen. Die Stimmung war gehoben, aber nicht laut. Das Hauptthema war die Schwierigkeit der Einberufenen, ihr Bestimmungsziel zu erreichen." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 261]

1914-08-09

Das Wild Tiger Scout Corps (จัดตั้งกองเสือป่า) betet auf königlichen Befehl täglich:

Though there be a special enemy With the strength of Mara, May the Thai fight and destroy him As did the holy Buddha. [Übersetzt in: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 223.]

1914-08-09

Es erscheint

Vajiravudh [วชิราวุธฯ] <1881 - 1925>: English & French translations of an address by His Majesty the King of Siam on the Duty of neutrals : delivered at the Samaggi Hall, Sanam Chandra Park on the 9th August B. S. 2457 (A. C. 1914). -- Bangkok : Siam Observer Press, 1914. -- 14, 16 S. ; 14 cm.

1914-08-14

Das erste Schiff passiert den fertiggestellten Panamakanal. Durch den Kanal wird der Schiffsverkehr von den Ostküsten Amerikas auf kurzem und ungefährlichen Weg mit dem Pazifik und damit auch Ost- und Südostasien ermöglicht.

Abb.: Lage des Panamakanals
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Handelsverbindungen über den Pazifischen Ozean 1914
[Bildquelle:
Author: Bartholomew, J. G. (John George) <1860 - 1920> ; Lyde, Lionel William <1863 - >: An atlas of economic geography. -- London, 1914]

1914-08-23

Kriegserklärung Japans an Deutschland. Japan besetzt daraufhin die deutschen Kolonien in Asien.

1914-09-03 - 1922-01-22

Benedikt XV., geborener Giacomo della Chiesa (1854 - 1922) ist Papst

Abb.: Benedikt XV.
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1914-09-17

Das zweite japanische Marinegeschwader bombardiert die österreichisch-deutsche Flotte im Hafen des deutschen Pachtgebiets Kiautschou (膠州, China). Die Bomber sind vom Flugzeugträger Wakamiya (若宮艦) gestartet. Ein deutsches Schiff wird versenkt.

Abb.: Lage von Kiautschou (膠州, China)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Wakamiya (若宮艦), 1924
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1914-10

Aufruf des Königs, für das Kriegsschiff Phra Ruang (พระร่วง) zu spenden. Insgesamt folgen 130.000 Personen seinem Aufruf.

Abb.: Eigenhändig vom König gezeichnetes Inserat in Dusit Samit (ดุสิตสมิต) (Originalbeschriftung in Thai)
[Bildquelle: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 96.]

Abb.: Phra Ruang (พระร่วง)
[Bildquelle: th.wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1914-10-15

Es erscheint das das erste (und vermutlich einzige) Heft der Frauenzeitschrift

สตรีนิพนธ์ ["Frauen-Literatur"]

Der erste Artikel hat die Überschrift: สตรีสยามเดินสุความศิวิไลซ์ ["Siams Frauen werden zivilisiert"]:

"Way back in the past, Siamese women were like dolls kept in a cupboard . . . cut off from the outside world. They were strictly controlled and not allowed to go anywhere. They had no books to read or study because their parents or guardians thought that they would learn of men from such things . . . And when a woman married a man, it wasn’t necessary for them to know each other or love one another at all. These days, however, the position of women is much improved, they study the same things as men and most of them are educated. They are coming out of the dark . . . (Satri Niphon, 15 October 1914, 23)" [Übersetzt von Scot Barmé. -- In: Genders & sexualities in modern Thailand / edited by Peter A. Jackson [1955 - ] & Nerida M. Cook. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 1999. -- 289 p. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 9747551071. -- S. 34]

Ein anderer mit dem Titel "Warum sind siamesische Frauen so eifersüchtig?"  richtet sich gegen die Polygamie.

Ein Artikel mit dem Titel อย่าประมาทสตรี ["Unterschätze die Frauen nicht!"] erinnert an bedeutende Frauen in der Geschichte Thailands

1914-11-05

Gründung der Royal Navy League of Siam (ราชนาวีสมาคมแห่งกรุงสยามในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์) zum Kauf von Kriegsschiffen. Ihre Monatsszeitschrift: Samutthasan

1914-11-09

Der australische Kreuzer HMAS Sydney versenkt vor den Kokosinseln den deutschen Kreuzer SMS Emden. Die Emden hatte im indischen Ozean innerhalb von zwei Monaten 23 feindliche Handelsschiffe und zwei Kriegsschiffe versenkt oder aufgebracht.

Abb.: Kriegs-Fahrten der SMS Emden 1914 und Lage der Kokosinseln
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
 

Abb.: SMS Emden, 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Wrack der SMS Emden, 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1914-11-14

Rama VI. weiht Wasserwerke Bangkok feierlich ein.

Abb.: Bangkok Waterworks

"BANGKOK WATERWORKS The works for the supply of Bangkok with potable water were solemnly inaugurated by His Majesty King Rama VI. on the 14th of November 1914, and the service was commenced from that date. Before that memorable event, the population of Bangkok, numbering about 330,000 inhabitants (The population on the east bank is approximately 280,000, and about 50,000 inhabitants are spread over a large area on the west bank) had only very poor resources in water supply. Rain water collected from the roofs was used during the wet season, and stored by those who had the means to do it. When rain water was no longer available, water had to be taken from the river, from the numerous klongs [คลอง] (canals) intersecting the town, and from the ponds and ditches excavated around the habitations. Only those who have seen the old Bangkok klongs can imagine to what extent this water was polluted. An old company pumping the water from the most polluted part of the river in the Chinese quarters, distributed this water without any treatment, by intermittent service, to the few quarters of the southern part of the city where klong water was not easily obtainable. Among the middle classes of the population, the water was clarified, if not purified, by treating it with alum in earthenware jars by the old process in use in ancient Egypt. A few artesian wells bored during the proceeding ten years supplied a comparatively pure water to a few fortunate establishments, but the amount of water derived from this source was practically negligible as compared with the needs of the population. The conditions regularly turned to the worse during the dry season when, as is explained later, the water becomes and remains brackish for several months, the pollution from the town being at the same time much aggravated by the ebb current in the river. As soon as the new supply was started, the street fountains became very popular, and were well patronized. All classes of the population eagerly availed themselves of this commodity, quite new to Bangkok, which contributed so much to the improvement of the conditions of life in the capital. Source of Supply. No other source of supply being available, the only alternative was to take the water from the River Chao Phya [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] at a suitable place, and to have it conveyed to Bangkok and treated by the most approved process before being distributed. The Menam Chao Phya is fed by four large tributary streams. For a distance of about 200 kilometres, this river passes through a low lying alluvial plain, and is tidal on about half this part. Towards the end of the rainy season, it overflows its banks over the greater portion of this alluvial plain. Owing to the influence of well marked dry and wet seasons, the condition of the river water varies greatly, not only during the year, but also from one year to another. Bangkok is situated on the Menam Chao Phya, chiefly on the east side, about 52 kilometres from the sea following the windings of the river. Salt is found in the river water at Bangkok in quantities exceeding the usual limit during about two months and a half, from March to May, in normal years, and during five or even six months from January to June, in exceptionally dry years. Quantities of sodium chloride [NaCl] exceeding 2 grams per litre are quite usual, exceptionally rising to 4 grams. The brackish water in ordinary years goes up the river 24 kilometres above Bangkok, and even 30 kilometres in very exceptional years. The intake gates situated at Wat Samle, 41 kilometres above the Royal Palace and far from any agglomeration, are therefore safely out of reach by either the brackish or the highly polluted water. Supply Canal. Abb.: Bangkok Waterworks supply canal The Klong Bang Luang Chiengrak [คลองบางหลวงเชียงราก], an old branch of the river, has been converted into a large reservoir throughout a great part of its length, by erecting two earth dams across its An intake sluice with three gates 4 metres wide, opening and closing automatically, has been provided at the mouth of an intake canal 1,200 metres long, 18 metres wide on the surface and 4 metres deep, for the filling of the reservoir at high tide. A diverting canal round the south dam, provided with a navigation sluice, allows the access of boats and eventually of dredgers into the reservoir. This reservoir has a length of 8 kilometres, widths varying between 60 and 100 metres and depths from 2 to 6 metres, Its normal capacity, which depends upon the possible variation in the water level, is approximately 200,000 cubic metres. From Klong Bang Luang Chiengrak the water is conveyed by means of a supply canal 26 kilometres long, 13 metres wide on the surface and about 3 metres deep, to the Waterworks Station on the north-east boundary of Bangkok. Two automatic gates, 4 metres wide, opening themselves at low tide, provide an outlet to the river, through Klong Samsen [คลองสามเสน] which has been deeply dredged accordingly. The closing of these gates at high tide prevents the river water from entering the supply canal. The lower part of this canal is thus emptied during low tide to a very low level, and at the same time thoroughly flushed. The filling of this emptied section during the closing of the gates at high tide contributes to maintain an efficient and fairly constant velocity in the upstream part of the canal which is fed continuously from the high level water in the reservoir. The water in the whole system is thus kept in good condition, and no silting up of the supply canal has yet been noticed. Great precautions have been taken to protect this supply canal against pollution, in order to take full advantage of the natural purification of the water flowing for 26 kilometres exposed to the action of the air and the sun. Two earth embankments running along the banks prevent any flow of water from the adjoining fields or gardens. As it was necessary to interfere as little as possible with the irrigation, drainage and navigation through the existing klongs crossed by the supply canal, three reinforced concrete siphons have been built under the waterways of Klong Rangsit [คลองรังสิต], Klong Bangsue [คลองบางซื่อ]´and Klong Prem [คลองเปรม]. A reinforced concrete culvert has also been laid under the supply canal at Klong Ban Mai for irrigation and drainage purposes. Seventeen bridges have been erected, giving full facilities for crossing the canal. A Royal Decree forbids, with proper penal sanctions, navigation, fishing, bathing, washing and any action which would causea pollution of the water. Seven stations for the canal-keepers and coolies are erected at the main works along the whole system. The canal-keepers are under a responsible Chief Inspector stationed at Chiengrak [เชียงราก] with four gendarmes at his disposal. The organization is completed by a telephone line connected with the Waterworks Central Office. Owing to these precautions, the water reaches the Waterworks Station in a much less polluted condition than at the intake. An emergency reinforced concrete pipe, 1.10 m. in diameter, could be used to take water temporarily from the river at Samsen, during the high water season, for the few days which would be required for diverting the supply canal in case of the siphons needing repairs. A flushing tank is provided for the thorough flushing of this pipe before use. Pumping Plant. Electric power is supplied by a Government Power Station established for centralizing the production in view of lowering its cost. Power being available in that form, centrifugal pumps were adopted, as a matter of course, driven by asynchrone motors fed with the primary three-phase 50 periods 3,500 volts current without transformation. A transformer reduces the tension to 100 volts for the small auxiliary motors and the light. The raw water is pumped from the canal to the settling tanks by two low-lift centrifugal pumps, each having a capacity of 320 litres per second against a total head of 9 metres, driven by 60 H. P. motors at a speed of 720 revolutions per minute. One pump is normally in use while the other is in reserve. The filtered water is pumped from a low storage reservoir and forced in the distributing main by three high-lift centrifugal pumps, each having a capacity of 250 litres against a head of 30 metres, driven by 160 H. P. motors at a speed of 960 revolutions per minute. The total capacity of the plant is 26,000 cubic metres per day, with two pumps working during the night, the third unit being in reserve. A small air pump 200  mm in diameter 200  mm stroke driven by belt by a 3½ H. P. motor is provided for priming the pumps when necessary. Room is provided for the addition of two more pumping units. The pump house is 33 metres long and 8 metres wide, inside measurements. All electric cables and water pipes are located beneath the floor. The electric switchboard is situated at one end. A cabinet at the other end contains a complete set of recording or registering instruments, including two Venturi water metres, for the hydraulic control of the whole installation. Coagulation, Sedimentation and Rapid Filtration. The turbidity of the raw water is subject to great and sudden variations, the most noticeable increases occurring after the heavy rainfalls at the beginning of the rainy season. From October to April or May, the turbidity, measured with the scale of the U. S Geological Survey, averages 80 to 100, with frequent increases to 150, and the amount of suspended matter ranges from 20 to 80 parts per 1,000,000. From May or June to September, the turbidity averages 120 to 170, but 250 or 300 are frequent figures, and 400 has been recorded once. The amount of suspended matter during the same season averages 200 to 300 and has exceptionally reached 500 parts per 1,000,000. In November or December the turbidity is not in proportion to the amount of suspended matter, owing to the degree of fineness of the latter. It would not have been possible to filter this water without a preparatory treatment. The system of treating the water with a coagulant for a quick sedimentation and a rapid filtration, known as the American system of filtration, has been selected as the most suitable for treating the raw water available. The coagulant used is sulphate of alumina. The following reaction takes place: Al2 (SO4)3 +3CaCO3 +3H2O = Al2 (OH)6 + 3CO2 +3CaSO4 In plain words, the acid contained in the sulphate of alumina unites with the alkaline bases of the carbonates of the water thereby liberating the carbonic acid which is absorbed by the water, and setting free the insoluble aluminium hydrate which is precipitated. This hydrate coagulates into gelatinous particles which aggregate the suspended substances of the raw water, mud, organic matter and also bacteria, and carry them down to the bottom of the settling tanks. The alkaline carbonates of the water are partially changed into sulphates, the amount of bases being not altered. The amount of sulphates in the water after treatment remains well within the limit quantities usually admitted in potable waters. The total hardness of water is not changed during the process. The sulphate used is a very pure preparation absolutely free from arsenic. The amount of carbonates in the raw water is liable to decrease below the required amount for the precipitating of the alumina. Such a decrease is very exceptional, and up to the present has occurred during five days only in October 1918, and during 16 days of the rainy season in 1923. At such times this deficiency has been made good by adding exactly the required amount of sodium carbonate of a very pure quality. These details are given with the purpose of showing that all precautions are taken to prevent even the smallest amount of alumina remaining in the filtered water. The water after about two hours sedimentation contains only some fine coagulated particles and bacteria which are retained by the sand filter-beds. The most efficient part of the filter-beds is the thin gelatinous layer formed upon the top of the sand by these particles, which allows a rate of filtration of 120 metres in 24 hours, or 40 times the usual rate in the slow sand filters treating uncoagulated water, with an equally high efficiency. This very high rate fully justifies the term of “ Rapid filtration ” applied to this system. Description of the Plant. We shall now see how the above described operations are carried out in practice. A weak solution of sulphate of alumna made in wooden tubs on the third floor of the coagulant house is distributed through regulating cocks fed from a constant level gravity box, at the uniform rate of one litre solution per minute for each working filter. A lead pipe conveys the solution by gravity into the raw water forcing main. A very good mixing of the coagulant with the water is ensured by the flow of the latter in this main up to the settling tanks. The quantity of coagulant used per cubic metre of water ranges from 24 to 34 grams of sulphate containing 18% Al2O3, according to the condition of the raw water. The settling tanks, built in reinforced concrete are divided into four sections, each having a capacity of 760 cubic metres. Each section is provided with five baffle partitions. Two sections are kept in use during 10 days, after which they are replaced by the two others and cleaned. The water flows from these tanks to the filters by gravity. There are twelve circular steel filters of the Jewell gravity low type. The filter-bed, 5.18 m. in diameter is composed of a fine sand bed 1 metre thick, resting on a thin layer of gravel. The collecting system embedded in this gravel consists of drain pipes provided with small brass strainers. The water flows through the inlet into an annular space around the filter. An automatic inlet regulator maintains a constant level over the sand bed. An automatic controller, of the Weston type, regulates the rate of filtration and maintains it perfectly uniform whatever be the condition of the filter-bed. The loss of head through the filter varies from 0.80 to 3 metres approximately. A wash indicator shows this loss of head, and the point of washing the filter. In case of this point being accidentally passed, the Weston controller closes the outlet automatically and stops the filter. The washing of a filter is carried out by forcing filtered water from a special reservoir through the collecting system and the filter-bed, while the sand is thoroughly stirred to its entire depth by agitators electrically driven. The water is evacuated through the inlet annular space. This operation takes about 6 or 7 minutes with a water consumption of about 60 cubic metres. The filter is then put in “ rewash”, or in plain words the first filtered water is wasted for a period of 30 minutes. This rewash allows the formation of the gelatinous film with an ample margin of security, the usual time required for this being about 10 minutes. Then the filter is put again into normal working. A filter works from 15 to 60 hours according to the condition of the raw water. The twelve filters, including all the mains, valves, indicators, the 15 H. P. electric motor and shafting for driving the agitators, etc., are sheltered in a spacious building 44 metres long by 16 metres wide, inside dimensions. From the Weston controller’s outlet the filtered water falls into a masonry flume and goes by gravity to the low filtered water reservoir. This fall contributes to a certain extent to the aeration of the water. The low filtered water reservoir, measuring 54 metres by 36 metres with a total capacity of 5,700 cubic metres is entirely built of reinforced concrete, and is covered with a thick layer of earth, It is divided into two sections for cleaning, and all its ventilation openings are lined with wire gauze ensuring a perfect protection against mosquitoes, flies, insects, lizards, etc. The overflow drain is, for the same purpose, water sealed. From this reservoir the water is pumped into the distribution system. The efficiency of the plant is closely checked by daily observations of the turbidity of both the raw and the settled water, and of the colour of the filtered water. The figure found for the turbidity of the settled water shows at once if the amount of coagulant used is correct. The alkalinity is measured twice a day when a deficiency is noticed. Bacteriological examinations are made daily at the laboratory of the Medical Officer of Health, and the chemical analyses are carried out monthly at the laboratory of the Ministry of Commerce and Communications. Advantages of the Rapid Filtration over Slow Sand Filtration. [...] Summing up, the rapid filtration system has an indisputable superiority over slow sand filtration which is still more marked in the treatment of turbid waters subject to great variations in character. Distribution System. The filtered water is forced by the high lift pumps into a distributing main 700  mm in diameter and about 4 kilometres long which is connected to the bottom of the Elevated Reservoirs near the centre of the distribution system. These reservoirs, two in number, have each a capacity of 1,000 cubic metres, with overflow 24 metres above ground. They are built entirely in reinforced concrete, covered and provided with ventilation openings lined with wire gauze. The offices, workshops, godown, laboratory for testing metres etc., are located on the same site. The distribution system, spread over a large area, include, 125 kilometres (At the end of B. E. 2472 [1929/30]) of cast iron mains from 700 to 80  mm diameter. The rubber ring joints, adopted on account of the soft nature of the ground and of the unavoidable presence of surface water in the trenches, have saved greatly in the cost of laying, and have proved very efficient in numerous eases of sinking of the mains. A very wise policy has been adopted for the distribution of water to the poorest classes of the population, in the erection of not less than 390 public street fountains. 235 of these fountains are fitted with a 100 mm fire hydrant enclosed in the body. These hydrants have on numerous occasions played an important part in controlling fires at the outbreak. The water is sold through metered services at the reasonable price of 25 satangs or about 6d. per cubic metre. Decreasing rates are applied to large consumptions. The development of the metered services has been greatly handicapped not only by the scarcity of and the high prices paid for material during the war, but chiefly by the facilities given to. draw free water at the street fountains. Nevertheless, the number of customers has recently reached 7,700. (Figures, shown at the end of B. E. 2472 [1929/30]) All wharves are equipped with hydrants for supplying water to shipping. Extensions to the distribution system are carried out every year, and a scheme is under consideration for the distribution of water on the west bank. The naval establishments are already supplied through a 100  mm siphon laid across the river. The want of proper roads in these quarters has been the cause of the delay in carrying out a general scheme. The daily consumption is in constant progression. It varies from 15,000 to 22,500 cubic metres (Figures shown at the end of B.E. 2472 [1929/30]), the highest figure being reached during the dry season, when people from outer districts come in great numbers with their boats laden full of jars, drawing water day and night from the fountains standing near the waterways. The highest consumption corresponds to about 47 litres per head and per day. This low figure shows that there are still good prospects for the development of the sale of water. The present daily capacity, as explained, is 26,000 cubic metres, and everything has been foreseen for an easy duplicating of the plant, providing an ample margin for the future. Quality of the Water Distributed. The results attained in the purification of the water are well summarized in a yearly report issued at the end of November 1921 by the Medical Officer of Health which is reproduced hereafter : “BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. This is done daily. The water has always been well within the margin of safety as laid down by all competent authorities both in respect to the actual bacterial content and the number of c.c. which must be examined before intestinal organisms are found. The former figure has usually been in the neighbourhood of 12 which is very low and invariably well below that of 100 which is permissible. The latter figure has seldom been below 20 and frequently been 30 and over which is two or three times better than the figure 10 which is in this case permissible. “The efficiency percentage which is not so important a matter as the two factors already referred to has usually been 98% (a high standard) and seldom less than 96%. “CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. This is done monthly. Not only has there never once been any chemical evidence of harmful pollution but on the contrary every analysis shows a high state of purification. The water has always been a soft water. “These two analyses have been systematically carried out on all the waters commencing at the raw water as it enters the filter station and ending at the various taps throughout the city. “CONCLUSION. This inspection shows that not only is the filter plant doing its work very efficiently but that the water supplied to Bangkok is an excellent potable, washing and commercial water and compares most favourably with that supplied to most of the cities throughout the world.” This report, confirming as it does the efficiency of the safeguards employed, forms a fitting conclusion to the description of the methods in use in the Bangkok Waterworks. This somewhat detailed description has been prepared with the hope that it may contribute to the confidence of the public in the daily use of that great commodity which is now at its disposal, namely, a pure and abundant water supply. Note : Since the above report has been issued (in 1922), some important extensions have been carried out, viz. :— Erection of New Settling Tanks with a total capacity of 4,400 m³. Erection of a New Filter Plant with daily capacity of 45,000 m³. Erection of a Chlorination Plant for sterilizing the filtered water. " [Quelle: Siam : general and medical features / by the Executive Committee of the 8th Congress of Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1930. -- 332 S. : Ill ; 25 cm. -- S. 245 - 257]

1914-11-14

Abb.: Postkarte Tsingtau, 1901
[Bildquelle. Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Tsingtau [青島市] ist [1914-11-07] gefallen. Des Nachmittags Eröffnung der Wasserwerke in Sam Sen [สามเสน]. Das diplomatische und konsularische Korps ist zugegen. Deutschland und Österreich fehlen. Das Fest war glänzend. De la Malotiere, der Schöpfer des Ganzen, bescheiden wie immer. Der König in weißer Uniform mit Napoleonshut. Für uns Beamte war Hofanzug vorgeschrieben." [Quelle: Weiler, Luis <1863 - 1918>: Anfang der Eisenbahn in Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979. -- 282 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 264]

1915-01-06

Innenminister Prinz Damrong Rajanubhab (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943) beantragt beim König seine Beurlaubung aus Krankheitsgründen. Er legt ein Attest von Dr. Malcolm Smith bei, dass sein Nervensystem schwach ist und der Prinz Erschöpfungszustände zeit. Der König beurlaubt Damrong für mindestens sechs Monate. Damrong wird nicht mehr ins Amt zurückkehren und 1915-08 zurücktreten.

1915-01-14

Der britische Geschäftsträger, Lyle, an das Foreign Office:

"For some months ... it has been rumored that the influence of Prince Damrong [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943] with His Majesty the King was diminishing, and that it has not come as a surprise that the former was, last week, graciously granted six months leave of absence to enable him to have a complete rest from government duties. There seems to be little doubt that this fiction of sick leave covers a situation which practically amounts to a dismissal from office." [Zitiert in: Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman: Absolute dreams : Thai government under Rama VI, 1910-1925. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1999. -- 224 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8434-69-9. -- S. 92]

1915-01-18

Japan stellt China 21 Forderungen, die die Oberherrschaft Japans über China sichern sollen. Die chinesische Regierung beugt sich am 8. Mai den Forderungen.

1915-02

Rama VI. veröffentlicht folgendes Gedicht als Ansporn, für das Kriegsschiff Phra Ruang (พระร่วง) zu spenden:

Come let us help, without delay, To rouse popular enthusiasm For the Navy League and invite Thai everywhere to build the barrier to protect Siam. [...] On land we have soldiers ready to fight the invaders; The glorious Wild Tigers wait to help in the fighting. The gap that remains in our defense is by sea. We lack the ships and power to protect us. To ignore this is like leaving an open door. If the enemy bursts in, how can we contend ? Don't be indifferent; we urge you to be concerned. To be unconcerned too long will lead to great difficulties. The enemy can attack and set our homes on fire, Reducing our homes to ashes and scattering our goods. Our families will be lost, our positions ruined. Those remaining will be shamed and will prefer death to lost honor. Wake up! We are born Thai [free]; let us not lose the chance To help our Navy gain the strength to defend our country. [Übersetzt in: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 97f.]

1915-02

Rama VI. lamentiert in einem Gedicht - เห่ครวญถึงหนังสือ - über den Zustand der Thai-Sprache

Feeling lonely and alone, I chose a book for solace. The more I read, the more I missed You beside me, inducing laughter.	โคลง ๏ เงียบเหงาเปล่าอกโอ้   อกครวญ หยิบสมุดชุดชวน   อ่านบ้าง นอนอ่าน ๆ ยิ่งหวล   ใจโศก น้องพี่เคยเคียงฃ้าง   ช่วยชี้ชวนหัว ฯ
Feeling lonely and forlorn, I thought of you with sad heart, So I chose a book to while away my boredom and read on. The more I read, the more I grew annoyed at modern writings In ununderstandable style. They don't write in Thai. The language of today that students like Makes me dizzy. They excel at destruction. The modish language, presumably Western, Is unbearably dull to read, nauseating to hear. It is incomprehensible to read, irritatingly boring, Composed in excessive disorder like the language of drooling idiots. Oh, the Thai language is going to wrack and ruin; The Thai people are becoming shamefully "smart." The more I read of the book that I hoped would give momentary respite The madder I got, so I finally had to throw it into the sea. I looked for another work and chanced on verse, A play that I understand has gained quick fame. Oh, I lose heart. Why are we so unfortunate? Thai poetry is finished; no people are more unlucky. All is worthless; all forms are of fleeting value. The stories ramble on in disorder; their vocabulary is vulgar. I go back to find a good story that I brought with me And read to gain contentment and to ease my sad loneliness.	กาพย์ ๏ เงียบเหงาเปล่าอกหมอง   คิดถึงน้องหมองวิญญา จึ่งหยิบหนังสือมา   แก้รำคาญอ่านเรื่อยไป ๏ อ่าน ๆ รำคาญฮือ   แบบหนังสือสมัยใหม่ อย่างเราไม่เฃ้าใจ   ภาษาไทยเฃาไม่เขียน ๏ ภาษาสมัยใหม่   ของถูกใจพวกนักเรียน อ่านนักชักวิงเวียน   เขาช่างพียรเสียจริงจัง ๏ แบบเก๋เขวภาษา   สมมตว่าแบบฝรั่ง อ่านเบื่อเหลือกำลัง   ฟังไม่ได้คลื่นไส้เหลือ ๏ อ่านไปไม่ได้เรื่อง   ชักชวนเคืองเครื่องให้เบื่อ แต่งกันแสนฟั่นเฝือ   อย่างภาษาบ้าน้ำลาย ๏ โอ้ว่าภาษาไทย   ช่างกระไรจวนฉิบหาย คนไทยไพล่กลับกลาย   เปนโซ็ดบ้าน่าบัดสี ๏ หนังสือฤาหวังอ่าน   แก้รำคาญได้สักที ยิ่งอ่านดาลฤดี   เลยต้องขว้างกลางสาคร ๏ ลองหามาอ่านใหม่   พะเอินได้เปนบทกลอน สมมตบทลคร   ขึ้นชื่อเสียงเฉวียงไว ๏ พุทโธ่โอ้ใจหาย   เราเคราะห์ร้ายนี่กระไร จบหมดบทกลอนไทย   ไม่เปนส่ำระยำมัง ๏ ทั้งมวลล้วนเหลวแหลก   ทุกแพนกอนิจจัง เรื่องเปื่อยเลื้อยรุงรัง   ทั้งถ้อยคำซ้ำหยาบคาย ๏ กลับหันหาเรื่องดี   ที่เอาไว้ใกล้ ๆ กาย อ่านให้ใจสบาย   หายง่วงเหงาเศร้ากระมล ฯ
[Übersetzt in: Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7. -- S. 240]	[Thai-Text: http://www.reurnthai.com. -- Zugriff am 2013-11-19]

1915-02-05

Maha-ammattayathibodi [พระยามหาอำมาตยาธิบดี (เส็ง วิรยศิริ)] an Rama VI.:

"The people do not yet understand that by paying money they are looking after their own interests and happiness. They are not all that interested in public hygiene. ...In reality, the direction of municipal government depends mostly on the superintendent commissioners. If the superintendent commissioners give good directions, municipal government would be very beneficial to everybody. It is impossible to rely on the councillors to be the pillars of the municipality because it is difficult to find, among not only the people bat also the councillors, someone who understands what is meant by municipal government. The councillors who are officials do as they like because they usually think that municipal  government is just an ordinary duty of the central administration. The elected councillors think the same way and do not oppose any decision concerning either the government or the financial administration of the municipality." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 398. -- Faire use]

1915-02-06

Nachdem bekannt geworden ist, dass ein Mitglied des Wild Tiger Scout Corps (จัดตั้งกองเสือป่า) ein Bordell mit Spielhöhle besucht hat und dass ein anderer Wiold Tiger geschlechtskrank geworden ist, richtet Rama VI. an alle Wild Tiger "A word of admonition" als Rundschreiben:

"Since you all do have the task of protecting the King you should all. . . feel a greater sense of responsibility than you normally do ... It is a necessity that you behave differently from others. That is, you have to refrain from that type of behavior evident in irresponsible people, those people that don’t have the responsibility for guarding the King." [Zitiert in: Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman: Absolute dreams : Thai government under Rama VI, 1910-1925. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1999. -- 224 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8434-69-9. -- S. 82]

1915-02-20 - 1915-12-04

Panama–Pacific International Exposition (PPIE) in San Francisco (USA). Siam nimmt teil.

Abb.: Titelblatt des Official view book, 1915

1915-03-08

Eröffnung des Militärflughafens Don Muang (ดอนเมือง).

Abb.: Lage von Don Muang (ดอนเมือง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1915-03-27

Die Luftwaffen-Sektion des Kriegsministeriums wird in Army Flying Corps umgewandelt. Der 27. März gilt seither als "Air Force Memorial Day"

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Directory for Bangkok and Siam 1914. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1914. -- 380, 155 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.

Vella, Walter F. <1924 - 1980>: Chayo! : King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism / Walter F. Vella, assisted by Dorothy B. Vella. -- Honolulu : Univ. Press, 1978. -- 347 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-0493-7

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Kludas, Arnold <1929 - >: Die Seeschiffe des Norddeutschen Lloyd 1857 bis 1970. -- Augsburg : Bechtermünz, 1998. -- 165 + 168 S. : Ill ; 28 cm. -- ISB 3-86047-262-3. -- Standardwerk.

Credner, Wilhelm <1892 - 1948>: Siam das Land der Tai : eine Landeskunde auf Grund eigner Reisen und Forschungen. -- Stuttgart : Engelhorn, 1935. -- 423 S. : Ill.

Bechert, Heinz <1932 - 2995>: Buddhismus, Staat und Gesellschaft in den Ländern des Theravāda-Buddhismus. -- Bd. 3: Bibliographie, Dokumente, Index. -- Wiesbaden : Harassowitz, ©1973. -- (Schriften des Instituts für Asienkunde in Hamburg ; XVII/3).

Barmé, Scot: Woman, man, Bangkok : love, sex, and popular culture in Thailand. --  Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. -- 273 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. --  ISBN 0-7425-0157-4

Siam : general and medical features / by the Executive Committee of the 8th Congress of Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1930. -- 332 S. : Ill ; 25 cm.

Zu Chronik B. E. 2458 / 1915-04 - 1916-03