Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1973 / B. E. 2516

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1973 / B. E. 2516. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-18. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1973.htm

Erstmals publiziert: 2012-10-02

Überarbeitungen: 2017-03-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-11-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-25 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-08-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 22015-04-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 015-04-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-04-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-20 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2516 / 1973 undatiert

1973 - 1988-08-27

Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana (Vasan Vāsana) - สมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (วาสน์ วาสโน) (1897 - 1988) ist Sangharaja (สังฆราช).

1973

UNESCO T1: Entwurf eines einheitlichen Schriftbilds für Thai (อักษรไทย). Das Schriftbild wurde seit 1971 in Zusammenarbeit thailändischer und japanischer Typographen entworfen.

1973

Ein Geheimdokument der "Einsatztruppe zur Abwehr und Bekämpfung der Kommunisten" gibt zu, dass Soldaten, die zur Bekämpfung Aufständischer eingesetzt werde, willkürlich Dorfbewohner ermorden und den Besitz von Dorfbewohnern zerstören.

1973

Lebenserwartung in Süd- und Südostasien

Abb.: Lebenserwartung bei Geburt 1973 (in Jahren)
[Verschiedene Datenquellen]

1968 - 1975

Fleischproduktion:

Abb.: Fleischproduktion (in Tausend Tonnen) 1968 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 264]

Abb.: In der Statistik nicht erfasst: Rattenfleisch, 2007
[Bildquelle: Nicolai Bangsgaard. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/32885684@N00/504285276. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1943 - 1975

1972 ist der Höhepunkt der Förderung des sehr seltenen Halbmetalls Antimon (Sb). Die Antimonminen (Antimon in der Form von Stibnit) in Thailand sind über das ganze Land verstreut.

Abb.: Förderung von Antimon (Sb) (in Tonnen), 1943 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 320]

Abb.: Antimon-Barren
[Bildquelle: Stahlkocher / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1928 - 1975

1972 ist ein Höhepunkt der Förderung des Metalls Wolfram (W). Wolfram kommt in Thailand in Form des Minerals Wolframit vor.

Abb.: Förderung von Wolfram (W) (in Tonnen), 1928 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 324]

Abb.: Wichtigste Anwendung von Wolfram (W): Glühwedel einer Glühbirne (stark vergrößert)
[Bildquelle: Julo / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1948 -1955

Streiks:

Abb.: Streikende und Anzahl der Streikenden 1948 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 107, 110]

1965 - 1976

Streiks

Abb.: Anzahl der streikenden Arbeiter 1965 - 1976
[Datenquelle: Morell, David ; Chai-anan Samudavanija [ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช] <1944 - >: Political conflict in Thailand : reform, reaction, revolution. -- Cambridge, Mass. : Oelgeschlager, 1981. -- 362 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-89946-044-5. -- S. 188]

1973-10 - 1975

Streikforderungen der Arbeiter

Abb.: Streikforderungen der Arbeiter (in Prozent der Streiks) 1973-10 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Morell, David ; Chai-anan Samudavanija [ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช] <1944 - >: Political conflict in Thailand : reform, reaction, revolution. -- Cambridge, Mass. : Oelgeschlager, 1981. -- 362 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-89946-044-5. -- S. 195]

1938 - 1975

Großhandels-Preisindex und Konsumenten-Preisindex (1970 = 100)

Abb.: Großhandels-Preisindex und Konsumenten-Preisindex (1970 = 100), 1938 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 677, 685]

1973

Kosten eines Telefongesprächs von Chiang Mai nach Bangkok: 8 Baht pro Minute, Mindestgebühr 24 Baht. Man rechne einen Tag Wartezeit ein bis die Verbindung zustande kommt.

1969 - 1975

Zivilluftfahrt:

Abb.: Zivilluftfahrt: Passagiere (in 1000-km), Fracht (in 1000-Tonnen-Kilometern) und Post (in 1000-Tonnen Kilometern), 1969 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 584]

Abb.: Thai International Caravelle, Stockholm, 1970
[Bildquelle: Lars Söderström / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1973

Gründung der Union for Civil Liberty (สมาคมสิทธิเสรีภาพของประชาชน)

Abb: ®Logo

1973-Mitte

Bildung der Constitution Appeal Group (กลุ่มเรียกร้องรัฐธรรมนูญ).

1973 - 1976-10

Coffee House Forums:

"Coffee House Forums were informal groups of students who gathered regularly in coffee shops to discuss current social and political issues. Many formal student clubs, particularly regional societies, development camps, and composition/ literature clubs also became places where students shared and expressed their political and social frustrations (Jaran 2003:8). The most important independent clubs included the Thammasat University Dome Assembly group (Sapha Na Dome [สภาหน้าโดม]), the Dharma Economics group (Setthatham [เศรษฐธรรม]), the Legal Studies (Niti Sueksa [นิติศึกษา]), the Thammasat Womens (Klum Phu Ying Thamasat [กลุ่มผู้หญิงธรรมศาสตร์]) groups, the New SOTUS [“Seniority, Order, Tradition, Unity, Spirit”] (Fuenfu SOTUS Mai [SOTUS ใหม่]) group at Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย), the Coffee House Forum (Sapha Kafae [สภากาแฟ]) and Economics Factory (Rong Ngan Setthasat [โรงงานเศรษฐศาสตร์]) groups at Kasetsart University [มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์], the Signal View (Walanchathat) group at Chiang Mai University [มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่], and the New Generation Club (Khon Run Mai [คนรุ่นใหม่]) and Sons of Ramkhamhaeng Club (Luk Pho Khun [ลูกพ่อขุน]) at Ramkhamhaeng University [มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง]. Political groups and networks were also formed among Thai students in the United States, Germany, and other countries, including the Coffee House Forum at Cornell University and the US We Miss Thailand Croup (Khit Thueng Muang Thai [คิดถึงเมืองไทย])." [Quelle: Kanokrat Lertchoosakul [กนกรัตน์ เลิศชูสกุล]: The rise of the Octobrists in contemporary Thailand : power and conflict among former left-wing student activists in Thai politics. -- New Haven : Yale University Southeast asia Studies, 2016. -- 364 S. 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; monograph 65). -- ISBN 9780985042943. -- Zugl. The London School of Economics and Political Science, thesis 2012-09. -- S. 295f., Anm. 5. -- Fair use]

1973

Beginn des ersten Programms, den Anbau von Schlafmohn (Papaver somniferum L., für Opium) durch andere Pflanzen zu ersetzen. Finanziert vom UNFDAC (United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control).

Abb.: Samenkapsel von Schlafmohn (Papaver somniferum L.) mit Saft, aus dem Opium gewonnen wird
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1973

Familiärer Hintergrund der 6.825 Studierenden der Chiang Mai University (มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่)

Abb.: Herkunft der Studierenden der Chiang mai University, 1973
[Datenquelle: Thailand, roots of conflict / edited by Andrew Turton <1938 - >, Jonathan Fast, Malcolm Caldwell. -- Nottingham : Spokesman Books, 1978. -- 196 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 0851242383. -- S. 141, Anm. 146]

1973-Ende

Geschätzte Mannschaftsstärke der kommunistischen Thai People's Liberation Army (กองทัพปลดแอกประชาชนแห่งประเทศไทย): Total 6.500

Abb.: Geschätzte Mannschaftsstärke der kommunistischen Thai People's Liberation Army (กองทัพปลดแอกประชาชนแห่งประเทศไทย) nach Regionen, 1973
[Datenquelle: Morell, David ; Chai-anan Samudavanija [ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช] <1944 - >: Political conflict in Thailand : reform, reaction, revolution. -- Cambridge, Mass. : Oelgeschlager, 1981. -- 362 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-89946-044-5. -- S. 90]

1973 - 1975

Es erscheinen Hunderte von Flugblättern, Aufsätzen, Broschüren und Büchern über Marxismus (Маркси́зм) und Maoismus (毛泽东思想). Auch die Werke des nordkoreanischen Diktators Kim Il Sung (김일성 / 金日成, 1912 - 1994) erscheinen in Thai-Übersetzung und finden ihre Abnehmer.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1973

Father Joseph (Joe) H. Maier, C.Ss. R., (1939 - ) und Schwester Maria Chantavarodom (มาลินี ฉันทวโรดม), Daughters of the Queenship of Mary Immaculate, gründen ihre erste katholische Vorschule (preschool) in einem Slum

 

1973

Es erscheint der Song:

ชาย เมืองสิงห์ [Chai Mueangsing] <1939 - >: เพื่อประชาธิปไตย

Abb.: Plattenhülle
[Fair use]

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:

URI: spotify:artist:20EnS7wwsUtXbl9L39rNGp
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/20EnS7wwsUtXbl9L39rNGp

พระบารมีล้นฟ้าปกเกล้าเกศา พระกรุณาล้นเกล้า พระราชทานรัฐธรรมนูญให้เรา จะได้เป็นชาวประชาธิปไตย แก่ตายเสียแล้วเสน่ห์คำรณ ที่เคยเป็นคนโด่งดัง เคยร้องเพลงติดตลาด ใคร ใครก็ยังสงสัย ผมมิใช่ฝ่ายรัฐบาล หรือฝ่ายค้านดอกขอรับ ผมเป็นนักร้องในระดับ ลูกทุ่งประชาธิปไตย อย่าโทษกันเลยรัฐบาล ที่ต้องมีการขึ้นภาษี เพราะเมืองไทยของเราจะดี พวกเราต้องมีน้ำใจ ไอ้ศึกนอกมันไม่เป็นไร เพราะคนไทยรักชาติ ถ้าศึกในกลายเป็นหมัด นี่ซิชาติจะไปไม่ไหว เพราะเศรษฐกิจมันตกสะเก็ด เสียแล้วประเทศไทยเรา อึกอักกู้เขายืมเขา ก็แล้วใครเล่าทำใช้ เอย ไอ้คนดีดีเดี๋ยวนี้มันจน แต่คนโกงคนมั่งมี ไอ้คนทำดีที่ได้ดี เดี๋ยวมันมีกันเท่าไหร่ เคยเห็นคนซื่อซือจนเซ่อ พอถูกหวยเบอร์ก็ถูกตุ๋น คนคดคดต่างหากล่ะคุณ มันถึงจะตุ๋นคนได้ ไอ้ที่ซื่อซื่อว่ากินไม่หมด แต่ทำไมคนคดพุงกาง เกี๊ยะของคุณหนูสองข้าง ไหงแพงกว่าถังข้าวเปลือกใหญ่ แล้วไอ้ที่ตรงเกินไป ทำไมต้องกลายเป็นถ่อ ไอ้คนที่คดตลอดข้อ ดันกลายกลับไปเป็นคอมควาย ส่วนทองคำทำเป็นข้อข้อ เอามาแขวนคอมีค่า แล้วไอ้ข้อข้อที่เข้าขื่อคา ไหงดันใส่ขาผู้ร้าย ดาวบนฟ้าดูสีดูดูไม่มีราคา พอตกมาติดอยู่บนบ่า แหมมีค่าใจหาย เอย แล้วทีสุนัขฝรั่ง ราคาตัวตั้งหมื่นพัน ส่วนทีหมาไทยชาวบ้าน ไหงเทศบาลล่ะชอบไล่ ก็น่าแปลกอยู่หรอก พวกเราอยู่ตรอกเขาอยู่ตึก เวลาตายซิมันพิลึก มาฝังในดินกะเราได้ แล้วทีผู้ใหญ่ผู้ใหญ่ ทำไมชอบใช้แบงค์ร้อย ส่วนทีผู้น้อยผู้น้อย บอกว่าแบงค์ย่อยจึงเอาไป ส่วนราษฎรทำผิด เฮ้ย ลื้อต้องไปล่ะติดตะราง สำคัญพิธิฐ ธรรมมัง ลูบหน้าลูบหลังละผู้ใหญ่ สำคัญพิธิฐ ธรรมมัง อย่างดีก็ดังแค่ย้าย สำคัญพิธิฐ ธรรมมัง บางครั้งก็นั่งเหนือกฎหมาย ถ้าไทยเราสามัคคี มันต้องไม่มีคอรัปชั่น เมื่อต้นร้ายปลายบาน ใครจะช่วยกันแก้ไข ถ้าไทยทำไทยใช้ คนไทยหรือจะอายญี่ปุ่น ถ้าไทยทำไทยใช้ คนไทยไม่อายหรอกอ้ายยุ่น ขอนวอนนิสิตทุกทุกรุ่น ให้ช่วยแก้ดุลค้าขาย เอย ล่ะ เหนือเกล้าภูมิพล ราษฏรเทิดล้น จนทั่วหล้า ขอสดุดีวีรชนผู้รักชาติ ที่หลั่งเลือดแลกอำนาจ อธิปไตย [Quelle: http://song.thaider.com/เพื่อประชาธิปไตย_ชาย-เมืองสิงห์/. -- Zugriff am 2016-01-12. -- Fair use]

Der Song wird von Radio und Fernsehen verbannt

1973

Es erscheint der sozialkritische Roman

สันติ ชูธรรม [= สุวัฒน์ วรดิลก] [Santi Chutham = Suwat Woradilok] <1923 - 2007>: พ่อข้าฯ เพิ่งจะยิ้ม [Vaters erstes Lächeln]

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer der Ausgaben

"Gründlicher reflektiert, umfassender und realitätsbezogener als in den vorangegangenen Kurzgeschichten und Romanen wird das Thema des sozialen Engagements in dem Roman "Vaters erstes Lächeln" (1974) von Santi Chutham behandelt. Dieser Roman bietet dabei gleichzeitig die ausführlichste literarische Schilderung des Umsturzes vom Oktober 1973, der zu ihm hinführenden Ereignisse und seiner Folgen sowie der ihm zugrundeliegenden politischen und sozialen Motivationen, Überzeugungen, Hoffnungen und Ideale. Als Hauptpersonen stehen im Zentrum des Handlungsgeschehens ein Rechtsanwalt und seine beiden Söhne, von denen der jüngere die Rolle des Ich-Erzählers innehat. " [Quelle: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 272]

Zitate:

"Wir wollen sie (d.h. die Bauern) ja gar nicht politisch mobilisieren, sondern sie nur anleiten, wie sie von den Rechten und Freiheiten, die sie haben, Gebrauch machen können, damit sie sich über den Wert des Menschseins in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft klar werden - mehr nicht. Wenn wir Menschen Recht und Freiheit kennen und uns über den Wert des Menschseins klar sind, werden wir in vollerem Maße Mensch sein. Man wird sich nicht mehr ducken, so dass andere einen unterdrücken, ausbeuten und übervorteilen können. Man wird wissen, für Gerechtigkeit zu kämpfen, Einigkeit unter sich zu schaffen, um allen Bedrohungen der Natur und ungerechter Mächte Widerstand zu leisten und dann eine freie Gesellschaft neu aufzubauen, eine Gesellschaft, die man mit vereinter Arbeitskraft und Schweiß errichtet für ein besseres Leben als zuvor. Das ist das Ziel von uns, die wir die geistigen Führer des Volkes genannt werden." Angesichts solcher Erfahrungen gelangt der Vater des Ich-Erzählers in diesem Roman zu der Einsicht, dass die Beseitigung der Militärherrschaft im Oktober 1973 "nichts anderes war, als die Vertreibung von drei Diktatoren außer Landes und nicht eine Zerstörung des Systems, das die Diktatoren in der Vergangenheit errichtet hatten. Es war nur eine Revolution der äußeren Hülle, die nicht bis ins Innere vordrang." Selbst demokratische Wahlen werden daher, wie der Vater nunmehr überzeugt ist, zu keiner grundlegenden Verbesserung der Situation der Armen führen: "Die Regierung, die aus den Wahlen hervorgehen wird, muß angesichts des derzeitigen Zustands der thailändischen Gesellschaft ... zwangsläufig eine Regierung der Kapitalisten sein, mit der Aufgabe, den Kapitalisten dienstbar zu sein."" [Übersetzt von: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 274f.]

1973

Es erscheint die Gedichtsammlung:

รวี โดมพระจันทร์ [Rawi Domphrachan] <1947 - 1989>: ต่อสู้ กู้ชาติ เอกราษฎร์ อธิปไตย [Kampf für Nation, Unabhängigkeit und Souveränität]

Aus dem Vorwort:

"Die literarische Kriegsfront ist eine wichtige Seite im Kampf des Volkes. Sie ergänzt und inspiriert andere wichtige Kämpfe, um dem Volk Demokratie zu erstreiten ... Die Literatur ist die Avantgarde im Kulturkampf zwischen dem Volk und der regierenden Klasse Was meine schriftstellerische Arbeit betrifft, so liebe ich es, in einer Art und Weise zu schreiben, die das Feuer des Zorns auflodern läßt, das im Herzen derjenigen verborgen ist, die Nation und Demokratie lieben. Dies nicht, weil das Feuer meines Zorns größer wäre als bei anderen, sondern weil ich die gesellschaftliche Tatsache erkannt habe, daß (unser) Land noch ohne Souveränität und Demokratie, noch ohne demokratische Rechte ist. Solange die Gesellschaft noch nach diesen Dingen ruft und um sie kämpft, müssen wir den Funken entfachen, damit er hell aufleuchtet, bis der Sieg des Volkes gekommen ist. Und wir müssen weiter schreiben, um der neuen Kultur des Volkes den Weg zu bahnen, damit sie zu einer ununterbrochen voranschreitenden Wirklichkeit wird." [Übersetzt von: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 75f.]

1973

Es erscheint:

Khamsing Srinawk [คำสิงห์ ศรีนอก] <1930 - >: The politician and other stories / translated [from the Thai] by Domnern Garden; ed. and introduced by Michael Smithies.. -- Kuala Lumpur, New York : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1973. -- 101 S. : 22 cm. -- (Oxford in Asia modern authors)

Abb.: Einbandtitel

""Maybe this is what the big nobs were blowing about at election time. What did they say, Professor? Cracy, cracy something." "Democracy, nut! Not cracy," Kerhn said severely, "They call it a democratic coup d’état, see. You have to have a lot of coups d’état. Otherwise it isn’t democracy."" ["The politician" (นักการเมือง, 1958). -- a.a.O., S. 2.]

1973

Es erscheint der sozialkritische Roman

สีฟ้า [= ศรีฟ้า มหาวรรณ] [Sifa = Sifa Mahawan, M.L.] <1930 - 2013>: ข้าวนอกนา [Reis außerhalb des Feldes]. -- Über die gesellschaftliche Integration von Mischlingskindern: US-Soldat + Thai-Fau

Der Roman wird später fürs Fernsehen verfilmt.

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer der Ausgaben

Abb.: Fernsehplakat

1973

Zusammenlegung der verschiedenen Standorte der Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Bangkok an ihrem heutigen (2015) Standort in South Sathorn Road (ถนนสาทรใต้)

Abb.: Standort der Deutschen Botschaft
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973

Es erscheint:

Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich  <1911 - 1977>: Small is beautiful : a study of economics as if people mattered. -- London : Blond & Briggs, 1973. -- 288 S. -- ISBN 978-0-06-091630-5

Das Buch hat großen Einfluss auf König Bhumibol.

Zitate daraus:

"Man is small, and, therefore, small is beautiful." "A Buddhist economist would consider this approach excessively irrational: since consumption is merely a means to human well-being, the aim should be to obtain the maximum of well-being with the minimum of consumption.... The less toil there is, the more time and strength is left for artistic creativity. Modern economics, on the other hand, considers consumption to be the sole end and purpose of all economic activity." "It is clear, therefore, that Buddhist economics must be very different from the economics of modern materialism, since the Buddhist sees the essence of civilisation not in a multiplication of wants but in the purification of human character. Character, at the same time, is formed primarily by a man's work. And work, properly conducted in conditions of human dignity and freedom, blesses those who do it and equally their products." "The most striking thing about modern industry is that it requires so much and accomplishes so little. Modern industry seems to be inefficient to a degree that surpasses one's ordinary powers of imagination. Its inefficiency therefore remains unnoticed." "Wisdom demands a new orientation of science and technology towards the organic, the gentle, the non-violent, the elegant and beautiful." "The way in which we experience and interpret the world obviously depends very much indeed on the kind of ideas that fill our minds. If they are mainly small, weak, superficial, and incoherent, life will appear insipid, uninteresting, petty, and chaotic." [Alle Zitate: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful. -- Zugriff am 2013-11-01]

1973

Gründung des privaten Siam Technical College (heute: Siam University - SU, มหาวิทยาลัยสยาม).

Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: http://siam.edu/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

Abb.: Lage des Siam Technical College (heute: Siam University - SU, มหาวิทยาลัยสยาม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Siam University (SU, Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยสยาม) is a university located on Petkasem Road (ถนนเพชรเกษม) in Phasicharoen district (ภาษีเจริญ) of Bangkok. Siam University was founded by the late Narong Mongkhonvanit (ณรงค์ มงคลวนิช) as a three-year private engineering school in 1965. In 1973, Siam University, then known as Siam Technical College, was formally established as a higher education institution with authorization to grant degrees. Later in 1986, Siam Technical College became Siam Technical University, a full-fledged private, non-profit university. Three years later, the name was changed again to Siam University to reflect the diversity in the fields of study offered. In 1995, the international college was established. Currently, over 400 international students from more than 15 countries are enrolled in the international college of Siam University. The governing body of Siam University is the university council led by Kasem Wattanachai (เกษม วัฒนชัย), councilor of the Privy Council of Thailand (คณะองคมนตรีไทย)." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_University. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-02]

1973

Sieben Paramilitärs des Volunteer Defence Corps (Or Sor) (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน) werden im Kampf mit Kader der Communist Party of Thailand (CPT, พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทย) in Amphoe Kui Buri (กุยบุรี), Provinz Prachuap Khiri Khan (ประจวบคีรีขันธ์), getötet.

Abb.: Lage von Amphoe Kui Buri (กุยบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973

Premiere des kambodschanisch-thailändischen Films The Snake King's Wife Part 2 (ពស់កេងកង ភាគពីរ / งูเกงกอง ภาค 2). Filmemacher: Tia Lim Kun.

 
Abb.: Plakat
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1973

Erste Nummer der Zeitschrift แปลก (Plaek, "sonderbar"). Es wird die erste Zeitschrift Thailands sein, die eine Kolumne für homosexuelle Frauen und Männer hat.

1973

Erstmals wird auf Thai das Wort เกย์ (gay) als Bezeichnung für Schwule verwendet.

1973

Erste Nummer des Comics Khay Huay Rau (ขายหัวเราะ)

Abb.: Khay Huay Rau (ขายหัวเราะ)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1973

Abb.: Zigarettenreklame, 1973

1973

Bildung des Central Identification Laboratory–Thailand zur Koordination der Suche nach Kriegsgefangenen und Vermissten in in Südostasien. Wird 1992 ersetzt durch Joint Task Force–Full Accounting zur Erfassung der im Vietnamkrieg vermissten US-Bürger. An der US-Botschaft in Bangkok wird Detachment 1 dieser Behörde gebildet. Sie entsendet Suchtrupps nach Laos, Kambodscha und Vietnam.

1973

Eröffnung von The Thai Room, dem ersten Thai-Restaurant in Washington DC (USA).

1973

Es erscheint das verschwörungstheoretische Buch:

Candlin, A. H. Stanton: Psycho-chemical warfare : the Chinese Communist drug offensive against the West. -- New Rochelle, N.Y : Arlington House, 1973. -- 540 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0870002147

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1973

The American Psychiatric Association klassifiziert Homosexualität nicht mehr als "mental disorder". Das thailändische Gesundheitsministerium streicht 2002 Homosexualität von der Liste psychischer Erkrankungenund Störungen.

1973

Die US-Firma Engelhard Corporation bringt den ersten Drei-Wege-Katalysator führ Fahrzeuge auf den Markt. Erfinder sind John J. Mooney und Carl D. Keith (1920 - 2008).

1973

Die japanische Firma Kawasaki bringt das Wassermotorrad ®Jet-Ski auf den Markt. Wassermotorräder werden an Thailands Touristenstränden sehr verbreitet werden.

Abb.: ®Jet-Ski -Fahrer, Pattaya (พัทยา), 2009
[Bildquelle: Dean Croshere. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/18252335@N08/4160705706. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

Abb.: Rückkehr vom ®Jet-Ski-Fahren, Phuket (ภูเก็ต), 2011
[Bildquelle: Xiaozhuli. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/18412989@N00/5403989737. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

2516 / 1973 datiert

1973-01

Die US Air Force fliegt von thailändischen Stützpunkten aus 386 Bomber-Einsätze über Laos

1973-01

Das Königspaar besucht die Polizisten, Militärs und sonstigen Regierungsangestellten in den von Guerillas durchsetzten Provinzen Nan (น่าน) und Chiang Rai (ᨩᩭᨦᩁᩣᩭ / เชียงราย)). In der Provinz Nan besucht das Königspaar

• Ban Pa Ka Luang

• Ban Tham Wiang Kae (บ้านถ้ำเวียงแก)

Abb.: Lage von Ban Tham Wiang Kae (บ้านถ้ำเวียงแก)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

In der Provinz Chiang Rai besuchen sie Ban Mai Rom Yen (บ้านใหม่ร่มเย็น), Amphoe Chiang Kam (เชียงคำ), (heute: Provinz Phayao - พะเยา). Dieses Dorf ist für Hill Tribes geschaffen worden, die die Regierung gewaltsam von den Bergen ins Tal umgesiedelt hatte. Der König belehrt die lokalen Behörden über Dorfentwicklung.

Abb.: Lage von Ban Mai Rom Yen (บ้านใหม่ร่มเย็น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Später im Januar besucht das Königspaar von Guerillas verwundete Soldaten im Spital in Lom Sak (หล่มสัก), eine Marine Corps Einheit in Ban Pa Yap  (บ้านป่ายาบ), beide Provinz Phetchabun (เพชรบูรณ์), sowie die 9. Infanterie-Division in Ban Huay Mun (บ้านห้วยมุ่น), Amphoe Dan Sai (ด่านซ้าย), Provinz Loei (เลย).

Abb.: Lage von Lom Sak (หล่มสัก)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Ban Pa Yap (บ้านป่ายาบ)

Abb.: Lage von Ban Huay Mun (บ้านห้วยมุ่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-01-23

Mechai Viravaidya (มีชัย วีระไวทยะ, 1941 - ) bewirkt durch 201 neue Mitglieder die Abwahl des bisherigen Generalsekretärs und des Exekutivkomitees der Planned Parenthood Association (สมาคมวางแผนครอบครัวแห่งประเทศไทย). Mechai wird zum neuen Generalsekretär gewählt.

Abb.: Mechai Viravaidya (มีชัย วีระไวทยะ), 2010
[Bildquelle: Gates Foundation. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/gatesfoundation/5021471728/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: Cabbages and Condoms Restaurant, Pattaya (พัทยา)
[Bildquelle: Environmental Change and Security Program. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ecsp/3396685240/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: Lage von Pattaya (พัทยา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Mechai Viravaidya (born January 17, 1941, Thai: มีชัย วีระไวทยะ) is a former politician and activist in Thailand who has popularized condoms in that country.[1] Since the 1970s, Mechai has been affectionately known as "Mr. Condom", and in that time condoms are referred to as "mechais" in Thailand[2] From the time that he began his work, the average number of children in Thai families has reduced from 7 to 1.5.[3] Mechai was born in Thailand to a Scottish mother and a Thai father both of whom were doctors.[4] He is one of four children. His younger brother, Sunya, is the founder of the Pattaya International Hospital. One of his two sisters, Sumalee, was formerly a journalist in Bangkok. Mechai was educated at Geelong Grammar School and (The) University of Melbourne in Australia. In the mid-1960s he returned to Thailand and started to work in family planning, emphasizing condoms. In 1973, he left government and founded a non-profit service organization, the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), to continue the work to improve the lives of the rural poor. Among other things, he held condom blowing contests for school children, encouraged taxi cab drivers to hand out condoms to their customers, and founded a restaurant chain called Cabbages and Condoms where condoms, rather than mints or fortune cookies, are given to customers together with the bill. Mechai served as deputy minister of industry from 1985 to 1986 under prime minister Prem Tinsulanonda (เปรม ติณสูลานนท์). He served as senator from 1987 until 1991. During this time AIDS appeared in Thailand, and he increased his efforts to promote sexual-safety awareness. A military coup in 1991 installed prime minister Anand Panyarachun (อานันท์ ปันยารชุน); Panyarachun then appointed Viravaidya minister for tourism, information and AIDS. He was able to start a large and quite successful education campaign and served until 1992. In 2004, Mechai again became a senator. In 1995 he was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia, for "service to Australian-Thai relations and contributions to the world AIDS debate".[5] As of 2007, he continues to oversee rural development and health initiatives as the Chairman of PDA, now the largest NGO in Thailand, with 600 employees and 12,000 volunteers. On May 29, 2007, PDA was awarded the 2007 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Gates Award in recognition of its pioneering work in family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention.[6] This award came with funds of $1,000,000.[7] An interesting side note is the family planning clinic which openly operates next to the Cabbages and Condoms restaurant. This is one of several places in Bangkok where poor women can receive pregnancy termination, a practice which is legal in the country per Section 305 of the Thailand penal code, but often perceived as illegal.[8][9] The clinic is permitted by the authorities due to the dangers of unsafe abortion by Thai women because of "economic difficulties".[10] In 2006 he won praise from the toilet industry (but criticism from the retail industry) for proposing that retailers be obliged to build a public toilet for every 10 square meters of retail space.[11]  References  Mechai Viravaidya, 60 Years of Asian Heroes, Time Asia, 13 November 2006  Six influential Asians changing their part of the world., though it is not called in the present. International Herald Tribune, 21 April 2005  [1]TED.COM, 07 October 2010  Successfully Yours: Mechai Viravaidya; Conversations/Mechai Viravaidya; Brash and Unabashed, Mr. Condom Takes on Sex and Death in Thailand  It's an Honour  2007 Gates Award for Global Health: PDA, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved 2010-01-02.  Mike Nizza (2007-05-29), "Cabbages and Condoms, a Winning Idea", The Lede  Thailand Penal Code Section 301-305  Thailand, in The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, 1997-2001  The Health Impact of Unsafe Abortion  Toilet-train food firms: Mechai, The Nation, 18 November 2006  Further reading Thomas D'Agnes. From condoms to cabbages: An authorized biography of Mechai Viravaidya. Post Books 2001. ISBN 974-228-009-6" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechai_Viravaidya. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

1973-01-26

Tod von Feldmarschall Phin Choonhavan (ผิน ชุณหะวัณ, geb. 1891).

Abb.: Phin Choonhavan (ผิน ชุณหะวัณ)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

"Field Marshal Phin Choonhavan (Thai: ผิน ชุณหะวัณ, 1891–1973) was a Thai military leader. Phin was a leader of several coups against the government, most notably the 1947 coup. During the Second World War, he commanded the Phayap Army's 3rd Division before being made military governor of the Shan States, which Thailand had occupied during the Burma Campaign. Phin was the son of a Chinese physician, Kai (Chinese: 开) who migrated to Siam from Chaoshan ((潮汕), as was the father of his wife, Lim Hong (Chinese: 林风), who was also an immigrant from Shantou (汕頭).[1] His son, Chatichai Choonhavan (ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ, 1920 — 1998), became Prime Minister of Thailand. His daughter, Khun Ying Udomlak (คุณหญิงอุดมลักษณ์) married Phao Sriyanond (เผ่า ศรียานนท์, 1910 - 1960), director general of the Thai police. References [泰国] 洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 泰国华侨华人研究. 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 18. ISBN 962-620-127-4. Paul M. Handley, "The King Never Smiles" Yale University Press: 2006, ISBN 0-300-10682-3" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phin_Choonhavan. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

1973-01-27

In Paris (Frankreich) unterschreiben die Außenminister der USA und Nordvietnams das Agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Viet-Nam". In 24 Stunden soll in ganz Vietnam Waffenstillstand herrschen. Auch die militärischen Aktionen in Laos und Kambodscha sollen eingestellt werden.

Abb.: Lage von Paris
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Unterzeichnung des Agreement in Paris durch US-Secretary of State William P. Rogers, 1973-01-27
[Bildquelle: Knudsen, Robert L. / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1973-01

Ex-Außenminister Thanat Khoman (ถนัด คอมันตร์, 1914 - ) erklärt:

"We accepted foreign forces as a partner in a military alliance, namely SEATO, and we sent troops to Vietnam because we thought it would be beneficial to Thailand, for if Vietnam were to be taken over by hostile forces, they would threaten the wellbeing of Thailand too. But since the war in Vietnam has come to an end, at least officially, there are no further reasons for a foreign power to shift its forces from another country to Thailand, and to use our territory for war purposes because that would involve Thailand in a war without its consent, without a decision by the Thai people to become involved, and to become a belligerent. This is the point.... That is why we have objections now. This is not anti-Americanism at all. " [Zitiert in: The Eagle and the elephant : Thai-American relations since 1833 = ความสัมพันธ์ไทย-อเมริกัน ตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2376. -- Golden Jubilee ed. = ฉบับกาญจนาภิเซกสมโภช / ed. Patricia Norland [u.a.]. -- Bangkok : United States Information Service, 1997. -- 279 S. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- ISBN 974-89415-1-5. -- S. 134]

1973-01-30

Großfeuer in Surin (สุรินทร์). Schaden: 50 Mio. Baht.

Abb.: Lage von Surin (สุรินทร์)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-01-31

Um Burmas Militärdiktator Gen Ne Win (နေဝင်း, 1911 - 2002) zu stärken, wird in Thailand jegliche politische Tätigkeit zur Wiederherstellung der Demokratie in Burma verboten.

1973-02

Die US Air Force fliegt von thailändischen Stützpunkten aus 1.449 Bomber-Einsätze über Laos

1973-02-01

Almu'tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj sir Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah (1927 - ), Yang di-Pertuan Agong (König) von Malysia, und seine Gattin, Tuanku Bahiyah ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman (1930 - 2003), Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong  von Malaysia, sind 8 Tage auf Staatsbesuch in Thailand.

Abb.: Almu'tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj sir Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, 1970
[Bildquelle: http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/malaysia-s-constitutional-monarchy-still-relevant-1.290863. -- Zugriff am 2014-04-04. -- Fair use]

1973-02-01

 Message from the President of The United States to the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam:

"February 1, 1973 The President wishes to inform the Democratic Republic of Vietnam of the principles which will govern United States participation in the postwar reconstruction of North Vietnam. As indicated in Article 21 of The Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam signed in Paris on January 27, 1973, the United States undertakes this participation in accordance with its traditional policies. These principles are as follows: 1) The Government of the United States of America will contribute to postwar reconstruction in North Vietnam without any political conditions. 2) Preliminary United States studies indicate that the appropriate programs for the United States contribution to postwar reconstruction will fall in the range of $3.25 billion of grant aid over five years. Other forms of aid will be agreed upon between the two parties. This estimate is subject to revision and to detailed discussion between the Government of the United States and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 3) The United States will propose to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam the establishment of a United States-North Vietnamese Joint Economic Commission within 30 days from the date of this message. 4) The function of this Commission will be to develop programs for the United States contribution to reconstruction of North Vietnam. This United States contribution will be based upon such factors as: (a) The needs of North Vietnam arising from the dislocation of war; (b) The requirements for postwar reconstruction in the agricultural and industrial sectors of North Vietnam's economy. 5) The Joint Economic Commission will have an equal number of representatives from each side. It will agree upon a mechanism to administer the program which will constitute the United States contribution to the reconstruction of North Vietnam. The Commission will attempt to complete this agreement within 60 days after its establishment. 6) The two members of the Commission will function on the principle of respect for each other's sovereignty, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit. The officers of the Commission will be located at a place to be agreed upon by the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 7) The United States considers that the implementation of the foregoing principles will promote economic, trade and other relations between the United States of America and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and will contribute to insuring a stable and lasting peace in Indochina. These principles accord with the spirit of Chapter VIII of The Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam which was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973. UNDERSTANDING REGARDING ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAM It is understood that the recommendations of the Joint Economic Commission mentioned in the President's note to the Prime Minister will be implemented by each member in accordance with its own constitutional provisions. NOTE REGARDING OTHER FORMS OF AID In regard to other forms of aid, United States studies indicate that the appropriate programs could fall in the range of 1 to 1.5 billion dollars depending on food and other commodity needs of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam." [Quelle: Department Of State Bulletin. -- Vol. 76 - No. 1983 (1977-06-27)]

1973-02-02 - 1973-07-02

James R. Schlesinger ist Direktor des CIA.

Abb.: James R. Schlesinger
[Bildquelle: DoD photo by Robert D. Ward / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1973-02-06

Das Königspaar eröffnet das National Museum in Chiang Mai (พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติเชียงใหม่).

Abb.: Lage des Nationalmuseums Chiang Mai (พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติเชียงใหม่)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Reishaus im Nationalmuseum Chiang Mai (พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติเชียงใหม่), 2006
[Bildquelle: Dane Larsen. -- https://www.flickr.com/photos/nofolete/270247982/. -- Zugriff am 2014-05-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

"Sammlungen Erdgeschoss: neben der Eingangshalle und einem großen Auditorium gibt es hier drei Räume mit den folgenden Sammlungen: 1.) Der natürliche und kulturelle Hintergrund des Lan Na-Königreiches, unterteilt in Geologie, Ökologie, Geographie und prähistorischen Siedlungen. 2.) Die Geschichte des Lan Na-Königreiches (ล้านนา) – mit einer Stein-Stele, die im Wat Chiang Man (วัดเชียงมั่น) gefunden wurde und die auf das Jahr 1581 datiert werden kann. Auf dieser Stele ist die Gründung von Chiang Mai beschrieben. Weiterhin gibt es buddhistische Opfergaben aus dem 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert und Buddha-Statuen verschiedener Größen. Keramiken aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, die sowohl aus Sawankhalok (สวรรคโลก) wie auch aus lokalen Brennöfen stammen sind zu sehen. Passend dazu sind im Garten vor dem Gebäude zwei historische Brennöfen ausgestellt. 3.) Die Geschichte der Könige von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) und ihre Beziehungen zum siamesischen Hof (อาณาจักรอยุธยา) – sehenswert sind hier historische Waffen, Kleidung und historische Fotos. Außerdem gibt es einen hölzernen Thron aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, der mit Glasmosaiken und Vergoldungen verziert ist, eine Sänfte und einen Howdah (Sitz, der auf dem Rücken eines Elefanten befestigt wird) mit Elfenbein-Intarsien. Schönstes Ausstellungsstück ist ein etwa zwei Meter hoher Fußabdruck Buddhas aus Holz, der mit Perlmutt-Intarsien kunstvoll verziert ist. Er kann auf das Jahr 1726 datiert werden. [1][2] Erstes Stockwerk – hier gibt es drei weitere Räume mit diesen Sammlungen: 4.) Handel in Lan Na zwischen 1782 bis 1932 – zahlreiche historische Fotos und Schrifttafeln erläutern den Bau der thailändischen Eisenbahnlinie nach Chiang Mai. Weitere Unterabteilung behandeln den Handel und die Forstindustrie. 5.) Landwirtschaft und industrielle Entwicklung in Nordthailand – viele historische Werkzeuge sind ausgestellt, zum Beispiel ein Spinnrad, ein Webstuhl und Fischnetze und -reusen. Weiterhin zu sehen sind Zahlungsmittel vergangener Zeiten, wie zum Beispiel Kaurigeld. Zuletzt wird die Entwicklung der Medizin und der schulischen Erziehung im Norden dargestellt. 6.) Die Geschichte der Kunst Lan Nas von der Dvaravati-Periode (ทวารวดี)  bis heute – zu den Ausstellungsstücken zählen hier Terrakotta-Figuren aus dem 12. Jahrhundert, ein 180 cm hoher Kopf einer Buddha-Statue aus Bronze aus dem 15. Jahrhundert, hölzerne Kandelaber und viele weitere Buddha-Statuen verschiedener Größen aus Holz, Sandstein oder Bronze. {Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalmuseum_Chiang_Mai. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-15]

1973-02-20

Manche US-Soldaten - einige davon schon in den USA verheiratet - heiraten Thai-Frauen nur, um vom US-Militär eine monatliche Zulage von 3000 Baht zu bekommen. Die Frauen haben dadurch Zugang zu den PX stores der Armee, wo sie Zigaretten, Whisky, Radios, Kameras u. ä. billig einkaufen können. Diese Artikel lassen sich gut weiterverkaufen.

1973-02-21

Vertreter der königlichen (neutralistischen) Regierung (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກລາວ) und der kommunistischen Pathet Lao (ປະເທດລາວ) unterzeichnen in Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ) ein "Abkommen über die Wiederherstellung des Friedens und er nationalen Einheit" in Laos.

Abb.: Lage von Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-02-20

Milizionäre töten Yun Sen Sae Chao, 27, einen Yao (เย้าเยา, 瑶族), mit 30 Schüssen und köpfen ihn anschließend. Den Kopf stellen sie in seinem Heimatdorf zur Abschreckung öffentlich zur Schau. Der Mann war angeblich Kommunist. Die Yao fordern eine Untersuchung des Vorfalls.

1973-02-25

Abb.: Kris Sivara (กฤษณ์ สีวะรา)
[Fair use]

Bangkok Post: U.S. bases to stay as Deterrent, zitiert General Kris Sivara (พลเอก กฤษณ์ สีวะรา, 1914 -9176), Deputy Army Commander-in-Chief:

"The American presence will act as a deterrent against any major communist offensive in Indochina. ... It also gives us a warm feeling of security." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 160]

1973-03

USA: Es erscheint das Anti-Vietnamkriegs-Album "Where Are You Now, My Son?" der US-Folk-Sägerin Joan Baez (1941 - ).

Abb.: ©Plattentitel
[Fair use]

"Where Are You Now, My Son? is an album by Joan Baez, released in early 1973. One side of the album featured recordings Baez made during a US bombing raid on Hanoi over Christmas 1972. Included on the recording are the voices of Barry Romo, Michael Allen and human rights attorney Telford Taylor (1908 - 1998), with whom Baez made her famous 1972 visit to North Vietnam. The album's other side, featuring songs, written by Baez, Mimi Fariña (1945 - 2001) and Hoyt Axton (1938 - 1999), was recorded in Nashville in January 1973. From the album's liner notes: "...The war in Indochina is not yet over, and the war against violence has barely begun...." - Joan Baez"   [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Are_You_Now,_My_Son%3F. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-14]

Der Song auf Spotify:

URI: spotify:track:5ljY5uvpNuL9BWNg1mtXvz
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/5ljY5uvpNuL9BWNg1mtXvz

1973-03-02

Da Spekulanten Reis horteten, sind die Reispreise für 15 kg Reis von 32 Baht im Vorjahr auf 58 Baht gestiegen. Versuche der Regierung, durch subventionierten Reisverkauf die Marktpreise zu senken, bleiben erfolglos. Wegen der hohen Inflationsrate steigen auch die Preise für andere Nahrungsmittel. Im Norden und Nordosten haben viele Bauern nicht genügend Geld, um mit dem Preisanstieg Schritt zu halten. Die Zahl der Bauern, die ihre jungen Töchter zur Prostitution nach Bangkok schicken oder verkaufen nimmt zu. Vermittler locken Mädchen nach Bangkok, indem sie ihnen Anstellung als Serviermädchen versprechen, sie aber dann zur Prostitution zwingen.

Abb.: Prostitution in Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle: Adamina. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/shalom_adamina/3749851917/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Prostitution in Thailand is illegal, although in practice it is tolerated and partly regulated. Prostitution is practiced openly throughout the country [1][2] Local officials with commercial interests in prostitution often protect the practice. The precise number of prostitutes is difficult to assess; estimates vary widely and are subject to national and international controversy.[3] Since the Vietnam War, Thailand has gained international notoriety among travelers from many countries as a sex tourism destination.[4] Sex with a prostitute under the age of 18 is strictly prohibited, which is followed closely by the authorities. Extent of prostitution Estimates of the number of prostitutes vary widely and are subject to controversy. A 1974 study put the number of prostitutes at 500,000 to 700,000. A 2004 estimate by Dr. Nitet Tinnakul from Chulalongkorn University gives a total of 2.8 million sex workers, including 2 million women, 20,000 adult males and 800,000 minors under the age of 18.[5] One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$ 4.3 billion per year or about three percent of the Thai economy.[6] It has been suggested for example that there may be as many as 10,000 prostitutes on Koh Samui (เกาะสมุย) alone, an island resort destination not usually associated with prostitution, and that at least 10% of tourist dollars may be spent on the sex trade.[7] According to a 2001 report by the World Health Organisation: "The most reliable suggestion is that there are between 150,000 and 200,000 sex workers."[8] A recent government survey found that there were 76,000 to 77,000 adult prostitutes in registered entertainment establishments; however, NGOs believed there were between 200,000 and 300,000 prostitutes.[3] Although centers such as Bangkok (Patpong - พัฒน์พงษ์, Nana Plaza, and Soi Cowboy - ซอยคาวบอย), Pattaya (พัทยา), and Phuket (ภูเก็ต) (Patong - หาดป่าตอง) are often identified as primary tourist "prostitution" areas, with Hat Yai (หาดใหญ่) and other Malaysian border cities catering to Malaysians, prostitution takes place in nearly every major city and province in the country. Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) and Koh Samui (เกาะสมุย) (Chaweng and Lamai) are also major centers. In Bangkok, the so-called Ratchadaphisek entertainment district, running along Ratchadaphisek Road near the Huai Khwang intersection, features several large entertainment venues which include sexual massage. Even karaoke style bars in small provincial towns have their own versions, with women, in addition to singing traditional Thai music, sometimes engaging in prostitution.  Legal situation and history Prostitution had been illegal in Thailand[3] since 1960, when a law was passed under pressure from the United Nations. The government has instituted a system of monitoring sex workers in order to prevent their mistreatment and to control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.[9] The 1960 Law was repealed by The Prevention and Suppression of Prostitution Act, B.E. 2539 (1996). [...] The "Entertainment Places Act of 1966" is one of the modern laws regulating massage parlors, go-go bars, karaoke bars, bathhouses and similar establishments. Under this law such establishments are required to be licensed. The law does not expressedly permit prostitution, but allows for "service providers" and "bath service providers," differentiated from regular, non-sexual service staff.[11] For example, there are massage parlors where men come and look at women, who are sitting separated by a glass wall (known as a "fishbowl"), and may choose whom they want. The women go to a room where they bathe and massage the customers, but in reality may do much more than that. The Prevention and Suppression of Prostitution Act, B.E. 2539 (1996) (the “Prostitution Law”), is the central legal framework prohibiting prostitution. The law defines prostitution as any act done to gratify the sexual desire of another in exchange for money or any other benefit, but only if it is done “in a promiscuous manner”. The Prostitution Law does not define what exactly a “promiscuous manner” constitutes, and the act of prostitution by itself is not outlawed anymore, while solicitation is. The crime of solicitation is vaguely defined. A person soliciting the services of a prostitute is liable under the Prostitution Law if the solicitation is done “openly and shamelessly or causes a nuisance to the public”, the penalty being a fine of up to 1,000 baht.[11]  Legalization attempt In 2003, the Ministry of Justice considered legalizing prostitution as an official occupation with health benefits and taxable income and held a public discussion on the topic. Legalization and regulation was proposed as a means to increase tax revenue, reduce corruption, and improve the situation of the workers.[6] However, nothing further was done.  HIV/AIDS 532,522 Thais were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008.[12] The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Thailand, and especially among sex workers, has been the subject of significant media and academic attention, and Thailand hosted the XV International AIDS Conference, 2004. Mechai Viravaidya (มีชัย วีระไวทยะ), known as "Mr. Condom",[13] has campaigned tirelessly to increase the awareness of safe sex practices and use of condoms in Thailand. He served as minister for tourism and AIDS prevention from 1991 to 1992, and also founded the restaurant chain Cabbages and Condoms, which gives free condoms to customers. After the enactment of the Thai government's first five-year plan to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country, including Mechai's "100% condom program", as of 1994, the use of condoms during commercial sex probably increased markedly. No current data on the use of condoms is available. The programmed instructed sex workers to refuse intercourse without a condom, and monitored health clinic statistics in order to locate brothels that allow sex without condoms.[9] Thailand was praised for its efforts in the fight against HIV/AIDS during the late 1990s, but a study in 2005 found that the lack of public support in the previous several years had led to a resurgence of the disease.[14]  Reasons for the prevalence and toleration of prostitution Social views Thai society has its own unique set of often contradictory sexual mores. Visiting a prostitute or a paid mistress is not an uncommon, though not necessarily acceptable behavior, for men. Many Thai women, for example, believe the existence of prostitution actively reduces the incidence of rape.[9] Among many Thai people, there is a general attitude that prostitution has always been, and will always be, a part of the social fabric of Thailand.[9] According to a 1996 study, the sexual urge of men is perceived by both Thai men and women as being very much stronger than the sexual urge of women. Where women are thought to be able to exercise control over their desires, the sexual urge of men is seen to be "a basic physiological need or instinct". It is also thought by both Thai men and women that men need "an occasional variation in partners". As female infidelity is strongly frowned upon in Thai society, and, according to a 1993 survey, sexual relationships for single women also meets disapproval by a majority of the Thai population, premarital sex, casual sex and extramarital sex with prostitutes is accepted, expected and sometimes even encouraged for Thai men, the latter being perceived as less threatening to a marriage over lasting relationships with a so-called "minor wife".[15] Another reason contributing to this issue is that ordinary Thais deem themselves tolerant of other people, especially those whom they perceive as downtrodden. This acceptance has allowed prostitution to flourish without much of the extreme social stigma found in other countries. According to a 1996 study, people in Thailand generally disapprove of prostitution, but the stigma for prostitutes is not lasting or severe, especially since many prostitutes support their parents through their work. Some men do not mind marrying former prostitutes.[16] A 2009 study of subjective well-being of prostitutes found that among the sex workers surveyed, sex work had become normalized.[17] This cultural milieu combined with poverty and the lure of easy money have caused prostitution in general and sex tourism in particular to flourish.  Government politicians and prostitution Chuwit Kamolvisit (ชูวิทย์ กมลวิศิษฎ์, 1961 - ) is the owner of several massage parlors in Bangkok and considered by many "a godfather of prostitution" in Thailand. In 2005 he was elected for a four-year term to the Thai House of Representatives, but in 2006 the Constitutional Court removed him from office. In October 2008 he again ran for governor of Bangkok but was not elected. He revealed in 2003 that some of his best clients were senior politicians and police officers, whom he also claimed to have paid, over a decade, more than £1.5m in bribes so that his business, the real business of selling sex, could thrive.[18] Although Thailand's sex trade aimed at foreigners can be considered overt, the industry that caters exclusively to Thai men had never before been publicly scrutinized, let alone the sexual exploits of Thailand's unchallengeable officials.[18] Support of prostitution is pervasive in political circles, as the BBC News reported in 2003 that "MPs from Thailand's ruling Thai Rak Thai Party (พรรคไทยรักไทย) are getting hot under the collar over plans by the party leadership to ban them from having mistresses or visiting brothels" … "One MP told The Nation newspaper that if the rules were enforced, the party would only be able to field around 30 candidates, compared to its more than 200 sitting MPs."[19] Attitudes towards women can be described by MP Thirachai Sirikhan, informing The Nation newspaper, "To have a mia noi (mistress) is an individual's right. There should be no problem as long as the politician causes no trouble to his family or society".[19] Both politicians and police have been supporting and indulging in the prostitution industry openly. Khun Tavich, a veteran politician at 76 years was under fire in 2005 for impregnating a 14-year-old girl, who worked across the street from the congressional building.[20] It is well-known, for example, that the father of a female member of Parliament is the owner of a massage parlor, a fairly deluxe establishment with several stories of Jacuzzi-equipped rooms.[citation needed] After a police raid on some Bangkok parlors where policemen had sex with prostitutes, "Acting Suthisan Police chief Colonel Varanvas Karunyathat defended the police action, saying that the (police) officers involved needed to have sex with the masseuses to gain evidence for the arrest."[21] Apparently, this is standard practice as a separate police force did the same in Pattaya in May 2007.[22] Even more evidence of politicians supporting the prostitution industry and the sexual habits of elderly Thai men in general can be gleaned from the fact that Viagra is being given to elderly voters in exchange for their votes in an election drive.[23]  Interview with a Thai human rights activist Kritaya Archavanitkul, a Thai human rights activist, interviewed by UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies, said, This is sad to say, that the Thai social structure tends to accept this sort of abuse, and not only to accept – we have laws, we have bills that vitally support the existence of these sex establishments. That's one thing. And also, we have a Mafia that is also involved in the political parties, so this keeps the abuse going. The second reason is a cultural factor. I don't know about other countries, but in Thailand the sexual behavior of Thai men accepts prostitution. Every class of Thai men accept it, although not all Thai men practice it. So they don't see it as a problem. So when it comes to the policymakers, who are mostly men, of course, they don't see this as a problem. They know there are many women who are brought into prostitution in Thailand. They know that some are treated with brutal violence. But they don't think it's a terrible picture. They think it's just the unlucky cases. And, because of the profit, I think there are many people with an interest involved, so they try to turn a blind eye to this problem.[24]  Organized Crime The red-light districts of Thai cities are home to Chinese-owned brothels, casinos, and entertainment facilities that function both as sources of income and as operations centers for trafficking in humans and narcotics and extortion.[25] The Chinese organized crime groups engaging in human trafficking are called the “Piglet Gangs” by the Thai police.[25]  [...]  Prostitution and crime in Thailand  Child prostitution The exact number of child-prostitutes in Thailand is not known. According to the US-based research institute “Protection Project”, estimates of the number of children involved in prostitution living in Thailand ranges from 12,000 to the hundreds of thousands (ECPAT International). The government, university researchers, and NGOs estimated that there are as many as 30,000 to 40,000 prostitutes under 18 years of age, not including foreign migrants (US Department of State, 2005b). Thailand’s Health System Research Institute estimates that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand.[39] The reasons why and how children are commercially sexually exploited by include:[40] Poverty: a high proportion of the population lives in poverty. Ethnic hill tribe children: these children live in the border region of northern Thailand. They suffer from disproportionate levels of poverty in relation to the general population and most of them lack citizenship cards. This means that they do not have access to health care or primary school, which limits their further education or employment opportunities. Trafficked children: Many children are trafficked into or within the country through criminal networks, acquaintances, former trafficking victims and border police and immigration officials who transport them to brothels across Thailand. Sense of duty: According to traditional customs the first duty of a girl is to support her family in any way she can. Due to this sense of duty and to pay off family debts, many girls have been forced into prostitution. Children are exploited in sex establishments and are also approached directly in the street by pedophiles seeking sexual contact.[41] Child sex tourism is a serious problem in the country. Thailand, along with Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico has been identified as leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation.[42] Pedophiles, in particular, exploit the lax laws of the country and attempt to find cover to avoid prosecution.[43]  Human trafficking Thailand is listed by the UNODC as both a top destination for victims of human trafficking and a major source of trafficked persons.[44] A proportion of prostitutes over the age of 18, including foreign nationals from Asia and Europe, are in a state of forced sexual servitude and slavery.[45] There are reports of bribe taking by some low- or mid-level police officers facilitating the most severe forms of trafficking in persons.[3] Ethnic minorities such as northern hill tribe peoples, many of whom do not have legal status in the country, are at a disproportionately high risk for trafficking internally and abroad. Within the country women are trafficked from the impoverished northeast and the north to Bangkok for sexual exploitation. According to the 2003 documentary Trading Women, most women trafficked into Thailand come from Myanmar; others come from Cambodia, Laos and China. The film cites as root causes of the trafficking problem the economic and political situation in Myanmar, the destruction of the traditional economy in Thai hill tribe regions resulting from development and opium suppression programs, the inability of many members of Thai hill tribes to obtain proper papers and participate in society, and the rampant corruption among police and border guards. It is common that Thai women are lured to Japan and sold to Yakuza-controlled brothels where they are forced to work off their price. It is easy to lure these women from neighboring countries because Thailand has 56 unofficial crossover points and 300 checkpoints where people can cross the border without paperwork.[9] In a landmark case in 2006, one such woman filed a civil suit in Thailand against the Thai perpetrators, who had previously been convicted in criminal court. The woman had managed to escape from the Yakuza-controlled prostitution ring by killing the female Thai mama-san and had spent five years in a Japanese prison.[46] [...]  Books and documentaries Jordan Clark's 2005 documentary Falang: Behind Bangkok's Smile takes a rather critical view of sex tourism in Thailand. David A. Feingold's 2003 documentary Trading Women explores the phenomenon of women from the surrounding countries being trafficked into Thailand. Travels in the Skin Trade: Tourism and the Sex Industry (1996, ISBN 0-7453-1115-6) by Jeremy Seabrook describes the Thai sex industry and includes interviews with prostitutes and customers. Cleo Odzer received her Ph.D. in anthropology with a thesis about prostitution in Thailand; her experiences during her three years of field research resulted in the 1994 book Patpong Sisters: An American Woman's View of the Bangkok Sex World (ISBN 1-55970-281-8). In the book she describes the Thai prostitutes she got to know as quick-witted entrepreneurs rather than exploited victims. Hello My Big Big Honey!: Love Letters to Bangkok Bar Girls and Their Revealing Interviews by Dave Walker and Richard S. Ehrlich (2000, ISBN 0-86719-473-1) is a compilation of love letters from Westerners to Thai prostitutes, and interviews with the latter. For an informative caricature of the contemporary sexual norms and mores of Thailand (and it's Sex Industry) versus the West see the fiction novels of John Burdett including Bangkok 8 for the comparative anthropology of his half Thai-Western (son of a 'Bar-Girl') protagonist detective Sonchai Jitpleecheep. Dennis Jon's 2005 documentary travelogue The Butterfly Trap provides a realistic and non-judgmental first person viewpoint of sex tourism in Thailand." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

1973-03-01

Die US-Firma Xerox PARC bringt den ersten PC mit graphischer Oberfläche (GUI) heraus: Xerox Alto.

Abb.: Xerox Alto
[Bildquelle: Joho345 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Schulunterricht am PC, Trang, 2009
[Bildquelle: http://www.flickr.com/photos/46901901@N00/3595128814. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-01. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1973-03-10

Tod des Kuomintang (中國國民黨) Generals Li Mi (李彌, 1902 - 1973)

"Li Mi (simplified Chinese: 李弥; traditional Chinese: 李彌; pinyin: Lǐ Mí), (1902–1973) was a high-ranking Nationalist general who participated in the anti-Communist Encirclement Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He was one of the few Kuomintang (中國國民黨) commanders to achieve notable victories against both Chinese Communist forces and the Imperial Japanese Army. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he withdrew his forces to Burma and Thailand, where he continued to carry out guerrilla raids into Communist-held territory. Early Life and Career Li Mi was born in Tengchong County (騰沖), Yunnan Province (云南). He had a difficult childhood but his family managed to give him a modern education. In 1924, he went to Guangdong Province (广东) and entered the fourth class of the Whampoa Military Academy (中華民國陸軍軍官學校). He participated in the Northern Expedition with his classmates Hu Lien (胡璉, 1907 - 1977), Zhang Lingfu (張靈甫, 1903 - 1947), Liu Yuzhang (劉玉章, 1903 - 1981) and Lin Biao (林彪, 1907 - 1971). During the anti-Communist Encirclement Campaigns his superior commander, General Chen Cheng (陳誠, 1897 - 1967), accused him of harboring Communist sympathies and tried to take over his unit. Li Mi was able to prove his loyalty to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (蔣中正, 1887 - 1975) and was named a county magistrate of one of the "red territories" the Kuomintang Nationalists had just taken over. In the early 1930s Li joined General Xue Yue's (薛岳, 1896 - 1998) staff, leading a crack Nationalist unit to drive the Communist forces out of the Jiangxi Soviet (中央革命根據地). Li then pursued the retreating Communist forces, chasing them over 1,000 miles, on foot, over the Long March (长征). After the Communists had based themselves in northern China, Li devised battle plans which helped to defeat the famous Red Army commanders like He Long (賀龍, 1896 - 1969) and Ye Ting (葉挺, 1896 - 1946), occupying of the territories the communists had previous controlled. By the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Li had been promoted to colonel. Second Sino-Japanese War When the war between China and Japan broke out, Chiang Kai Shek had Li Mi transferred to the regular army after rumors surfaced about his loyalty towards the KMT government. His corps commander saved him from certain arrest and execution by vouching for Li's loyalty. In 1940, Li Mi was promoted to command of the First Honor Division and fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China, managing to destroy a Japanese airfield. In 1940 he participated the Battle of Kunlun Pass (昆仑关战役) with General Du Yuming (杜聿明, 1904–1981) and General Qiu Qingquan (邱清泉; 1902–1949) and wiped out a Japanese brigade. In 1944 he joined the "Y-Force", commanded by General Wei Lihuang (衛立煌, 1897 - 1960), in the Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan, which destroyed the Japanese 55th and 56th divisions. By 1945, Li Mi was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, and placed in command of the 8th Corps while retaining his command of the First Honor Division. Chinese Civil War Under President Chiang Kai Shek's personal orders, Generals Li Mi, Du Yuming (杜聿明, 1904–1981) and Qiu Qingquan (邱清泉; 1902–1949) removed local warlord Long Yun (龍雲, 1884 - 1962) of Yunnan Province from power in June 1945. American troops provided many supplies and provisions to Li's 8th corps, which proved invaluable in the coming struggle against Chinese Communist forces. Until the outbreak of the 1948-1949 Huaihai Campaign (淮海戰役), he was able to score a number of important victories against the Communists in Eastern China. In November 1948, Li Mi and Qiu Qingquan were tasked to relieve General Huang Baitao's (黄百韬, 1900 - 1948) 7th army, but they were blocked by a superior enemy force. While attempting to assault enemy positions in Henan (河南), he, Du Yuming, and Qiu Qingquan became surrounded by PLA forces. Following this encirclement, Du was captured, Qiu committed suicide, and only Li was able to escape back to Nanjing (南京). President Chiang Kai-Shek instructed him to rebuild his former 13th army and defend his home province, Yunnan, from Communist attacks. By the time that Communist forces had taken the mainland in 1949, Li had already withdrawn his armies south and west, into Thailand and the Shan states of Northern Burma. When Burma declared independence in 1948, Li established an independent Shan regime for his "Anti-Communist National Salvation Army". From these bases, Li's units continued to carry out guerrilla attacks against the Communist authorities in Yunnan.[1] Nationalist forces from Yunnan also attempted to move into French Indo-China, but these troops were quickly disarmed and arrested by the French. The troops which moved into Burma initially settled around Tachilek (တာချီလိတ်မြို့ ), in the state of Kengtung (ၵဵင်းတုင်), near the Thai border. The troops who moved there under Li joined earlier Nationalist troops who had remained in the area after fighting the Japanese in World War II. Following Li's withdrawal to this region, Li reorganized all available Nationalist forces in the region, placing them under his command. Li's forces subsequently became known to foreign observers as the "93rd Division".[2] Post-Civil War Li's Burmese army was partially supported by supplies and advisors provided by the United States, but mostly supported itself through opium cultivation and distribution. At first, American strategists considered Li's "irregulars" useful to their regional efforts to contain communism; but, within a few years, Washington began to think of them as a threat to that same objective, and put serious pressure on Chiang Kai-shek to remove them. In 1953, 7,000 troops, including Li Mi, were airlifted to Taiwan, but many more troops decided to remain behind. 7,000 troops remained entrenched around the Burma-Laos border, while several thousand more remained in Thailand. By the time that a second withdrawal was announced, in 1961, American credibility, US-Burmese relations, and the effort to contain communism in the region were in serious disarray.[1][2] After achieving independence, the prime minister of Burma, U Nu (ဦးနု, 1907 - 1995), attempted to suppress Li's activities and ordered his forces to surrender, but Li refused. After the Burmese army attacked Li, he moved his troops to Mong Hsat (မိုင်းဆပ်မြို့). At the time, Burma was fighting four other insurgencies, including two communist guerrilla movements, and was not strong enough to seriously pursue Li's irregulars.[3] The CIA programme to aid Li's troops in Burma was called "Operation Paper". Operation Paper involved the use of Thailand as a transit route, transporting weapons and supplies between Taiwan and Burma. Once arriving in Thailand, these supplies would then be transported via air by CAT (an air force company) under the command of General Chennault (Claire Lee Chennault, 1893 – 1958) , working though two dummy corporations as diplomatic cover. The Thai prime minister at the time, Plaek Phibunsongkhram (แปลก พิบูลสงคราม, 1897 - 1964, also known as "Phibun"), agreed to aid Operation Paper, due to poor Thai-Burmese relations and the promise of American economic and military aid.[4] Between 1949 and 1953 Li's men impressed thousands of local tribesmen into joining them, and were reinforced with several hundred former army officers and trainers from Formosa. Refugees from communist-held Yunnan also joined his army. Many married local women, and they systematically "took over" the local opium trade. With the help of the Thai military, Li's army traded their opium through Thailand, exchanging it for weapons and supplies delivered from Taiwan. They made serious attempts to take control of Yunnan during this period, but did not achieve long-term success.[4] At one point there were 20,000 pro-KMT soldiers attempting to recover Yunnan. The operation liberated 4 counties before their logistical network broke down, and Mi's forces were not able to achieve their goal. There were several reasons for the American decision to put pressure on Chiang to remove Nationalist troops from Burma. An internal document investigating the usefulness of the Burmese Nationalist troops to the United States concluded that they were "of less military value to the free world as a support to regional defense than the regularly organized Burmese Army". Communist insurgents then present in Burma were known to cite the presence of Li's troops as their justification for being there. Additionally, if Rangoon were to devote their resources to defeating Li's troops, it would weaken their ability to defeat these other, communist guerrilla movements. The American secretary or state, John Foster Dulles (1888 - 1959), was concerned that the Burmese government might form a coalition with communist groups to remove Li's troops. There were also concerns that China might invade Burma in order to suppress them.[4] After returning to Taiwan in 1953, Li Mi retired from active military service, becoming a member of the Nationalist legislature and the party's central committee. He died in Taipei (臺北) on March 10, 1973. Legacy Following a partial withdrawal of troops to Taiwan, in 1960 the Burmese Army continued military efforts to remove them, possibly with the assistance from the PLA.[5] By 1961, most remaining Nationalist forces had moved their bases inside Laos and Thailand, with the consent of those nations' governments and armies. Many were used by the governments of Thailand and Laos to combat communist insurgents in their countries.[4] By 1967, Nationalist Chinese troops fought a war against a rival warlord, Khun Sa (ခွန်ဆာ / 張奇夫 / จันทร์ จางตระกูล, 1934 – 2007), for control of local opium production and distribution. They were quickly successful in the ensuing "Opium War", and continued to monopolize the local opium trade. Subsequent efforts by Chiang Kai-shek to reassert control over these troops failed, and they became effectively independent of Nationalist control.[4] In 1961, Li's former troops who had retreated into northwestern Thailand agreed to combat local Communist insurgents in exchange for official residence, as they had no legal status. Under the nominal command of the Thai army, the unit was renamed the "Chinese Irregular Forces" (CIF), and continued to grow and distribute opium in order to fund their anti-communist activities. In the late 1980s, the Thai government concluded that the CIF's anti-Communist activities had been successful, and they were granted Thai resident status. Their descendants mostly settled around village of Santikhiri (สันติคีรี, formerly known as Mae Salong แม่สลอง)." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Mi_%28Republic_of_China_general%29. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-11]

1973-03-29

Die letzten US-Soldaten verlassen Vietnam.

Abb.: US-Soldaten verlassen Südvietnam in Richtung Heimat, 1973
[Bildquelle: USMC / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: US-Militärpersonal in Südvietnam 1960 - 1973 (in Tausend)
[Datenquelle: Encyclopedia of The Vietnam War / ed. Stanley I. Kutler. -- New York [u.a.] : Scribner, 1996. -- 711 S. : Ill.; 30 cm. -- ISBN 0-13-276932-8. -- S. 413.]

Bilanz der militärischen Präsenz der USA in Südvietnam:

US-Bürger, die in Südvietnam Militärdienst leisteten	3.300.000
Gefallene US-Bürger	57.605
Verwundete US-Bürger	303.700
Kriegsgefangene US-Bürger	766
Vermisste US-Bürger	5.011
Davon als tot erklärt	4.872
US-Hilfe an Südvietnam (1955 - 1975) in US$	24.000.000.000
Direkte Kriegskosten der USA in US$	165.000.000.000

[Datenquelle: Setting the stage / by Edward Doyle [u.a.]. -- Boston : Boston Publ. Comp., 1981. -- (The Vietnam experience). -- ISBN 0-939526-00-X. -- S. 8.]

1973-03-29

Auflösung des Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) in Saigon (Südvietnam). Stattdessen Schaffung der United States Support Activity Group (USSAG) mit Hauptquartier in Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม). Hauptaufgabe von USSAG ist die Kontrolle und Koordination des Luftraums für US Flugeinsätze über Indochina (Rufzeichen  "Blue Chips").

Abb.: Lage von Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1973-04

Die USA hat in Thailand immer noch stationiert (außer den Flugzeugen für den Einsatz über Laos)

• 419 Kampfflugzeuge

• 56 B-52 Bomber

• 43 Versorgungsflugzeuge

• 37.000 Angehörige der US Air Force

• 7.000 sonstige MIlitärs

Nur in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist eine noch größere Anzahl von US Militär stationiert.

1973-04-01

Eröffnung der 84 km Schnellstraße Thonburi (ธนบุรี) - Pak Tho (ปากท่อ). Damit wird die Fahrzeit in den Süden beträchtlich verkürzt.

Abb.: Schnellstraße  Thonburi (ธนบุรี) - Pak Tho (ปากท่อ) (rot)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-04-06

US Sicherheitsberater Henry Kissinger (1923 - ) gibt dem US Verteidigungsministerium den Befehl, alle Planungen für eine Reduzierung der Militärpräsenz in Thailand zu stoppen.

1973-04-12

Frankreich und Nordvietnam nehmen diplomatische Beziehungen auf.

1973-04-17

Die US Air Force fliegt von thailändischen Stützpunkten die letzten Bomber-Einsätze über Laos.

1973-04-17

Das US-Kurier- , Logistik- und Luftfrachtunternehmen Federal Express (heute: FedEx Express) nimmt den Betrieb auf. Es wird sich zu einem der wichtigsten weltweiten Luftfrachtunternehmen entwickeln.

Abb.: ®FedEx Express, Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ianfuller/3582313104. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1973-04-23

Die Roten Khmer (ខ្មែរក្រហម) schließen einen Ring um Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ, Kambodscha). Die USA errichtet eine Luftbrücke. Der ganze Osten Kambodschas ist unter Kontrolle der Roten Khmer.

Abb.: Lage von Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-04-26

Nachdem sechs hochrangige Polizisten und Militärs bei einem Helikopterabsturz in Bang Len (บางเลน), Provinz Nakhon Pathom (นครปฐม), ums Leben gekommen sind, wird - trotz Vertuschungsversuchen - offenkundig, dass ca. 50 Personen mit Verbindung zur politischen Spitze in einem geschützten Waldgebiet Jagd auf bedrohte und geschützte Tierarten gemacht hatten. Kein Hochrangiger wurde bestraft.

Abb.: Lage von Bang Len (บางเลน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-05

Alien Occupation Decree. Verbietet Ausländern die Tätigkeit in folgenden Berufen (in der revidierten Fassung von 1979):

1. Labor 

2. Work in agriculture, animal breeding, forestry, fishery or general farm supervision 

3. Masonry, carpentry, or other construction work 

4. Wood carving 

5. Driving motor vehicles or non-motorized carriers, except for piloting international aircraft 

6. Shop attendant 

7. Auctioneering 

8. Supervising, auditing or giving services in accounting, except occasional international auditing 

9. Gem cutting and polishing 

10. Hair cutting, hair dressing and beautician work 

11. Hand weaving 

12. Mat weaving or making of wares from reed, rattan, kenaf, straw or bamboo pulp 

13. Manufacture of manual fibrous paper 

14. Manufacture of lacquerware 

15. Thai musical instrument production 

16. Manufacture of nielloware 

17. Goldsmith, silversmith and other precious metal work 

18. Manufacture of bronzeware 

19. Thai doll making 

20. Manufacture of mattresses and padded blankets 

21. Alms bowl making 

22. Manual silk product making 

23. Buddha image making 

24. Manufacture of knives 

25. Paper and cloth umbrella fabrication 

26. Shoemaking 

27. Hat making 

28. Brokerage or agency work, except in international business 

29. Dressmaking 

30. Pottery or ceramics 

31. Manual cigarette rolling 

32. Legal or litigation service 

33. Clerical or secretarial work 

34. Manual silk reeling and weaving 

35. Thai character type-setting 

36. Hawking business 

37. Tourist guide or tour organizing agency 

38. Architectural work 

39. Civil engineering work 

1973-05

Der US-Soldat Dale Kvalheim (1948 - ) gewinnt in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) das regionale Championship in Muay Thai (Thaiboxen, มวยไทย).

"Kvalheim, a U.S. Army Specialist E-5, had almost pulled out of this match. It was not that he was afraid. Not with 21 Muay Thai bouts to his credit. His concern was the anti-American feeling rife in Chiang Mai in the mid 1973. Only about a week before the fight, a visit to Chiang Mai by William Kintner [William Roscoe Kintner, 1915– 1997], the U.S. Ambassador to Thailand, had ignited a riot. Kvalheim didn't want to fight in Chiang Mai at this moment, but a bout in Thailand's second largest city would be a mile stone in his Muay Thai career. The promoters still wanted him and so they gave assurances as to his safety outside the ring. His safety inside the ring was another matter. " [Quelle: Robert Horn. -- http://www.usmta.com/dale_kvalheim.htm. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-10. -- Fair use]

1973-05-02

Bericht des Directorate of Operations des CIA über die kambodschanische Provinz Kandal (កណ្ដាល):

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Kandal (កណ្ដាល)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

"1. Khmer Insurgent (KI [Khmer Rouge] [ខ្មែរក្រហម ]) cadre have begun an intensified proselyting [sic] campaign among ethnic Cambodian residents in the area of Chrouy Snao, Kaoh Thom [ស្រុកកោះធំ] district, Kandal [កណ្ដាល] province, Cambodia, in an effort to recruit young men and women for KI military organizations. They are using damage caused by B-52 strikes as the main theme of their propaganda. The cadre tell the people that the Government of Lon Nol [លន់ នល់, 1913 – 1985] has requested the airstrikes and is responsible for the damage and the ‘suffering of innocent villagers’ in order to keep himself in power. The only way to stop ‘the massive destruction of the country’ is to remove Lon Nol and return Prince Sihanouk to power. The proselyting cadres tell the people that the quickest way to accomplish this is to strengthen KI forces so they will be able to defeat Lon Nol and stop the bombing. 2. This approach has resulted in the successful recruitment of a number of young men for KI forces. Residents around Chrouy Snao say that the propaganda campaign has been effective with refugees and in areas of Kaoh Thom and Leuk Dek [ស្រុកលើកដែក] districts which have been subject to B-52 strikes." [Zitiert in: Kiernan, Ben <1953 - >: How Pol Pot came to power : Colonialism, nationalism, and communism in Cambodia, 1930 - 1975. -- 2. ed. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 2004. -- 430 S. : Ill. ;21 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-300-10262-8. -- S. XXIII f. -- Fair use]

1973-05-06

Schätzungsweise 10.000 Kuomintang-Soldaten (中國國民黨) in Nordthailand versprechen, die Waffen zu übergeben und den Opiumanbau zu beenden. Sie erhalten als Gegenleistung Land in Thailand und Ausweispapiere.

1973-05-18 - 1973-06-18

Streik bei der Thailand Steelworks Company. Der Streik begann, weil der Manager einem verletzten Arbeiter verboten hatte, ein Krankenhaus aufzusuchen. Die Arbeiter erhielten zwar eine Anhörung bei der International Labour Organisatiom (ILO) in Genf, erreichten aber nur, dass 235 Arbeiter je 200 Baht Entschädigung bekommen.

1973-05-21

Eröffnung der Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok Bridge (Jambatan Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok ; สะพานโก-ลก) zwischen Malaysia und der Provinz Narathiwat (นราธิวาส).

Abb.: Lage der Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok Bridge (Jambatan Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok ; สะพานโก-ลก)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok Bridge (Jambatan Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok ; สะพานโก-ลก), 2007
[Bildquelle: ©Google earth. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-08]

"Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Rantau Panjang-Sungai Golok, Thai: สะพานโก-ลก), popularly called the "Harmony Bridge" (Malay: Jambatan Muhibah), is a road bridge crossing Kolok River (แม่น้ำโกลก ; Malay: Sungai Golok) of the Malaysia-Thailand border, connecting Rantau Panjang town in Kelantan, Malaysia, with Su-ngai Kolok (สุไหงโก-ลก) town in Narathiwat (นราธิวาส), Thailand; spanning to the south of cross-border railway bridge nearby. The bridge is a part of Asian highway network AH18, including Thailand Route 4056 and Federal Route 3. It was jointly built by the governments of both countries, and was officially opened on May 21, 1973 by both Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak bin Haji Dato' Hussein Al-Haj (1922 - 1976) and Thai Prime Minister Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (จอมพล ถนอม กิตติขจร, 1911 - 2004). . Design The bridge is a beam bridge with box girders. Main part includes 3 spans, using prestressed concrete, with each length of 30.48 m (100 ft). Each end is connected to a ferroconcrete span, with length of 9.14 m (30 ft). It is overall 109.73 m (360 ft) long, with 7.32 m (24 ft) wide road surface and 2.13 m (7 ft) wide walkway each side.[1]  Construction Construction was done by Chang Loon Construction Co., Ltd., a Malaysian contractor which won the bidding-held meanwhile in both countries-on September 25, 1970. The ask price was M$630,000 or ฿4,500,000. A contract was signed on December 16, 1970, as both governments paid half each. Since the construction was finished on March 20, 1973, after deadline on June 15, 1972, then the company had to pay overtime penalty M$200 or ฿1,400 a day; totally M$36,000 or ฿252,000." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantau_Panjang_%E2%80%93_Sungai_Golok_Bridge. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-08]

1973-05-29

Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร, 1912 - 1997) wird zum Feldmarschall befördert. Er ist schon:

• Deputy supreme commander der Royal Thai Armed Forces

• Army commander-in-chief

• Chairman of the Communist Supression Operations Command

• Deputy Prime Minister

• Interior Minister

• Police departement director-general

• Deputy chairman of the National Security Council

• President of the Boy Scouts

Abb.: Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1973-06

Wegen der spekulationsbedingten horrenden Inlandspreise für Reis wird der Export von Reis verboten. In Singapur und Malaysia führt das zu ernsthaften Versorgungsproblemen.

1973-06-09

Tod des Architekten Ercole Pietro Manfredi (geb. 1883).

Abb.: Ercole Pietro Manfredi, 1920
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Ercole Pietro Manfredi (2 July 1883 – 9 June 1973) was an Italian architect who lived and worked in early twentieth-century Siam (now Thailand). Born in Turin, Italy, he attended the Albertina Academy of Fine Arts before travelling to Bangkok, where he was one of many Westerners employed by the Siamese government. He made significant career progress through the court of King Vajiravudh (1881 - 1925), but left government office to work privately as the country was going through political change which abolished absolute monarchy and decreased government employment of foreigners. However, by adopting a Thai identity and way of life, marrying a Thai woman and settling down permanently, Manfredi remained a relevant and respected figure in Thai architecture, and later became a lecturer at Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย). His works include various royal residences and public institutions, ranging in style from Venetian Gothic to modernist, and incorporated Thai traditional styles as well. He contributed to much of Bangkok's architectural heritage, but no complete records of his works were kept." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Manfredi. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-07]

1973-06-10

Im vergangenen Jahr hat die Zahl der Touristen aus Deutschland rapide zugenommen (1972: 53.00 gegenüber 1962: 4.260). Großteils handelt es sich um männliche Sextouristen, die von großen Reiseveranstaltern billig in "Bumsbombern" antransportiert werden

1973-06-13

In Ban Chiang (บ้านเชียง), Provinz Udon Thani (อุดรธานี), werden weitere bronzezeitliche Skelette, Keramik u. ä. entdeckt. Sie sind 3500 bis 7000 Jahre alt.

Abb.: Lage von Ban Chiang (บ้านเชียง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Eine der Ausgrabungsstellen in Ban Chiang (บ้านเชียง)
[Bildquelle: Mattes / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Ban Chiang (Thai: แหล่งโบราณคดี บ้านเชียง) is an archeological site located in Nong Han district, Udon Thani Province, Thailand. It has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 1992. Discovered in 1966, the site attracted enormous publicity due to its attractive red painted pottery. Villagers had uncovered some of the pottery in prior years without insight into its age or historical importance. In August 1966 Steve Young, an anthropology and government student at Harvard College, was living in the village conducting interviews for his senior honors thesis. Young, a speaker of Thai, was familiar with the work of William Solheim and his theory of possible ancient origins of civilization in Southeast Asia. One day while walking down a path in Ban Chiang with his assistant, an art teacher in the village school, Young tripped over a root of a Kapok tree and fell on his face in the dirt path. Under him were the exposed tops of pottery jars of small and medium sizes. Young recognized that the firing techniques used to make the pots were very rudimentary but that the designs applied to the surface of the vessels were unique and wonderful. He took samples of pots to Princess Phanthip Chumbote who had the private museum of Suan Pakkad in Bangkok and to Chin Yu Di of the Thai Government's Fine Arts Department[1] Later, Elisabeth Lyons, an art historian on the staff of the Ford Foundation, sent sherds from Ban Chiang to the University of Pennsylvania for dating. During the first formal scientific excavation in 1967, several skeletons, together with bronze grave gifts, were unearthed. Rice fragments have also been found, leading to the belief that the Bronze Age settlers were probably farmers. The site's oldest graves do not include bronze artefacts and are therefore from a Neolithic culture; the most recent graves date to the Iron Age. The first dating of the artefacts using the thermoluminescence technique resulted in a range from 4420 BCE to 3400 BC, which would have made the site the earliest Bronze Age culture in the world. However, with the 1974/75 excavation, sufficient material became available for radiocarbon dating, which resulted in more recent dates—the earliest grave was about 2100 BC, the latest about 200 AD. Bronze making began circa 2000 BC, as evidenced by crucibles and bronze fragments. Bronze objects include bracelets, rings, anklets, wires and rods, spearheads, axes and adzes, hooks, blades, and little bells. The site again made headlines in January 2008 when thousands of artefacts from the Ban Chiang cultural tradition and other prehistoric traditions of Thailand were found to illegally be in several California museums and other locations. The plot involved smuggling the items to the country and then donating them to the museums in order to claim large tax write offs. There were said to be more items in the museums than at the site itself. This was brought to light during high profile raids conducted by the police after a National Park Service agent had posed under cover as a private collector. If the US government wins its case, which is likely to take several years of litigation, the artefacts are to be returned to Thailand.[2]  Sources Higham, Charles, Prehistoric Thailand, ISBN 974-8225-30-5, pp 84–88 Southeast Asia: A Past Regained, Time Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia 1995, pages 25–32 The Ban Chiang project at the University of Pennsylvania Ban Chiang gallery at the University of Hawai'i UNESCO world heritage listing [1] from the AP Wire" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chiang. -- Zugiff am 2011-11-21]

1973-06-20

Von der Ramkhamhaeng Open University (มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง) ausgehend bildet sich eine Demonstration von ca. 10.000 gegen die Regierung. Anlass ist der Ausschluss aus der Universität von neun Ramkhamhaeng-Studenten. Ihr "Verbrechen": sie hatten ein Satiremagazin veröffentlicht, in dem hohe Regierungsbeamte und Militärs als Tiere verspottet wurden. Die Studentenproteste breiten sich auf andere Universitäten aus: Studierende der Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย) protestieren dagegen, dass Air Force Kadetten ohne Aufnahmeprüfungen zugelassen werden.

Abb.: Lage der Ramkhamhaeng Open University (มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Das inkriminierte Spottgedicht:

สภาสัตว์ป่าแห่งทุ่งใหญ่ฯ มีมติให้ต่ออายุสัตว์ป่าอีก ๑ ปี เนื่องจากสถานการณ์ภายในและภายนอก เป็นที่ไม่น่าไว้วางใจ	"The Council of Beasts of Thung Yai1 Has resolved to extend the tenure of the beast one more year Because the internal and external situation is so precarious."
[Quelle: http://www.arts.chula.ac.th/~complit/etext/octobertext/octtext/timeline.htm. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-14]	[Übersetzt in: Morell, David ; Chai-anan Samudavanija [ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช] <1944 - >: Political conflict in Thailand : reform, reaction, revolution. -- Cambridge, Mass. : Oelgeschlager, 1981. -- 362 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-89946-044-5. -- S. 145]

1 Thung Yai = das Wildschutzgebiet Thung Yai Naresuan (เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าทุ่งใหญ่นเรศวร). 1973 ist eine Gruppe von Militärs, Polizisten und Beamten imit einem Helikopter dort auf Jagd gegangen. Auf öffentliche Proteste antwortete die Regierung, die Personen seien in geheimer Mission im Wildschutzgebiet tätig gewesen.

Feldmarschall Praphas (ประภาส จารุเสถียร) setzt Polizei und Militär in Alarmbereitschaft.

König Bhumibol lässt im Chitralada-Palast (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน) Essen und Zelte vorbereiten für den Fall, das die Studierenden um seine Unterstützung bitten.

Die Regierung gibt schließlich den Forderungen der Studenten weitgehend nach.

1973-06-20/23

Es erscheint das Flugblatt:

ตื่นเถิดเพื่อนไทย [Ihr Thai Freunde, wacht auf!] / hrsg. ศูนย์กลางนิสิตนักศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย (National Student Center of Thailand)

"Free people awake! Lift up your faces, Can spears, swords, even guns resist our power? Do you long for liberty, for tranquility in the land? Peace will come to you Only if you fight for it." [Übersetzt in: Morell, David ; Chai-anan Samudavanija [ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช] <1944 - >: Political conflict in Thailand : reform, reaction, revolution. -- Cambridge, Mass. : Oelgeschlager, 1981. -- 362 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-89946-044-5. -- S. 137. -- Fair use]

1973-06-21 - 1975-04-29

Graham Anderson Martin (1912 - 1990) ist US-Botschafter in Südvietnam

Abb.: "President Ford meets in the Oval Office with Brent Scowcroft, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; Graham Martin, United States Ambassador to the Republic of Vietnam; Army Chief of Staff General Frederick Weyand; and Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger to discuss the situation in Vietnam.", 1975-03-25
[Bildquelle: USGov / QWikipedia. -- Public domain]

1973-06-25

Im King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (โรงพยาบาลจุฬาลงกรณ์) gelingt Thailands erste Nierentransplantation. Die Niere stammt vom lebenden Bruder des Empfängers.

1973-06-30

Premiere des Films ตลาดพรหมจารี ("Virgin market") von Sakka Jarujinda (สักกะ จารุจินดา, 1922 - 1997)

Abb.: Filmplakat
[Fair use]

1973-07

Das National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT, ศูนย์นิสิตนักศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย) verteilt "The students begin to find the target" von Thirayuth Boonmee [ธีรยุทธ บุญมี, 1950 - ]:

"In the paper, entitled, "The Students Begin to Find the Target", Bunmee explains the relationship between the students and people as follows: "...nobody can hurt the students without hurting the people. This is because, 1) students are the children of the people; 2) the people have great faith in students. The students have proved that they are grateful for the taxes collected from the people for educational purposes. The students also try hard with all their ability to solve the many social problems. As long as the students still stay on the people's side, the people's faith in the students will remain. This will mean increased bargaining power with the government..." About the students perception of their own power, he writes: "...student activism can change the society as witnessed in Indonesia, Turkey, France, Japan, U.S.A. and in other countries. We study and understand what has happened in other countries... but I hope that the students would not over-estimate their power. Power has to be controlled and used in a purposeful manner. Otherwise the power can cause destruction and chaos. And this we do not want to see." On the future of the student movement, Bunmee predicts with confidence: "We came through the past and we will not destroy our movement in the future."" [Quelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- S. 41]

1973-07

Die US Air Force hält in Thailand zwei Staffeln HH-53/CH53 Hubschrauber zur Evakuierung von US-Bürgern und US-Vasallen aus Pnomh Penh (ភ្នំពេញ, Kambodscha) bereit. Die Evakuierung (Operation Eagle Pull) wird am 1975-04-12 stattfinden.

Abb.: US-Botschafter in Kambodscha, John Gunther Dean (1926 - ), steigt aus dem Evakuierungshubschrauber HMH-462 CH-53 (Nicht der Air Force, sondern des Marine Corps) in U-Tapao (อู่ตะเภา), 1975-04-12
[Bildquelle: US Marine Corps / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1973-07

Es erscheint der Aufsatz

ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช [Chai-Anan Samudavanija] <1944 - > ; ชัยสิริ สมุทวณิช [Chaisiri Samutwanit]: วรรณกรรมการเมืองของไทย [Literaturpolitik der Thai]. -- In: สังคมศาสตร์ปริทัศน์ = Social Science Review. -- 11, 7 (1973-06). -- S. 73 - 78

Abb.: Hefttitel

"Die Bekämpfung der karman-Lehre [กรรม] als Erklärungsprinzip für gesellschaftliche Ungleichheit ist dementsprechend ein zentrales Anliegen der sozialkritischen Literatur in Thailand und wird von einigen Literaturkritikern geradezu als ein Wesensmerkmal der "fortschrittlichen", der "Literatur für das Leben" betrachtet: "Die Autoren der 'Literatur für das Leben' sind bestrebt", äußert einer von ihnen [im genannten aufsatz], "den Gedanken einzubringen, daß das Lebensschicksal eines Menschen nicht durch altes karman oder von einer verborgenen Macht bestimmt wird, (sondern) dass Armut ein Resultat des politischen und wirtschaftlichen Systems ist, wobei Werte sowie Sitten und Gebräuche das Werkzeug sind, das die herrschende Klasse benutzt, um das Volk zu täuschen. Diese Autoren glauben, dass, als ein Gesetz der gesellschaftlichen Veränderung, alles auf der Welt in ständiger Bewegung ist und dass wir Menschen fähig sind, die Art und Weise unseres Lebens zu verändern." demgegenüber sei für die thailändische Literatur ’im allgemeinen' eine Betrachtungsweise kennzeichnend, derzufolge das karman [กรรม] jedes einzelnen für Not und Elend in der Gesellschaft verantwortlich ist" [Quelle: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 309f.]

 

1973-07-01

USA: Gründung der Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Abb.: Agenten-Marke der DEA
[Public domain]

"The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets. In carrying out its mission as the agency responsible for enforcing the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States, the DEA's primary responsibilities include: Investigation and preparation for the prosecution of major violators of controlled substance laws operating at interstate and international levels. Investigation and preparation for prosecution of criminals and drug gangs who perpetrate violence in our communities and terrorize citizens through fear and intimidation. Management of a national drug intelligence program in cooperation with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect, analyze, and disseminate strategic and operational drug intelligence information. Seizure and forfeiture of assets derived from, traceable to, or intended to be used for illicit drug trafficking. Enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they pertain to the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legally produced controlled substances. Coordination and cooperation with federal, state and local law enforcement officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources. Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, and with foreign governments, in programs designed to reduce the availability of illicit abuse-type drugs on the United States market through nonenforcement methods such as crop eradication, crop substitution, and training of foreign officials. Responsibility, under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State and U.S. Ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement counterparts in foreign countries. Liaison with the United Nations, Interpol, and other organizations on matters relating to international drug control programs." [Quelle: http://www.dea.gov/about/mission.shtml. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-10]

"The Drug Enforcement Administration was created by President Richard Nixon through an Executive Order in July 1973 in order to establish a single unified command to combat "an all-out global war on the drug menace." At its outset, DEA had 1,470 special agents and a budget of less than $75 million. Today, the DEA has nearly 5,000 special agents and a budget of $2.03 billion." [Quelle: http://www.dea.gov/about/history.shtml. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-10]

Abb.: Genealogie der DEA
[Bildquelle: http://www.dea.gov/about/history/1970-1975.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-10]

Abb.: DEA Far East Region, 2016
[Bildquelle: http://www.dea.gov/divisions/international/fareast-map.shtml. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-10. -- Public domain]

1973-07-01

Die USA heben die allgemeine Wehrpflicht auf. Damit will sie dem Widerstand von Studenten gegen die Kriegsführung der USA entgehen.

1973-07-01

Der US Congress verabschiedet das Fulbright-Aiken Amendment:

Abb.: Senator J. William Fulbright (1905 - 1995), 1968
[Bildquelle: Yoichi Robert Okamoto (1915 - 1985) / White House / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

“Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, on or after August 15, 1973, no funds herein or heretofore appropriated may be obligated or expended to finance directly or indirectly combat activities by United States military forces in or over or from off the shores of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia.” [Quelle: http://www.wnd.com/2009/07/101840/. -- Zugriff am 2015-08-19]

Damit sind die Kriegseinsätze der USA von Thailand aus ab 1973-08-15 beendet.

1973-07-17

Ban Toom (Mae Hong Son / แม่ฮ่องสอน): Festnahme des birmanischen Heroin-Königs Lo Hsin Han (လော်စစ်ဟန် / 羅星漢, gest. 2013)

"But this was clearly not enough to resist the Communist avalanche in Shan State [မိူင်းတႆး]. The Shan rebels had little money and no foreign backing. An alliance with Lo Hsing-han [လော်စစ်ဟန် / 羅星漢, gest. 2013] seemed to be the answer. The Shans agreed to assist Lo—if he agreed to sell all his opium to the US narcotics bureau. In this way, the Shans hoped to get both money and international recognition for their cause. On 24 May [1973], an agreement was signed between "the opium king" and the Shan rebels. It contained five points: first of all, the SSA [Shan State Army - ရှမ်းပြည် တပ်မတော်] invited the US Narcotics Bureau to visit the poppy growing areas of Shan State and to transmit information about opium convoys on their own wireless transmitters; the SSA and Lo Hsing-han pledged to collect as much opium as possible from Shan State and sell it to the US authorities to be destroyed; the SSA also pledged to attack all opium convoys which were not subject to this agreement; in return, the SSA expected the US to help find a "permanent solution to the problems of Shan State"; and, finally, if assistance was forthcoming, the elected government of Shan State would, after an agreed transition period, allow helicopters under international supervision to search out and destroy any opium fields that still remained. After signing the agreement at the SSA stronghold of Loi Hko in northern Shan State, Lo Hsing-han and a veteran SSA officer, Sao Hso Hten, set off with an armed force for Tang-yan to persuade other former KKY [Ka Kwe Ye] commanders to support the proposal. Several of them did, including the powerful Wa [ဝလူမျိုး] warlord, Mahasang [1945 - ], and the former Loi Maw KKY of the imprisoned Zhang Qifu [張奇夫 = Khun Sa - ခွန်ဆာ, 1934 - 2007], which was now led by his deputy, Zhang Suquan [1927 - 2011] alias Sao Hpalang ("General Thunder"), a KMT veteran. Between them, the various armies hoped to produce three hundred tons of raw opium. The SSPP [Shan State Progress Party - ရှမ်းပြည် တိုးတက်ရေးပါတီ] president, Khun Kya Nu [1935 - 2007], and Adrian Cowell [1934 - 2011], a British filmmaker who had spent sixteen months with the Shan guerrillas and also helped draft the proposal, left for Thailand to contact the Americans. The proposal was unique in that it was the first time parties directly involved in the drug trade agreed not only to give up the business, but also to cooperate with international narcotics agencies to prevent a recurrence. It was a proposal which indirectly undermined the credibility of official, government-to-government cooperation, which both the US and UN agencies at the time were trying to promote. But perhaps more importantly, if implemented, it would put scores of opium merchants out of business, as well as substantially reduce the income of virtually every policeman posted in the opium growing areas, or along major trading routes. It was doomed to failure. On the morning of 17 July, Adrian Cowell went to deliver the proposal, along with a detailed report on the Golden Triangle opium trade, to the US embassy on Wireless Road [ถนนวิทยุ] in Bangkok. It offered to sell the US a third of the world's heroin in exchange for approximately US$12 million. Cowell left the embassy at 1 p.m. Three hours later, in the mountains, Lo Hsing-han was arrested. Lo Hsing-han had crossed the frontier into a remote corner of Thailand's northwestern Mae Hong Son [ แม่ฮ่องสอน] province to escape a Burma Army attack on his temporary camp in the border areas. A Thai helicopter had landed at Ban Toom village where Lo was staying— and he had been persuaded to enter. Sai Tu, a junior SSA officer who had been assigned to watch Lo Hsing-han, was also helicoptered away from Ban Toom: "The Thai officers told Lo Hsing-han that we would be taken to the next village to discuss the proposal. Then they would send us back. Lo really thought that he was going to negotiate with the Americans. But the helicopters didn't land until we reached Mae Rim [แม่ริม] army camp near Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่]. We understood that we had been double-crossed." The US ambassador in Bangkok praised the arrest and the Thais published a heroic account of their accomplishment. Lo was dispatched to Bangkok in triumph and ceremoniously displayed for the international press and its photographers. A month later, Lo was extradited to Burma to stand trial, fetched by government officials and flown by a special plane to Rangoon [ရန်ကုန် - Yangon]. He was later tried and sentenced to death, though finally released. Ironically, he was not charged with opium trafficking—which he in any case had carried out with the tacit agreement of Burma's military intelligence—but with "insurrection against the state", a reference to his brief alliance with the SSA." [Quelle: Lintner, Bertil <1953 - >: Burma in revolt : opium and insurgency since 1948. -- 2. ed. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 1999. -- 558 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 974-7100-78-9. -- S. 279ff. -- Fair use]

"Lo Hsing Han or Law Sit Han (Burmese: လော်စစ်ဟန်, IPA: [lɔ̀ sɪʔ hàɴ]; simplified Chinese: 罗星汉; traditional Chinese: 羅星漢; pinyin: Luó Xīnghàn; ca. 1930s – July 6, 2013) was a Burmese drug trafficker and became a major Burmese business tycoon, with financial ties to Singapore. He was an ethnic Kokang (ကိုးကန့် / 果敢).[6] His spouse, Zhang Xiaowen, is a Chinese citizen and native of Gengma County (耿马傣族佤族自治县) in Yunnan (云南).[5] Rise and fall Lo was born poor in Kokang district.[7] Lo reportedly started his opium-trafficking career as chief of a local militia called Ka Kwe Ye (KKY)[8] set up with the encouragement of General Ne Win (နေဝင်း, 1910 - 2002) to fight the Communists.[9] By the early 1970s he was an important figure in the Asian drug trade, particularly in the trafficking of 'China White' heroin.[3] In August 1973, he was arrested in Thailand and handed over to the Burmese government.[10] He was sentenced to death for treason on the grounds of his brief association with the insurgent Shan State Army (SSA, ရှမ်းပြည် တပ်မတော်). He was released in the 1980. He was close friends with the Myanmar military intelligence officer ,Steven Howy General Amnesty.[9] Comeback When the Kokang and Wa [ဝလူမျိုး] insurgent troops mutinied and toppled the Communist leadership in 1989, military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt (ခင်ညွန့်, 1939 - ) found in Lo a useful intermediary in quickly arranging cease-fire agreements and, in return, Lo was given lucrative business opportunities and unofficial permission to run drugs with impunity along with the mutineers. He wasted no time in rebuilding the drug empire he lost 15 years ago to Khun Sa (ခွန်ဆာ, 1934 - 2007), a rival KKY chief of Loi Maw. No fewer than 17 new heroin refineries were located within a year in Kokang State and adjacent areas.[9] Leading entrepreneur In June 1992, he founded the Asia World Company (အာရှဓန ကုမ္ပဏီ), allegedly as a front for his drug operations. His son, Steven Law (aka Tun Myint Naing - ထွန်းမြင့်နိုင်, 1958 - ), married to Cecilia Ng of Singapore in 1996, runs the company which won many multimillion-dollar contracts in the construction and energy sectors.[9][11] In the wake of Cyclone Nargis, in February 2008, the US government included Lo, his son, and daughter-in-law, along with the 10 companies they control in Singapore, in its targeted sanctions list of the military junta's business cronies.[12] According to a report in The Observer, he helped organize the opulent 2006 wedding of the daughter of the Burmese dictator Than Shwe (သန်းရွှေ, 1933 - ).[13] Asia World Company is involved in a number of mega projects such as a Sino-Burma oil and gas pipeline project, a deep sea port at Kyaukpyu (ကျောက်ဖြူမြို့ ), the controversial Myitsone hydro-power plant (မြစ်ဆုံ တာတမံ ) and the TaSang hydro-power plant (တာဆန်းဆည်). Companies of the Chinese government have investments in all of them. While Steven Law oversees the business interests in Myanmar, his other sons are based in Thailand, Singapore and Taiwan doing business. Steven Law accompanied Thein Sein (သိန်းစိန်, 1945 - ) during his first official foreign visit to China after inauguration as a civilian president.[14] Death Lo died on 6 July 2013, in Yangon (ရန်ကုန်), Myanmar.[15] He was 80 [note 1] and is survived by his wife, four sons, four daughters and 16 grandchildren." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Hsing_Han. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-10]

1973-07-19

Von den USA unterstützte Sicherheitskräfte ergreifen in der Provinz Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน) den Opiumhändler Lo Hsing Han (လော်စစ်ဟန်, 羅興漢, 1935 - ).

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Lo Hsing Han or Law Sit Han (Burmese: လော်စစ်ဟန်, IPA: [lɔ̀ sɪʔ hàɴ]; simplified Chinese: 罗兴汉; traditional Chinese: 羅興漢; pinyin: Luó Xīnghàn; born 1935) is a former Burmese drug trafficker and present-day major Burmese business tycoon, with financial ties to Singapore. He is an ethnic Kokang (果敢族).[1] Rise and fall He reportedly started his opium-trafficking career as chief of a local militia called Ka Kwe Ye (KKY)[2] set up with the encouragement of General Ne Win (နေဝင်း) to fight the Communists.[3] By the early 1970s he was an important figure in the Asian drug trade, before being arrested in Thailand in August 1973 and sentenced to death for treason on the grounds of his brief association with the insurgent Shan State Army (SSA). He was released in the 1980 General Amnesty.[3]  Comeback When the Kokang (果敢族) and Wa (佤邦) insurgent troops mutinied and toppled the Communist leadership in 1989, military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt (ခင်ညွန့်) found in Lo a useful intermediary in quickly arranging cease-fire agreements and, in return, Lo was given lucrative business opportunities and unofficial permission to run drugs with impunity along with the mutineers. He wasted no time in rebuilding the drug empire he lost 15 years ago to Khun Sa (ခွန်ဆာ), a rival KKY chief of Loi Maw. No fewer than 17 new heroin refineries were located within a year in Kokang State and adjacent areas.[3]  Leading entrepreneur In June 1992, he founded the Asia World Company, allegedly as a front for his drug operations. His son, Steven Law (aka Tun Myint Naing), married to Cecilia Ng of Singapore in 1996, runs the company which won many multimillion-dollar contracts in the construction and energy sectors.[3][4] The Lo's also hold a 10% stake in downtown Yangon's (ရန်ကုန်) Traders Hotel.[1] In the wake of Cyclone Nargis, in February 2008, the US government included Lo, his son, and daughter-in-law, along with the 10 companies they control in Singapore, in its targeted sanctions list of the military junta's business cronies.[5] According to a report in The Observer, he helped organize the opulent 2006 wedding of the daughter of the Burmese dictator Than Shwe (သန်းရွှေ).[6] Asia World Company is involved in a number of mega projects such as a Sino-Burma oil and gas pipeline project, a deep sea port at Kyaukpyu (ကျောက်ဖြူမြို့), the controversial Myitsone hydro-power plant (မြစ်ဆုံ တာတ​မ) and the TaSang hydro-power plant. Companies of the Chinese government have investments in all of them. While Steven Law oversees the business interests in Myanmar, his other sons are based in Thailand, Singapore and Taiwan doing business. Steven Law accompanied Thein Sein (သိန်းစိန်) during his first official foreign visit to China after inauguration as a civilian president.[7]  References Anthony Davis and Bruce Hawke. "Business is Blooming". Asiaweek, January 23, 1997 Vol.24 No.3. Retrieved 2009-01-11.  Ka Kwe Ye means "defence" in Burmese, and is used as the name for regional defence forces. Smith, Martin (1991) Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity Zed Books, London, p. 221  Bertil Lintner. "The Golden Triangle Opium Trade: An Overview". Asia Pacific Media Services, March 2000. Retrieved 2009-01-06.  "Tracking the Tycoons". The Irrawaddy, September, 2008 - Vol.16 No.9. Retrieved 2009-01-10.  Wai Moe. "More Junta Cronies Hit By US Sanctions". The Irrawaddy, February 26, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-10.  Peter Beaumont and Alex Duval Smith (2007-10-07). "Drugs and astrology: how 'Bulldog' wields power". London: Guardian.co.uk, October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11.  www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21748 "Singapore's hand in Golden Triangle" by Michael McKenna at singapore-window.org, November 23, 2005" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Hsing_Han. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

1973-08-07

Dr. Krasae Chanawongse (ดร.กระแส ชนะวงศ์, 1934 - ) erhält in Manila den Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership.

Abb.: ®Ramon Magsaysay Award
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage von Manila
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Dr. Krasae Chanawongse (ดร.กระแส ชนะวงศ์)
[Quelle: http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationChanawongseKra.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21. -- Fair use]

"Renouncing professional and material attractions that draw so many doctors to city practice, KRASAE CHANAWONGSE chose service in Muang Phon (เมืองพล), the rural municipality where he was born. Prospects were not promising for his home in Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น)) Province some 336 kilometers northeast of Bangkok is in the bleakest region of Thailand. Red, infertile, salty earth bakes hard in the long, searingly hot summers. Farmers in this Thai-Lao border area live precariously, raising mainly rice and jute with little irrigation. Per capita annual income is about US$55, or less than half the national average. Classmates and relatives expected KRASAE to seek escape from hardship. One of eight children of a poor family, he left school at age 13. Apprenticed in a lumber shop without pay, he earned cash after hours selling rainwater for drinking to passengers at the nearby railway station. Befriended by the school principal, he later completed secondary school while working as a delivery boy. With his brother paying the tuition and the assemblyman from the Province allowing him to live in his house, KRASAE continued his studies in Bangkok. He graduated from Siriraj Hospital, University of Medical Sciences (คณะแพทยศาสตร์ศิริราชพยาบาล), in 1960 at the age of 26. In medical school, thinking of 140,000 people in Phon District with endemic illnesses, treatable diseases and infections, and no doctor, he determined to serve them. KRASAE found the official health building in Muang Phon dilapidated and ill equipped. He first cleaned and whitewashed the old building, gave good service, and encouraged people to discuss their problems with him in and outside the clinic. Then, by example of his hard work, attention to their larger welfare, and persuasion, he set out to induce every citizen to contribute one baht (five U.S. cents) toward construction of a new health center. Municipal councilors, village headmen, teachers and policemen helped. Even poor people he had treated responded with more than asked. Merchants joined in giving. Today the community has its own First Class Health Center with a small hospital and modest, modern facilities. Unpaid volunteers enlist for training and for regular service, preparing clinic patients for examination and other non-medical work. The Muang Phon family planning program, with similarly wide community participation, is a model for the kingdom. In his 12-year crusade for sanitation, preventive medicine and curative treatment within the means of his Health Center, KRASAE has established a rare rapport with his remote community and has educated the people to a new and vital awareness of what they can do for themselves with meager means. He has earned their love and pride by his ennobling example." [Quelle: http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationChanawongseKra.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

1973-08-13

Ein Feuer zerstört die Lobby und einige Luxussuiten im Ersten Stock des Oriental Hotel (Bangkok). Brandursache: Kurzschluss in einer Klimaanlage.

Abb.: Lage des Oriental Hotel
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-08-14

Fulbright-Aiken Amendment: Der US-Kongress beendet die Finanzierung der Militäraktionen in Südostasien und verbietet Kampfhandlungen der USA von Thailand aus.

1973-09-04 - 1976-01-30

William Colby (1920 - 1996) ist Direktor des CIA.

Abb.: William Colby
[Bildquelle: CIA / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1973-09-07

In Phattalung (พัทลุง) bindet die Polizei einen getöteten Guerilla an eine Stange und paradiert die Leiche durch die Stadt, anschließend wird die Leiche eine Stunde lang vor einem gutbesuchten Kino ausgestellt. All dies soll der Abschreckung dienen.

Abb.: Lage von Phattalung (พัทลุง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-09-11

Der Fernsehkanal Channel 7 überträgt einen Thai-Boxkampf (มวยไทย) zwischen zwei Frauen. Die Reaktion der Thais schwankt zwischen Entzücken und Entsetzen.

Abb.: Thai-Boxkampf (มวยไทย) zwischen zwei Frauen, Koh Tao (เกาะเต่า)
[Bildquelle: Colby Otero. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/colbyotero/4258693673/. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-01. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

Abb.: Lage von Koh Tao (เกาะเต่า)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-09-15

Tod von Gustav VI. Adolf (Oscar Fredrik Wilhelm Olaf Gustav Adolf Bernadotte, geb. 1882), König von Schweden. Er war mit der thailändischen Königsfamilie befreundet. Zur Beerdigung am 26. September fliegt Prinzessin Sirindhorn (สิรินธร, 1955 - ).

Abb.: Lage von Norwegen
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Oscar Fredrik Wilhelm Olaf Gustav Adolf Bernadotte mit Gattin Louise Alexandra Marie Irene Mountbatten (1889 - 1965), 1950er-Jahre
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1973-09-22 - 1977-01-20

Henry Kissinger (1923 - ) ist US Secretary of State (Außenminister).

Abb.: Henry Kissinger, 1973
[Bildquelle: U.S. Department of State / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Henry Kissinger
[Bildquelle: AK Rockefeller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/akrockefeller/7208428550/. -- Zugriff am 2013-05-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-09-25

Prinzessin Sirindhorn (สิรินธร, 1955 - ) besucht Belgien als Gast von König Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave / Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Marie Gustaaf (1930 - 1993). König Baudouin und seine Gattin Fabiola de Mora y Aragón (1928 - ) haben eine enge Beziehung zum thailändischen Königspaar. Die nennen das Königspaar Tante und Onkel. Bei einem früheren Besuch von Prinzessin Sirindhorn in Belgien gab es fast ein protokollarisches Malheur: Thanying Vibhavada warf sich auf Thai-Art vor Königin Fabiola auf den Boden, daraufhin wollte sich die Königin vor Thanying ebenfalls auf den Boden werfen. Prinzessin Sirindhorn konnte sie gerade noch davon abhalten.

Abb.: Lage von Belgien
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: König Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave / Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Marie Gustaaf mit Gattin Fabiola de Mora y Aragón, Washington DC, 1969
[Bildquelle: Schumacher, Karl H. / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"I couldn't help but notice that Belgian people did not show any particular enthusiasm toward their king or give him any special treatment. There were only a couple of people coming to give him a special welcome and asked for his handshake." [Quelle: Vasit Dejkunjorn (วสิษฐ เดชกุญชร) <1929 - >: In His Majesty's footsteps : a personal memoir. -- Bangkok : Heaven Lake Press, 2006. -- 307 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-94125-8-9 -- Originaltitel: รอยพระยุคลบาท (2001). -- S. 89]

1973-09

Anschließend an offiziellen Besuch in Belgien besucht Prinzessin Sirindhorn (สิรินธร, 1955 - ) privat London. Dort sieht sie u. a. das Lustspiel "Crown Matrimonial" von Royce Thomas Carlisle Ryton (1924 – 2009) im Theatre Royal Haymarket. Das Stück handelt vom Rücktritt von George V. im Jahr 1936. Es ist das erste Mal, dass ein lebendes Mitglied des britischen Königshauses (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, 1900 - 2002) auf der Bühne dargestellt wird.

Abb.: Lage des Theatre Royal Haymarket
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-09-28 - 1975-03-15

William R. Kintner (1915 - 1997) ist US-Botschafter in Thailand.

1973-10-06

Die Polizei verhaftet elf Studentenführer, da sie Flugblätter verteilt hatten, auf denen eine Verfassung gefordert wurde. Unter den Verhafteten ist der frühere Präsident des National Student Centre of Thailand (NSCT), Teerayut Bunmee (ธีรยุทธ บุญมี, 1950 - ). An den folgenden Tagen werden zwei weitere Studentenführer verhaftet. Feldmarschall Praphas behauptet, dass man bei der Durchsuchung der Wohnungen der Studierenden kommunistische und regierungsfeindliche Literatur gefunden habe. Selbst Thanon's Bruder, Maj Gen Sa-nga Kittikachorn sagte: "Wenn es Landesverrat ist, eine Verfassung zu fordern, gibt es gegenwärtig wahrscheinlich 38 Millionen Landesverräter in Thailand."

Die 13 Verhafteten sind:

• Boonsong Chalethon (บุญส่ง ชเลธร),
• Bundit Engnilrat (บัณฑิต เฮงนิลรัตน์),
• Chaiwat Suravichai (ชัยวัฒน์ สุระวิชัย),
• Dawee Muenikorn (ทวี หมื่นนิกร),
• Khaisaeng Suksai (ไขแสง สุกใ),
• Kongkiat Kongka (ก้องเกียรติ คงคา),
• Montri Jungsiriarak (มนตรี จึงศิริอารักษ์),
• Nopporn Suwanpanich  (นพพร สุวรรณพานิช),
• Prapansak Kamolpetch (ประพันธ์ศักดิ์ กมลเพชร, 1938-),
• Pridi Boonsue (ปรีดี บุญซื่อ),
• Thanya Chunchadatharn (ธัญญา ชุนชฎาธาร),
• Thirayut Boonmi (ธีรยุทธ บุญมี, 1950 - ),
• Wisa Khanthab (วิสา คัญทัพ)

"Teerayut Bunmee (ธีรยุทธ บุญมี, 1950 - ) is a Thai public intellectual and a former student activist.  Student leader While a student at Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย) during 1973, Teerayut led the National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT) (ศูนย์กลางนิสิตนักศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย - ศนท) in coordinating political activism against the military dictatorships of Thanom Kittikachorn (ถนอม กิตติขจร) and Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร). The NSCT led tens of thousands of people in public protests against the regimes. However, one of the first activities of the NSCT was a 10-day boycott against Japanese products, in protest against Japanese investments in Thailand. In 6 October 1973, Teerayut along with 12 other students were arrested by the Praphas government for sedition after they distributed leaflets demanding a new constitution. Rumors spread that they had been killed, sparking massive protests against the government. Protests reached their peak in 13 October, when 400,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Democracy Monument (อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย) and parliament. That afternoon, Teerayut and the 12 other students were released and the King agreed on plans to draft a new constitution within 12 months. Teerayut also played a role in exposing the Internal Security Operations Command's (กองอำนวยการรักษาความมั่นคงภายใน) role in a massacre of villagers at Ban Na Sai (นาทราย) village in the Northeast. After the student massacre at Thammasat University (มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์) on 6 October 1976, Teerayut, as well as many other students and intellectuals fled from the cities to join the Communist Party of Thailand (CPT, พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทย) in their jungle strong-holds. Teerayut increasingly became critical of the King, noting in a broadcast on 1 April 1977 that the monarchy was "obsolete and deteriorating," and that "I think that if our people were to destroy it, there would be no adverse effects." After the CPT dissolved itself in the early 1980s, Teerayut returned to the mainstream of Thai intellectual life and renounced socialism.[1] Contemporary activism Teerayut currently teaches at the Faculty of Sociology of Thammasat University (มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์). As of 1997, he was named one of Thailand's ten most influential public intellectuals.[2]  References Paul M. Handley, "The King Never Smiles" Yale University Press: 2006, ISBN 0-300-10682-3 Influential intellectuals in Thai society Giles Ungpakorn, Cleansing democracy of socialism" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirayut_Boonmee. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

1973-10-13

400.000 Demonstranten fordern in Bangkok die Freilassung der 13 Studenten. Auch in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) und anderen Städten kommt es zu Demonstrationen gegen die Regierung. Die Demonstrationen werden angeführt von Studierenden, die Bilder des Königs und der Königin tragen und Königshymnen summen.

Abb.: Die Studenten sind treu zu Nation und König
[Bildquelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- Fair use]

Die 13 Studierenden werden freigelassen.

König Bhumibol beordnet Ministerpräsident Thanom zu sich, dann fordert er die Studenten auf, um des Friedens und der Ordnung willen wieder zur Normalität zurückzukehren.

Die Regierung verspricht eine neue Verfassung bis Oktober 1974. 50.000 Demonstranten bleiben in der Nacht vor dem Chitralada Palast (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน) und warten auf eine konkrete Botschaft aus dem Palast.

Abb.: Lage des Chitralada Palace (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-10-14

Special Colonel Sudsai Hasadin (พล.ต.สุดสาย หัสดิน), ISOC (Internal Security Operations Command) officer, gründet die rechtsradikale Organisation Red Gaur (กระทิงแดง, Krating Daeng)

"The Red Gaurs (Thai: กระทิงแดง Krathing Daeng) were an extreme right-wing paramilitary organization active in Thailand during the 1970s. The Red Gaurs played a key role in the 6 October 1976 massacre of students and activists at Thammasat University [มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์]. Establishment and activities It was set up by the Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC, กองอำนวยการรักษาความมั่นคงภายในราชอาณาจักร) of the Thai military to counter the country's students movement after the democratic revolution of October 1973.[2] Major-General Sudsai Hasadin  (พล.ต.สุดสาย หัสดิน) has been reported being its main organizer.[1] From mid-1974 on, the paramilitary organization's units were publicly armed with firearms and grenades. Afterwards, they enjoyed practical immunity to criminal prosecution, or even warnings from police or army staff. The Red Gaurs violently attacked demonstrators at the protests against individual articles of the 1974 constitution, against U.S. military bases in Thailand, and at the protests against the return of deposed military dictators Thanom Kittikachorn and Praphas Charusathien.[2] In August 1975, the group assaulted the Thammasat University, trying to burn down the school building.[2][3] Assassinations of labor and peasants union officials[1] (namely of the Peasants Federation of Thailand),[4] as well as progressive politicians, and grenade attacks on crowds have been attributed to the Red Gaurs.[5] The organization's militants often attacked and injured photo journalists who tried to take pictures of them and their guns. The Red Gaurs interfered in the campaign for the 1976 parliamentary election by harassing candidates and attacking political parties they perceived as "leftist"[2] (in particular the New Force Party - พรรคพลังใหม่).[6] Besides, the Red Gaurs were also employed to guard road construction crews against attacks in areas with communist insurgents.[1] Membership and support The ultra-royalist vigilante group focused its activities on Bangkok.[5] Its membership consisted mainly of discontent young unemployed, vocational school students[1][4] and highschool drop-outs.[2] The majority of their key cadres however, were veterans of the Vietnam War or former mercenaries in Laos,[6] and former army soldiers dismissed for disciplinary infractions. The Krathing Daeng militants were well paid, provided with free liquor,[7] taken on drinking sprees, and to brothels paid for with public funds.[3] They were heavily funded and backed by the United States government.[8] The US provided at least 250 million baht to help organize the Red Gaurs.[9] Paul M. Handley, the author of The King Never Smiles, an unofficial biography of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, reports that the king also gave support to both the Red Gaurs and the "Village Scouts" (ลูกเสือชาวบ้าน), another patriotic anti-leftist paramilitary organization." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Gaurs. -- Zugriff am 2016-09-11]

Thais pflegen zu sagen:

"Red Gaur is the type of fierce animal which is fierce but rare. It is protected by the government. Therefore it cannot be killed" [Zitiert in: Luther, Hans Ulrich <1940 - >: Peasants and state in contemporary Thailand : from regional revolt to national revolution?. -- Hamburg : Institut für Asienkunde, 1978. -- 109 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, Hamburg ; Nr. 98). -- ISBN 3-921469-49-X. -- S. 37. -- Fair use]

1973-10-14

Es erscheint die Sammlung von Kurzgeschichten

สุรชัย "หงา" จันทิมาธร [Surachai "Nga" Jantimathawn] <1948 - >: ความบ้ามาเยือน ["Wahnsinn kommt auf Besuch"]

Das Buch strotzt von Alkohol, Marijuana und Sinnlosigkeit (Martin P. Platt).

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1973-10-14

Beim Versuch, die Demonstranten vor dem Chitralada Palast (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน) zu zerstreuen, töten Militär und Polizei 77 Demonstranten und verwunden 857 (offizielle Angaben).

Der König befiehlt der Palastwache und der Polizei um den Palast, die Munition aus ihren Waffen zu nehmen, damit sie niemanden töten können.

Abb.: Panzer rollen an
[Bildquelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- Fair use]

Abb.: Von der Staatsmacht Ermordeter
[Bildquelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- Fair use]

"However, more than 200,000 students remained on the streets, and thousands of them refused to disband. This group, which included the "hard core" vocational and engineering students, was under the direction of Saeksan Prasertkul [เสกสรรค์ ประเสริฐกุล, 1949 - ] a student of political science at Thammasat University [มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์]. These students were dissatisfied and wanted a guarantee that the government would keep its promises to the students. Saeksan tried to control the restless crowd urging them to avoid any violent measure, while attempting to reach the other leaders of the NSCT [National Student Center of Thailand], but his efforts were in vain. At about twelve o'clock, midnight, Saeksan decided to lead the crowd to the royal palace to request the King's advice. At that point some of the other leaders of the NSCT showed up and tried to convince the crowd that they should go home and not follow Saeksan. However, after Saeksan and the other leaders of the NSCT, including the NSCT's former secretary general, met and discussed what had happened, the two sides reached an understanding and then went together to seek the King's audience. However, only a King's representative. Col. Vasit Dejkunchorn, came to see them about 5:30 a.m. It was still the same fateful Sunday morning of October 14th. The King's representative read the King's advice to the students which was to disband peacefully since the thirteen activists had been unconditionally released and the Constitution had been promised before October. After reading this message. Col. Vasit told the students that, "Their Majesties have been unable to sleep during the last four nights of protest. Now he would like all of you to go home." It looked for a moment that the situation would return to normal and the students themselves, after singing the national anthem together, began to prepare to go home. However, as the demonstrators started to disband, an unfortunate thing occurred which triggered the violent riot which was to last for the next two days. Unfortunately, as the demonstrators attempted to leave the street in front of the King's palace. Police Lt. General Monchai Phankongchuen, Assistant Director of the Police Department, ordered his men to form a barricade so that the students should leave the area in only one direction to ensure an orderly dispersal. The mass of students, however, proved too large and when the students' request that another exit should be allowed was refused, a wave of resentment ran through the mass of demonstrators. It was about 6:30 a.m. when this confrontation turned into a violent clash. Exactly what happened has been reported in various ways. Some eye witnesses claim that the police started clubbing the demonstrators first because they were shoving against the police line. A reporter at the scene claimed that a bag of ice thrown from the crowd hit a policeman squarely in the head and knocked him down, after which the police began using tear-gas and threatened the students with their weapons. In any event, stones and other objects started flying in the direction of the police, while the police began beating the students. Many demonstrators were injured as some attempted to fight back with their wooden clubs. However, most of the students attempted to run from the area.  Some jumped into the moat near by while others ran to take refuge inside the palace ground. Three girl students were said to have been beaten to death by the police. Many of the demonstrators ran back to the Parliament Building while some returned to the Democracy Monument, and others to Thammasat University. They quickly spread the news of the police brutality in the Palace clash. The story about the girls being beaten to death was told and retold. The demonstrators were now without their leaders as all NSCT leaders disappeared from the crowd. Saeksan was said to have collapsed from exhaustion due to his intense and continued activity in the five days of protest. Meanwhile, at Thammasat campus, the students started to regroup again, anxious to gain revenge for the police brutality. At about 7:45 a.m., a group of demonstrators set fire to a police booth beside Thammasat University. From that time on the violent clashes between students, who were joined by the public, and government forces continued along Rajdamnern Avenue [ถนนราชดาเนน] for two days and one night. The area of heaviest fighting occurred near the end of Rajdamnern Avenue in the proximity of the Pramain Ground [สนามหลวง]. The government brought several tanks and about 500 soldiers to the aid of the Bangkok police force in combating the demonstrators. However, the demonstrators refused to disband and many fought back with wooden clubs while a few had pistols. When the demonstrators were first confronted by the tanks, they thought that the soldiers would not actually use them against the students. However this assumption proved false as the army fired the M-16 rifles and tank-machine guns into the crowds of demonstrators. These weapons along with the helicopter gunships which the government also used to shoot at the demonstrators were responsible for most of the casualties. Several hundred demonstrators were shot and wounded, while almost one hundred were killed. A small number of soldiers were also killed and injured. Throughout the violent confrontation the government used the media to broadcast distorted news reports claiming that the demonstrators were not students but communist agents and the student leaders were forced to join in a plot to overthrow the government. The government greatly exaggerated the rioters' capabilities by claiming that some demonstrators possessed machine guns and killed many soldiers. However, the broadcasts never gave any account of the number of demonstrators killed or wounded. At about 3:30 p.m. a rumour spread that the military would take control of Thammasat University, so large numbers of demonstrators withdrew across the Chao Phya River [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] jamming the Pran Nok landing. As the demonstrators realized the futility in fighting tanks and machine guns with clubs and molotov cocktails, they turned their frustration and anger to other symbols of government authority. Many of the government buildings along Rajdamnern Avenue were set afire as people from all over Bangkok travelled to the scene of the fighting. The crowds of demonstrators and onlookers grew to over one-half million people as crowds began to pour into Rajdamnern Avenue. Finally, at about 5:30 p.m., October 14th, the government gave up the battle and the soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Rajdamnern Avenue. At about the same time, the government announced over radio Thailand that it had rendered its resignation to His Majesty the King. At about 7:15 p.m. the King addressed the nation on television and all radio broadcasting stations, officially announcing that Thanom's [ถนอม กิตติขจร] government had resigned and Professor Sanya Thammasakdi [สัญญา ธรรมศักดิ์], the rector of Thammasat University, had been appointed as the new Prime Minister. At that point, many people cheered and ran into the streets shouting victory. Late that night Professor Sanya Thammasakdi addressed the nation by television and radio, promising a constitution and election within 6 months. Thereafter, thousands of students and other demonstrators congregated at Democracy Monument [อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย] where student speakers were asking them to disband and go home. However many students were still angry over the slaughter of hundreds of young and unarmed people. They argued that it was not enough that the government had resigned because Field Marshal Thanom still remained the Supreme Commander of the armed forces and Prapas [ประภาส จารุเสถียร] was still Director General of the Police Department. Many demonstrators wanted to continue the movement until they were sure that Thanom and Prapas were powerless; others claimed that they wanted to see both men dead. The hard core "yellow tiger" commando unit of the students directed their hostility to the Metropolitan of the Headquarters which was now symbolic of the police force. The police protecting the headquarters had machine guns while several of the students had rifles and pistols. The gun battle between students and police in and around the police headquarters lasted from late October 14th to the following afternoon. At 7:00 a.m., the 15th of October, the "commando" students at Panfah Bridge (พานผ่านฟ้า) were still holding out but were planning to retreat to the Monument. It was reported that a doctor, a medical assistant, and five nurses were shot dead in the Panfah Bridge area by what was believed to be machine gun and M-16 rifle fire, as they were tending to some casualties in the "battle field" facing the Metropolitan Police Headquarters several hours before dawn. As the battle ensued, many of demonstrators were gunned down as they tried to close in on the police headquarters. Finally, the police abandoned the building as the students set it afire. Rumor had it that the technique employed was as ingenious as it was daring, for it was reported that after hijacking a fire engine at the scene, the students' "yellow tiger suicide squad" emptied the water from the tanks and then siphoned gasoline from a nearby gas station. They then sent a jet of the high-octane gasoline from a fire engine hose into the Metropolitan Police Headquarters near Panfah Bridge and tossed Molotov cocktail bombs into the pool of gasoline. An eyewitness at the scene said that, "Some were shot down, but the remainder successfully sent gasoline from a powerful hose into the building and then set it on fire."6 In the meantime, rioting students and the public, many of them in their teens, roamed the streets, packed into commandeered buses and trucks and burned down or smashed most of the city's police booths, traffic lights and traffic signs. At about 5:00 p.m., an unexpected calm came to the rioters when it was announced via radio and television that Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn, Field Marshal Prapass Charusathira, and Colonel Narong Kittikachorn had left the country. As the gatherings dissolved, bus companies joined army buses in giving most students free rides home, while other students remained to direct traffic and put out the fires. It was clearly a victory for the students and other demonstrating civilians, and not a single uniformed policeman was in sight on the streets of Bangkok. One student armed with a fire hose to fight the flames which still raged along Rajdamnern Avenue summed up the significance of these historic "ten days in October" when he remarked, "We have made a new Thailand but it cost us a lot." While the role of the students in the overthrow of the military government was no doubt the most significant of any other single force, there were other groups and certain conditions which aided the student cause. A major supporting condition was the growing cleavages within the military which had withered away much of the support for the Thanom and Prapas regime. The Royal Thai Navy, which had remained in a rather subservient position to the powerful army cliques ever since the "Manhattan Affair", openly supported the student cause. Even among the army' and the air force there were those officers who found reasons not to come to the aid of the police force while they were under siege by the students. Also the intellectuals, the "Young Turks" of Thailand, and former opposition politicians all helped the student cause. Common laborers and other civilian workers who went out on "wildcat" strikes in August and September aided in creating the atmosphere for revolt and many of these people also participated in the mass demonstrations against the government in October. The overall effect of the efforts of the students and supporters was the creation of a free, but chaotic atmosphere in the immediate aftermath of the revolt, at which time the NSCT and other break-away student groups attempted to consolidate their power. The psychological barrier which had kept thousands of Thais submissive to military authority for over five decades was seriously impaired if not altogether broken. More important, the student revolution had created in its aftermath at least the atmosphere for change, where significant steps toward the establishment of democratic institutions could be taken." [Quelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- S. 54 - 58]

Der König lässt das Grundstück des Chitralada Palasts (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน) als Zuflucht für fliehende Studenten öffnen. In einer Radio-Botschaft an die Nation sagt er: "Heute ist ein Tag großer Sorge, der schwerste Tag der Geschichte unser Thai-Nation." 

Abb.: Der König bei der Radiobotschaft an die Nation, 1973-10-14
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Denkmal für die Opfer des  14. Oktober 1973, Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ianfuller/2451116598/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

Abb.: Denkmal für die Opfer des  14. Oktober 1973, Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ianfuller/2450225437/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1973-10-14 - 1975-02-15

Der König ernennt สัญญา ธรรมศักดิ์ - Sanya Dharmasakti (1907 - 2001) zum Ministerpräsidenten (นายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย - Prime Minister)

Abb.: สัญญา ธรรมศักดิ์ - Sanya Dharmasakti
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Sanya Dharmasakti (Thai: สัญญา ธรรมศักดิ์ - Sanya Thammasak; * 5. April 1905 in Bangkok; † 6. Januar 2002 ebendort) war zwischen 1973 und 1975 Premierminister von Thailand. Sanya war der Sohn von Phraya Dhammasaraweth Wisephakdee (Thongdee Dharmasakti) und Khunying Chuen Dharmasakti. Er heiratete später Than Phuying Pa-nga Dharmasakti. Seine Ausbildung erhielt er am Assumption College und an der Rechtsschule des Justizministeriums. Nach seinem Abschluss ging er zur Thai Bar Society (für Rechtsanwälte) und erhielt ein Stipendium für weitere Studien an der Middle Temple Bar Academy in Großbritannien. Nach seiner Rückkehr in Thailand arbeitete Sanya zunächst im Justizministerium und ging später als Richter an das Berufungsgericht, wurde Oberrichter der Provinz Chiang Mai, Ständiger Sekretär des Justizministeriums, Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof und schließlich dessen Vorsitzender. Nach seiner Pensionierung ernannte man ihn zum Geheimrat und Dekan der Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft der Thammasat-Universität in Bangkok. Schließlich wurde er auch Rektor der Universität. Nachdem Feldmarschall Thanom Kittikachorn ins Exil gegangen war, wurde Sanya Dharmasakti am 14. Oktober 1973 zum Premierminister ernannt. Während seiner Regierungszeit übten verschiedene Studentengruppen großen Druck auf die Regierung und die Öffentlichkeit aus, so dass Sanya am 22. Mai 1974 wieder zurücktrat. Er wurde jedoch am 26. Januar 1975 abermals zum Premierminister ernannt. Nach seiner politischen Laufbahn wurde Sanya zum Präsidenten des Privy Councils (Kronrat) ernannt und trat am 4. September 1998 wegen seines Gesundheitszustands von dieser Position zurück. Sanya Dharmasakti starb am 6. Januar 2002 im Alter von 96 Jahren." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya_Dharmasakti . -- Zugriff am 2011-10-06]

Auch während der demokratischen Phase bleibt in 26 Provinzen das Kriegsrecht bestehen.

Es wird berichtet, dass Studentenführer einen direkten Zugang zu Sanya Dharmasakti haben.

1973

In der Folge der Studentenprozesse bilden höhere Militärs die Gruppe "Democratic Soldiers" (ทหารประชาธิปไตย)

1973

Gründung der Union for Civil Liberty (สมาคมสิทธิเสรีภาพของประชาชน)

1973-10 - 1974-09

Studentendemos außerhalb Bangkoks

Abb.: Anzahl der Studentendemos außerhalb Bangkoks, 1973-10 bis 1974-09
[Datenquelle: Morell, David ; Chai-anan Samudavanija [ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช] <1944 - >: Political conflict in Thailand : reform, reaction, revolution. -- Cambridge, Mass. : Oelgeschlager, 1981. -- 362 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-89946-044-5. -- S. 158]

1960 - 1990

Korruption:

Abb.: Geschätzter Wert der Korruption durch Bürokraten in Mio. Baht
[Datenquelle: Phongpaicit / Piriyarangsan (1996), S. 38]

Abb.: Geschätzter Wert der Korruption durch Bürokraten in % des Budgets
[Datenquelle: Phongpaicit / Piriyarangsan (1996), S. 38]

1973-10-14 - 1974-05-22

33. Kabinett: Sanya (สัญญา) I

Bei der Vereidigung des neuen Kabinetts sagt der König:

"A government has difficult tasks and special burdens to pursue with honesty, diligence, patience, and thoughtfulness. ... It must restore what has been damaged and develop people to be thoughtful and honest. It must repair the hearts and minds that have been destroyed by the event." Übersetzung in: Vasit Dejkunjorn (วสิษฐ เดชกุญชร) <1929 - >: In His Majesty's footsteps : a personal memoir. -- Bangkok : Heaven Lake Press, 2006. -- 307 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-94125-8-9 -- Originaltitel: รอยพระยุคลบาท (2001). -- S. 98]

1973-10-16

Es herrscht Freude:

• Feldmarschall Thanom Kittikachorn (ถนอม กิตติขจร) bekommt von den USA ein Visum und flieht nach Boston

  
  Abb.: Lage von Boston
  [Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
   

• Thanoms Sohn Col Narong (ณรงค์ กิตติขจร) flieht mit seinem Schwiegervater Gen Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร) nach Taiwan

Abb.: Lage von Taiwan
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Ministerpräsident Sanya fordert Militär und Volk auf, die Feindseligkeiten zu beenden. Er verspricht eine neue Verfassung und Wahlen innert sechs Monaten.

Später friert Sanya 217 Mio Baht ein, die den "drei Tyrannen" und ihren Frauen "gehören".

1973-10

Mit einer buddhistischen Zeremonie wird in Anwesenheit der Mutter des Königs das Siam Center (สยามเซ็นเตอร์) eröffnet. Es ist das größte Shopping-Center Thailands.

Abb.: Lage des Siam Center (สยามเซ็นเตอร์)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Siam Center (สยามเซ็นเตอร์), Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Hajime NAKANO. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/jetalone/3700931/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1973-10-01 - 1975-09-30

General Krit Srivara (พลเอก กฤษณ์ สีวะรา, 1914 - 1976) ist Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army (ผู้บัญชาการทหารบก)

Abb.: Krit Srivara (พลเอก กฤษณ์ สีวะรา)
[Bildquelle: http://www.army1.rta.mi.th/hitory/commanAA1/Picture15%20copy.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-07. -- Fair use]

1973-10-17

Die arabischen Erdöl-produzierenden Staaten beschließen in Kuwait, ihre Erdölproduktion zu drosseln und die Erdölpreise zu erhöhen. Damit soll Israel gezwungen werden, sich aus den seit 1967 besetzten arabischen Gebieten zurückzuziehen. ("Ölkrise")

Abb.: Lage von Kuwait
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-10-17/18

Der König besucht in verschiedenen Spitälern die Verletzten vom 14. Oktober.

1973-10-18

Es erscheint in der Bangkok Post

Puey Ungpakhorn [ป๋วย อึ๊งภากรณ์ / 黃培謙] <1916 -1999>: The quality of life of a Southeast Asian

"While in my mother’s womb, I want her to have good nutrition and access to maternal and child welfare care. I don't want to have as many brothers and sisters as my parents had before me, and I do not want my mother to have a child too soon after me. I don’t care whether my father and mother are formally married, but I need them to live together in reasonable harmony. I want good nutrition for my mother and for me in my first two or three years when my capacity for future mental and physical development is determined. I want to go to school, together with my sister, and to learn a trade, and to have the schools impart social values to me. If I happen to be suitable for higher education, that opportunity should be available. When I leave school I want a job, a meaningful one in which I can feel the satisfaction of making a contribution. I want to live in a law-and-order society, without molestation. I want my country to relate effectively and equitably to the outside world so that I can have access to the intellectual and technical knowledge of all mankind, as well as the capital from overseas. I would like my country to get a fair price for the products that I and my fellow citizens create. As a farmer, I would like to have my own plot of land, with a system which gives me access to credit, to new agricultural technology and to markets, and a fair price for my produce. As a worker, I would want to have my share, some sense of participation in the factory in which I work. As a human being, I would like inexpensive newspapers and paperback books, plus access to radio and TV (without too much advertising). I want to enjoy good health, and I expect the Government to provide free preventive medical service and cheap and readily available, good curative service. I need some leisure time for myself, and to enjoy my family, and want access to some green parks, to the arts, and to traditional social or religious festivities. I want clean air to breathe and clean water to drink. I would like to have the security of co-operative mechanisms in which I join to help others do things that they cannot do alone and they do the same for me. I need the opportunity to participate in the society around me, and to help shape the decisions of the economic and social as well as the political institutions that so affect my life. I want my wife to have equal opportunities as me, and I want both of us to have access to the knowledge and means of family planning. In my old age, it would be nice to have some form of social security to which I have contributed. When I die, if I happen to have some money left, I would wish the Government to take some of it, leaving an adequate amount for my widow. With this money the Government should make it possible for others to enjoy life too. These are what life is all about, and what development should seek to achieve for all."

1973-10-20

Die Regierung beansprucht das Eigentum auf Gold im Wert von $200 Mio, das der verstorbene Polizeigeneral Phao Sriyanond (เผ่า ศรียานนท์, 1910 - 1960) auf einer Bank in Rotterdam (Niederlande) hat.

Abb.: Lage von Rotterdam
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-10-21

5000 Studenten demonstrieren in Lamphun (ลำพูน) gegen den Gouverneur, da dieser Gelder für Schulprojekte veruntreut hatte. Der Gouverneur muss zurücktreten.

Abb.: Lage von Lamphun (ลำพูน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-10-26

Erstflug des Schulflugzeugs und leichten Jagdbombers Dassault/Dornier Alha Jet. Die Royal Thai Airforce wird 1999 25 Stück gebrauchte Alpha Jets der deutschen Luftwaffe kaufen.

Abb.: Alpha Jets der Royal Thai Airforce, 2003
[Bildquelle: SSgt Cecilio M. Ricardo Jr., USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1973-10-27

Das Königspaar und Prinzessin Sirindhorn (สิรินธร, 1955 - ) leiten im Wat Phra Kaew (วัดพระแก้ว) eine buddhistischen Segenszeremonie für die Nation. Mönche aus ganz Thailand nehmen teil.

Abb.: Lage des Wat Phra Kaew (วัดพระแก้ว)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-10-30

Das Königspaar und Prinzessin Sirindhorn (สิรินธร, 1955 - ) eröffnen die Dorfschule in Ban Nong Kaen (บ้านหนองแคน), Amphoe Dong Luang (ดงหลวง), Provinz Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม, heute: Provinz Mukdahan - มุกดาหาร). Das Gebiet gilt als anfällig für den Kommunismus. Anschließend übergibt das Königspaar den Village Scouts eine Fahne.

Abb.: Lage von Ban Nong Kaen (บ้านหนองแคน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

im Anschluss fliegt die Königsfamilie nach Phu Phan Noy (ภูพานน้อย), Provinz Udon Thani (อุดรธานี, heute: Provinz Nong Bua Lam Phu - หนองบัวลำภู) um ein Infanterie-Bataillon zu besuchen. Bei der Landung stoßen zwei Helikopter der Begleitung zusammen: 3 Tote, 9 Verletzte.

Abb.: Lage von Phu Phan Noy (ภูพานน้อย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973

Gründung des Gewerkschaftbunds Labour Congress of Thailand (LCT).

"The Labour Congress of Thailand (LCT) is a trade union federation in Thailand which emerged following the fall of the military dictatorship in Thailand in 1973. Its first leader was Phaisan Thawatchaianan. Following the military coup of 1976 the LCT was forced to cease operations, but remerged at the end of 1977. Despite the anti-labour conditions of military-ruled Thailand at this time, the LCT was involved in campaigns for raising minimum wages, lifting the ban on strikes, opposing basic food price rises and seeking reform of tripartite bodies. During the early 1980s factional differences emerged in the LCT, chiefly over the federation's relationship to political parties and the military. The faction associated with Phaisan, which sought independence from political and military figures, was defeated and left the organisation to form the Thai Trade Union Congress (TTUC). In 1985 leaders of the LCT were arrested on charges of rebellion for supporting an attempted coup d'etat by the Young Turk military faction. Former LCT president Tanong Po-arn, Thailand's most prominent labour leader, disappeared after the 1991 coup d'etat. His whereabouts are still unknown, and he is feared dead. The LCT is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Congress_of_Thailand. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-08]

1973-11 - 1973-12

Täglich gibt es im Durchschnitt ca. 90 Streiks.

1973-11

Die Regierung erhöht die Busfahrpreise in Bangkok von 50 Satang (สตางค์) auf 75 Satang.

1973-11

Studenten erzwingen den Rücktritt des Rektors des National Institute of Development Administration (N.I.D.A., สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์).

"Another more revolutionary kind of protest involving the Dean of the School of Public Administration at the National Institute of Development Administration (N.I.D.A.) occurred in mid-November, 1973. The Dean, Dr. Amorn Raksasatya, was forced to resign from his position, for misrepresenting the students and the student revolt in an informal meeting with Thai students in Tokyo. While attending a conference in Tokyo, Dr. Amorn agreed to speak at an informal gathering on Thai students about the important events that had occurred in Thailand before he left. Apparently, while giving his version of the student revolt he was being taped, and the tape was subsequently sent back to Thai student leaders in Bangkok for review transcription, and distribution. Soon thereafter, Dr. Choop Kanchanapakorn, the rector of N.I.D.A., and appointed MP to the National Assembly, announced his resignation. A more democratic system was proposed whereby candidates for Rector would be chosen by referendum, and subject to approval by a board of Deans of the various institutes, and the Dean was to be selected by a majority vote of the school's faculty. The system was overwhelmingly approved by referendum with 80% voting in favor of the new system of selection. Under the new system Dr. Thinapan Nakata [ทินพันธุ์ นาคะตะ] was elected Dean of the School of Public Administration and Dr. Somsak Xuto was chosen as N.I.D.A.'s new Rector. More important than the shift in persons at the top of this institution, was the fact that the appointment process, so prevalent in the Thai bureaucracy was overruled in favor of a more democratic elective process. If this system of selection becomes institutionalized and begins to permeate various levels of the government bureaucracy in other educational and service-oriented institutions, significant change may well take place in making the traditional bureaucracy more accountable. However, while there were early indications that other institutions were ready to adapt the new system (eg., Kasetsart University [มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์]), there were also indications of resistance to this system by those who maintained that it was incompatible with Thai culture." [Quelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- S. 157f.]

1973-11

Studentenproteste gegen den neuen US-Botschafter, William Roscoe Kintner (1915-1997).

"It was the Independent Chulalongkorn Student Group which launched a city-wide protest against the newly appointed American Ambassador William Kintner, in mid-November, 1973. Posters demanding to "Chase Kintner Away" were displayed around the Chulalongkorn University campus, while students distributed over 30,000 leaflets at all thoroughfares in Bangkok. The leaflets described Kintner as a career military man and warned the Thai people that the new U.S. Ambassador would be "war-minded" in his approach. The leaflets further attacked American "imperialism" and contended that: American intervention in Indo-China has caused adverse effects on Thailand. Support for the previous military government has led to the decay of democracy in Thailand, and American bases here have tarnished the good image of Thailand as an independent country." [Quelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- S. 159.]

"William Roscoe Kintner (1915-1997) was born in Loch Haven, PA on April 21, 1915. He entered the U.S. Military Academy in 1936 and graduated in 1940. He landed at Omaha Beach during the Normandy Invasion and retired from the military as a Colonel in 1961. Kintner served as U.S. Ambassador to Thailand from 1973 to 1975.[1] He was a professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, director of the Foreign Policy Research Institute from 1969 to 1973, and president of the Foreign Policy Research Institute from 1975 to 1982. Kintner died at the age of 81 on February 1, 1997.[1] Books The Front Is Everywhere (1950) Atomic Weapons in Land Combat (1953) (with Colonel G.C. Reinhardt and credited as Lieutenant Colonel W.R. Kintner) Protracted Conflict (1959) Building the Atlantic World (1963) Soviet Global Strategy (1987) Arms Control: the American dilemma (1987) - ISBN 0-88702-026-7" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kintner. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-29]

1973-11

Der Studentenführer Seksan Prasertkul (เสกสรรค์ ประเสริฐกุล, 1949 - ) erklärt:

"La dégénérescence de la société thaïlandaise est due à son sous-développement politique. L'armée, la police et la bureaucratie sont les organisations les plus puissantes du pays ... Les causes de cette dégénérescence sont toujours là. Il était faux de croire que l'éviction du trio pouvait souffrir." [Zitiert in: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 275, Anm. 43]

Seksan gründet die Federation of Independent Students of Thailand (FIST - สหพันธ์นักศึกษาเสรีแห่งประเทศไทย) als Abspaltung vom National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT - ศูนย์นิสิตนักศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย)

1973-11

Es erscheint der Aufsatz

วิทยากร เชียงกูล [Witthayakō̜n Chiangkun] <1946 - >: เพื่อชีวิต [Fürs Leben]

"Den Begriff 'Literatur für das Leben' [วรรณกรรมเพื่อชีวิต] präzise zu definieren, ist ein bisschen schwierig. Diejenigen, deren Denken radikaler Art ist, meinen, dass dies Werke sein sollten, die Denken und Empfinden oder das politische Bewusstsein der Menschen auf ein höheres Niveau heben, um sie so zu beeinflussen, dass es zu gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen im Sinne von mehr Gerechtigkeit kommt. Oder, anders ausgedrückt, es müssen Instrumente im Dienste politischer Ideen sein. Dagegen meinen diejenigen deren Denken sich in der Mitte hält, und zu denen wohl auch ich gehöre, daß es Werke sein sollten, die ein hinreichend tiefes und unverfälschtes Bild des Lebens widerspiegeln, Humanität besitzen und dem Leser etwas 'geben', was konstruktiv ist, gleichgültig, ob es sich dabei um fortschrittliche Gedanken, um mehr Beachtung des gemeinsamen Ganzen als des Privaten oder um Verständnis gegenüber dem Leben, gegenüber der Notwendigkeit handelt, in der Gesellschaft Zusammenleben zu müssen." [Übersetzt von: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 6]

1973-11-22

In Schweden war eine Zeitschrift des Thai Liberation Movement veröffentlicht worden, die kritisch über Thailands Monarchie schreibt. Das Außenministerium protestiert beim schwedischen Botschafter. Viele Studierende demonstrieren vor der schwedischen Botschaft. Studentenführer Pinij Niyomsilp (พินิจ นิยมศิลป์) fordert von Schweden die Auslieferung der beiden Thai-Autoren der Veröffentlichung. Ihnen solle die ihnen vor kurzem verliehene schwedische Staatsbürgerschaft entzogen werden. Im Dezember ruft Thailand seinen Botschafter in Schweden "zu Konsultationen" zurück.

Abb.: Lage von Schweden
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-11-28

Streiks in Bangkok, Chonburi (ชลบุรี), Saraburi (สระบุรี), Udon Thani (อุดรธานี) und Nordthailand. Die Beschäftigten von Krankenhäusern, Banken, Hotels, Fabriken und öffentlicher Verwaltung fordern Gehaltserhöhungen. Die Regierung sagt, dass sie eine Erhöhung des täglichen Mindestlohns erwägt, der bisher 18 Baht beträgt.

Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Bangkok, Chonburi (ชลบุรี), Saraburi (สระบุรี), Udon Thani (อุดรธานี)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1973-12

CIA Skandal

"Almost immediately on his arrival, Kintner [William Roscoe Kintner, 1915– 1997, US Botschafter] was faced with a crisis involving the Central Intelligence Agency [CIA]. In December 1973, an American intelligence agent in Nakhon Phanom [นครพนม] drafted and sent a letter to Prime Minister Sanya Dharmasakti which purported to be written by a Thai insurgent. Offering a military truce in exchange for government recognition of "liberated areas" in the Northeast, the letter apparently was meant to sow confusion within insurgent ranks and to bring the reality of the insurgent threat to the attention of the new government (which up to that point had evinced little interest in the insurgent problem). The ploy backfired, however, when the letter was dutifully registered and posted by a local employee, thus allowing it to be traced back to the CIA. The revelation of the CIA’s lamentable adventure immediately brought a storm of protest from both the government and the student community. Thai sovereignty had been seriously infringed; this, it appeared, was a clear-cut example of the intolerable interference in Thai domestic affairs of which the United States was widely believed to be guilty. Thai students demonstrated, demanding Kinter’s recall, and journalists condemned American arrogance and deceit. " [Quelle: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 169f. -- Fair use]

1973-12

Der erste 'social realism'-Film Thailands, เขาชื่อกานต์ (Khao Chue Karn, "His name ist Kharn") ist ein großer Publikumserfolg. Regisseur ist Prinz Chatrichaloem Yukon (หม่อมเจ้าชาตรีเฉลิม ยุคล,  1942 - ). Hauptdarsteller: Sorapong Chatree (สรพงษ์ ชาตรี, 1950 - ).

Abb.: Filmplakat
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

"Prinz Chatrichaloem Yukon (Chatrichaloem Yukol, anglisierend Chatrichalerm, Thai: หม่อมเจ้าชาตรีเฉลิม ยุคล, Spitzname Than Mui; * 29. November 1942 in Bangkok) ist ein thailändischer Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor und Filmproduzent und Enkel des thailändischen Filmpioniers Yukhon Thikhamporn (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้ายุคลฑิฆัมพร กรมหลวงลพบุรีราเมศร, 1883 - 1932). Er war Mitglied der Jury der Berlinale und wurde für den Oscar vorgeschlagen. Frühe Jahre Chatrichaloem wurde als Sohn von Prinz Anusornmongkonkahm Yukon und Mom Ubon Yukon Na Ayutthaya Yukon in Bangkok geboren. Beide Elternteile waren Filmemacher und Mitbegründer der Filmgesellschaft Lavo Pappayon. Auch sein Onkel Prinz Bhanu Yukon war ein thailändischer Filmpionier. Zur Schulausbildung wurde Chatrichaloem nach Australien geschickt. Anschließend ging er an die University of California, Los Angeles und erhielt einen Abschluss in Geologie, Nebenfach Film. Dabei nahm er an Vorlesungen bei Francis Ford Coppola und Roman Polanski teil, woraufhin ihn der Regisseur und Produzent Merian C. Cooper als Assistenten einstellte. Filme Das bekannteste Werk Chatrichaloems ist die Filmserie über König Naresuan (ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช) (2006-2010). Im Jahr 2001 hatte er schon die Legende der Königin Suriyothai (สุริโยไท) verfilmt, doch reicht seine Tätigkeit bis in die Siebziger Jahre zurück, als er mit "Aus der Dunkelheit" (มันมากับความมืด - Man Ma Kap Kwam Mued) den ersten thailändischen Science-Fiction-Film drehte (1971). Chatrichaloem war einer der ersten thailändischen Filmemacher, die sich mit den gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen auseinandersetzten. Unter anderem inszenierte er die Geschichte von Dr. Karn ((เขาชื่อกานต์-  Khao Chue Karn, "Er heißt Karn"), die auf einer Erzählung von Suwanni Sukhontha (สุวรรณี สุคนธา, 1932 - 1984) beruht. Darin wird während der kurzen Zeit der thailändischen Demokratiebewegung 1973 die Korruption im Land angeprangert. Selbst der Status von Chatrichaloem als Prinz hinderte die Zensurbehörde seinerzeit nicht daran, den Film um entscheidende Elemente zu kürzen. Doch konnte der Regisseur anlässlich einer persönlichen Vorführung für den Premierminister Thanom Kittikachorn (ถนอม กิตติขจร) die ungekürzte Fassung durchsetzen. Chatrichaloems Filme handeln meist von sozialen Problemen, u. A. von Prostitution ((เทพธิดาโรงแรม - Thep Thida Rong Raem, Hotel Angel, 1974), frühzeitigem Sex ((เสียดาย, Daughter and Daughter 2), Umweltschutz ((คนเลี้ยงช้าง - Khon Liang Chang) - The Elephant Keeper, 1987) und den Auswüchsen des Drogenhandels (เฮโรอีน - Heroin, Powder Road, 1991). Drei seiner Filme wurden für den Oscar vorgeschlagen: The Elephant Keeper (คนเลี้ยงช้าง - Khon Liang Chang), Song for Chao Phaya und Daughter 2' (เสียดาย 2 - Sia Dai 2). Filmepen Seit 1999 befasst sich Chatrichaloem vermehrt mit der thailändischen Geschichte. Zunächst inszenierte er die Legende der Suriyothai (สุริโยไท), die eine Begebenheit aus dem 16. Jahrhundert der thailändischen Geschichte nacherzählt. Dieses Projekt wurde von Königin Sirikit und der königlichen Familie auch finanziell unterstützt. Der Film sollte zunächst acht Stunden dauern, wurde dann für das thailändische Publikum auf drei Stunden zusammengeschnitten. In den USA und Europa kursiert nun eine etwa zweistündige Fassung von Francis Ford Coppola. Ein noch größeres Projekt bildet seit 2006 die Geschichte des großen Königs Naresuan, die in drei Teilen erzählt wird (ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช, King Naresuan – Der Herrscher von Siam). Filmografie Out of the Darkness (มันมากับความมืด - Man Ma Kap Kwam Mued) (1971) Dr. Karn (เขาชื่อกานต์-  Khao Chue Karn) (1973) The Colonel (ผมไม่อยากเป็นพันโท - Pom Mai Yak Pen Pan To) (1974) Hotel Angel (เทพธิดาโรงแรม - Thep Thida Rong Raem) (1974) Last Love (ความรักครั้งสุดท้าย - Kuam Rak Krang Suthai) (1975) The Violent Breed (เทวดาเดินดิน - Thewada Doen Din) Dangerous Modelling (นางแบบมหาภัย (1975) Angel Who Walks on the Ground (เทวดาเดินดิน) (1976) Taxi Driver (Citizen I) (ทองพูน โคกโพ ราษฎรเต็มขั้น) (1977) Kama (กาม) (1978) The Yellowing of the Sky (Before the Storm) (อุกาฟ้าเหลือง) (1980) If You Still Love (ถ้าเธอยังมีรัก) (1982) Gunman (มือปืน - Meu peun) (1983) Detective, Section 123 (หน่วยล่า 123) (1984) Freedom of Taxi Driver (Citizen II) (อิสรภาพของทองพูน โคกโพ) (1984) Somsee (ครูสมศรี) (1986) The Elephant Keeper (คนเลี้ยงช้าง - Khon Liang Chang) (1987) Song for Chao phraya (1990) Powder Road (Heroin) (เฮโรอีน) (1991) Salween (Gunman 2) (มือปืน 2 สาละวิน) (1993) Daughter (Sia Dai) (เสียดาย) (1996) Daughter 2 (Sia Dai 2) (เสียดาย 2) (1997) Box (Klong) (กล่อง) (1998) Die Legende der Suriyothai (สุริโยไท) (2001) Last Love (remake) (ความรักครั้งสุดท้าย - Kuam Rak Krang Suthai) (2003) King Naresuan (ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช) (2006)" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrichaloem_Yukon. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-21]

Abb.: Chatrichaloem Yukon (หม่อมเจ้าชาตรีเฉลิม ยุคล)
[Bildquelle: Curtis Winston / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1973-12

Finanzen und Pläne des National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT, ศูนย์นิสิตนักศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย). Das Teaching democracy program.

"Voluntary public support for the main student organization, the NSCT, continued since the October uprising and as of December 1973, the NSCT had received almost 20 million baht (approximately 1 million in U.S. currency) in donations from the public. Some of the money was used to help the families of those who were killed while other funds went toward paying the medical bills of those demonstrators who were injured during the uprising. The NSCT also set aside a huge sum as a proposed budget for the "teaching democracy program" which was to begin at the end of the 1973-1974 academic year. University authorities have co-operated with the proposed student program by re-scheduling the completion of the second semester so that the students could be released from classes as soon as possible. Moreover, by December 1973 government officials were also "persuaded" to assist the NSCT programs. The NSCT though led mainly by upper-classmen, graduate students, and even students who refused to graduate, know that only continuity in their own organization will assure the programs they fought so hard to establish. Eventually, even most "professional students" grow up and enter the government bureaucracy or politics and the NSCT could not continually enjoy the voluntary efforts and fund raising which occurred immediately after the October revolt. Hence, the NSCT leaders, pressured the Prime Minister to eventually agree to provide a "special" fund for the NSCT from the national budget. If this budgetary procedure becomes officially recognized for future fiscal years, the NSCT might be guaranteed permanency through salaried positions of its bureaucratic organization and its politicized leaders might then remain on as monitors for the reforms of the social revolution. The NSCT teaching democracy program is designed to have all people in all provinces become aware of the purpose and political implications of democratic institutions and principles. The students have planned to bring the message to the people through the use of several thousand dedicated NSCT members who would spend their time and energy "teaching democracy" in the outer provinces and remote villages of Thailand. Student leaders apparently realize that the success of their "cultural revolution" in the provinces will, in large part, determine the permanency of the political changes they have already achieved as well as the acceptance of effective constitutional government in the future. [...] The "teaching democracy" aspects of the program became somewhat misleading, and after some initial set-backs, student leaders and advisors who were promoting the program, such as Dr. Chaianan Samudavanijja and Dr. Tawat Wichaidid wisely adjusted their objectives in adapting to the provincial conditions. Before the program had officially begun F.I.S.T., a newly formed break-away student group from the NSCT, under Saeksan's [เสกสรรค์ ประเสริฐกุล, 1949 - ] leadership decided to carry their cause to the provinces. Unfortunately, the Westernized middle-class and urban backgrounds which characterized many of the students of this group hindered them from establishing the necessary rapport with the common people of the provinces. Learning primarily from some of the mistakes and successes of Saeksan's experiment and the performance (and lack of performance in many cases) of the Democracy Development Program of the late 1960's, "the teaching democracy" program was redirected in the form of a domestic Peace Corps with the predominant philosophy approaching that of "thought reform". To improve the establishment of rapport between students and villagers, about 5,000 students were now to be selected and chosen for a particular assignment on the basis of their knowledge of that particular province. Hence, an attempt was being made to assign students from the northeast and South and other provincial areas to their home towns, and rather than "teach democracy", they were to reacquaint themselves with the concerns, of the villagers. Moreover, students from metropolitan Bangkok who were to be sent to rural areas were now urged to shed their urban and western life-styles and live like the people whose interests they wish to serve, and to listen to the villagers problems before discussing politics." [Quelle: Prizzia, Ross ; Narong Sinsawadi: Thailand : student activism and political change. -- Bangkok : D. K. Book House, 1974.  -- S. 162f., 168f.]

1973-12

Es erscheint die Sammlung von Kurzgeschichten:

เรื่องสั้นเพื่อชีวิต - เห็นอยู่แต่ผู้ยากเข็ญ [Kurzgeschichten fürs Leben - Verständnis für die Notleidenden] / hrsg. vom Studentenausschuss der Thammasat University. -- Enthält die Neuausgabe von 8 progressiven Kurzgeschichten:

• ตีนหนา หน้าบาง / กรัสนัย โปรชาติ [ = นายศักดิชัย บำรุงพงศ์ ; Kratsanai Prochat = Sakchai Bumrungpong, 1918 - ]
• บนผืนแผ่นดินไทย / อ.อุดากร [= อุดม อุดาการ ; Udom Udakan, 1924-1951]
• ลูกนา / คุณาวุฒิ [= วิจิตร คุณาวุฒิ ; Vichit Kounavudh, 1922 - 1997]
• ขอแรงหน่อยเถอะ / ศรีบูรพา [= กุหลาบ สายประดิษฐ์ ; Siburapha = Kulap Saipradit, 1905 - 1974]
• มันเป็นเพียงไอ้พิน / ทนง ศรัทธาทิพย์ [Thanong Satthathip]
• พระเจ้าของออม / รมย์ รติวัน [= ทวี เกตะวันดี, Rom Ratiwan = Thawi Ketawandi, 1932 - ]
• เหว่ ใครใช้ให้มึงกบฏ / อิศรา อมันตกุล [Isra Amantakul, 1921 - 1969]
• เขียดขาคำ / ลาว คำหอม [= คำสิงห์ ศรีนอก ; Lao Khamhawn = Khamsing Srinawk, 1930 - ]
• บัวนาค / เจญ เจตนธรรม [Chen Chettanatham, 1929 - ]
•  ... / วิทยากร เชียงกูล [Witthayakon Chiangkun, 1946 - ]

Aus dem Vorwort:

"... alle Geschichten (dieses Bandes) machen die Not der arbeitenden Menschen sichtbar ... (und zeigen), wie mühselig ihr Leben ist ... Wenn wir auch nicht erwarten, dass diese Geschichten ein Instrument im Kampf der arbeitenden Menschen werden oder deren Situation verbessern können, so hoffen wir doch, dass Sie nach der Lektüre dieser Kurzgeschichten Verständnis für die Notleidenden haben werden ebenso wie wir in diesem Augenblick." [Übersetzt von: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 66]

1973-12

Thanying Vibhavadi Rangsit (ท่านหญิง วิภาวดีรังสิต, 1920 - 1977) besucht Karen-Dörfer (กะเหรี่ยง) in Amphoe Si Satchanalai (ศรีสัชนาลัย), Provinz Sukhothai (สุโขทัย). Die Karen (กะเหรี่ยง) sind ärmer als die ärmsten Thai-Bauern. Sie leben eher wie Jäger und Sammler. Thanying Vibha überredet in einem Dorf einen Dorfbewohner, der früher einmal Lehrer war, die Kinder zu unterrichten. Sie gibt ihm zusätzlich zu seinem staatlichen Lehrergehalt ein Stipendium.

Abb.: Lage von Amphoe Si Satchanalai (ศรีสัชนาลัย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Thanying Vibha besucht auf dieser Reise auch das Karen-Dorf  (กะเหรี่ยง) Ban (Phrabat) Huay Tom, Amphoe Li (ลี้), Provinz Lamphun (ลำพูน). Die Bewohner dieses Dorfes wohnten ursprünglich in anderen Dörfern, folgten einem buddhistischen Mönch. Der Mönch, Kruba Chaiwongsa Pattana, genießt bei den Karen große Verehrung, obwohl er ein Nordthai ist. Er spricht die Karen-Sprache und hat die Dorfbewohner zum Buddhismus bekehrt. Sie sind sogar strikte Vegetarier.

Abb.: Lage von Amphoe Li (ลี้)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-12-05

Bericht der US-Botschaft an das US-Außenministerium:

"1. REFTEL REPORTS GENERALLY OPTIMISTIC REACTION OF CHIANG MAI [เชียงใหม่] GOVERNOR, ASA MEKSAWAN [อาษา เมฆสวรรค์, 1926 - ], TO OVERTHROW OF THANOM [ถนอม กิตติขจร, 1911 - 2004] GOVERNMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY. DURING DISCUSSION DEC 4, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT ASA HAS BECOME CONSIDERABLY LESS SANGUINE. HE VOLUNTARILY INDICATED THAT HE WOULD NOT REPEAT NOT BE AVERSE TO A RETURN TO MILITARY LEADERSHIP. HE SAID NARONG [ณรงค์ วงศ์วรรณ, 1925 - ] WAS AWFUL, BUT HIS FATHER WAS A GOOD MAN.  HE SAID PERHAPS A MILITARY MAN COULD STABILIZE THE SITUATION. HE SAID HE WAS QUITE WORRIED ABOUT RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND ABILITY OF PRESENT GOVERNMENT TO COPE. HE SAID DEMOCRACY WAS GOOD, BUT HE IS AFRAID THE COMMUNISTS AND THE "THIRD HAND" ARE GOING TO EXPLOIT PRESENT DISTURBANCES. HE SAID, HOWEVER, THE STUDENTS AND OTHERS JUST WILL NOT REPEAT NOT BELIEVE THIS. HE ALSO COMMENTED THAT THE STUDENTS NOW CAN CRITIZE EVERYONE BUT NO REPEAT NO ONE CAN CRITIZE THEM. 2. COMMENT: ASA IS RELATIVELY YOUNG AND WELL VERSED IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL THOUGHT. HE HAS A PHD IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FROM INDIANA, AND AN ACADEMIC BACKGROUND IN THAILAND. HE IS, BY THE STANDARDS OF HIGH-LEVEL THAI BUREAUCRACY, RATHER LIBERAL IN HIS OUTLOOK. HIS REMARKS THEN COULD BE INDICATIVE OF GROWING AND WIDE-SPREAD DISENCHANTMENT WITH THE HURLY- BURLY OF FREE EXPRESSION WITHIN THE GENERALLY CONSERVATIVE BUREAUCRACY. MONTGOMERY UNQUOTE KINTNER " [Quelle: https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1973BANGKO18850_b.html. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-05]

1973-12-10

Die Unterhändler des Viet-Nam-Agreement, Henry Kissinger (1923 - ) und Lê Đức Thọ (1911 - 1990) erhalten den Friedens(!)nobelpreis.

1973-12-10

Der König ernennt eine National General Assembly, d.h. Wahlmänner für die Nationalversammlung. Die 2436 Mitglieder der General Assembly wurden ausgewählt vom König und seinen engsten Mitarbeitern:

• Privy Council (คณะองคมนตรีไทย)
• Kukrit Pramoj (คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช, 1911 - 1995)
• Polizeimajor Vasit Dejkunjorn (พลตำรวจเอก วสิษฐ เดชกุญชร = โก้ บางกอก, 1929 - )

Vorschlagsrecht hatten u.a.

• das Innenministerium
• Universitäten
• Presse

Studierende und ihre Anführer konnten nicht benannt werden, da sie noch Kinder sind (ยังเป็นเด็กอยู่).

1973-12-17

 Die 2436 Mitglieder der National General Assembly wählen aus ihrer Mitte die Nationalversammlung.

Jedes Mitglied der General Assembly legt eine Liste mit 100 Namen von Mitgliedern der General Assemby als Kandidaten für die Nationalversammlung vor. Die 299 am häufigsten Genannten sind gewählt.

Die Zusammensetzung der Nationalversammlung ist

• 111 Beamte
• 47 Lehrpersonal an Universitäten
• 23 Geschäftsleute
• 16 Armeeoffiziere
• 14 Polizisten
• 16 Frauen

Abb.: Zusammensetzung der Nationalversammlung 1973

Der König gibt zwar zu, dass die Nationalversammlung eher ernannt als gewählt wurde, findet aber dass die Zusammensetzung ein breites (!) Spektrum der Bevölkerung spiegle und die für diese Aufgabe Geeignetsten (!) ausgewählt worden seien. [Zu Erinnerung: ca. 80% der Bevölkerung sind Bauern!]

In der Nationalversammlung gibt es keine Parteien. Es bildet sich aber die politisch einflussreiche กลุ่ม 99 (Group of 99) unter der Leitung von Kasem Chatikavanij (เกษม จาติกวณิช, 1924 - 2010), Direktor der Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT - การไฟฟ้าฝ่ายผลิต แห่งประเทศไทย). Die Gruppe bildet mit einem Drittel der Stimmen einen starken Stimmblock, der u.a. progressive Vorstöße blockiert (so die Schaffung eines Ombudsmanns für Bauern bei Konflikten mit Beamten). Der Gruppe gehören zahlreiche hohe Staatsbeamte an, u.a.

• Police Lt. General Chamras Mangkalarat (จำรัส มังคลารัตน์, 1921 - 1997), assistant director-general of the police department
• Police Lt. Gen. Suraphon Chulabrahm (สุรพล จุลละพราหมณ์, 1922 - ), director of the Border Patrol Police (ตำรวจตระเวนชายแดน);
• Boontham Thongkaimuk (บุญธรรม ทองไข่มุกต์), director of the budget bureau;
• Air Vice-Marshal Sitthi Savetsila (สิทธิ เศวตศิลา, 1919 - ), secretary-general of the National Security Council;
• Lt. Gen. Charoen Pongpanich (เจริญ พงษ์พานิช, 1919 - ), army chief of staff.

Abb.: Kasem Chatikavanij (เกษม จาติกวณิช)

1973-12-21

Die Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย) wird geschlossen, da die Auseinandersetzung mit ca. 5000 Ladeninhabern, die für ihre Läden Land von der Universität gepachtet haben, gewaltsam zu werden droht. Die Pächter fordern eine 70% geringere Pacht und drohen, das Liegenschaftsamt der Universität niederzubrennen, wenn ihren Forderungen nicht entsprochen wird.

Abb.: Lage der Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1973-12-27

Vizeaußenminister Gen Chatichai Choonhavan (ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ, 1920 - 1998) trifft in Beijing (北京) Ministerpräsident Zhou Enlai (周恩来, 1898 - 1976). China sagt Thailand zu, ihm 50.000 Tonnen Diesel zu einem Freundschaftspreis zu verkaufen.

Abb.: Lage von Beijing (北京)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Wachsfigur von Zhou Enlai (周恩来), Nationalmuseum Beijing (北京)
[Bildquelle: Ningling / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1973-12-27

Ministerpräsident Sanya erhält Notfallsbefugnisse, um die Folgen der Ölkrise (Verdoppelung des Ölpreises) zu bewältigen.

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm