Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1984 / B. E. 2527


Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1984 / B. E. 2527. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-18. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1984.htm

Erstmals publiziert: 2012-10-09

Überarbeitungen: 2017-03-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-12-19 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-11-29 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-09-13 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-08-24 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-05-30 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-04-21 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-02-27 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-02-01 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-01-19 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-01-11 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-12-29 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-06-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-15 [Ergänzungen] ;  2014-04-10 [Ergänzungen] ;  2014-02-28 [Ergänzungen] ;  2013-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-03-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-13 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library


ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด


 

 

Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt.

 


Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen!

Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:

Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm.

Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

 


2527 / 1984 undatiert


Statistische Daten 1984:
  • Einwohner: 50,6 Mio.

1984 - 2000

Kinderarbeit unter 15jähriger


Abb.: Kinderarbeit unter 15jähriger, 1984 - 2000 (in Prozent der Altersgruppe)
[Datenquelle: Siroj Sorajjakool <1959 - >: Human trafficking in Thailand : current issues, trends, and the role of the Thai government. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2013. -- 241 S. : 21 cm.  -- ISBN 978-616-215-060-9. -- S. 108.]

1984 - 2000

Jugendarbeit (15- bis 19jährige)


Abb.: 15- bis 19jährige als Arbeitskräfte (in Prozent), 1984 - 2000
[Datenquelle: Siroj Sorajjakool <1959 - >: Human trafficking in Thailand : current issues, trends, and the role of the Thai government. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2013. -- 241 S. : 21 cm.  -- ISBN 978-616-215-060-9. -- S. 109.]

1984

Brand in einem Billig-Bordell in Phuket (นครภูเก็ต). Fünf junge Mädchen verbrennen, da sie an die Betten angekettet waren. Es sind Mädchen aus Nordostthailand, die als Sexsklavinnen gehalten wurden. Der Bordellbesitzer, eine stadtbekannte Persönlichkeit, gesteht und kommt mit einem Bußgeld von 4.000 Baht davon.


Abb.: Lage von Phuket (นครภูเก็ต)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984

Landskandal in Bang Thao Bay [อ่าวบางเทา]


Abb.: Lage von Bang Thao Bay [อ่าวบางเทา]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"For this alternative tour of southwestern Thailand, let’s first return to Bang Thao Bay in Phuket, where Klomjit [Chandrapanya - จันทรปัญญา] and I, with the help of another journalist who must remain anonymous, uncovered our first big land scandal. In 1953, Khoon Visesnukulkij, a local businessman known by his Chinese name, Eng Kee, received a government concession to mine for tin on 456 rai of land at Bang Thao [อ่าวบางเทา]. (Phuket [ภูเก็ต] has extensive tin deposits that, along with its rubber plantations, helped make the province relatively wealthy even before large-scale tourism development began there.) After he died in 1960, his heirs continued to mine the land and eventually gained title to 1,000 rai of land on the site. It remains unclear why the government granted them ownership, since the Mining Act of 1940 states that if a concession is applied to public land, it must be returned to the public when the concession is completed. Meanwhile, the Land Act of 1954 states that title deeds will be granted only to those who possess documentary proof of land use. But according to the records we obtained, Visesnukulkij Company never requested such documents for the land it claimed at Bang Thao. We tried to contact Suchin Udomsap, the heir who runs the firm, for our report, but he was unavailable for comment. He assured a friend, however, that all the documentation for the land was correct.

In 1984, Visesnukulkij Company sold its land holdings at Bang Thao, which by then totaled 1,500 rai, to Thai Wah (the Singapore-based firm later acquired another 1,500 rai or so of land along the bay). By all accounts, the land was in pretty poor shape when Thai Wah bought it, having been degraded by the mining operation. Thai Wah set about cleaning it up, not only making the site suitable for tourism but also a tidy profit for the firm. Visesnukulkij Company reportedly sold the first bit of land to Thai Wah for 40,000 baht per rai. Nine years later, Thai Wah was selling its land for more than 4 million baht per rai."

[Quelle: Fahn, James David <1965 - >: A land on fire : the environmental consequences of the Southeast Asian boom. -- Boulder : Westview, 2003. -- 365 S. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-8133-4267-8. -- S. 68. -- Fair use]

1984

Es erscheint die Audiokassette:

พุ่มพวง ดวงจันทร์ [Pumpuang Duangjan] <1961 - 1992>: ห่างหน่อย – ถอยนิด [Komm ein bisschen näher] / [Komponist: Wichian Khamcharoen (Lop Burirat) - วิเชียร คำเจริญ (ลพ บุรีรัตน์), 1935 - ]. -- Damit beginnt eine neue Epoche von Luk Thung (เพลงลูกทุ่ง)

Das Album auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:album:57ensOKfuzWw9DpLOVnYcw
URL: https://open.spotify.com/album/57ensOKfuzWw9DpLOVnYcw


Abb.: Plattenhülle einer späteren Ausgabe
[Fair use]

1984

Es erscheint der Song von สรเพชร ภิญโญ [Soraphet Phinyo] <1950 - >

สมโภชน์ ดวงสมพงษ์ [Somphot Duangsomphong]: เมียป๋าเพราะซาอุ ["Meine Frau hat mich verlassen, weil ich in Saudi-Arabien arbeite"] in der gleichnamigen Audiokassette

Der Song (anderer Sänger) auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:1gTrM3aCOd6XpzuahUsdqa
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/1gTrM3aCOd6XpzuahUsdqa


Abb.: Cover einer Neuausgabe auf CD
[Fair use]

1984

Es erscheint der Song:

พุ่มพวง ดวงจันทร์ [Pumpuang Duangjan] <1961 - 1992>: ห่างหน่อยถอยนิด [Komm ein bisschen näher] / von Wichian Khamcharoen (Lop Burirat) [วิเชียร คำเจริญ (ลพ บุรีรัตน์)] <1935 - >

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:74sqN9R6kx90OZNWiIJRfh
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/74sqN9R6kx90OZNWiIJRfh

Der Song ist typisch für die Disco-beeinflussten Songs des Komponisten Lop Burirat.


Abb.: Hülle einer späteren CD

1984

Es erscheint die Audiokassette

บุญชู บัวผาง [Bunchu Buaphang]: เสียงเพลงแห่งเสรีภาพ ["Freiheitslieder"]

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:2FooyAeUMAOdJIracXFYeB
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/2FooyAeUMAOdJIracXFYeB

Darauf u.a. der Song

บุญชู บัวผาง [Bunchu Buaphang]: สวรรค์บ้านนา ["Reisbauerndörfer sind der Himmel"]

Der Song (anderer Sänger) auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:55KNyYBKWM0mde6sbrm41V
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/55KNyYBKWM0mde6sbrm41V

1984

Es erscheint die Sammlung tourismuskritischer Aufsätze:

หลานเสรีไทย (136) [= สมานรัชฎ์ "อิ๋ง" กาญจนะวณิชย์] [Ing Kanjanavanit] <1959 - >: ข้างหลังโปสการ์ด [Hinter den Ansichtskarten]. -- กรุงเทพฯ : อมรินทร์ พริ้นต้องกรุ๊ฟ, 2527 [= 1984]


Abb.: Einbandtitel

1984

Es erscheint:

ฉัตรทิพย์ นาถสุภา [Chatthip Nartsupha] <1941 - >:  เศรษฐกิจหมู่บ้านไทยในอดีต. -- กรุงเทพฯ : สร้างสรรค์, 2527 [= 1984]. -- 95 S. ; 22 cm.

Englische Übersetzung:

 Chatthip Nartsupha [ฉัตรทิพย์ นาถสุภา] <1941 - >:  The Thai village economy in the past. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 1999. -- 131 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 9747551098. -- Originaltitel เศรษฐกิจหมู่บ้านไทยในอดีต (1984)

Chatthip ist ein Hauptvertreter der Community Culture (วัฒนธรรมชุมชน) School

1984

Es erscheint die Kurzgeschichtensammlung

วัฒน์ วรรลยางกูร [Wat Wanlayangkun] <1955 - >: นครแห่งดวงดาว [Stadt der Sterne]. -- กรุงเทพฯ : คนวรรณกรรม, 2527

1984

Es erscheint:

Praphatsorn Sewikun [ประภัสสร เสวิกุล] <1948 - 2015>: ชิ้มใบ้ [Der Stumme Sim]. -- กรุงเทพฯ, 2527 [= 1984]


Abb.: Einbandtitel

1984

Es erscheint

Wenn vom Tau der Reis erwacht : eine Auswahl thailändischer Lyrik von früher Zeit bis heute / hrsg. übers. von Volkmar Zühlsdorff [1912 - 2006]. -- München : Simon und Magiera, 1984. -- 87 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- (Der andere Literaturklub). -- ISBN 3-88676-018-9


Abb.: Einbandtitel

"Volkmar Johannes August Friedrich Maria von Zühlsdorff (* 9. Dezember 1912 in Finow; † 22. September 2006 in Berlin) war ein promovierter Jurist, Diplomat und Publizist und bis zu seinem Tod Ehrenvorsitzender des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold, dem er seit 1931 angehörte.

Biographie

Ab 1918 besuchte er in Breslau die Schule. Nach dem Abitur 1931 trat Zühlsdorff dem demokratisch orientierten Republikschutzbund „Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold“ bei, obgleich er politisch eher konservativ orientiert war. Er studierte anschließend Jura von 1931 bis 1933 an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. Seit er 1929 bei einer Versammlung des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold den politischen Publizisten Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein (1906 - 1984) kennengelernt hatte, war Zühlsdorff zeitlebens familiär mit seinem Freund verbunden. Im Berliner Reichsbanner war er Löwensteins Stellvertreter als Leiter des „Vortrupp Schwarz-Rot-Gold“, der Kinderorganisation für unter 14-Jährige und Vorstufe zum Jungbanner. Außerdem war er Vorsitzender der Ortsgruppe Berlin-Mitte, einem Brennpunkt der Auseinandersetzungen mit den Feinden der demokratischen Republik. Insbesondere mit SA und SS, aber auch mit dem Roten Frontkämpferbund gab es bei Saalschutz, Kundgebungen und Aufmärschen harte Kämpfe. Zu dieser Zeit begann Zühlsdorff, unter dem Pseudonym Hans-Achim Finow zu veröffentlichen.

Im Mai 1933 emigrierte er mit dem Prinzen und dessen Frau Helga, geb. Schuylenburg, nach Österreich, um dort sein Studium zu beenden und promovierte 1936 in Innsbruck. Über Frankreich, England und die Schweiz gelangten die drei im Januar 1938 in die Vereinigten Staaten, wo sie bis September 1946 lebten.

Schon 1935 beteiligte er sich an der von Prinz Löwenstein initiierten Gründung der „Deutschen Akademie der Künste und Wissenschaften im Exil“ und wurde von 1936 bis 1942 Geschäftsführer der Akademie. Die Präsidenten dieser Einrichtung waren unter anderem Thomas Mann und Sigmund Freud.

Nach ihrer Rückkehr am 12. Oktober 1946 riefen sie die „Deutsche Aktion“ in West-Deutschland ins Leben. 1950/51 besetzten sie gemeinsam mit Studenten die Insel Helgoland und konnten damit unter Lebensgefahr die Einstellung britischer Bombenflüge erreichen und die Zerstörung der Insel beenden. Den Ausschlag dazu gaben schließlich die guten Beziehungen Löwensteins zum britischen Adel.

Zühlsdorff war von 1952 bis 1956 Redakteur für Politik bei der Zeit, um 1957 als Mitglied der konservativen Deutschen Partei die Seiten zu wechseln und selbst Politik zu gestalten. Er kandidierte 1957 erfolglos für den Deutschen Bundestag und war für zwei Jahre hauptamtlicher Landesgeschäftsführer der DP im Saarland. Im gleichen Zeitraum war Löwenstein Landesvorsitzender.

1959 wurde Zühlsdorff ins Auswärtige Amt berufen und war bis 1977 als Diplomat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland tätig. Er arbeitete als Kulturattaché in den Vereinigten Staaten, Kanada und später für viele Jahre als Botschaftsmitarbeiter in Thailand und Laos. Zühlsdorff erlernte das Thai, übertrug Gedichte ins Deutsche und beschäftigte sich intensiv mit dem Buddhismus.

Ein Briefwechsel mit seinem Freund Hermann Broch erschien 1986 bei Suhrkamp und fand eine starke Beachtung.

Mit Prinz Löwenstein begründete Volkmar Zühlsdorff auch den Freien Deutschen Autorenverband (FDA).

Seit 1984 lebte Volkmar Zühlsdorff gemeinsam mit der verwitweten Prinzessin Löwenstein bis zu ihrem Tod 2004.

In den letzten Jahren seines Lebens stellte sich Zühlsdorff gemeinsam mit Annemarie Renger (1919 - 2008) als Zeitzeuge insbesondere für Schulen zur Verfügung. Unter anderem war er bei den meisten Eröffnungsveranstaltungen einer Wanderausstellung zur Geschichte des Reichsbanners präsent."

[Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkmar_Z%C3%BChlsdorff. -- Zugriff am 2016-04-21]

1984

Beginn der Flucht von Palaung (ပလောင် လူမျိုး / ปะหล่อง) aus Burma nach Thailand. Sie siedeln sich an in 6 Dörfern im Gebiet Doi Ang Khang (ดอยอ่างขาง) und Chiang Dao (เชียงดาว).


Abb.: Heimatgebiete der Palaung (ပလောင် လူမျိုး / ปะหล่อง) in Burma (Nr. 11)
[Bildquelel: CIA. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Lage von Doi Ang Khang (ดอยอ่างขาง) und Chiang Dao (เชียงดาว)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Palaung (ပလောင် လူမျိုး / ปะหล่อง), ca. 1900
[Bildquelel. Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1984 - 2000

Deutsche Entwicklungshilfe: The Integrated Community Based Rural Development Project Chakkarat.

1984

Deutschland: Premiere des Films "Unser Mann in Bangkok" von Andreas Guber (1954 - )

1984

Beginn des Baus des Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew (วัดป่ามหาเจดีย์แก้ว, Million Bottle Temple - วัดล้านขวด) in Khun Han (ขุนหาญ), Provinz Sisaket (ศรีสะเกษ). Der Tempel wurde mit einer Million gebrauchter Bierflaschen erbaut.


Abb.: Lage von Khun Han (ขุนหาญ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew (วัดป่ามหาเจดีย์แก้ว, Million Bottle Temple - วัดล้านขวด), Khun Han (ขุนหาญ), Provinz Sisaket (ศรีสะเกษ), 2011
[Bildquelle: Mark Fischer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tom_ruaat/5512087374/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-27. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


Abb.: Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew (วัดป่ามหาเจดีย์แก้ว, Million Bottle Temple - วัดล้านขวด), Khun Han (ขุนหาญ), Provinz Sisaket (ศรีสะเกษ), 2011
[Bildquelle: Mark Fischer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tom_ruaat/5512086528/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-27. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew (Thai: วัดป่ามหาเจดีย์แก้ว), also known colloquially as The Million Bottle Temple (วัดล้านขวด), is an unconventional contemporary Buddhist temple in Khun Han district (ขุนหาญ) of Sisaket province (ศรีสะเกษ), Thailand. The temple is made of over 1 million empty discarded beer bottles. The construction was initiated in 1984."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Pa_Maha_Chedi_Kaew. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-27]

1984

Gemäß einer Studie von Walter Irvine sind 84% der spiritistischen Medien in Nordthailand Frauen.

1984

Die Ulama-Fraktion ( ‏علماء, Muslimische Gelehrte) der Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN, National Revolutionary Front) der vier malaiisch-muslimischen Südprovinzen rufen dazu auf, den bewaffneten Kampf gegen die Thai Regierung zu beenden und eine politische Lösung zu suchen.

1984

Es erscheint der Roman งู von วิมล ไทรนิ่มนวล (1955 - )


Abb.: Einbandtitel

Englische Übersetzung: Wimon Sainimnuan [วิมล ไทรนิ่มนวล] <1955 - >: Snakes. -- Transl. by Marcel Barang and Phongdeit Jiangphattanakit. --  Internet edition [for Kindle]. --  2009. -- (Thai modern classics). -- ISBN 97 8611 7107 078. -- Originaltitel: งู (1984)

1984

Es erscheinen die Kurzgeschichtensammlungen

ศรีดาวเรือง [= วรรณา ทรรปนานนท์] [Si Dao Ruang = Wanna Thappanon] <1943 - >: แก้วหยดเดียว [Ein einziger Tropfen Glas]


Abb.: Einbandtitel einer der Ausgaben

ศรีดาวเรือง [= วรรณา ทรรปนานนท์] [Si Dao Ruang = Wanna Thappanon] <1943 - >: บัตรประชาชน [Personalausweis]


Abb.: Einbandtitel einer der Ausgaben


Abb.: Die Autorin ศรีดาวเรือง [= วรรณา ทรรปนานนท์] [Si Dao Ruang = Wanna Thappanon]
[Fair use]

1984

Es erscheint:

Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja <1929 - >: The Buddhist saints of the forest and the cult of amulets : a study in charisma, hagiography, secretarianism and millennial Buddhism. -- Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984. -- 417 S. : Ill. -- (Cambridge studies in social anthropology ; 49). -- ISBN 0-521-27787-6


Abb.: Einbandtitel

1984

Der britische Anthoploge Andrew Turton (1938 - ) darüber, dass die armen Thais "have no voice"

"If they raise their voices to protest their conditions, or criticize some new official scheme which they perceive not to be to their advantage, they are not listened to, their voices have no weight... Or they feel the weight of dominant others’ authoritative discourse so heavily that they will not speak at all."

[Zitiert in: Marshall, Andrew MacGregor <1971 - >: A Kingdom in crisis : Thailand's struggle for democracy in the twenty-first century. -- London : Zed, 2014. -- 238 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-1-78360-057-1. -- S. 38]

1984

Gründung von The Foundation For Women (FFW, มูลนิธิผู้หญิง).


Abb.: ®Logo

"The Foundation for Women (FWW) is a non-governmental organization based out of Bangkok, Thailand. The original establishment manifested in 1984 as Women’s Information Center giving advice to Thai women traveling overseas. In 1986 the FFW opened a women’s shelter for victims of domestic violence. The FFW focused on providing services such for Thai women such as shelters and education of human rights. In 1988 the FFW began its Kamla project, which centered on educating the Bangkok community on child prostitution and human trafficking. In 1922 the Kamla project reached a national awareness when the FFW's research was printed in the UN Plan of Action Combating the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. The FFW continues to aid women and children in the development of advocacy and autonomy in their communities by aiding in volunteer training through community biased work and connecting women to the proper authorities to voice their own opinions to facilitate problem solving and social change. The FFW provides assistance for individuals victim to gender based violence, including sexual and domestic violence. The foundation also participates in campaigning against marital rape and the ‘protection and prevention of the rights of women’. The FFW gains awareness through its proliferation of educational videos, newspapers, and national publications."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand. -- Zugriff am 2012-10-08]

1984

In einer Zeitschrift: Eine Tom (ทอม) zur Bezeichnung Lesbian (เลสเบียน) für Toms:

"Toms [ทอม] aren’t the same as lesbians [เลสเบียน]. Toms are men and [perform sexually] for women. Lesbians do it to each other. People like to think that toms are lesbians, and it makes me angry. If somebody says this, I’ll punch them. It’s an insult."

[Übersetzt in: Sinnott, Megan J.: Toms and dees : transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. -- Honolulu : University of Hawaii Pr., 2004. -- 261 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0824828526. -- Zugl. Diss., Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002. -- S. 30]

1984

Erstausgabe des Schwulenmagazins

มิถุนา จูเนียร์ = Mithuna Junior

Es ist das erste kommerziell erfolgreiche Schwulenmagazin Thailands


Abb. Titelblatt der ersten Nummer

1984/1985

Ausführliche Grabungen durch Charles Higham (1939 - ) und Rachanie Thosarat an der archäologischen Fundstelle Khok Phanom Di (โคกพนมดี). "Khok Phanom Di lag in früherer Zeit an der Küste und wurde seit etwa 2000 v. Chr über rund fünf Jahrhunderte bewohnt. Viele erstaunlich gut erhaltene Gräber fanden sich hier, die Tonwaren und Reis enthalten. Die Tonwaren ähneln denen von Nong Nor, sowohl was die Form als auch die Dekoration angeht." (Wikipedia)


Abb.: Lage von Khok Phanom Di (
โคกพนมดี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984

Der Film The story of Nampoo (น้ำพุ) wird ein Kassenschlager. Die Geschichte beruht auf dem Leben des drogenabhängigen Sohns der Schriftstellerin Suwanni Sukhontha (สุวรรณี สุคนธา, 1932 - 1984). Die Hauptrolle spielt Amphol Lumpoon (อำพล ลำพูน, 1963 - ). Dieser erhält für seine Darstellung den Golden Doll (ตุ๊กตาทอง).


Abb.: Filmplakat
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1984

Es erscheint das Album  "Made In Thailand" (เมด อิน ไทยแลนด์) der Rockband Carabao (คาราบาว). Vom Album werden über 4 Mio. Stück verkauft.


Abb.: Cover
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Das Album auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:album:43lHGhFw0KmhUPljk6JgXe
URL: https://open.spotify.com/album/43lHGhFw0KmhUPljk6JgXe

1984

Tod des behinderten Luk Thung (ลูกทุ่ง) Sängers und Kommödianten Sangthong Sisai (สังข์ทอง สีใส, geb. 1948).

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:6oMiIC6CNjV9O6Ju9OkHkZ
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/6oMiIC6CNjV9O6Ju9OkHkZ


Abb.: Kassettentitel
[Fair use]

1984


Abb.: Plattentitel Molam : Thai country groove from Isan (หมอลำ)
[Fair use]

1984

SEAwritelogo.png

Wanich Jarungidanan (วาณิช จรุงกิจอนันต์, 1948 - 2010) erhält den Southeast Asian Writers Award für ซอยเดียวกัน


Abb.: Einbandtitel einer der Ausgaben

1984

Die USA bauen für $120 Mio. eine Relais-Station des Senders Voice of America in Ban Dung (บ้านดุง). Von hier werden Programme in 24 Sprachen weitergeleitet. 1994 wird die Anlage Thailand übereignet.


Abb.: Lage von Ban Dung (บ้านดุง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984

Gründung der Red Bull GmbH in Fuschl am See (Österreich).


Abb.: Lage von Fuschl am See
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: ®Krating Daeng (กระทิงแดง)
[Bildquelle: Geoff Martin / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: ®Red Bull
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

 

"Die Red Bull GmbH ist ein österreichischer Getränkehersteller mit Hauptsitz in Fuschl am See (Salzburg).

Geschichte

Dietrich Mateschitz war 1982 während einer Dienstreise in Südostasien auf die dort bereits damals weit verbreiteten Energy-Drinks aufmerksam geworden. Daraufhin erwarb er internationale Lizenzrechte an der thailändischen Marke Krating Daeng (thailändisch: กระทิงแดง, dt. „Roter Gaur"; i.w.S. "roter Stier“, Red Bull).

1984 gründete Mateschitz die Red Bull GmbH mit Sitz in Fuschl am See. Mateschitz hält nach offiziellen Angaben über die Distribution & Marketing GmbH 49 Prozent des Energiedrink-Herstellers. Weitere 49 Prozent besitzt die Hongkonger T.C. Agrotrading Company Limited, die im Besitz der Familie Yoovidhya mit Familienoberhaupt Chaleo Yoovidhya (เฉลียว อยู่วิทยา, 1932 - 2012) ist. Da der in London lebende Sohn und Bangkoker Kaufmann Chalerm Yoovidhya noch einen Anteil von zwei Prozent hat, gehört somit der Familie Yoovidhya die Mehrheit der Red Bull GmbH. In einem Bericht des österreichischen Wirtschaftsmagazin trend wurde die Richtigkeit der öffentlichen Angaben zu den Besitzverhältnissen allerdings aufgrund einiger Indizien angezweifelt.[3]

Seit Anfang 2006 besaß Red Bull auch 50 % des Tiroler Transportdienstleisters Berger Logistik. Im Gegenzug übernahm Gerhard Berger 50 % der Scuderia Toro Rosso. Nach Beendigung Bergers Toro-Rosso-Intermezzos am Ende der Formel-1-Saison 2008 wurden die jeweiligen Beteiligungen jedoch aufgelöst.

Im April 2008 wurde die Produktpalette durch Red Bull Cola erweitert.

Am 19. Mai 2009 wurde der Verkauf von Red Bull Cola in Hessen durch die hessische Lebensmittelaufsicht untersagt, da in Red Bull Cola Spuren von Kokain durch das Landesinstitut für Gesundheit und Arbeit (LIGA) in Nordrhein-Westfalen nachgewiesen wurden. Das Getränk falle daher unter das Betäubungsmittelgesetz. Red Bull Cola sowie andere Lebensmittel, die Cocablattextrakte enthielten, gelten allerdings sowohl in der EU als auch in den USA als unbedenklich und verkehrsfähig.[4][5] Das Verkaufsverbot wurde am 24. August 2009 aufgehoben."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984

Briefmarken:

1984

Die Billigdroge Crack wird in den großen Städten der USA illegal zugänglich. In Thailand werden auf den Besitz von Crack extrem hohe Strafen stehen bis zur Todesstrafe.


Abb.: Zutaten für Crack
[Bildquelle: Psychonaught / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Crack ist eine Droge, die aus Kokainsalz und Natriumhydrogencarbonat (Natron) hergestellt wird. Sie wird in kleinen Pfeifen geraucht und wirkt extrem schnell in ca. 8 bis 10 Sekunden. Crack ist die Droge mit dem höchsten psychischen Abhängigkeitspotenzial.[1][2] Diese Form von rauchbarem Kokain hat sich im Gegensatz zur Kokainbase (Freebase) in der Szene durchgesetzt, da es wesentlich einfacher, ungefährlicher und mit leichter verfügbaren Mitteln herstellbar ist. Ihre Farbe variiert zwischen gelblich-weiß und rosa.

Der Name „Crack“ ist zurückzuführen auf das Knacken, das beim Verbrennen der kleinen Klumpen entsteht. Crack sind Kristallkörner („Rocks“), welche bei 96 °C mit knackendem (to crack) oder knisterndem (to crackle) Geräusch als freie Base verdampfen. Eine weitere Theorie zum Namen „Crack“ bezieht sich auf das Abkühlen des synthetisierten und erhitzten Stoffes, indem er über einen Eisblock gegossen wird, der dann aufplatzt."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_%28Droge%29. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-22]


2527 / 1984 datiert


1984-01-01

Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam - نڬارا بروني دارالسلام)  wird voll unabhängig von Großbritannien. Bisher war es britisches Protektorat.


Abb.: Lage von Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam - نڬارا بروني دارالسلام)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1984-01-07

Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam - نڬارا بروني دارالسلام) wird Mitglied von ASEAN.

1984-01-14

Am Nationalen Kindertag wird die Aktion "Magic Eyes" gestartet. Sie soll die Kinder dazu erziehen, Bangkok nicht mit weggeworfenem Abfall zu verschmutzen. Überall erscheinen, die "magischen Augen": auf Stickers, T-Shirts, im TV, auf Autos usw. usw. "Big Brother is watching you."

1984-01-22

Der Sänger und Kommödiant Sangthong Sisai (สังข์ทอง สีใส , 1948 - 1984) stirbt bei einem Autounfall.

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:6oMiIC6CNjV9O6Ju9OkHkZ
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/6oMiIC6CNjV9O6Ju9OkHkZ


Abb.: Kassetten-Hülle
[Fair use]

1984-01-24

Der US-Unternehmer Steven „Steve“ Paul Jobs (1955 - 2011) stellt den Apple Macintosh 128k vor. Preis: US$ 2495.


Abb.: Apple Macintosh 128k
[Bildquelle: JoshMeister. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/9463114@N02/6568437559. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-01. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: Aplle Internet Cafe, Pai (
ปาย), Provinz Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน), 2008
[Bildquelle: Witcha Suyara. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/10849262@N02/3082797062. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-01. -- Creative Commons Lizenz  (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1984-01-30

Brand in Phukets [ภูเก็ต] Rotlichtbezirk: 50 Häuser verbrennen, darunter 14 Bordelle. Beim Brand eines Bordells verbrennen fünf junge Frauen aus dem Nordosten, zwei davon hatten an den Beinen eiserne Fesseln. 15 weitere eingesperrte Frauen konnte die Feuerwehr retten. Die Frauen waren vom Bordellbesitzer tagsüber hinter Eisentoren eingesperrt worden, damit sie nicht davonlaufen konnten. Der Bordellbesitzer hatte die Frauen in Nordostthailand als Serviererinnen angeworben, sie aber zur Prostitution gezwungen. Der Bordellbesitzer wurde nur zu 4000 Baht Geldstrafe und einem Jahr Gefängnis verurteilt.

1984-02-03

In der Innenstadt von Bangkok wird ein Einbahnstraßen-System eingeführt. Die Folge ist absolutes Verkehrschaos.

1984-02-03

Die Schriftstellerin Suwanni Sukhontha (สุวรรณี สุคนธา, 1932 - 1984) wird ermordet. Zwei Teenager wollten eigentlich nur ihr Auto stehlen, dann kam es aber zum Mord.


Abb.: Suwanni Sukhontha (สุวรรณี สุคนธา)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

"Suwanni Sukhontha (Thai: สุวรรณี สุคนธา) was a nom de plume of Suwanni Sukhonthiang (Thai: สุวรรณี สุคนธ์เที่ยง) (1 March 1932, Phitsanulok (พิษณุโลก)—3 February 1984, Bangkok), a Thai novelist and SEATO Literary Award recipient.

Life

Suwanni was a daughter of Mr Yoi (Thai: ย้อย) and Mrs Taeng-on (Thai: แตงอ่อน), having one elder sister.

She completed a primary education at Changwat Phitsanulok's Chaloem Khwan Female School (โรงเรียนเฉลิมขวัญสตรี), and spent two years for a secondary education at Bangkok's Pho Chang Campus (วิทยาลัยเพาะช่าง) of Rajamangala University of Technology (มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีราชมงคล) Rattanakosin prior to continuing a higher education at Silpakorn University's (มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร) Faculty of Painting, Sculpture and Graphic Arts. In 1951, Bhumibol Adulyadej awarded her a Bachelor of Arts (Painting).

After her education, Suwanni was instated as a government teacher at the Bangkok's School of Arts for three years, and ;later a permanent lecturer attached to Silpakorn University, respectively.

Suwanni married Thawi Nanthakhwang (Thai: ทวี นันทขว้าง), a lecturer and artist at the same University. The couples issued four children, and later divorced. Following divorce, Suwanni spent her all life with a long-time friend, Sirisawat Phanthumasut (Thai: ศิริสวัสดิ์ พันธุมสุต).

On 3 February 1984, while Suwanni was doing marketing at the outskirts of Bangkok, she was fatally assaulted by a young ruffian who wanted to steal her car for purchasing narcotic. Her dead body was discovered left in the dense grasses wayside. When she was murdered, she was 52.

 Literary works

While being a lecturer at Silpakorn University, Suwanni started composing novels. In 1965 came her first short story, "Chot Mai Thueng Puk" (Thai: จดหมายถึงปุก; "A Letter to Puk") together with using a penname "Suwanni," which was later changed to be "Suwanni Sukhontha" upon suggestion of Pramun Unhathup (Thai: ประมูล อุณหธูป), editor of Siam Rat Weekly.

Her first novel, "Sai Bo Yut Sane Hai" (Thai: สายบ่หยุดเสน่ห์หาย; "Fragrance Still Shone, Even Though Midmorning Came"), met with a jubilant welcome which influenced her to retire from the office at Silpakorn University and spend her full time to compose novels. Suwanni also started publishing and became an editor of "Lalana Magazine" (Thai: นิตยสารลลนา; "Female Magazine") until her last day.

The distinctive points of Suwanni's literary works were that her characters were mere ordinary people with hearts, souls, feelings and passions like the readers, this was contrary to those of other writers at that time. Moreover, her novels usually reflected the down sides of the human beings, and the language she used was common but satirising the Thai society.

Many of Suwanni's novels and her own colourful life have been made into television series and motion pictures for many times, the most notable is 2002 version of "Once in a Blue Moon" in which Sinjai Plengpanich (สินจัย เปล่งพานิช) played as her.

 Awards

Many of her works brought her a number of awards, including:

  • "Khao Chue Kan" (Thai: เขาชื่อกานต์; "His Name is Kan") — Best SEATO Literary Award in 1970;
  • "Duai Pik Khong Rak" (Thai: ด้วยปีกของรัก; "With the Wings Of Love"), "Phra Chan Si Nam Ngoen" (Thai: พระจันทร์สีน้ำเงิน; "Once in aa Blue Moon") and "Soi Saeng Daeng" (Thai: สร้อยแสงแดง; "Vermilion Bracelet") — National Book Weeks' Awards in 1973, 1976 and 1981, respectively.
 Notable novels
  • "Bang Thi Phrung Ni Cha Pian Chai" (Thai: บางทีพรุ่งนี้จะเปลี่ยนใจ; "Maybe I would Change my Mind Tomorrow")
  • "King Fa" (Thai: กิ่งฟ้า; "Legs of Heaven")
  • "Khao Chue Kan" (Thai: เขาชื่อกานต์; "His Name is Kan")
  • "Khon Roeng Mueang" (Thai: คนเริงเมือง; "She Who Cheers the City")
  • "Kao-i Khao Nai Hong Daeng" (Thai: เก้าอี้ขาวในห้องแดง; "A White Chair in a Red Room")
  • "Khwam Rak Khrang Sut Thai" (Thai: ความรักครั้งสุดท้าย; "Last Love")
  • "Khuen Ni Mai Mi Phra Chan" (Thai: คืนนี้ไม่มีพระจันทร์; "No Moon on this Night")
  • "Khuen Nao Thi Luea Dao Pen Phuean" (Thai: คืนหนาวที่เหลือแต่ดาวเป็นเพื่อน; "Stars are my Only Friends on this Cold Night")
  • "Chamon" (Thai: จามร; "Chamon")
  • "Duean Dap Thi Sop Tha" (Thai: เดือนดับที่สบทา; "Night Falls at Sop Tha")
  • "Dok Mai Nai Pa Daed" (Thai: ดอกไม้ในป่าแดด; "A Flower in a Sun Forest")
  • "Duai Pik Khong Rak" (Thai: ด้วยปีกของรัก; "With the Wings Of Love")
  • "Thale Rue Im" (Thai: ทะเลฤๅอิ่ม; "The Sea Can Never Be Enough")
  • "Thong Phrakai Saet" (Thai: ทองประกายแสด; "Gold which Sparkles with Coral")
  • "Mae Si Bangkok" (Thai: แม่ศรีบางกอก; "She is the Grace of Bangkok")
  • "Ngu Rong Hai, Dok Mai Yim" (Thai: งูร้องไห้ ดอกไม้ยิ้ม; "A Crying Snake and a Smiling Flower")
  • "Phra Chan Si Nam Ngoen" (Thai: พระจันทร์สีน้ำเงิน; "Once in a Blue Moon")
  • "Phrung Ni Chan Cha Rak Khun" (Thai: พรุ่งนี้ฉันจะรักคุณ; "And I Will Love You Next Day")
  • "Phu Ying Khon Nan Chue Sela" (Thai: ผู้หญิงคนนั้นชื่อเสลา; "Her Name is Sela")
  • "Rueang Khong Ket" (Thai: เรื่องของเกด; "Story of Ket")
  • "Rueang Khong Nam Phu" (Thai: เรื่องของน้ำพุ; "The Story of Nam Phu") — The story of her son, Wongmueang Nanthakhwang (Thai: วงศ์เมือง นันทขว้าง) or Nam Phu (Thai: น้ำพุ) who died of heroin overdose at the age of 18.
  • "Luk Rak" (Thai: ลูกรัก; "My Beloved Son")
  • "Sai Bo Yut Sane Hai" (Thai: สายบ่หยุดเสน่ห์หาย; "Fragrance Still Shone, Even Though Midmorning Came")
  • "Soi Sawat" (Thai: สร้อยสวาท; "Chains of Love")
  • "Sam Ngao" (Thai: สามเงา; "Three Shadows")
  • "Suan Sat" (Thai: สวนสัตว์; "The Zoo") — The book has been translated into Japanese and is now used in Thai secondary education and tertiary education as book for education.
  • "Roi Saeng Daeng" (Thai: ร้อยแสงแดง; "Hundreds of Crimson Glows")
  • "Thanon Sai Rommani" (Thai: ถนนสายรมณีย์; "A Road to Amusement")
  • "Wan Wan" (Thai: วันวาร; "Yesterday")"
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_Sukhontha. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984-02-05

Eine Kopie des Erawan Shrine wird nach Las Vegas (USA) geflogen, dort im Caesars Palace Casino aufgestellt und von Thai-Mönchen geweiht, um den Spielern Glück zu bringen. Stifter sind: Mr. and Mrs. Kamphol Vacharaphol and Mr. Yip Hon.


Abb.: Lage von Las Vegas
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Erawan-Schrein, Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 2010
[Bildquelle: Akshay Pulipaka. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/amateurflickr/4847074441/. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1984-02-05

The Crime Suppression Division erhält vier Computer für eine Verbrecherdatenbank.

1984-02-13 - 1985-03-10

Konstantin Ustinowitsch Tschernenko (Константин Устинович Черненко, 1911 - 1985) ist Generalsekretär der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion (Генеральный секретарь ЦК КПСС).


Abb.: Konstantin Ustinowitsch Tschernenko (Константин Устинович Черненко), ca. 1984
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1984-02-29

Staatsbesuch von Bundespräsident Karl Carstens (1914 - 1992) in Thailand.


Abb.: Karl Carstens (oben), 1982
[Bildquelle: Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-F062869-0022 / Reineke, Engelbert / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-03/04

Großoffensive vietnamesischer Truppen gegen Widerstandsnester der Roten Khmer (ខ្មែរក្រហម) und ihrer Verbündeten.


Abb.: Widerstandsnester der Roten Khmer (
ខ្មែរក្រហម) und ihrer Verbündeten 1979 - 1984
[Bildquelle: RobertJordan / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"At the same time, the Khmer Rouge(ខ្មែរក្រហម) retreated west, and it continued to control certain areas near the Thai border for the next decade. These included Phnom Malai, the mountain areas near Pailin (ក្រុងប៉ៃលិន) in the Cardamom Mountains (ជួរភ្នំក្រវាញ) and Anlong Veng (ស្រុកអន្លុងវែង) in the Dângrêk Mountains (ជួរ​ភ្នំ​ដងរែក).[32]

These Khmer Rouge bases were not self-sufficient and were funded by diamond and timber smuggling, military assistance from China channeled by means of the Thai military, and food from markets across the border in Thailand.[33]

[...]

Eastern and central Cambodia were firmly under the control of Vietnam and its Cambodian allies by 1980, while the western part of the country continued to be a battlefield throughout the 1980s, and millions of landmines were sown across the countryside. The Khmer Rouge, still led by Pol Pot, was the strongest of the three rebel groups in the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, and received extensive military aid from China, Britain and the United States and intelligence from the Thai military.

In an attempt to broaden its support base, the Khmer Rouge formed the Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea in 1979. In 1981, the Khmer Rouge went as far as to officially renounce Communism[32] and somewhat moved their ideological emphasis to nationalism and anti-Vietnamese rhetoric instead. However, some analysts argue that this change meant little in practice, because, as historian Kelvin Rowley puts it, "CPK propaganda had always relied on nationalist rather than revolutionary appeals".[35]

Although Pol Pot (ប៉ុល ពត) relinquished the Khmer Rouge leadership to Khieu Samphan (ខៀវ សំផន) in 1985, he continued to be the driving force of Khmer Rouge insurgency, giving speeches to his followers. Journalists such as Nate Thayer who spent some time with the Khmer Rouge during that period commented that, despite the international community's near-universal condemnation of the Khmer Rouge's brutal rule, a considerable number of Cambodians in Khmer Rouge-controlled areas seemed genuinely to support Pol Pot.[36]

While Vietnam proposed to withdraw in return for a political settlement excluding the Khmer Rouge from power, the rebel coalition government as well as ASEAN, China and the US insisted that such a condition was unacceptable.[32] Nevertheless, in 1985 Vietnam declared that it would complete the withdrawal of its forces from Cambodia by 1990 and did so in 1989, having allowed the government that it had instated there to consolidate and gain sufficient military strength.[35]

After a decade of inconclusive conflict, the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian government and the rebel coalition signed a treaty in 1991 calling for elections and disarmament. In 1992, however, the Khmer Rouge resumed fighting, boycotted the election and, in the following year, rejected its results. It now fought the new Cambodian coalition government which included the former Vietnamese-backed Communists (headed by Hun Sen) as well as the Khmer Rouge's former non-Communist and monarchist allies (notably Prince Rannaridh). In July 1994 a "Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia" was established by Khmer Rouge authorities.

There was a mass defection in 1996, when around half the remaining soldiers (about 4,000) left. In 1997, a conflict between the two main participants in the ruling coalition caused Prince Rannaridh to seek support from some of the Khmer Rouge leaders, while refusing to have any dealings with Pol Pot.[35][36] This resulted in bloody factional fighting among the Khmer Rouge leaders, ultimately leading to Pol Pot's trial and imprisonment by the Khmer Rouge. Pol Pot died in April 1998. Khieu Samphan surrendered in December.

On December 29, 1998, the remaining leaders of the Khmer Rouge apologized for the 1970s genocide. By 1999, most members had surrendered or been captured. In December 1999, Ta Mok and the remaining leaders surrendered, and the Khmer Rouge effectively ceased to exist. Most of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders live in the Pailin area or are hidden in Phnom Penh."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_rouge#Fall. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-30]

1984-03-29

Tagelanger Kampf zwischen thailändischen und vietnamesischen Truppen an der kambodschanischen Grenze. Thai-Truppen fangen 40 vietnamesische Soldaten, die auf thailändisches Gebiet vorgedrungen waren, um Stützpunkte der Mörderbanden der Roten Khmer (ខ្មែរក្រហម) zu zerstören. 30 Vietnamesen und 5 Thai werden bei den Kämpfen getötet.

1984-04

Ministerpräsident Prem Tinsulanonda (เปรม ติณสูลานนท์, 1920 - ) besucht offiziell die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

1984-04

"Phuket Island [เกาะภูเก็ต], southern Thailand’s newly developed tourist resort, one of Asia’s most beautiful beaches widely advertised as ‘Paradise’, became Hell in late January 1984 when a fire destroyed a brothel there, and the burned bodies of five young girls were found in the locked basement ruins. The ages of these five girls ranged from nine to twelve years; two of them were sisters. When I heard the news I remembered the innocent smiles on the faces of many young Thai girls whom I had seen in various red-light districts.

Shocked by this tragedy, Professor Rutnin Mattani [มัทนี โมชดารา รัตนิน, 1937 - ], of Thammasat University’s drama department, Bangkok, produced a video film on child prostitution, Tomorrow Will There Be a Rainbow? [วันพรุ่งนี้จะมีรุ้ง? (?)]At the opening preview in April 1984, Professor Mattani made this appeal,

‘Today is Good Friday. Please view this film with prayers for these five young girls who bore such heavy crosses during their short lives, that they might have a new life in heaven.’

Because she is a Christian Rutnin Mattani added,

‘My intention here is not to criticize Buddhism; we simply want to protect young girls’ human rights.’

This was to avoid any distortion of her reasons and purpose in showing this film in a Buddhist country, which might imply an anti-Buddhist or anti-Thai slant.

The video began with a scene of the fire showing the firemen unable to deal with the intense flames. Then the terrifying sight of five small bodies resembling lumps of charcoal laid on the ground. I could hardly bear to look: small, stiff, blackened arms reaching out as if for help.

The camera shifted to scenes of Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่], Chiang Rai [เชียงราย], Payao [พะเยา], Lampoon [ลำพูน / หละปูน] - poverty-stricken areas in northern Thailand known as suppliers of prostitutes. The two sisters killed in the fire were born in a village in Chiang Rai in the most northern district. Professor Mattani had finally managed to locate their home, a primitive, bare hut. The parents appeared to be typical peasants, their faces expressionless, perhaps due to shock. The mother, speaking in a low voice said,

‘We have ten children and cannot feed them all. We had to send them to town; there was no other way.’

The toothless, tired-faced father stares wordlessly at the camera and then lowers his eyes.

The camera then closes in on the face of the seven-year-old sister of the two dead girls and the narrator says,

‘After losing two breadwinners, what will happen to this family? Will she be the next one to be sold?’

This child, dressed in rags, turns a shy and innocent smile towards the camera. She is probably unaware of her elder sisters’ death, and has no idea of what her own future will be.

The camera then cuts to a splendid seven-storey monastery in Chiang Rai. In an interview the orange-robed abbot spoke in a voice devoid of emotion.

‘Yes, of course there were also some offerings received from these girls; they hope for happiness in the next life.’

For these young girls, life in this world is so miserable and hard that they must seek happiness in another. From the little they receive from selling their bodies, they give back some for this purpose. What kind of religion is this that can receive such offerings so insensitively, and build gorgeous temples at the expense of these young girls?"

[Quelle: Yayori Matsui [松井やより]: Women's Asia. -- London  :  Zed, 1989. -- 172 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 0862328276. -- Originaltitel: アジアの女たち (1987). -- S. 62f. -- Fair use]

1984-04-06

Tun Mahathir bin Mohamad  (1925 - ) (محضير بن محمد) der Ministerpräsident Malysias, propagiert die 5-Kinder-Familie: "We need manpower to develop the country." Malaysia hat knapp 15 Mio. Einwohner.


Abb.: Bevölkerung Malaysias 1960 - 2010
[Datenquelle: http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/malaysia/population#SP.POP.TOTL. -- Zugriff am 2014-04-10]

1984-04-16

Infolge der vietnamesischen militärischen Initiative gegen die Roten Khmer (ខ្មែរក្រហម) und ihre Verbündeten sind über 80.000 Kambodschaner in Flüchtlingslagern entlang der kambodschanischen Grenze. 33.000 kommen aus dem Stützpunkt der Roten Khmer in Ampil (យអំពិល).


Abb.: Lage von Ampil (យអំពិល)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1984-04-18

Eröffnung des Flughafens Krabi (ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติกระบี่).


Abb.: Lage von Krabi (กระบี่)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

"Der Flughafen Krabi (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานกระบี่; IATA-Code: KBV; ICAO-Code: VTSG) ist ein Flughafen im Landkreis (Amphoe) Nuea Khlong (เหนือคลอง) der Provinz Krabi (กระบี่) in Südthailand. Er liegt etwa acht Kilometer nordöstlich vom Zentrum der Provinzhauptstadt Krabi entfernt.

Anfangs war der Flughafen und sein Terminal nur für wenige Flüge am Tag aus Bangkok ausgelegt. Am 2. November 2005 landete mit einer Airbus A 330 der Novair aus Skandinavien das erste Flugzeug aus Übersee auf dem Flughafen. Um den stetig steigenden Passagierzahlen gerecht zu werden und auch Boeing 747-400 und Boeing 737-400 uneingeschränkt die Landung ermöglichen zu können, wurde die Start- und Landebahn von 2100 auf 3002 m verlängert sowie im März 2006 ein neues und größeres Terminal eröffnet. Am 18. Mai 2006 folgte die offizielle Eröffnung als Internationaler Flughafen. Im neuen vierstöckigen Terminal-Gebäude können stündlich bis zu 1200 Passagiere abgefertigt werden."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flughafen_Krabi. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984-04-26 - 1989-04-25

Iskandar ibni Ismail Al-Khalidi (1932 - 2010) ist König (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) von Malaysia

1984-05 - 1993-09

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland unterstützt das Thai-German Health Card Project

1984-05-07

Kurz vor Beginn des sog. Agent-Orange-Prozesses einigen sich die Herstellerfirmen von dem in Vietnam, Laos und Kambodscha eingesetzten Agent Orange mit den Klägern: die 15.000 durch Entlaubungsmittel geschädigten ehemaligen Soldaten im Vietnamkrieg erhalten $180 Mio.


Abb.: Gebiete Vietnams, die von US-Truppen 1965 - 1971 mit Agent Orange verseucht wurden
[Bildquelle: U.S. Department of the Army / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Since at least 1978, several lawsuits have been filed against the companies which produced Agent Orange, among them Dow Chemical, Monsanto, and Diamond Shamrock.

Hy Mayerson of the law firm The Mayerson Law Offices, P.C. was an early pioneer in Agent Orange litigation, working with renowned environmental attorney Victor Yannacone in 1980 on the first class-action suits against wartime manufacturers of Agent Orange. In meeting Dr. Ronald A. Codario, one of the first civilian doctors to see afflicted patients, Mayerson, so impressed by the fact an M.D. would show so much interest in a Vietnam veteran, forwarded more than a thousand pages of information on Agent Orange and the effects of dioxin on animals and humans to Codario's office the day after he was first contacted by the doctor.[50] The corporate defendants sought to escape culpability by blaming everything on the U.S. government.[51]

The Mayerson Law Offices, P.C., with Sgt. Charles E. Hartz as their principal client, filed the first Agent Orange class action lawsuit, in Pennsylvania in 1980, for the injuries soldiers in Vietnam suffered through exposure to toxic dioxins in the Agent Orange defoliant.[52] Attorney Hy Mayerson co-wrote the brief that certified the Agent Orange Product Liability action as a class action, the largest ever filed as of its filing.[53] Hartz's deposition was one of the first ever taken in America, and the first for an Agent Orange trial, for the purpose of preserving testimony at trial, as it was understood that Hartz would not live to see the trial because of the brain tumor that began to develop while he was a member of Tiger Force, Special Forces, and LRRPs in Vietnam.[54][55] The firm also located and supplied critical research to the Veterans’ lead expert, Dr. Ronald A. Codario, M.D., including about 100 hundred articles from toxicology journals dating back more than a decade, as well as data about where herbicides had been sprayed, what the effects of dioxin had been on animals and humans, and every accident in factories where herbicides were produced or dioxin was a contaminant of some chemical reaction.[50]

In 1984, the class-action suit was settled out of court for $180 million; slightly over 45% of this was ordered to be paid by Monsanto alone.[56][57] Many veterans who were victims of Agent Orange exposure were outraged the case had been settled instead of going to court, and felt they had been betrayed by the lawyers. "Fairness Hearings" were held in five major American cities, where veterans and their families discussed their reactions to the settlement, and condemned the actions of the lawyers and courts, demanding the case be heard before a jury of their peers. Federal Judge Julius Weinstein refused the appeals, claiming the settlement was "fair and just". By 1989, the veterans' fears were confirmed when it was decided how the money from the settlement would be paid out. A totally disabled Vietnam veteran would receive a maximum of $12,000 spread out over the course of 10 years. Furthermore, by accepting the settlement payments, disabled veterans would become ineligible for many state benefits that provided far more monetary support than the settlement, such as food stamps, public assistance, and government pensions. A widow of a Vietnam veteran who died of Agent Orange exposure would only receive $3700.[58]

In 2004, Jill Montgomery, a spokesperson for Monsanto, said Monsanto should not be liable at all for injuries or deaths caused by Agent Orange, saying: "We are sympathetic with people who believe they have been injured and understand their concern to find the cause, but reliable scientific evidence indicates that Agent Orange is not the cause of serious long-term health effects.""

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_orange#US_veterans_class_action_lawsuit_against_manufacturers. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-30]

1984-05-10

Papst Johannes Paul II. (1920 - 2005) weilt für zwei Tage in Thailand. Es ist der erste Besuch eines Papstes in Thailand. Der Papst wird vom Königspaar empfangen, liest eine Messe im Nationalstadium (สนามศุภชลาศัย กรีฑาสถานแห่งชาติ) vor 45.000 Gläubigen, besucht das Flüchtlingslager Phanat Nikhom (พนัสนิคม), Provinz Chonburi (ชลบุรี), weiht 23 Thais zu Priestern, liest eine Messe vor 40.000 Gläubigen in St. Joseph's College (โรงเรียนเซ็นต์โยเซฟคอนแวนด์) in Nakhon Pathom (นครปฐม). In einer Rede im Regierungsgebäude (ทำเนียบรัฐบาลไทย) in Bangkok kritisiert der Papst das kommunistische Indochina, das so viele Menschen zu Flüchtlingen macht.


Abb.: Lage von Phanat Nikhom (พนัสนิคม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Lage von Nakhon Pathom (นครปฐม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Lage des Regierungsgebäudes (ทำเนียบรัฐบาลไทย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Seine Heiligkeit Johannes Paul II., 1984
[Bildquelle: Foto Felici Roma / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1984-05-11

Die Maler Chalermchai Kositpipat (เฉลิมชัย โฆษิตพิพัฒน์, 1955 - ) und Panya Wijinthanasarn (ปัญญา วิจินธนสาร, 1956 - ) gehen nach London, um zusammen mit Pang Chinasai die Wände von Wat Buddhapadipa (วัดพุทธปทีป) in Wimbledon auszumalen.


Abb.: Lage von Wimbledon
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Lage von Wat Buddhapadipa (วัดพุทธปทีป)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Wat Buddhapadipa  (วัดพุทธปทีป), Wimbledon, 2008
[Bildquelle: Jonas. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnas/2666089674/. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: Wandmalerei Wat Buddhapadipa (วัดพุทธปทีป), Wimbledon, 2008
[Bildquelle: sarflondondunc. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarflondondunc/3018124449/. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)] 

"Situated in Wimbledon, the Buddhapadipa temple  (วัดพุทธปทีป) was the first Thai Buddhist temple to be built in the UK. It is home to monks and nuns, but welcomes visitors of any faith to view the grounds and temple as long as they are respectful.

Its white exterior walls are put into contrast by the red and gold colours of the roof and decorations of the frames of the windows and doors.

Inside the temple hall, the walls are covered with paintings showing the life of the Buddha—from his birth to his death. There are pictures of his birth in Lumbini (Nepal), his renunciation, his enlightenment, and finally his death. The murals were painted by artists Chalermchai Kositpipat and Panya Vijinthanasarn in a surreal style using brilliant colors that, at first glance, seems very unlike classical Thai painting. However, they revive the tendency found in traditional Thai mural paintings to situate episodes from Buddhist myth in scenes populated with figures and objects from contemporary life. The murals were started in the 1980s, and among the many figures in the scenes are portraits of Mother Theresa and Margaret Thatcher, as well as the temple's patrons and the artists themselves.

The main doorway leading out from the shine room has a grand painting of the Buddha meditating to reach enlightenment, directly above it. On the right side of the Buddha are the angry figures of Mara's army, trying to disrupt the Buddha, and distract him from reaching enlightenment. The name 'Mara' means delusion. On the left side of the Buddha is the army of Mara looking more subdued and respectful. They are like this because the Buddha has reached enlightenment, and they could not distract him. Just above the doorway is the figure of Nang Thoranee, the earth goddess. During the climax of Mara's assault, the Buddha touches the earth with his hand. The earth goddess appears to bear witness to the merit the Buddha has accumulated in his many lives, and the water she squeezes from her hair washes away the armies of Mara.

Also in the room is a great shrine built for the Buddha. There are three statues of the Buddha in it; the back one is black, the middle statue is gold, and the front statue is green and smaller than the other two. These statues are surrounded by candles and other decorations.

Also within the grounds are a house, pond, and several bridges. In the gardens signs are posted, each sign giving a message of wisdom to those who stop to read them."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Buddhapadipa. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]


Abb.: Chalermchai Kositpipat (เฉลิมชัย โฆษิตพิพัฒน์), 2007
[Bildquelle:
BrokenSphere / Wikimedia Commons. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Chalermchai Kositpipat (Thai: เฉลิมชัย โฆษิตพิพัฒน์) (born February 15, 1955 in Chiang Rai Province (เชียงราย), Thailand), is a Thai visual artist. Primarily a painter, Chalermchai's works have been exhibited worldwide, and he is known for his use of Buddhist imagery in his art.

Biography

Chalermchai Kositpipat was born into a Sino-Thai family. He later attended Silpakorn University (มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร), which was Thailand's primary visual arts school. He graduated with a bachelor of fine arts degree in Thai art in 1977.

He started out painting movie advertisements on billboards. His early murals mixed traditional Thai Buddhist temple art with contemporary images, which was controversial. Nonetheless, he was commissioned to paint murals for Wat Buddhapadipa in London. The murals took four years to complete and were controversial because of the contemporary styling. "I got complaints from everybody – from the [Thai] government, from monks and from other artists, saying that what I was doing was not Thai art," he was quoted as saying in 1998.

Eventually, his work became more accepted, with Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej among his clients. One piece of his was sold for US$17,500 in 1998 at an auction of Thai art at Christie's Singapore.

Among his works is Wat Rong Khun (วัดร่องขุ่น)), an ornate white Buddhist temple being built in his native Chiang Rai Province. Work on the temple was started in 1998, and still continues.]

"Only death can stop my dream, but cannot stop my project," Chalermchai was quoted as saying about the temple, adding that he believes the work will give him "immortal life". He was the first visual arts honoree for the inaugural Silpathorn Award, created in 2004 to honor living Thai contemporary artists at mid-career."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984-05-12

In der Zeitschrift Arthit Khledlap (?) erscheint ein Interview mit Pirun Chatravanitgun, Mitglied des Zentralkommitees der Communist Party of Thailand (CPT, พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทย). Pirun und seine Frau werden 1984-07 verhaftet.

1984-05-22

Tod von Königin Rambhai Barni (รำไพพรรณี, geb. 1904), Gattin von Rama VII.


Abb.: Rambhai Barni (รำไพพรรณี) mit Gemahl, 1935/1941
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Queen Rambhai Barni of Siam (Thai: รำไพพรรณี ;RTGS: —Ramphaiphanni—), formerly Her Serene Highness Princess Rambhai Barni Svastivatana (Thai: รำไพพรรณี สวัสดิวัตน์ ;RTGS: —Ramphaiphanni Sawatdiwat—; born 20 December 1904 – 22 May 1984), was the wife and Queen Consort of King Prajadhipok of Siam.

Early life

Her Serene Highness Princess Rambhai Barni Svastivatana was born on 20 December 1904, to Prince Svasti Sobhana the Prince of Svastivatana Visishta (a son of HM King Mongkut and Princess Piyamawadi - :เจ้าคุณจอมมารดาเปี่ยม) and Princess Abha Barni Gaganang. She was given the nickname by courtiers as Thanying Na or Princess Na (Thai: ท่านหญิงนา). At the age of 2 she entered the Palace, as with tradition to be 'given' to a Queen for education; in Princess Rambhai Barni's case it was HM Queen Saovabha (เสาวภาผ่องศรี), wife of HM King Chulalongkorn (her aunt), from then on she lived at Dusit Palace.

After the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, She was moved to the Grand Palace, where she studied at the Rajini School (or Queen's School) set up by Queen Saovabha. During this period she became very close with her cousin and Queen Saovabha's youngest son HRH Prince Prajadhipok Sakdidej, the Prince of Sukhothai. In 1917, after completing his studies abroad and his tradition monkhood, Prince Prajadhipok and Princess Rambhai Barni were married at Bang Pa-In Palace, under the blessings of her new brother-in-law; HM King Vajiravudh. the couple lived at the Prince's Bangkok residence the Sukhothai Palace.

 Queen

In 1925, King Vajiravudh died without leaving any issue, the crown was then passed on to his younger brother and heir. Princess Rambhai Barni's husband ascended the throne as King Prajadhipok (or Rama VII), she was immediately given the appropriate title of Queen Consort of Siam. Prajadhipok followed his brother's abandonment of polygamy and instead had one Queen. Both the King and the Queen received modern (and therefore European) educations in their youths, once they inherited the throne they set about modernizing the institution of monarchy copying European dress and customs.

The King and Queen preferred to spend most of their time away from Bangkok, preferring instead to stay at the summer beach resort town of Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan province at a Summer Palace, which was called “Klai Kangwon” (Thai: วังไกลกังวล) (or “Far from Worries”), which they had built. It was here in June 1932 that the Royal couple was told of the Revolution instigated by the Khana Ratsadon (การปฏิวัติสยาม พ.ศ. 2475 or การเปลี่ยนแปลงการปกครองสยาม พ.ศ. 2475), which demanded of the absolutist King a constitution for the people of Siam. The event would be a turning point for Rambhai Barni and her husband as the absolute rule of the House of Chakri was replaced by a constitutional regime.

In 1933, the Royal couple left Siam, for Europe where the King was due to have an eye operation in England. Despite the long distance the King continued to fight with his government back in Bangkok, through letters and telegrams. The fight came to a head when the government refused to accept Prajadhipok's ancient power of pardon. The King first threatened, but when he was ignored decided to on 2 March 1935 to abdicate his throne, he was succeeded by his nephew Ananda Mahidol. The Royal Couple settled in Surrey, first at Knowle House then at Glen Pammant.

 Life in Exile

The couple moved again to Vane Court, the oldest house in the village of Biddenden in Kent. they led a peaceful life there, gardening in the morning and the King writing his autobiography in the afternoon. In 1938 the royal couple would move again to Compton House, in the village of Wentworth in Virginia Water, Surrey. The couple had no children, but adopted the infant son of one of Prajadhipok's deceased brothers. (The stepson, Prince Jirasakdi, would later serve as a RAF fighter pilot during the Battle of Britain. He died on duty in 1942.)

Due to active bombing by the German Luftwaffe in 1940, the couple again moved, first to a small house in Devon, and then to Lake Vyrnwy Hotel in Powys, Wales, where the former King suffered a heart attack. King Prajadhipok eventually died from heart failure on 30 May 1941.

 Leader of the Resistance

After the King's death, the Queen became more involved in politics. In December 1941 the Japanese Empire invaded and occupied Thailand, the Japanese government forced the Thai government to declare war on both Great Britain and the United States of America. The Free Thai Movement (ขบวนการเสรีไทย) set up partially by Thai exiles living abroad; the movement included many diplomats, students and members of the Royal Family.

The Queen and her brother, HSH Prince Subhasvastiwongse Snith Svastivatana, made clear their Free Thai sympathies and used their connections to assist like-minded students in organising a resistance movement in Britain. She was among the four women who volunteered for non-military tasks with the Free Thai. Despite not being an official member, the Queen assisted the movement through fund raising and lobbying influential Ministers.

 Return and death

In 1949, the Queen was invited to return to Thailand, bringing with her the King's ashes. After her return she continued to carry out many official duties on behalf of the new King Bhumibol Adulyadej. She spend the rest of her life at the Sukhothai Palace. Dying in 1984 at the age of 79. She was cremated in a Grand Royal Funeral presided over by her nephew the King at Sanam Luang in front of the Grand Palace.

 Titles and Styles
  • 20 December 1904 – 26 August 1917 : Her Serene Highness Princess Rambhai Barni Svastivatana
  • 26 August 1917 – 26 November 1925 : Her Serene Highness Princess Rambhai Barni, Royal Consort to HRH Prince Prajadhipok, Prince of Sukhothai
  • 26 November 1925 – 2 March 1934 : Her Majesty Queen
  • 2 March 1934 – 22 May 1984 : Her Majesty Queen Dowager"

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambhai_Barni. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984-05-31

Der Kronprinz enthüllt in Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น) das Denkmal für den ehemaligen Ministerpräsidenten Feldmarschall Sarit Thanarat (สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963).


Abb.: Lage von Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Denkmal für Sarit Thanarat (สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์), Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น), 2009
[Bildquelle: Xiengyod / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Inschrift auf dem Sockel:

"Thailand's 11th Prime Minister

Served from February 9, 1959 to December 8, 1963

[Field Marshal Sarit] was a person who administered the country with bravery, resolution, and firmness that help build stability for the nation. Furthermore, he was the person who initiated the National Economic and Educational Development Plan that permitted every region in the nation to become modernized [จริญ] equally. In the Northeast, Khonkaen province quickly developed and modernized.

Therefore, the people and government officials of Khonkaen joined together to build this monument to commemorate his good deeds."

[Übersetzung: Thak (2007). -- S. 255]

1984-06

Die Zeitschrift เพื่อนชีวิต ["Freunde fürs Leben"] erscheint ein 14 Seiten langer Artikel über die wachsende "Gefahr" homosexueller Jugendlicher:

"In 1984 a monthly magazine published a fourteen-page article that detailed the supposed links between middle-class prosperity and the growing "danger" of homosexual youth:

"Every day is the same. From morning to night there are thousands of youths in groups there to buy things they want. . . gathering in an atmosphere of continuous loud disco music. The image of hugging, kissing, and stroking between men and men, and between women and women, is easy to see in this place. ... In brief, these days the customers who supply fashion retail places with money are youths who have altered sexual tastes" (Pheuan Cbiwit, June 1984, 20).

The article asserted that gay and lesbian bars were "popping up like mushrooms in the rainy season" and colorfully described the scene as a commodified free-for-all, noting that these new businesses were grabbing as much money as possible by selling expensive drinks and sex (p. 20). Images of decadent homosexual youth supposedly found in these establishments were explicitly associated with the new (largely Sino-Thai) middle class:

"The dress, complexion, and abundant spending [of these homosexual youths] shows that most of them are the descendents of the well-to-do who have no time themselves to care for their children" (P. 19)

[Quelle: Sinnott, Megan J.: Toms and dees : transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. -- Honolulu : University of Hawaii Pr., 2004. -- 261 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0824828526. -- Zugl. Diss., Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002. -- S. 188f.]

1984-06-02

US-Nachrichtenagentur United Press International (UPI): Queen helps a tortured girl / von Paul Anderson. Über ein 14jährige Hausangestellte, die von ihren Arbeitgebern scher misshandelt wurde. Die Königin kümmert sich persönlich um das Kind.

1984-06-13

Gründung der Musikgruppe Fong Naam (ฟองนํ้า). Sie ist auf klassische Thai Musik spezialisiert sowie auf Fusion Klassisch-Thai-Westlich. Gründer sind Boonyong Kaetkhong (ครูบุญยงค์ เกตุคง, 1920 - 1996) und sein amerikanischer Schüle Bruce Gaston (1947 - ) sowie Jiraphan Angsawanond (จิรพรรณ อังศวานนท์). Weitere Mitglieder des Ensembles sind: บุญยัง เกตุคง, จำเนียร ศรีไทยพันธ์, เทวัญ ทรัพย์แสนยากร (1946 - ), พิณ เรืองนนท์.

Die Gruppe auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:0Frsx5yJrfRv1bpyRkcl5Z
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/0Frsx5yJrfRv1bpyRkcl5Z


Abb.: Cover
[Fair use]

1984-06-16 - 1984-06-30 ; 1984-07-22 - 1984-08-01

New York (USA) und Stoke Mandeville (Großbritannien): 7. Sommer-Paralympics. Erstmals nimmt Thailand an den Paralympics teil. Es gewinnt keine Medaillen. Wie die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1984 werden auch die Sommer-Paralympics 1984 von der Sowjetunion sowie weiteren Ostblock-Staaten boykottiert.

1984-06-21

Plew Si-ngern (เปลว สีเงิน) in der Zeitung Thai Rath (ไทยรัฐ) über  das relativ neue Phänomen von tom-dee-Beziehungen (ทอม-ดี้):

"It comes with the era and will pass away on its own. Like other things, it flows and will be replaced . . . why worry? It is a natural expression of teenagers and part of a chain of social factors. When they grow up and are twenty or twenty-five years old, that stage of thinking will pass away on its own. The students who fought on the streets in the past era—now several are members of Parliament. Do you see them as thugs, like you worried [they would become]?"

[Übersetzt in: Sinnott, Megan J.: Toms and dees : transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. -- Honolulu : University of Hawaii Pr., 2004. -- 261 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0824828526. -- Zugl. Diss., Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002. -- S. 119]

1984-07

Der amerikanische Vietnamkorrespondent Alan Dawson (1942 - ) wird des Landes verwiesen, da er regierungsschädliche Artikel geschrieben habe. Die Artikel werden nicht genannt. Dawson war Mitherausgeber der Bangkok Post. Alan Dawson war der letzte westliche Journalist gewesen, der Saigon bei der Annexion durch die Kommunisten verlassen hat.

1984-07-03

Der König weist die Polizei an, den Verkehr nicht mehr für die Durchfahrt von Angehörigen der königlichen Familie zu stoppen, es sei denn sie sind in öffentlicher Mission unterwegs.

1984-07-13

Im Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary (ภูหลวง) werden versteinerte Fußabdrücke eines Dinosauriers gefunden.


Abb.: Lage des Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary (ภูหลวง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-07-26

Ca. 1000 Village Scouts (ลูกเสือชาวบ้าน) demonstrieren vor dem Government House (ทำเนียบรัฐบาล) in Bangkok und fordern, dass der Sozialkritiker und Sozialromantiker Sulak Sivaraksa (สุลักษณ์ ศิวรักษ์, 1933 - ) wegen Majestätsbeleidigung (lèse-majesté) bestraft wird.

1984-07-30

Bei einer Wohltätigkeitsveranstaltung eines chinesisch-buddhistischen Tempels in Thonburi (ธนบุรี) werden 19 Personen, meist Kinder, zu Tode getrampelt, als alle zur Ausgabe der Wohltätigkeits-Pakete drängten. 46 wurden verletzt. Jedes Wohltätigkeits-Paket enthielt 4 kg Reis, eine Packung Nudeln, einen Leinenrock und einige Biskuit. 


Abb.: Lage von Thon Buri (ธนบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-08

Saisuree Jutikun, Sekretärin des Nationalkomitees zur Förderung und Koordination von Jugendaktivitäten, über lesbisches Verhalten bei Teenagern (in der Zeitschrift ครูไทย ["Thai Lehrer"]:

"This is a detailed and complex matter. Sometimes it [female homosexuality] develops out of a wish for fun or simply from following fashion. It is usual for girls to have infatuations that later pass away. But if it continues when they are grown up, then some senior person should make them understand that they cant live like this all their life. If they are still determined to live like this, they should understand that their long-term happiness cannot be guaranteed even if they are happy in the short term."

[Übersetzt in: Jackson, Peter A. <1956 - >: Dear Uncle Go : male homosexuality in Thailand : สวัสดีกรับ อาโก๋ ปากน้ำ. -- Bangkok : Bua Luang, 1995. -- 310 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 0942777115. -- Völlige Neubearbeitung von Ders.: Male homosexuality in Thailand : an interpretation of contemporary Thai sources (1989). -- S. 45.]

Die Autorin bringt eine Reihe von Interviews mit Tom-Dee (ทอม-ดี้).

1984-08-04

Der Sozialkritiker und Sozialromantiker Sulak Sivaraksa (สุลักษณ์ ศิวรักษ์, 1933 - ) wird wegen Majestätsbeleidigung (lèse-majesté) verhaftet und angeklagt. Ihm werden die Monarchie beleidigende Aussagen in seinem Buch Lorkrab Sangkhom Thai (ลอกคราบสังคมไท, Unmasking Thai Society) vorgeworfen. Es gibt großen internationalen Protest. Nach fünf Tagen wird er gegen Kaution freigelassen. Später wird die Anklage fallengelassen.


Abb.: Sulak Sivaraksa (สุลักษณ์ ศิวรักษ์), 2009
[Bildquelle:
A. Aruninta / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1984-08-05

Die Schulkinder in Ta Phraya (ตาพระยา), Provinz Sa Kaeo (สระแก้ว), nahe der kambodschanischen Grenze, halten Hühner und Fische und pflanzen Gemüse, um sich zu ernähren. Das Programm "agriculture for school lunch" war von der Border Patrol Police (ตำรวจตระเวณชายแดน) angeregt worden und wird von der Border Staff Association betrieben.


Abb.: Lage von Ta Phraya (ตาพระยา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-08-06

Ein Großfeuer in Soi Saengchan, Yannawa (ยานนาวา), Bangkok, zerstört über 300 Häuser und macht über 2.000 Personen obdachlos. Sachschaden: 10 Mio. Baht.


Abb.: Lage von Yannawa (ยานนาวา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-08-15

Der Rechtsanwalt Thongbai Thongpao (ทองใบ ทองเปาด์, 1926 - 2011) erhält den Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service.


Abb.: ®Ramon Magsaysay Award
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]


Abb.: Lage von Manila
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

 
Abb.: Thongbai Thongpao
[Bilduelle: http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationThongpaoTho.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07. -- Fair use]

"THONGBAI THONGPAO learned the hard way that life often is unfair. Born 58 years ago into the family of a poor farmer in north-eastern Thailand, he was educated through primary school in a temple. He was orphaned by age nine and worked for two years in the family rice fields before attending secondary school. Living in a Bangkok temple, working at various jobs, and with modest help from his siblings, he completed Suan Kularb College (โรงเรียนสวนกุหลาบวิทยาลัย) and graduated in law from Thammasat University (มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์) in 1951. For the next seven years he worked as a reporter and political commentator for several Thai newspapers.

THONGBAI found his mission when his own rights were ground down by the wheels of authority. In 1958 he and a group of writers and journalists visited the People's Republic of China, with which Thailand had no diplomatic relations. Upon their return Marshal Sarit Thanarat (
สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์), who had seized power in a coup, ordered the travellers arrested as communist suspects. Detained without trial for eight years in Laad Yao prison, THONGBAI finally was acquitted by a military court in mid-1966 after Sarit had been posthumously discredited.

During those prison years, as he wrote a book of the experience of his group, he determined to become the legal champion of the oppressed. Of the many, often obsolete, laws he has found on the books that can be employed to abuse the underprivileged, he has taken particular issue with those denying the right of the poor to remain on land they occupy. His other cases have ranged from defending men and women accused of crimes they had not committed but who could afford neither bail nor legal help, to activists arrested on false charges of ties to the Communist Party of Thailand.

THONGBAI lives simply above his office, and he and his seven young volunteer lawyers sometimes use their modest fees to pay expenses for the accused they defend. Taking cases other lawyers shun, he has successfully defended against libel a newspaper whose reporters exposed the corruption of the Lord Mayor of Bangkok in the purchase of several hundred acres of land for a housing project. After the October 1976 coup a committee of lawyers joined him in securing the release of 18 students whom they proved were wrongly arrested. Even Thais abroad have elicited his concern, including four workers in Kuwait who were sentenced to death for allegedly robbing and murdering a moneychanger. He is now challenging Thailand's proposed new Press Bill on grounds that it accords undue power to the director of police.

Despite his own struggles and his uphill battles for the rights of the needy, THONGBAI remains a warm, gregarious individual, devoted to his wife who works as a nurse, and their three children. In the finest tradition of the legal profession he maintains a strict care for accuracy and impartiality that compels respect even from many who may appear against him in court.

In electing THONGBAI THONGPAO to receive the 1984 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service, the Board of Trustees recognizes his effective and fair use of his legal skills and pen to defend those who have "less in life and thus need more in law."
"

[Quelle: http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationThongpaoTho.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984-08-17

Tod von Khruba Phroma Jakko (ครูบา พรหมมาจักรโก, 1898 - 1984), Abt von Wat Phraphuttabat Tak Pha (วัดพระพุทธบาทตากผ้า)


Abb.: Khruba Phroma Jakko (ครูบา พรหมมาจักรโก) empfängt S. M. den König
[Fair use]


Abb.: Lage von Wat Phraphuttabat Tak Pha (วัดพระพุทธบาทตากผ้า)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-09

Japanische Anleihe zum Bau des Laem Chabang Tiefseehafen (แหลมฉบัง)


Abb.: Lage von Laem Chabang (แหลมฉบัง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Japan’s loan for the Laem Chabang Port [แหลมฉบัง] in the Eastern Seaboard illustrates the importance of controlling agency slack in the aid relationship. The project is interesting because it was renegotiated at the instigation of the Thai government. Its outcome suggests that the overall aid relationship is more important to Thailand than a single project, and that Thai aid planners are willing to forgo particular benefits in favor of the more general benefit of maintaining the flow of Japanese aid.

The loan for the port project was included in the Eleventh Yen Loan package agreed upon in September 1984. Negotiations for the loan had been concluded 1983, and the design phase had been started by late autumn of that year. Port construction was due to begin in 1984, with completion scheduled for 1988.

Negotiations for the project hit a snag in December 1983. The Minister of Communications, under whose jurisdiction the portworks were to be carried out, asked for a suspension of the Laem Chabang loan, and the Port Authority of Thailand accordingly notified the companies that had been short-listed for the engineering survey to postpone submission of their designs. In early January he notified the NESDB [National Economic and Social Development Board / สำนักงานคณะกรรมการพัฒนาการเศรษฐกิจและสังคมแห่งชาติ] that his ministry intended to cancel the engineering design portion of the Laem Chabang loan already agreed to in the previous loan package and to call for a new port design to triple its capacity to twelve berths. He also proposed cancellation of planned negotiations for the construction phase of the project, due to start in early 1984.

The minister publicly argued that OECF [Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund / 海外経済協力基金] loans hurt the Thai construction industry by favoring Japanese firms. The ministry was also unhappy with Japanese-funded construction of Don Muang Airport [ดอนเมือง] in Bangkok, and linked its displeasure over the course of that project with the decision on the Laem Chabang loan. Consequently, it announced it would seek alternative sources for funding the project. The NESDB agreed to suspend the loan negotiations pending official notification to the OECF, and the prime minister called for a meeting in late January to consider the situation.

The Japanese response was firm. Tokyo threatened the Thai Cabinet with the possibility that cancellation of the port loan would endanger future loans. One Japanese official commented that the cancellation would amount to breach of contract. As such, it would be legitimate grounds for cancelling the entire annual loan package.

The dilemma the NESDB faced in the Laem Chabang case illustrates the potential difficulties of playing principal to two separate agents. On the one hand, the Japanese government, represented by the embassy, was concerned that an already-agreed to loan be carried forward. Muscat notes that the donor was adamantly against cancellation of any ESDP project funded by yen loans. On the other hand, the prime minister, who usually supported the NESDB during this period, faced the issue of keeping a coalition government intact. Party rivalries tended to revolve around disputes between military factions and individual party leaders. Such rivalries were clearly present in the cabinet Prem had put together in 1983 and which tackled the Laem Chabang cancellation issue: while Prem was able to appoint technocrats to many cabinet posts, four other parties were represented as well. Nevertheless, the communications minister was a member of a small party (his post was its only portfolio) and a rival military faction.

The minister’s argument against the loan was weak, as well. Party leaders were interested primarily in government projects for their pecuniary benefits. Thus, he did not cancel the loan for the obvious reason that the port project was too expensive and not worth the estimated cost of construction, but because it was too small. His alternative plan was to increase the number of berths in the project threefold. Had he argued for cancellation of port construction entirely he might have found allies among opponents of the entire Eastern Seaboard development scheme. That his interest in the loan lay elsewhere meant he could not.

The Japanese position was strengthened by the fact that the Thai Ministry of Finance favored continuation of the project under OECF financing. The ministry had not officially notified the OECF of the proposed cancellation. In fact, in early January it went ahead with its request that a loan for the port’s construction be included in the upcoming Eleventh Yen Loan. On January 26 the Eastern Seaboard Development Committee decided to overturn the communications ministry’s proposal to cancel the Laem Chabang loan.

The Eastern Seaboard Development Committee’s decision to overrule the communications ministry was conditioned by two factors: Thailand’s dependence on Japanese aid for development financing in the Eastern Seaboard and the Thai Ministry of Finance’s opposition to cancellation. The first conditioned the second. Japan could compel Thai acquiescence by threatening to cancel future tending if the port loan did not go through, because its threat was credible. By the 1980s Japan supplied up to two-thirds of all bilateral aid to Thailand in any given year. More important, from the Eastern Seaboard Development Committee’s point of view, Japan was far and away the largest donor of aid to the Eastern Seaboard. Five projects in the Eastern Seaboard, in addition to the Laem Chabang construction project, were included in the short list for Japanese lending in 1984. If Thailand cancelled the Laem Chabang loan, it ran the risk of endangering the entire Eastern Seaboard program. The NESDB, the Eastern Seaboard Development Committee, and the finance ministry all had stakes in the resolution of the dispute in Japan’s favor. The communications ministry’s particularistic action, in contrast, ran the risk of cutting off future benefits for other Thai government players. The convergence of interests between the Japanese government and the financial authorities in the Thai government created a powerful alliance that the communications ministry could not oppose successfully. The ministry found itself in a weak position because it was unable to find alternative sources of finance for the project by the January 26th meeting.

The lack of alternative aid sources undoubtedly figured in the finance ministry’s calculations to meet the Japanese demand, and weakened the communications ministry’s ability to hold out for a better deal. Given the choice between concessional aid terms in a period of increasing external debt and arguments about the impact of Japanese aid on the Thai construction industry in general, it is not surprising that the finance ministry sided with Japan. Accommodation in this case was accomplished by quashing the objections of the dissident ministry."

[Quelle: Potter, David M. <1961 - >: Japan's foreign aid to Thailand and the Philippines. -- New York : St. Martin's, 1996. -- 206 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 0-312-12563-1. -- S. 145ff. -- Faire use]

1984-09-02

Zum Beispiel: Verdienst-Zeremonie im Wat Sa Kaew:

"Luang Pho Khun’s [Luang Phor Khoon Parisuttho - หลวงพ่อคูณ ปริสุทโธ, 1923 - ] amulets have captured the attention of the community of amulet holders and collectors in the Khorat [โคราช] area since the late 1960s. The earliest customers were members of the Thai military who participated in the Vietnam War. It is widely told that the protective power of Luang Pho Khun’s amulets saved many lives on the Indochinese battlefield. Soldiers and border patrol police who were stationed along the Thai-Lao border in the early 1970s also experienced the magical quality of these amulets.


Abb.: Lage von Khorat [
โคราช]
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]


In a merit-making event at Wat Sa Kaeo [
วัดสระแก้ว] on September 2, 1984, Cherdsak recorded a speech given by Sombun Thaiwatcharamat, then governor of Khorat Province, praising Luang Pho Khun amulets' supernatural power, before several high-profile government officials and followers from Bangkok, including the Department of Irrigation’s general director and a number of high-ranking officers from the Royal Thai Navy. In his speech, the governor cited the experiences of soldiers who survived battles against the communist army, that is, the now defunct, Communist Party of Thailand (CPT) in various areas of northeast Thailand. Luang Pho Khun medallions, golden sheets, and other auspicious objects proved their magical protective power against attacks by M16 and AK47 rifles, or even bombs.


Abb.: M16
[Bildquelle: Dragunova / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namennennung, share alike)


Abb.: AK47
[Bildquelle: USGov / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Words of high praise from other top-ranking officials added to Luang Pho Khun’s reputation. Both the speaker and the audience at that event had stamped their seal of approval on Luang Pho Khun’s blessed amulets by showing their special interest in the objects, donating money and resources, and sharing experiences of their magical power. This event publicized Luang Pho Khun’s magical reputation and attracted more interest in him and his powerful amulets.

The early batches of Luang Pho Khun amulets were produced while the monk was in retreat in a temple in downtown Khorat, mostly in order to raise funds for monastery buildings and other projects. Though a little-known upcountry monk during that time, Luang Pho Khun utilized his magical knowledge to mobilize money and resources for his projects. Through his successful efforts in fundraising through amulet production and marketing, Luang Pho Khun gradually gained a reputation as a monk who was supernaturally powerful (saksit [
ศักดิ์สิทธิ์]) and made accurate predictions regarding future events (wachasit [วาจาสิทธิ์])."

[Quelle:
Pattana Kitiarsa [พัฒนา กิติอาษา] <1968-2013>: Mediums, monks, and amulets : Thai popular Buddhism today. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, [2012]. -- 170 S. : Ill ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 9786162150494. -- S. 93f.]

 

1984-09-27

Eröffnung des National Film Archive in Salaya (ศาลายา), Provinz Nakhon Pathom (นครปฐม)


Abb.: Lage von Salaya (ศาลายา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: National Film Archive, Salaya (ศาลายา), 2008
[Bildquelle: Curtis Winston / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"The National Film Archive of Thailand was established in 1984 as a section of the National Museum, Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Education. It was transferred to the National Archives in 1987. Material is mainly acquired through donations from government agencies and private institutions. Acquisitions of Thai film from abroad is also undertaken whenever possible.

In 1987, a project called Thai Film Back Home was started through the co-operation between the government and the private sector. Nearly 400 titles of original negative Thai feature films were brought back from film laboratories in Hong Kong to Thailand and are now kept at the National Film Archive.

The National Film Archive currently holds approximately 52,300 titles dating from 1897 to the present day. The collections cover aspects of Thai cultural, social, economic and political life. materials are stored in special vaults where the temperature and humidity are carefully controlled. Acetate film is stored at a temperature of 10 deg. Celsius with a relative humidity of 50%. Color master material is housed in the vault at a temperature of 5 deg. Celsius with a relative humidity of 40%. Nitrate film is stored separately from safety film. Duplication work is undertaken at the National Film Archive for black and white film. Transferring of 16mm prints to videotape is also carried out."

[Quelle: http://film.culture360.org/directory/national-film-archive-thailand/. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07. -- CC-BY-NC]

1984-10

Lied "One Night in Bangkok" von Murray Seafield Saint-George Head (geb. 1946).

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:1xgqGXZW1udHCjuwjeRDVO
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/1xgqGXZW1udHCjuwjeRDVO

"One Night in Bangkok ist ein Lied von Murray Head (1946 - ) aus dem Jahr 1984, das von Björn Ulvaeus (1945 - ), Benny Andersson (1946 - ) und Tim Rice (1944 - ) geschrieben wurde. Es eröffnet den 2. Akt des Musicals Chess (1984).

Das Lied besteht aus einem orchestralen Intro (Bangkok), gefolgt von Murray Heads Sprechgesang, der sarkastisch die Stadt und ihr Nachtleben dem bevorstehenden Schachgroßmeisterturnier gegenüberstellt. Er wird mehrmals durch den von Anders Glenmark gesungenen Refrain unterbrochen. Der Songtext enthält Reverenzen an Bangkok wie Muddy old river (Der Fluss Chao Phraya - แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา), The reclining Buddha (Die Statue von Wat Pho - วัดโพธิ์), Yul Brynner, bekannt aus Der König und ich (1956), und den Sextourismus (the queens we use would not excite you=Die Damen, mit denen wir spielen, würden Euch nicht erregen.). Auch wird die Beliebigkeit der herrlichen Orte aus der Sicht der Schachspieler deutlich (...when you play at this level there's no ordinary venue, it's Iceland or the Philippines or Hastings or... or this place...).

Das orchestrale Intro des Liedes ist allerdings irreführenderweise nicht in thailändischem, sondern in arabisch-orientalischem Stil komponiert. Für die Single-Auskopplung des Liedes wurde das Intro gekürzt.

Die Single wurde in Deutschland mit einer Goldenen Schallplatte ausgezeichnet. Neben den Platzierungen in Deutschland, Österreich, der Schweiz, Großbritannien und den USA erreichte das Lied Platz 1 in Australien, Belgien, Kanada, den Niederlanden und Südafrika, Platz 2 in Neuseeland, Platz 3 in Norwegen und Schweden, zudem Platz 7 in Irland, Platz 8 in Frankreich und Platz 10 in Italien.[1]

Im Jahr 2011 sang Mike Tyson (1966 - ) das Lied bei einem Kurzauftritt im Film Hangover 2. Der von Tyson intonierte Titel ist ebenfalls auf dem Film-Soundtrack in einer Studioversion enthalten.

Coverversionen
  • 1985: Jürgen Drews (1945 - ) (Bei Nacht in Bangkok)
  • 1996: Steve Vai (1960 - ) (Im Album Fire Garden enthalten)
  • 2003: A*Teens (Im Album New Arrival enthalten)
  • 2005: Vinylshakerz
  • 2008: DJ Antoine (1975 - )
  • 2011: Mike Tyson (1966 - )"

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_in_Bangkok. -- Zugriff am 2012-10-07]

1984-10-04

Der erste Fall von HIV/AIDS in Thailand wird diagnostiziert. Die meisten Krankenhäuser können HIV/AIDS noch nicht diagnostizieren.


Abb.: Jährliche Neuinfektionen an HIV 1985 - 2003
[Quelle des Diagramms: UNDP. -- http://www.undp.or.th/download/HIV_AIDS_FullReport_ENG.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

 

"Since HIV/AIDS was first reported in Thailand in 1984, 1,115,415 adults had been infected as of 2008, with 585,830 having died since 1984.[1] 532,522 Thais were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008.[1] In 2009 the adult prevalence of HIV was 1.3%.[2] CIA World Factbook has listed the 2009 statistics for HIV prevalence by country, and according to these, Thailand has the highest prevalence of HIV in Asia.[3] In 2010 the press reported that Thailand "has the highest HIV prevalence in Southeast Asia".[4][5]

Prevalence

After Thailand’s first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in 1984, the incidence of infection increased steadily in the country. In 1991, the government adopted a strategy to combat the disease, and in recent years, the number of new infections has declined. However, HIV prevalence had remained the same from 2003 to 2005 (1.4 percent) with more people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).[6]

Thailand’s early cases of HIV/AIDS occurred primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM). The virus then spread rapidly to injecting drug users (IDUs), followed by prostitutes. Between 2003 and 2005, there were increases in HIV prevalence from 17 to 28 percent among MSM in Bangkok. In addition, prevalence among IDUs still ranges from 30 to 50 percent. In 2005, more than 40 percent of new infections were among women, the majority of whom were infected through intercourse with long-term lovers. Money and a low level of condom use due to women’s activity in the illegal sex trade are factors responsible for the spread of HIV among this group. Although the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Thailand has declined, the epidemic has moved to the general population and there is a greater need to match prevention efforts with recent changes in the epidemic.[6]

As of 2011, IDUs in Thailand are the among the most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and number between 40,000-97,300.[7]

Several factors put Thailand at risk of a resurgence of HIV/AIDS cases. Awareness of HIV status is low. For example, 80 percent of HIV-positive MSM had never been tested or thought they were HIV-negative, according to a 2006 study cited by UNAIDS. A large portion of IDUs – 35 percent according to one study – use nonsterile injecting equipment. Other research has noted an increased trend of erratic condom use by female prostitutes. In some cases, women selling sex reported using a condom in just over one half of commercial sex encounters. Finally, premarital sex, once taboo, is increasingly common among young Thais, only 20 to 30 percent of whom use condoms consistently, according to the United Nations Development Program.[6]

Thailand has a high tuberculosis (TB) burden, with a 63 new cases per 100,000 people in 2005, according to the World Health Organization. Approximately 7.6 percent of TB patients are co-infected with HIV, HIV-TB co-infections pose a challenge to providing treatment and care for both diseases.[6]

National response

Thailand’s initial response to the epidemic was weak.[citation needed] However, since the National AIDS Control Program was moved from the Ministry of Public Health to the Office of the Prime Minister in 1991, the country’s HIV/AIDS prevention efforts have been recognized[by whom?] as among the world’s most successful. The Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2002–2006) emphasized the adoption of a human-centered approach to bring about reform through the public health system, especially the health care system. Thailand’s policy on AIDS has worked toward educating its citizens on HIV/AIDS and prevention measures; developing a system of medical, public health, social, and consultation services to improve the quality of life of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA); developing medical biotechnology, medicine, and AIDS vaccination research; and working with all parties involved, such as the government and private sector, to prevent and alleviate the HIV/AIDS situation.[6]

Thailand’s HIV/AIDS activities include conducting a public education campaign targeting the general public and most-at-risk populations (MARPs), improving sexually transmitted infection (STI) treatment, discouraging men from visiting sex workers, promoting condom use, and requiring sex workers to receive monthly STI tests and carry records of the test results.[6][8]

In 2004, Thailand received a third-round grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria to prevent HIV/AIDS among IDUs and increase care and support for them. Objectives of the grant are to train peer leaders within IDU communities; create harm-reduction centers; educate health care providers, police, prison staff, and policymakers; and provide peer-based outreach, education, counseling, referral services, and HIV testing support. The U.S. Government provides one-third of the Global Fund’s contributions.[6]

Since the change of government in 2006, Thailand has reinvigorated its HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts. In 2007, Thailand adopted a three-year strategic plan that focuses on scaling up HIV prevention efforts, particularly for people most likely to be exposed to HIV and for difficult-to-reach populations. Early in 2007, the government announced that it was breaking patents on drugs to treat HIV. Thus, the government continues to strive for achieving universal access to treatment. As of the end of 2006, 88 percent of HIV-infected people were receiving ART, according to UNAIDS.[6]

Despite the efforts put into anti-HIV strategies, it is estimated that condom use remains quite low: in 2010, the Department of Disease Control (DDC) estimated that 60% of sexually active teenagers, more than 50% of MSM and 40% of sex workers do not regularly use condoms.[9]"

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand. -- Zugriff am 2013-01-25]

1984-10-16

In der Zeitschrift Matichon [มติชน] wird weibliche Homosexualität auf schlechte Einflüsse westlicher Kultur zurückgeführt:

"[Kids] don’t just walk around for fun. They buy clothes and expensive food, making for wasteful personalities. Kids don’t think when they buy something expensive; they think the more expensive, the better. . . . [Parents] should teach their kids to know Thai culture too, or they will only know Western culture" (Matichon, October 16, 1984)

[Übersetzt in: Sinnott, Megan J.: Toms and dees : transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. -- Honolulu : University of Hawaii Pr., 2004. -- 261 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0824828526. -- Zugl. Diss., Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002. -- S. 189]

1984-10-22

Thailand wird als nichtständiges Mitglied in den UN-Weltsicherheitsrat gewählt.

1984-10-30

USA: Es erscheint der Song "Born in the USA" von Bruce Springsteen (1949 - )

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:0dOg1ySSI7NkpAe89Zo0b9
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/0dOg1ySSI7NkpAe89Zo0b9


Abb.: ©Album-Titel
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

"Der Titelsong Born in the U.S.A. handelt von einem Vietnam-Veteranen. In einem trostlosen Provinzkaff im Mittleren Westen geboren (“Dead man’s town”) und von Geburt an symbolisch getreten (“the first kick I took was when I hit the ground”), wächst er mit ständig eingezogenem Kopf (“you spend half your life just covering up”) auf. Die einzige Chance auf Ansehen schien die Verpflichtung als Soldat im Vietnam-Krieg. Als er nach Jahren zurückkehrt, erntet er nur Unverständnis (“son, don’t you understand”) und ist auch nach zehn Jahren (“I’m ten years down the road”) mit seinen Erinnerungen und der perspektivlosen Gegenwart (“nowhere to run, ain’t got nowhere to go”) noch alleine."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A._%28Lied%29. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-14]

1984-10-31

Die indische Ministerpräsidentin Indira Gandhi (इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी, geb. 1917) wird von einem Leibwächter ermordet.


Abb.: Sowjetische Gedenkbriefmarke
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1984-10-31 - 1989-12-02

Rajiv Gandhi (राजीव गाँधी, 1944 - 1991) ist Ministerpräsident Indiens.


Abb.: Rajiv Gandhi (राजीव गाँधी), 1985
[Bildquelle: RickTyers / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-11-02

Abwertung des Baht auf 27 Baht pro US$ (bisher 23 Baht). Das sind 17,3%. Damit soll das Handelsdefizit von 38 Milliarden Baht ausgeglichen werden und die Auslandsschulden von 248 Milliarden verringert werden.


Abb.: Wechselkurse Baht pro US-$, 1960 - 2010
[Datenquelle: World Bank. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-12]

1984-11-02

Großbritannien: Premiere des britischen Films The Killing Fields von Roland Joffé (1945 - ),  basierend auf der wahren Geschichte der Freundschaft eines Kambodschaners mit einem amerikanischen Journalisten während der Terrorherrschaft der Roten Khmer in Kambodscha in den Jahren 1975 bis 1979." (Wikipedia)


Abb.: ©Plakat
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1984-11-06

US-Präsident Ronald Reagan wird mit 59% der Stimmen wiedergewählt.


Abb.: Ronald Reagan
[Bildquelle: DonkeyHotey. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/donkeyhotey/5301597908/in/photostream. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-04. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-11-13

Chamoy Thipyaso ("Mae Chamoy"), eine Angestellte der Petroleum Authority of Thailand hatte in einem "Schneeballsystem" angebliche Anteile an Erdöl im Wert von vier Milliarden Baht an Investoren verkauft. Darunter sind viele Staatsangestellte und Militärs. Der ganze Schwindel kam zum Ende, als im September das Finanzamt von ihr rückwirkend 84 Mio. Baht Steuern verlangte. Am 13. November wurde ein Gesetz verabschiedet, das solche Betrügereien erschweren soll. Der Polizeireport über sie umfasst 80.000 Seiten. Sie wird 1985 wegen Betrugs zu 20 Jahren Haft verurteilt.

"Mae Chamoy Thipyaso war die Frau eines hohen Offiziers der Royal Thai Air Force.

Sie wurde am 27. Juli 1989 zu insgesamt 141.078 Jahren Haft verurteilt. Verurteilt wurden auch sieben ihrer Komplizen aus ähnlichen Rängen, deren Haftstrafen ebenfalls bei jeweils 141.078 Jahren lagen.

Dies sind die höchsten bekannten Haftstrafen, zu der Einzelpersonen weltweit jemals verurteilt wurden. Thipyaso gründete im Jahr 1973 den Mae Chamoy Fond. Dieser war eine letztlich betrügerische Anlagefirma, die nach dem Schneeballsystem funktioniert. Zu seiner besten Zeit hatte der Fond einen Wert von ca. 200-220 Mio. Euro. Sein explosionsartiges Wachstum verdankte er den exorbitanten Renditen von bis zu 78 % p.a. Im Gegenzug dazu boten thailändische Kreditinstitute kaum attraktiv erscheinende 12-14 % Rendite.

Die thailändische Regierung schritt schließlich gegen den Fond ein, als er zu einer Bedrohung für das thailändische Bankenwesen wurde. 18.000 Investoren hatten dabei das Nachsehen."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Chamoy_Thipyaso. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-07]

1984-11-15

In Kuala Lumpur wird der Sultan von Johor, DYMM Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Alhaj Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail al-Khalidi (1932 - 2010) zum Wahlkönig Malaysias für fünf Jahre gekrönt.


Abb.: Lage von Johor und Kuala Lumpur
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]


Abb.: DYMM Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Alhaj Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail al-Khalidi
[Bildquelle: ms.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1984-11-25

Titelschlagzeile der Zeitung Thai Rath [ไทยรัฐ]: "Als Mann lebende Frau tötet Ehemann und schnappt sich dessen Frau"

1984-11-26

Tod von MR Debriddhi Devakul (หม่อมราชวงศ์ เทพฤทธิ์ เทวกุล, geb. 1914), dem Pionier des künstlichen Regens (Fon luang - ฝนหลวง) und dem Erfinder des Iron Buffalo-Traktors (ควายเหล็ก). Debriddhi wurde in Berlin als Sohn des thailändischen Gesandten geboren und studierte an der Maryland State Universität Landwirtschaft.


Abb.:  MR Debriddhi Devakul (หม่อมราชวงศ์ เทพฤทธิ์ เทวกุล) mit König Bhumibol
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1984-12-02

Hunderttausende machen in Bangkok an einem 30-Minuten-Walkathon mit, um den König zu seinem kommenden 57. Geburtstag zu ehren. Der Kronprinz nimmt anstelle des Königs die Glückwünsche entgegen. In den Provinzen nehmen an ähnlichen Märschen Millionen teil.

1984-12-13

Tod des vietnamesischen Bischofs Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục (1897 – 1984)

"Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục (Vietnamese pronunciation: [ŋo ɗîɲ tʰùkp]) (6 October 1897 – 13 December 1984) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huế, Vietnam and a member of the Ngô family who ruled South Vietnam in the years leading up to the Vietnam War. He was the founder of Dalat University.

While Thục was in Rome attending the second session of the Second Vatican Council, the 1963 South Vietnamese coup overthrew and assassinated his younger brother Ngo Dinh Diem (1901 - 1963), who was president of South Vietnam. Thục was unable to return to Vietnam and lived the rest of his life exiled in Italy, France, and the United States. During his exile, he was involved with Traditionalist Catholic movements and consecrated a number of bishops without the Vatican's approval for the Palmarian (Iglesia Cristiana Palmariana de los Carmelitas de la Santa Faz) and Sedevacantist movements. As a result, he was excommunicated by and reconciled with Holy See a number of times.

Family

Ngô Đình Thục was born in Huế to an affluent Roman Catholic family as the second of six sons born to Ngô Đình Khả (1850 - 1925), a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty who served Emperor Thành Thái (1879 – 1954) during the French occupation of Vietnam.

Thục's elder brother, Khôi, served as a governor. Khôi was reportedly buried alive by the Việt Minh right after the August Revolution in August 1945 for having been a mandarin of the French-controlled Emperor Bảo Đại's (1913 - 1997) administration. Three other brothers, Diệm, Nhu and Cẩn, were all politically active. Diệm had been Interior Minister under Bảo Đại in the 1930s for a brief period, and sought power in the late 1940s and 1950s under a Catholic anti-communist platform as various groups tried to establish their rule over Vietnam. Diệm led a coup, overthrowing the emperor and becoming president of South Vietnam in 1955. Diệm (1901 - 1963), Nhu (1910 - 1963) and Cẩn (1911 - 1964) were all later assassinated during the 1963 South Vietnamese coup.

Cardinal François Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận (1928–2002) was Thục's nephew.

Career in Vietnam

At age twelve, Thục entered the minor seminary in An Ninh. He spent eight years there before going on to study philosophy at the major seminary in Huế. Following his ordination as a priest on 20 December 1925, he taught at the Sorbonne. He was selected to study theology in Rome, Italy, and returned to Vietnam in 1927 after having been awarded three doctorates from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome in philosophy, theology, and Canon law. He then became a professor at the College of Vietnamese Brothers in Huế, a professor at the major seminary in Huế, and Dean of the College of Providence. In 1938, he was chosen by Rome to direct the Apostolic Vicariate at Vĩnh Long. He was consecrated a bishop on 4 May 1938, being the third Vietnamese priest raised to the rank of bishop.

In 1950 Diệm and Thục applied for permission to travel to Rome for the Holy Year celebrations at the Vatican but went instead to Japan to lobby Prince Cường Để (1882 - 1951) to enlist support to seize power. They met Wesley Fishel, an American academic consultant for the U.S. government. Fishel was a proponent of the anti-colonial, anti-communist third force doctrine in Asia and was impressed by Diệm. He helped the brothers organise contacts and meetings in the United States to enlist support.[1]

With the outbreak of the Korean War and McCarthyism in the early 1950s, Vietnamese anti-communists were a sought-after commodity in the United States. Diệm and Thục were given a reception at the State Department with the Acting Secretary of State James Webb, where Thục did much of the talking. Diệm also made links with Cardinal Francis Spellman (1889 – 1967), the most politically influential cleric of his time. Spellman had studied with Thục in Rome in the 1930s and became one of Diệm's most powerful advocates. Diệm managed an audience with Pope Pius XII (1876 – 1958) in Rome with his brother's help. Spellman helped Diệm to garner support among right-wing and Catholic circles. As French power in Vietnam declined, Diệm’s support in America, which Thục helped to nurture, made his stock rise. Bảo Đại made Diệm the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam because he thought Diệm's connections would secure funding.

Diệm's rule

In October 1955, Diệm deposed Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum organised by Nhu and declared himself President of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam, which then concentrated power in the Ngô family, dedicated Roman Catholics in a Buddhist majority country. Power was enforced through secret police and the imprisonment and torture of political and religious opponents. The Ngôs' policies and conduct inflamed religious tensions. The government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions.

Buddhist unrest and downfall of Diệm
Main articles: Huế Phật Đản shootings and Xá Lợi Pagoda raids

In May 1963, in the central city of Huế, where Thục was archbishop, Buddhists were prohibited from displaying the Buddhist flag during Vesak celebrations commemorating the birth of Gautama Buddha, when the government cited a regulation prohibiting the display of non-government flags at Thục's request. A few days earlier, Catholics were encouraged to fly Vatican flags to celebrate Thục's 25th anniversary as bishop. Government funds were used to pay for Thục's anniversary celebrations, and the residents of Huế—a Buddhist stronghold—were also forced to contribute. These double standards led to a Buddhist protest against the government, which was ended when nine civilians were shot dead or run over when the military attacked. Despite footage showing otherwise, the Ngôs blamed the Việt Cộng for the deaths, and protests for equality broke out across the country. Thục called for his brothers to forcefully suppress the protesters. Later, the Ngôs' forces attacked and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across the country in an attempt to crush the burgeoning movement. It is estimated that up to 400 people were killed or disappeared.

Diệm was overthrown and assassinated together with Nhu on 2 November 1963. Ngô Đình Cẩn was sentenced to death and executed in 1964. Of the six brothers, only Thục and Luyện survived the political upheavals in Vietnam. Luyện was serving as ambassador in London, and Thục had been summoned to Rome for the Second Vatican Council. After the Council (1962–65), for political reasons and, later on, to evade punishment by the post-Diệm government, Archbishop Thục was not allowed to return to his duties at home and thus began his life in exile, initially in Rome.

Exile

Thục moved to Toulon, France, where he was assigned a confessional in the cathedral until about 1981. He at least once concelebrated the Mass of Paul VI (the new rite of Mass promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1969) in the vernacular. One author claims Thục served at the Mass of Paul VI as an acolyte several times.

Convinced of a crisis devastating the Roman Catholic Church and coming under the increasing influence of sedevacantist activists, Thục consecrated several bishops without a mandate from the Holy See. In December 1975 he went to Palmar de Troya, where he ordained Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (1946 - 2005)—who claimed to have witnessed an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary—and others, and the following month he consecrated Dominguez and four followers as bishops. In May 1981 Thục consecrated a French priest, Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers (1898 - 1988), as bishop. Des Lauriers was a Dominican, an expert on the dogma of the Assumption and advisor to Pope Pius XII, and former professor at the Pontifical Lateran University. In October 1981, he consecrated two Mexican priests and former seminary professors, Moisés Carmona (of Acapulco) and Adolfo Zamora (of Mexico City). Both of these priests were convinced that the Papal See of Rome was vacant and the successors of Pope Pius XII were heretical usurpers of papal office and power. In February 1982, in Munich's Sankt Michael church, Thục issued a declaration that the Holy See in Rome was vacant, intimating that he desired a restoration of the hierarchy to end the vacancy. However, his newly consecrated bishops became a fragmented group. Many limited themselves essentially to sacramental ministry and only consecrated a few other bishops.

Thục may have performed other consecrations besides the five bishops at Palmar de Troya and the three sedevacantists in 1981. There are claims that he consecrated two priests, Luigi Boni and Jean Gerard Roux, in Loano in Italy on 18 April 1982, but a Dr. Heller, of Una Voce in Munich, has said that Thục was with him in Munich on that date. The bishops consecrated by Thục proceeded to consecrate other bishops for various Catholic splinter groups, many of them sedevacantists. Thục departed for the United States at the invitation of Bishop Louis Vezelis (1930 - 2013), a Franciscan former missionary priest who had agreed to receive Episcopal Consecration by the Thục line Bishop George J. Musey, assisted by co-consecrators, Bishops Carmona, Zamora and Martínez, in order to provide bishops for an "imperfect council" which was to take place later in Mexico in order to elect a legitimate Pope from among themselves.

Thục died at the monastery of the Vietnamese American religious Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix (Dòng Đức Mẹ Đồng Công) on 13 December 1984, at Carthage, Missouri, aged 87."

[Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c. -- Zugriff am 2016-08-24]

1984-12-17

Der italienische Modedesigner Renato Balestra (1925 - ) modernisiert thailändische Ikat-Muster (Matmi - มัดหมี่) und führt sie im Oriental Hotel in Bangkok vor.


Abb.: Lage des Oriental Hotel
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1984-12-19

Die britische Premierministerin Margret Thatcher und der chinesische Ministerpräsident Zhao Ziyang (赵紫阳) unterzeichnen in Beijing das Hongkong-Abkommen. Danach wird die Kronkolonie Hongkong (香港) nach Ablauf des Pachtvertrags am 1. Juli 1997 als Sonderverwaltungszone (特别行政区) Bestandteil der Volksrepublik China.


Abb.: Lage von Hong Kong (香港)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Britische Kronkolonie Hong Kong (香港)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]


Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm


Zu Chronik 1985