Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 2008 / B. E. 2551

1. undatiert

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 2008 / B. E. 2551. -- 1. undatiert. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-21. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik2008a.htm

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-04-02

Überarbeitungen: 2017-02-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-04-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-25 [Teilung des Jahrgangs] ; 2013-04-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-03 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt.

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen!

Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:

Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm.

Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2551 / 2008 undatiert

Statistik:

Minderjährige, die ein Kind gebären: 70.000

Von der Polizei gemeldete Vergewaltigungen: 4.650 (13 Vergewaltigungen proTag)

Von der Polizei gemeldete Drogendelikte: 203.000 (563 pro Tag)

Bei der Polizei angezeigte Morde: 4.000, davon Festnahmen: 1.920

1990 - 2008

Durchschnittliches Einkommen eines Haushalts pro Monat

Abb.: Durchschnittliches Einkommen eines Haushalts pro Monat (in Baht) 1990 - 2008
[Datenquelle: Thailand in figures 2012-2013. -- Vol. 1. -- ISBN 978-616-7256-11-9. -- S. 532]

2008

Durchschnittliches Monatseinkommen eines Haushalts: reichste und ärmste Provinzen

Abb.: Zehn Provinzen mit höchstem monatlichem Durchschnittseinkommen pro Haushalt + durchschnittliche monatliche Ausgaben pro Haushalt, 2008
[Datenquelle: Thailand in figures 2012-2013. -- Vol. 1. -- ISBN 978-616-7256-11-9. -- S. 533]

Abb.: Provinzen mit dem höchsten monatlichen Durchschnittseinkommen pro Haushalt 2008
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Zehn Provinzen mit geringstem monatlichem Durchschnittseinkommen pro Haushalt + durchschnittliche monatliche Ausgaben pro Haushalt, 2008
[Datenquelle: Thailand in figures 2012-2013. -- Vol. 1. -- ISBN 978-616-7256-11-9. -- S. 533]

Abb.: Provinzen mit dem geringsten monatlichen Durchschnittseinkommen pro Haushalt 2008
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1990 - 2008

Durchschnittliche Ausgaben eines Haushalts pro Monat

Abb.: Durchschnittliche Haushaltausgaben pro Monat (in 1000 Baht) 1990 - 2008 (ganz Thailand bzw. Bangkok allein)
[Datenquelle: Thailand in figures 2012-2013. -- Vol. 1. -- ISBN 978-616-7256-11-9]

2008

Das durchschnittliche Monatseinkommen von Hausangestellten in der Altenpflege (Pflege von Altersdementen usw.) ist 5.500 bis 7.500 Baht, in Einzelfällen 8.000 bis 9.000 Baht.

ca. 2008

Abb.: Werbung in Nordthailand für Fremdarbeiter in Kuwait und anderen Ländern, ca. 2008
[Bildquelle: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/GMS-04%20state%20of%20counter-trafficking.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2014-09-05]

1931 - 2008

CO₂-Ausstoß in Tonnen:

Abb.: CO₂-Ausstoß in Tonnen, 1931 - 2008
[Datenquelle: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/emissions/tha.dat. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-23]

Abb.: CO₂-Ausstoßer, Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle: Christian Haugen. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/christianhaugen/3344053553/. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-27. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1997 - 2008

Pestizid-bedingte Acetylcholinesterase-Hemmstoffe im Blut von Bauern

Abb.: Gefährliche Menge Pestizid-bedingter Acetylcholinesterase-Hemmstoffe im Blut von Bauern
(in Prozent der untersuchten Bauern): 1997: 78.000 Bauern landesweit; 2008: 924 Bauern in Provinz Chiang Mai
[Datenquelle: Siroj Sorajjakool <1959 - >: Human trafficking in Thailand : current issues, trends, and the role of the Thai government. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2013. -- 241 S. : 21 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-215-060-9. -- S. 58f.]

1994 - 2008

Fischfang

Abb.: Fischfang (in Tausend Tonnen) 1994 - 2008
[Datenquelle: Thailand in figures 2012-2013. -- Vol. 1. -- ISBN 978-616-7256-11-9. -- S. 432]

2003 - 2008

Abb.: Bachelor-Abschlüsse (in Tausend) 2003 - 2008
[Datenquelle: Thailand in figures 2012-2013. -- Vol. 1. -- ISBN 978-616-7256-11-9. -- S. 128]

Abb.: Übergabe des Bachelor-Diploms durch Prinzessin Sirindhorn (มหาจักรีสิรินธร, 1955 - ), Srinakharinwirot University (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยศรีนครินทรวิโรฒ), 2009
[Bildquelle: Live.Your.Life. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/silpakhon/4094624916/. -- Zugriff am 2013-03-31. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1986 - 2009

Artikel in wissenschaftlichen, medizinischen und technischen Zeitschriften Thailands

Anzahl der Artikel in naturwissenschaftlichen, medizinischen und technischen Zeitschriften thailands, 1986 - 2009
[Datenquelle: http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/scientific-and-technical-journal-articles. -- Zugriff am 2014-04-07]

1985 / 2008

Stärke der aktiven Streitkräfte:

Abb.: Stärke der aktiven Streitkräfte 1987 und 2008 (in Tausend)

2000 - 2011

Containerschiff-Umschlag

Abb.: Containerschiff-Umschlag 2000 - 2011 (in Mio. 20Fuß-ISO-Containern - TEU)
[Datenquelle: http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/container-port-traffic. -- Zugriff am 2014-04-07]

Abb.: Container-Hafen Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle: cop4cbt. -- https://www.flickr.com/photos/cop4cbt/3427193516. -- Zugriff am 2014-04-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

2003 - 2008

Exporte nach und Importe aus Laos über den Zoll von Chiang Khong - เชียงของ:

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Khong (เชียงของ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Exporte nach und Importe aus Laos über den Zoll von Chiang Khong - เชียงของ (in Mio. Baht), 2003 - 2008
[Datenquelle: Thein Swe / Chambers (1911), S. 71]

Über Chiang Khong (เชียงของ) kommen jährlich ca. 100.000 Touristen aus China. Auch die Flussschifffahrt auf dem oberen Mekong ist fest in chinesischer Hand.

Abb.: Chinesisches Schiff auf dem oberen Mekong (澜沧江 / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / မဲခေါင်မြစ် / แม่น้ำโขง), 2009: die Reise von Jinghong (景洪市 / เชียงรุ้ง, Yunnan) nach Chiang Saen (เชียงแสน) dauert 8 Stunden.
[Bildquelle: Frédéric Gloor. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/fredalix/3845384037/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: Frachtschiffe auf dem Mekong (แม่น้ำโขง / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ), Chiang Khong (เชียงของ), 2003
[Bildquelle: Lucy Reid. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/25874268@N00/201770517/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

2008

Die National Counter-Corruption Commission (คณะกรรมการป้องกันและปราบปรามการทุจริตแห่งชาติ) gibt als Vermögen von Ex-Ministerpräsident Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา / 马德祥, 1932 - ) und seiner Ehefrau Jamsai (คุณหญิง แจ่มใส ศิลปอาชา, 1934 - ) einen Gesamtwert von 3,37 Milliarden Baht an.

Dieses Vermögen setzt zu 60% sich zusammen aus 243 Grundstücken mit einer Gesamtgröße von 1895 Rai (3 km²) in Bangkok und 7 Provinzen Zentralthailands.

Abb.: Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา / 马德祥), 2009
[Bildquelle: The Official Site of The Prime Minister of Thailand Photo by พีรพัฒน์ วิมลรังครัตน์. -- https://www.flickr.com/photos/thaigov/3839285161/. -- Zugriff am 2014-11-17. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

2008

Im Kaeng Krachan National Park (อุทยานแห่งชาติ แก่งกระจาน) wird erstmals die hier endemische Fliegenart Euryplatea nanaknihali gefunden. Es ist mit 0,4 mm Länge die kleinste bekannte Art der Zweiflügler.

Abb.: Weibchen von Euryplatea nanaknihali Brown 2012, Größe: 0,4 mm
[Bildquelle: Brian V. Brown / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage des Kaeng Krachan National Park (อุทยานแห่งชาติ แก่งกระจาน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Im Büro verbotene Kleidung:

Abb.: Im Büro verbotene Kleidung, 2008
(tight pants = enganliegende Hosen; culotte = Hosenrock)
[Bildquelle: Matt Crampton. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattcrampton/3249201869/. -- Zugriff am 2012-09-18. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

2008

Filme mit dem größten Umsatz (Kassenschlager)

1	The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor	$3,6 Mio.
2	Quantum of Solace	$3,0 Mio.
3	Ong bak 2 (องค์บาก 2)	$2,9 Mio.
4	Hancock	$2,7 Mio.
5	The Dark Knight	$2,6 Mio.

[Datenquelle: Box Office Mojo]

1. Platz	2. Platz
3. Platz	4. Platz
5. Platz	Kassenschlager [Quelle aller Bilder: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

2008

Den Silpathorn Award (รางวัลศิลปาธร) erhalten:

Visual Arts: Araya Rasdjarmrearnsook (อารยา ราษฎร์จำเริญสุข)

Literature: Paiwarin Khao-Ngam (ไพวรินทร์ ขาวงาม, 1961 - )

Literature: Khajornrit Raksa (ขจรฤทธิ์ รักษา, 1963 - )

Music: Narongrit Dhamabutra (ณรงค์ฤทธิ์ ธรรมบุตร)

Film: Nonzee Nimibutr (นนทรีย์ นิมิบุตร, 1962 - )

Performing arts: Sineenadh Keitprapa (สินีนาฎ เกษประไพ)

Design: Sompis Phosakul (สมพิศ ฟูสกุล)

Abb.: Einbandtitel eines Buchs von Araya Rasdjarmrearnsook (อารยา ราษฎร์จำเริญสุข)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel eines Buchs von Paiwarin Khao-Ngam (ไพวรินทร์ ขาวงาม)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel eines Buchs von Khajornrit Raksa (ขจรฤทธิ์ รักษา)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Plakat zu einem Konzert mit einer Komposition von Narongrit Dhamabutra (ณรงค์ฤทธิ์ ธรรมบุตร)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Plakat für einen Film von Nonzee Nimibutr (นนทรีย์ นิมิบุตร)
[Fair use]

2008

Der Luk Thung (ลูกทุ่ง) Sänger Phai Phongsathon (ไพ พงสะทอน, 1982 - ) schafft mit dem Isaan (อีสาน) Song Khon ban diao kan (คนบ้านเดียวกัน - Die Dörfler miteinander) einen Hit. Phai ist der erfolgreichste Isan Luk Thung Sänger jüngeren Datums.

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:5sdHZ8dETeyOwt9D3iNoFC
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/5sdHZ8dETeyOwt9D3iNoFC

Abb.: CD-Titel
[Fair use]

2008

Der sehr erfolgreiche Luk Thung (ลูกทุ่ง) Sänger Phanom Nopphon (พนม นพพร, 1946 - ) erhält die Ehrendoktorwürde der Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University (มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏนครสวรรค์).

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:1qk3klMXJA4R9SEZbLYGmm
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/1qk3klMXJA4R9SEZbLYGmm

Abb.: CD-Titel
[Fair use]

2008

Vachara Sajasarasin (= Vachara Phetchphromsorn) (วัชระ สัจจะสารสิน = วัชระ เพชรพรหมศร, 1975 - ) erhält den Southeast Asian Writers Award für die Sammlung von Kurzgeschichten เราหลงลืมอะไรบางอย่าง

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer der Ausgaben

2008

Teilweise Fertigstellung des Wat Rong Khun (วัดร่องขุ่น) in Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย).

Abb.: Lage des Wat Rong Khun (วัดร่องขุ่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Wat Rong Khun (วัดร่องขุ่น), Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย), 2007
[Bildquelle: An-d / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: WC-Türen, Wat Rong Khun (วัดร่องขุ่น), Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย), 2010
[Bildquelle: tbSMITH. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tbsmith/5740137701/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-27. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Wat Rong Khun (Thai: วัดร่องขุ่น) is a contemporary unconventional Buddhist and Hindu temple in Chiang Rai, Thailand. It was designed by Chalermchai Kositpipat (เฉลิมชัย โฆษิตพิพัฒน์, 1955 - ). Construction began in 1997,finished in 2008.
Style and construction

Wat Rong Khun is different from any other temple in Thailand, as its ubosot (Pali: uposatha; consecrated assembly hall) is designed in white color with some use of white glass. The white color stands for Lord Buddha’s purity; the white glass stands for Lord Buddha’s wisdom that "shines brightly all over the Earth and the Universe."

The bridge leading to the temple represents the crossing over from the cycle of rebirth to the Abode of Buddha. The small semicircle before the bridge stands for the human world. The big circle with fangs is the mouth of Rahu, meaning impurities in the mind, a representation of hell or suffering.

All the paintings inside the ubosot (assembly hall) have golden tones. The four walls, ceiling and floor contain paintings showing an escape from the defilements of temptation to reach a supramundane state. On the roof, there are four kinds of animals representing earth, water, wind and fire. The elephant stands for the earth; the naga stands for water; the swan's wings represent wind; and the lion’s mane represents fire.

Visitors will find it rather bizarre to find modern images throughout this temple. Images of the Predator from the Hollywood film, Spiderman, Batman, Keanu Reeves character in the Matrix, rocket ships, etc. The sea of hands rising up towards the bridge to the temple, some holding skulls are very striking.

In 1997, Chalermchai Kositpipat volunteered his service to carry out the construction of the ubosot at his own expense as an offering to Lord Buddha, but he later altered the plan as he saw fit in such a way that Wat Rong Khun developed into a prominent site attracting both Thai and foreign visitors.

Nowadays, Wat Rong Khun is still being constructed. When completed, the construction project of Wat Rong Khun will consist of nine buildings: the ubosot, the hall containing Lord Buddha’s relics, the hall containing Buddha images, the preaching hall, the contemplation hall, the monk’s cell, the door façade of the Buddhavasa, the art gallery, and the toilets."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Rong_Khun. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-27]

2008

Presse zum Herstellen von Votivtäfelchen / Amuletten aus Erde:

Abb.: Votivtäfelchen-Presse, Ban Nam Phi (บ้านน้ำพี้) , Provinz Uttaradit (อุตรดิตถ์), 2008
[Bildquelle: Tevaprapas Makklay / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Lage von Ban Nam Phi (บ้านน้ำพี้)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Erstes Heft der buddhistischen Lifestyle-Zeitschrift ซีเครท = Secret

"นิตยสารรายปักษ์แนวสุขภาพที่สร้างแรงบันดาลใจในการดำเนินชีวิต เป็นหลักให้แก่ชีวิต เป็นที่พึ่งทางใจ ด้วยการนำเสนอแง่คิดดีๆ จากหลากหลายบุคคลผ่านเนื้อหาที่เข้าใจง่ายอ่านสนุก ให้แง่คิดเคล็ดลับและแนวทางปฏิบัติเพื่อนำไปสู่ความสุขและความสำเร็จในชีวิต"
[Quelle: http://www.magazinedee.com/home/main/issuelist/id/246/. -- Zugriff am 217-01-04]

Abb.: Titelblatt von Heft 7, 2008

Abb.: Titelblatt von No. 204, 1916-12

2008

Audio: New Korat Theme song 2008 (เพลงมาร์ชนครราชสีมา ปี 2008) / Luang Wichitwathakan (หลวงวิจิตรวาทการ, 1898 - 1962)
[Quelle der ogg-Datei: Kbambam / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

2008

Gründung des Das German-Southeast Asian Center for Public Policy and Good Governance (CPG) an der Thammasat University (มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์) in Bangkok

"The German-Southeast Asian Center of Excellence for Public Policy and Good Governance (CPG) is a common institute of Thammasat University Bangkok and Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, and Passau University in Germany. It is funded by the German Federal Foreign Office and supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The CPG is located at Thammasat University, Bangkok.

Its research and work focus lies on public law and its role in facilitating good governance. Based on the cooperation between the Faculties of Law at the four participating universities our approach is interdisciplinary. Pursuing a comparative perspective of transfer of ideas and knowledge between Europe and Southeast Asia, we particularly pay attention to Southeast Asian countries.
Next to research and teaching the activities of the CPG include also political and governmental consulting as well as training of professionals. Furthermore the CPG publishes the European Asian Journal for Law and Governance and provides numerous services for scholars and students.

More than 40 scholars from the four universities forming our institute are actively involved in the work of the CPG. Numerous co-operations exist with further European and Asian universities and other private and public institutions concerned with public law, good governance and politics."

[Quelle: http://www.cpg-online.de/index.php. -- Zugriff am 2016.01.03]

2008

Thailand in Israel:

Abb.: Muttergottes mit Jesuskind, Mosaik aus Thailand, Nazareth (נָצְרַת), Israel, 2008
[Bildquelle: KOREphotos. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/korephotos/2845666156/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Nazareth (נָצְרַת), Israel
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Im Rotlichtbezirk von Patong Beach (หาดป่าตอง) auf Phuket (ภูเก็ต) werden freiwillige Blutproben untersucht. Von den ca. 150 Blutproben sind über 80% HIV-positiv.

Abb.: Lage von Phuket (ภูเก็ต)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Patong Beach (หาดป่าตอง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: HIV-Aufklärungsposter, Thailand, um 1995
[Bildquelle: Wellcome Images. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

2008

Fertigstellung der 2004 begonnenen Riesenbuddhastatue พระพุทธมิ่งมงคลเอกนาคคีรี (Phra Phuttha Mingmongkhon Akenakkhiri). "Die imposante Marmorstatue ist 45 Meter hoch und hat einen Durchmesser von 25 Meter am Sockel. Der Buddha sitzt auf einem großen Podest aus stilisierten Lotusblüten und schaut vom Gipfel des Nakkerd Hill (เขานาคเกิด - Khao Nakkerd) nach Osten auf die Chalong-Bucht. Für den noch nicht ganz fertiggestellten Sockel kann man gegen eine kleine Gebühr noch Marmorplatten kaufen und mit seinem Namen versehen einbauen lassen." (Wikipedia)

Abb.: พระพุทธมิ่งมงคลเอกนาคคีรี (Phra Phuttha Mingmongkhon Akenakkhiri), 2009
[Bildquelle: Sonfi99 / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

In kalifornischen Museen (USA) tauchen Fundstücke aus der archäologischen Weltkulturerbe-Stätte Ban Chiang (แหล่งโบราณคดี บ้านเชียง) auf. Wie sind sie dorthin gelangt? ... In Thailand sorgt das für Schlagzeilen.

Abb.: Lage von Ban Chiang (แหล่งโบราณคดี บ้านเชียง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Kalifornien (USA)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Piyaporn Deejing (ปิยะภรณ์ ดีจริง, nicknamed Deer - เดียร์, 1988 - ) wird zur Miss Thailand Earth gewählt.

Abb.: Piyaporn Deejing (ปิยะภรณ์ ดีจริง)
[Bildquelle: Speedracer05 / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Es erscheint:

Bhumibol Adulyadej [พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวภูมิพลอดุลยเดชฯ] <1927 - 2016 > [Komponist]: The Jazz King : H. M. The King Bhumibol Adulyadej musical compositions / performed by Larry Carlton <1948 - > & guests ; All Star Jazz. -- Sony BMG Europe, ©2008. -- Musik-CD

Künstlerlink Larry Carlton auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:7aRi9OzdA2ciputfuguaPK
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/7aRi9OzdA2ciputfuguaPK

Abb.: Cover

2008

Im Film หนึ่งใจ..เดียวกัน („Where The Miracle Happens“) spielt Prinzessin Ubol Ratana (ทูลกระหม่อมหญิงอุบลรัตนราชกัญญา สิริวัฒนาพรรณวดี, geb. 1951) die Hauptrolle.

Abb.: Filmplakat von หนึ่งใจ..เดียวกัน („Where The Miracle Happens“) mit Prinzessin Ubon Ratana in der Hauptrolle
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

2008

Es erscheint die Biographie von Anna Leonowens (1831/1834 - 1915), der Gouvernante (พระบาทสมเด็จ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, 1804 - 1868) am Hof König Mongkuts:

Morgan, Susan <1943 - >: Bombay Anna : the real story and remarkable adventures of the King and I governess. -- Berkeley : University of California Press, 2008. -- 274 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 9780520252264 (cloth : alk. paper)

Inhalt:

Introduction: a life of passing
Ancestors: a Methodist, a soldier, and a "Lady not entirely white"
A company childhood
Daughter of the Deccan
Love and Bombay, at last
Metamorphosis: "a life sublimated above the ordinary"
A teacher and a king
A job in a palace
"The noble and devoted women whom I learned to know, to esteem, and to love"
Settled in Bangkok
The paths to good-bye
An American writer
The Canadian grande dame
"Shall we dance?": Anna and U.S.-Thai relations.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

2008

Der Geschichts-Manga Mahap Ku Phaendin (มหากาพย์กู้แผ่นดิน) von อรุณทิวา วชิรพรพงศา erhält den International Manga Award.

Abb.: Mahap Ku Phaendin (มหากาพย์กู้แผ่นดิน)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Mahap Ku Phaendin (มหากาพย์กู้แผ่นดิน)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

2008

Die Regierung blockiert über 2300 Internet-Sites, die meisten wegen angeblicher Majestätsbeleidigung (lèse-majesté, ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์). Die Regierung gibt 45 Mio. Baht aus, um das Internet rund um die Uhr bespitzeln zu können.

Abb.: Internetzensur in Thailand
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Internet censorship in Thailand was classified as substantial in the social area, as selective in the political and Internet tools areas, and no evidence of filtering was found in the conflict/security area by the OpenNet Initiative in May 2007. Thailand is on Reporters Without Borders list of countries under surveillance in 2011. And Thailand's Internet Freedom status is rated "Not Free" in the Freedom on the Net 2011 report by Freedom House, which cites substantial political censorship and the arrests of bloggers and other online users.
History

Internet censorship is conducted by the Royal Thai Police (สำนักงานตำรวจแห่งชาติ), the Communications Authority of Thailand (บริษัท กสท โทรคมนาคม จำกัด ), and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT, กระทรวงเทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศและการสื่อสาร).

Prior to the September 2006 military coup d'état, 34,411 web sites were blocked by all three government agencies. The cited reasons were as follows:^[5]

60% pornography,

14% sale of sex equipment,

11% threats to national security, which includes criticisms of the king, government or military,

8% illegal products and services,

4% copyright infringement,

2% illegal gambling, and

1% other.

Although the great majority of censored sites were pornographic, the list also includes anonymous proxy servers which circumvent Web-blocking and provide access to Internet gambling sites. Pornography and gambling are specifically illegal in Thailand.

On 19 September 2006, the Thai military staged a bloodless coup d'état against the government of elected Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra (ทักษิณ ชินวัตร). The fifth official order signed by coup leader General Sonthi Boonyaratglin (สนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน) on 20 September, the first day following the coup, was to enforce Web censorship and appoint Dr. Sitthichai Pokaiudom (สิทธิชัย โภไคยอุดม), “The Official Censor of the Military Coup”, Minister to head MICT.

In October 2006, MICT blocked 2475 websites by "request"; by 11 January 2007, this number had risen to 13,435 websites, a jump of more than 500%. This brought the total number of websites blocked to more than 45,000. All websites are blocked in secret and the criteria for censorship has never been made public by government. However, the MICT blocklist must be made available to ISPs to block.

With the enactment of a new cybercrimes law in June 2007 (Act on Computer Crime B.E. 2550), Thailand became one of the only countries in Asia to require its government to obtain court authorization to block Internet content (section 20). Illegal activities under the Thai cybercrimes law include inputting obscene data, forged or false data likely to cause injury to another person, the public or national security; and data which constitutes a criminal offense relating to national security or terrorism (section 14). Criminal liability is extended to ISPs that intentionally support or consent to these illegal activities (section 15). The law creates civil and criminal liability for individuals who publicly post photographs of others that are “likely to” impair their reputation or expose them to shame, public hatred or contempt (section 16).

Ongoing political turmoil led prime minister Samak Sundaravej (สมัคร สุนทรเวช) to declare a state of emergency on 2 September 2008. Upon his declaration, the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology ordered ISPs to immediately shut down around 400 Web sites and block 1,200 more, all alleged to disturb social order or endanger national security.

ICT Minister Mun Patanotai (มั่น พัธโนทัย) announced on 29 October 2008, plans to introduce an internet gateway system costing up to 500 million baht to block sites considered to promote lèse majesté materials. The Minister said the system could also be used to block other websites considered inappropriate, such as those of terrorist groups or selling pornography, but the ministry will focus first on websites with content deemed insulting to the Thai monarchy.

A state of emergency was imposed on 7 April and lifted on 22 December 2010, but the Internal Security Act (ISA), which provides Thailand’s leaders with broad powers unrestricted by judicial procedure, remains in place.

URLs blocked by court order:

Year Court
Orders Blocked
URLs

2007 1 2

2008 13 2071

2009 64 28,705

2010 39 43,908

Total 117 74,686

It is estimated that tens of thousands of additional URLs are blocked without court orders through informal requests or under the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situations.

Reasons for blocking:

URLs
blocked
Percent
Reason

57,330 77% lèse majesté content (content that defames, insults, threatens, or is unflattering to the King, includes national security and some political issues)

16,740 22% pornographic content

357 <1% information about abortion

246 <1% content related to gambling

Estimates put the number of websites blocked at over 110,000 and growing in 2010.
Methods
MICT blocks indirectly by informally “requesting” the blocking of websites by Thailand's 54 commercial and non-profit Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Although ISPs are not legally required to accede to these “requests”, MICT Permanent Secretary Kraisorn Pornsuthee wrote in 2006 that ISPs who fail to comply will be punitively sanctioned by government in the form of bandwidth restriction or even loss of their operating license. This is a powerful compulsion to comply.

Websites are blocked by Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and/or IP address. However, only about 20% of blocked sites are identified by IP address; the remaining 80% are unable to be identified at a specific physical location. If these sites could be identified as being located in Thailand, legal action could be taken against their operators. Thus, lack of IP address is a major oversight.

Several technologies are employed to censor the Internet such as caching, blacklisting domain name or IP address, or simply redirection to a government homepage. Blacklisting the website is beneficial for this kind of web censorship as the webmasters would be unaware that their websites are being blocked. This measure is said to be used to make unpleasant websites appear unavailable.

Many censored web sites previously redirected the user to a site hosted by the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT) which states that the requested destination could not be displayed due to improper content.

Censorship of the Internet in Thailand is currently for website access only. Unlike China's “Great Firewall”, which censors all Internet traffic including chat conversation via Instant Messaging, Thai Internet users are still able to interact with other users without being censored. However, current policy is to use a system of transparent proxies so that the user receives system, server, TCP and browser error messages when trying to access blocked sites leading the user to believe that the failure is caused in the Internet itself.

Search engine giants, Google and Yahoo!, were approached to investigate the potential capability for blocking access to their cached web pages in Thailand, a common technique used to circumvent blocking. The search engines were also asked about keyword search blocking which is used effectively in China to censor the Internet. Google, at least, has made public a statement that it has no intention of blocking any sites to users in Thailand.
Examples of websites blocked 1
9 September Network against Coup d'Etat

A trend is increased censorship of anti-coup websites such as 19 September Network against Coup d'Etat, which has been blocked six times as of February 2007, with the government refusing to acknowledge responsibility for the blocking.
Southern insurgency
Most sites concerning the violent political situation in Thailand's Muslim South are blocked, specifically those in support of the Patani United Liberation Organisation (PULO, องค์กรปลดปล่อยสหปัตตานี - พูโล), a banned group which works for a separate Muslim state, including PULO's appeals to the United Nations for redress.
External news sites
Some web pages from BBC One, BBC Two, CNN, Yahoo! News, the Post-Intelligencer newspaper (Seattle, USA), and The Age newspaper (Melbourne, Australia) dealing with Thai political content are blocked. More recently, all international coverage of Thaksin-in-exile has been blocked, including interviews with the deposed PM.
Webboards and discussion forums
Internet webboards and discussion forums such as Midnight University (มหาวิทยาลัยเที่ยงคืน), Prachatai.com (ประชาไท.คอม) and Pantip.com (พันทิป.คอม) have all been blocked, making reasonable political discussion very difficult. Prachatai and Pantip have chosen to self-censor, closely monitoring each discussion, in order to remain unblocked.
Video sharing sites
Video sharing sites such as Camfrog have recently been blocked on the grounds that people were "behaving indecently" on webcams; the block was later reversed when it was discovered that Camfrog provided a principal means of communication for the handicapped, elderly and shut-ins. Other video sharing sites such as Metacafe remain blocked however.

The entire video upload website, YouTube, has been blocked several times, including a complete ban between 4 April and 31 August 2007 due to a video which was considered to be offensive to the monarchy; YouTube's parent company, Google, was reported to have agreed to assist MICT in blocking individual videos, thus making the rest legal to display in Thailand. The YouTube site block persisted for nearly five months, despite the fact that the video challenged by MICT was voluntary deleted by the user who posted it.
Websites containing lèse majesté content
The Criminal Code states that whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, Queen, the heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be jailed for three to 15 years, but the statute is broadly interpreted to apply to any mention of the institution of royalty that is less than flattering.

On 29 April 2010, Wipas Raksakulthai (วิภาส รักสกุลไทย) was arrested following a post to his Facebook account allegedly insulting Bhumibol. The arrest was reportedly the first lèse majesté charge against a Thai Facebook user. In response, Amnesty International named Wipas Thailand's first prisoner of conscience in nearly three decades.

According to the Associated Press, the Computer Crime Act has contributed to a sharp increase in the number of lèse majesté cases tried each year in Thailand. While between 1990 and 2005, roughly five cases were tried in Thai courts each year, since that time about 400 cases have come to trial—a 1,500 percent increase.
Websites about the book The King Never Smiles
Although the independent biography of Thailand's King Bhumibhol Adulyadej, The King Never Smiles by Paul Handley was published in July 2006, websites concerning the book had been blocked as far back as November 2005. As no advance reading copies or excerpts were made available, these sites were censored based on the book's title alone. All sites with links to sales of the book are still blocked, including Yale University Press, Amazon, Amazon UK, and many others.
Wikipedia articles

Accessing the Wikipedia article on Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand on 10 October 2008, led to a w3.mict.go.th announcement: "Under Construction The site you are trying to view does not currently have a default page. It may be in the process of being upgraded and configured." The link is now redirected to:

The page was prohibited because of the court order. It could have an affect on or be against the security of the Kingdom, public order or good morals. Thai: ท่าน ไม่สามารถเข้าชม web page ที่ต้องการ เนืองจาก มีคำสั่งศาลให้ปิดกั้น หรือ มีลักษณะเข้าข่ายที่อาจกระทบต่อความมั่นคงแห่งราชอาณาจักร หรืออาจขัดต่อความสงบเรียบร้อยหรือศีลธรรมอันดีของประชาชน

—Super Broadband Network Co., Ltd., sbn.co.th/prohibit.html

The blocking of the King of Thailand's Wikipedia page may be due to content regarding the king's succession that the Thai Government views unappealing or illegal under its lèse majesté laws. The fake error message seen in Thailand when attempting to view the king's Wikipedia page can be seen on YouTube.

The article on Thai-baht banknotes has had all images removed.

WikiLeaks
On 28 June 2010, access to wikileaks.org was blocked in Thailand.
Wayback Machine Internet archive
Some pages from the Wayback Machine, a Archive.org project which as of 2011 stores snapshots of over 150 billion web pages, are being blocked by MICT.
Opposition to Internet censorship
Interference in communication, including the Internet, was specifically prohibited by Section 37 and free speech protected by Section 39 of the 1997 “People's” Constitution. However, following the pattern of past coups, the military's first action was to scrap the Constitution and begin drafting a new one. Nevertheless, the MICT commissioned the Law Faculty of Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University to find laws or loopholes which permit such censorship, and several other organizations have filed petitions with Thailand's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC, คณะกรรมการสิทธิมนุษยชนแห่งชาติ).
Midnight University (มหาวิทยาลัยเที่ยงคืน)
Midnight University has filed petitions simultaneously with the NHRC and Thailand's Administrative Court. As the Court and the Council of State can find no laws which permit Internet censorship, Midnight University has been granted a restraining order against further blocking, pending resolution of its legal case. This makes Midnight University the only legally-protected website in Thailand.
Freedom Against Censorship Thailand (FACT, กลุ่มเสรีภาพต่อต้านการเซ็นเซอร์แห่งประเทศไทย)
Freedom Against Censorship Thailand (FACT) filed a petition against censorship before the NHRC on 15 November 2006. FACT's petition is still open for signatures and is actively seeking international support. Though NHRC has no enforcement capability and is therefore rarely able to extract evidence from government bodies, on 26 January 2007 MICT agreed to cooperate with the NHRC.

On 9 February 2007, FACT filed an official information request with MICT under the Official Information Act of 1997. The request contains 20 questions and is signed by 257 individuals supported by 57 international civil liberties and human rights groups. The MICT refused to reply citing grounds of “national security” and “interference with law enforcement”; its secret blocklist, criteria used for censorship and specific procedures it uses remain private. On 23 March 2007, FACT filed a complaint requiring an investigation within 60 days by the Official Information Commission under the Prime Minister's Office. FACT stated that, should the complaint fail, it would seek a restraining order against further censorship through Thailand's legal system.
Circumvention software
Software applications for circumventing web-blocking are readily available. Tor is in use through software including XeroBank Browser (formerly Torpark) and Vidalia, and a number of other proxied solutions including Proxify, Six-Four, phproxy are also used. Freenet is another popular solution. Available for free download from the Internet, these packages are also published on disk by FACT. The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Minister has said in an interview in the Bangkok Post that he has not blocked these methods because "using proxies to access illegal sites are illegal, whereas using proxies to access legal sites is legal."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Thailand. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-13]

2008

Thailand steht im Global Innovation Index mit 3,40 Punkten an 44. Stelle (1. Stelle: USA mit 5,28 Punkten; 2. Stelle: Deutschland mit 4,99 Punkten).

2008

Erste Nummer des Thai-Manga Angel Delivery (ตำนานป่วน ก๊วนนางฟ้า) von ภานุวัฒน์ วัฒนนุกูล.

Abb.: Angel Delivery (ตำนานป่วน ก๊วนนางฟ้า)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

2008

Es erscheint

ฮิมิโตะ ณ เกียวโต [= ลักขณา ปันวิชัย] [Himito na Kyoto = Lakkhana Panwichai] <1972 - >: โสดสนุกสูตรอร่อย [Single is fun]

Abb.: Einbandtitel

2008 - 2009-08

Modernine TV (สถานีโทรทัศน์โมเดิร์นไนน์) sendet die 51 Folgen des Lakorn (ละคร - Soap Opera) Ubat Ruk Kaam Kaub Fah (อุบัติรักข้ามขอบฟ้า, Love Beyond Frontier).

Abb.: Plakat
[Fair use]

"Ubat Ruk Kaam Kaub Fah (Love Beyond Frontier) is a Thai "lakorn (drama)" directed and screen-written by Ping Lampraplerng (พิง ลำพระเพลิง, 1966 - ). It started airing in 2008, starring the two brothers that are one of Thailand's hottest teen sensation, Golf (กอล์ฟ, Pichaya Nitipaisalkul - พิชญะ นิธิไพศาลกุล, 1987 - ) and Mike (ไมค์, Pirath Nitipaisalkul - พิรัชต์ นิธิไพศาลกุล, 1989 - ) as well as actresses Jarinporn "Toey" Joonkiat (จรินทร์พร จุนเกียรติ (เต้ย), 1990 - ) and Pattarasaya "Peak" Kruasuwansiri (ภัทรศยา เครือสุวรรณศิริ (พีค), 1988 - ) who both gained popularity after these series. Then it was shortly followed by a squeal "Ubat Ruk Kaam Kaub Fah 2" in 2009.
Synopsis

Golf comes from a rich background but refuses to rely on his mother and struggles to make a living by selling things in the JJ market. His dream is to become a singer because he believes it is a way to help the nature like how his deceased father had once done before drowning in the sea. Although he faces constant obstacles, he refuses to back down. He lives alone in a rental apartment and constantly falls behind for the payment, luckily for him, his friend Ple is the owner and while she has a bad mouth and enjoys teasing and getting into fights with Golf, she doesn't have a bad heart and Golf finds himself fallen for her.
Mike has been living in Japan his whole life before his father died and he decided to go in search of his long-gone Thai mother. Having no knowledge of Thailand or the language, he falls into many troubles and meets Pat, a beautiful girl who works in the advertising company and engages actively in a online life (including an online diary and chatting with a boy she thinks understands her). Being kind hearted and realizing that Mike was a good person, she lets him live in her house, and eventually Mike falls in love with her.
Circumstance causes Golf, Mike, Pat, and Ple to meet. Ple having an obsession with everything Japanese, immediately takes a liking to Mike, which stirs everything up. Golf and Mike gained the eye of the music company when they helped Pat with a commercial that required them to show off their natural dancing skills. With everyone commenting that they looked alike and that they could be brothers, Golf's producer decides to form the duo Golf-Mike and their singing career starts there. Unknown to the both of them, Golf's mother is the mother Mike has been looking for, and they were half-brothers."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubat_Ruk_Kaam_Kaub_Fah. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-07]

2008

Es erscheint online:

Exploiting the tiger : illegal trade, animal cruelty and tourists at risk at the Tiger Temple ; an investigation at Wat Pa Luangta Yannasampanno Forest Monastery [วัดป่าหลวงตามหาบัว ญาณสัมปันโน], Kanchanabury [กาญจนบุรี], Thailand / Care for the Wild International. -- http://www.cwiftp.co.uk/web_files/TigerTemplereport08_final_v11.pdf. -- 23 S. : Ill. -- Zugriff am 2013-03-01]

Abb.: Lage von Wat Pa Luangta Yannasampanno [วัดป่าหลวงตามหาบัว ญาณสัมปันโน]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

It is possible that the Kanchanaburi Tiger Temple started with the good intention of providing emergency accommodation for tiger cubs who had been rescued from poachers. However, it would appear that commercial interests have long since overtaken these considerations. Subsequent construction, breeding, and illegal exchange activities appear to have been developed almost entirely with tourism in mind, rather than to benefit the needs of tigers.

The animal welfare problems at the Temple are severe and include poor accommodation, lack of appropriate environments, veterinary problems, and deliberate physical abuse of the tigers to make them compliant for visiting tourists.

The Tiger Temple makes no discernable contribution to tiger conservation and does not meet any of the requirements of the World Association of Zoos and Aquaria (WAZA) for participation in a captive conservation breeding programme. The genetic makeup of the Temple's tigers is unknown, and the captive environment does not in any way approach the WAZA's minimum requirements. The Temple therefore would not be permitted to participate in any recognised conservation breeding programme.

Evidence of illegal movements of tigers across international borders by Temple staff is now uncovered. At least 12 have been shipped across international borders without the necessary permits. International trade in tigers and their parts is the main cause of the species' demise in the wild."

[a.a.O., S. 22]

Abb.: Tierliebe oder Tierquälerei? Wat Pa Luangta Yannasampanno [วัดป่าหลวงตามหาบัว ญาณสัมปันโน], 2004
[Bildquelel: Michael Janich / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

2008

Fertigstellung der größten Buddhastatue Thailands im Wat Muang (วัดม่วง นิววิวทัวร์), Ang Thong (อ่างทอง). Die Arbeiten daran hatten 1990 begonnnen. Maße: 92 m hoch, 73 m breit. Material: Beton, golden angestrichen.

Abb.: Lage von Ang Thong (อ่างทอง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Riesenbuddha, Wat Muang (วัดม่วง นิววิวทัวร์), Ang Thong (อ่างทอง), 2009
[Bildquelle: Stephanie Richard. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/22967797@N06/3828882516/. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-06. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Sieger in der Thai Premier League (ไทยพรีเมียร์ลีก) (Fußball): Buriram P.E.A. F. C. (บุรีรัมย์ พีอีเอ)

Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia]

2008

Architekt Sumeth Jumsai Na Ayudhaya (สุเมธ ชุมสาย ณ อยุธยา) (1939 - ): Fertigstellung des

Sumet Jumsai Studio, Si Racha (ศรีราชา)

2008 (?)

Architekt Boonlert Hemvijitraphan [บุญเลิศ เหมวิจิตรพันธ์] von Boon Design: Fertigstellung des Hauses

Acharapan House, Nakhon Chai Si (นครชัยศรี)

Abb.: Lage von Nakhon Chai Si (นครชัยศรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2008

Briefmarken:

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Zu Chronik 2008 / B. E. 2551. -- 2. Januar bis Juni