नामलिङ्गानुशासनम्

2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam

9. siṃhādivargaḥ

(Über Tiere)

9. Vers 26a
(Fledermäuse)

Übersetzt von Alois Payer

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"Those who have never considered the subject are little aware how much the appearance and habit of a plant become altered by the influence of its position. It requires much observation to speak authoritatively on the distinction in point of stature between many trees and shrubs. Shrubs in the low country, small and stunted in growth, become handsome and goodly trees on higher lands, and to an inexperienced eye they appear to be different plants. The Jatropha curcas grows to a tree some 15 or 20 feet on the Neilgherries, while the Datura alba is three or four times the size in>n the hills that it is on the plains. It is therefore with much diffidence that I have occasionally presumed to insert the height of a tree or shrub. The same remark may be applied to flowers and the flowering seasons, especially the latter. I have seen the Lagerstroemia Reginae, whose proper time of flowering is March and April, previous to the commencement of the rains, in blossom more or less all the year in gardens in Travancore. I have endeavoured to give the real or natural flowering seasons, in contradistinction to the chance ones, but, I am afraid, with little success; and it should be recollected that to aim at precision in such a part of the description of plants is almost hopeless, without that prolonged study of their local habits for which a lifetime would scarcely suffice." [Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- S. VIII f.]

2. dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam - Zweiter Teil

2.9. siṃhādivargaḥ - Abschnitt über Löwen und andere Tiere

Abb.: Asiatische Tierwelt
[Bildquelle: Brockhaus' Kleines Konversationslexikon, 1906]

Referenzwerke:

Mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference / ed. by Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder. -- 3. ed. -- Baltimore : John Hopkins Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 2 Bde. : 2142 S. -- ISBN 0-8o18-8221-4 [Normierend für lateinische und englische Säugetiernamen]

Menon, Vivek: Mammals of India. -- New Jersey : Princeton UP, ©2009. -- 201 S. : Ill. -- ISBN 978-0-691-14067-4 [Sehr gute Übersicht über die wichtigsten Säugetiere Indiens]

Walker's mammals of the world / Ronald M. Nowak; John L. Paradiso. - Baltimore, Md. [u.a.] : Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 1999. -- 2 Bde. -- ISBN 0-8018-3970-X  [Referenzwerk für Säugetiere]

Übersicht

• 2.9.64. Microchiroptera - Fledermäuse - Bats

2.9.64. Microchiroptera - Fledermäuse - Bats

Colebrooke (1807): "A bat."

In Indien gibt es über 110 Arten von Fledermäusen. Hier folgt je ein Beispiel aus den in Indien vertretenen Familien.

Abb.: जतुकाः । Fledermäuse schwärmen aus einer Höhle in Thailand
[Bildquelle: Max Maus / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abbildungen nicht identifizierter Fledermäuse

Abb.: जतुकाः । Fledermäuse, Jodhpur - जोधाणा, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Matso. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/matso/4117342943/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: जतुका । Fledermaus; Ahmednagar - अहमदनगर, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: Harshad Sharma. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/harshadsharma/201177284/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: अजिनपत्रा । Fledermaus, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: H G Mukhopadhyay. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/hgmphotos/3747165363/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielel Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: जतुका  । Fledermaus, Bandhavgarh National Park - बांधवगढ राष्ट्रीय उद्दान, Madhya Pradesh
[Bildquelle: Indraneel Biswas. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/colouredglass/2157027385/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielel Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Maegaderma lyra E. Geoffroy, 1810 - Greater False Vampire - Großer Falscher Vampir

"Megaderma lyra. THE LARGE-EARED VAMPIRE BAT. [...] This curious-looking bat is found over all India, from the foot of the Himalayas to the extreme South, frequenting old buildings, pagodas, caves, roofs of houses, &c. It is very abundant in the innermost compartments of the cave temples of Ellora and Ajanta. Hodgson considered those he procured (which were under the roof of the Dak bungalow at Silligoree, at the foot of the Sikim Himalayas) distinct ; but I got specimens from the very same locality and found them apparently quite identical with those from Southern India. Horsfield, indeed, when noticing Hodgson's new Mammals, &c., stated that dry specimens could not be distinguished from M. lyra. Mr. Blyth has fully ascertained that this bat at times sucks the blood from other bats, fixing on them behind the ear, sucking the blood during flight, and then devouring the body. It has also been known to eat frogs and fish. Hodgson found insects only in those he examined." [Quelle: Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill <1811-1872>: The mammals of India : a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India.  -- London, 1874. -- S.  22]

Pteropodidae - Fruit Bats - Flughunde

Abb.: अजिनपत्राः । Flughunde, Thanjavur - தஞ்சாவூர், Tamil Nadu
[Bildquelle: داود. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/david-trattnig/2791580385/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielel Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: अजिनपत्राः  Flughunde über Udaipur - उदयपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Raam Dev. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/raamdev/4667569937/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

Pteropus giganteus Brünnich, 1782 - Indian Flying Fox - Indischer Riesenflughund

Körperlänge: 20 - 30 cm
Lebensraum: ganz Indien, besonders auf Alleebäumen, in der Nähe von Ackerland und menschlichen Behausungen
Lebt in großen Kolonien

Abb.: जतुकाः । Pteropus giganteus Brünnich, 1782 - Indian Flying Fox - Indischer Riesenflughund, Ahmedabad - અમદાવાદ, Gujarat
[Bildquelle: Umang Dutt. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/snapflickr/2456084948/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: अजिनपत्रा । Pteropus giganteus Brünnich, 1782 - Indian Flying Fox - Indischer Riesenflughund, Nagpur - नागपूर, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: Tarique Sani. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tariquesani/4449374539/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-22. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielel Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: अजिनपत्रा । Pteropus giganteus Brünnich, 1782 - Indian Flying Fox - Indischer Riesenflughund, Zoo
[Bildquelle: Fritz Geller-Grimm / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: अजिनपत्रा । Pteropus giganteus Brünnich, 1782 - Indian Flying Fox - Indischer Riesenflughund auf Ceiba pentandra, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"This large bat, the flying fox of Europeans, is found throughout all India, Ceylon, and Burmah. Specimens vary considerably in shade and colouration. During the day they roost on trees, generally in large colonies, many hundreds often occupying a single tree, to which they invariably resort if not driven away. Towards sunset they begin to get restless, move about along the branches, and by ones and twos fly off for their nightly rounds. If water is at hand, a tank, or a river, or the sea, they fly cautiously down and touch the water, but I could not ascertain if they took a sip, or merely dipped part of their bodies in. They fly vast distances occasionally to such trees as happen to be in fruit. They are fond of most garden fruit (except oranges, &c.), also the neem, jamoon, bēr, and various figs. About the early dawn they return from their hunting-grounds, and the scene that then daily takes place is well described by Tickell, in an excellent memoir published in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History, from which I extract the following : "From the arrival of the first comer until the sun is high above the horizon, a scene of incessant wrangling and contention is enacted among them, as each endeavours to secure a higher and better place, or to eject a neighbour from too close vicinage. In these struggles the bats hook themselves along the branches, scrambling about hand over hand with some speed, biting each other severely, striking out with the long claw of the thumb, shrieking and cackling without intermission. Each new arrival is compelled to fly several times round the tree, being threatened from all points, and when he eventually hooks on he has to go through a series of combats, and be probably ejected two or three times before he makes good his tenure." The female brings forth only one young one, which adheres firmly to the breast, retaining its position whether the dam be flying or at rest. The flesh is esteemed good eating by some. Colonel Syke calls it delicate, and with no bad flavour, and states that it is eaten by the native Portuguese. Many classes in the Madras presidency also eat it. Whilst on service with my regiment in the Ghazeepore district during the mutiny in 1858, the force was encamped in a grove of trees, on one of which was a rather small colony of these Pteropi. The wind which had hitherto been from the east and moist, suddenly changed to a fierce, hot, dry, westerly blast, and this so affected the bats, that one by one they descended to lower branches, being blown to leeward of course at the same time, and eventually fell to the ground, and many were picked up, panting and all but lifeless, others quite dead, by our followers, Madras grooms, and grass-cutters. Several birds and numerous flies also perished from the same cause." [Quelle: Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill <1811-1872>: The mammals of India : a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India.  -- London, 1874. -- S. 18ff.]