नामलिङ्गानुशासनम्

2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam

9. siṃhādivargaḥ

11. Vers 30 - 37

(Pfauen und andere Vögel)


Übersetzt von Alois Payer

mailto:payer@payer.de 


Zitierweise | cite as: Amarasiṃha <6./8. Jhdt. n. Chr.>: Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (Amarakośa) / übersetzt von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- 2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam. -- 9. siṃhādivargaḥ.  -- 11. Vers 30 - 37 (Pfauen und andere Vögel). -- Fassung vom 2011-01-20. --  URL: http://www.payer.de/amarakosa2/amara209k.htm                 

Erstmals hier publiziert: 2011-01-20

Überarbeitungen:

©opyright: Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Sanskrit von Tüpfli's Global Village Library


Meinem Lehrer und Freund

Prof. Dr. Heinrich von Stietencron

ist die gesamte Amarakośa-Übersetzung

in Dankbarkeit gewidmet.

Meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die all meine Interessen teilt und fördert

ist das Tierkapitel in Dankbarkeit besonders gewidmet


Falls Sie die diakritischen Zeichen nicht dargestellt bekommen, installieren Sie eine Schrift mit Diakritika wie z.B. Tahoma.

Die Devanāgarī-Zeichen sind in Unicode kodiert. Sie benötigen also eine Unicode-Devanāgarī-Schrift.


"Those who have never considered the subject are little aware how much the appearance and habit of a plant become altered by the influence of its position. It requires much observation to speak authoritatively on the distinction in point of stature between many trees and shrubs. Shrubs in the low country, small and stunted in growth, become handsome and goodly trees on higher lands, and to an inexperienced eye they appear to be different plants. The Jatropha curcas grows to a tree some 15 or 20 feet on the Neilgherries, while the Datura alba is three or four times the size in>n the hills that it is on the plains. It is therefore with much diffidence that I have occasionally presumed to insert the height of a tree or shrub. The same remark may be applied to flowers and the flowering seasons, especially the latter. I have seen the Lagerstroemia Reginae, whose proper time of flowering is March and April, previous to the commencement of the rains, in blossom more or less all the year in gardens in Travancore. I have endeavoured to give the real or natural flowering seasons, in contradistinction to the chance ones, but, I am afraid, with little success; and it should be recollected that to aim at precision in such a part of the description of plants is almost hopeless, without that prolonged study of their local habits for which a lifetime would scarcely suffice."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- S. VIII f.]


2. dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam - Zweiter Teil


2.9. siṃhādivargaḥ - Abschnitt über Löwen und andere Tiere



Abb.: Asiatische Tierwelt
[Bildquelle: Brockhaus' Kleines Konversationslexikon, 1906]


Referenzwerke:

Dave, K. N. <1884 - 1983>: Birds in Sanskrit literature. -- Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, 1985. -- XXIV, 481 S. : Ill. -- ISBN 0-89581-676-8. [Referenz für Sanskritbezeichnungen von Vögeln]

Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan : together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka ; [in 10 vol.] / Sálim Ali and S. Dillon Ripley. -- Delhi : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1968 - 1974 [Referenzwerk für Vögel Indiens]

Kazmierczak, Krys [Text] ; Berlo, Per van [Ill.]:  A field guide to the birds of the Indian subcontinent. -- New Haven : Yale University Press, ©2000. -- 352 S. : Ill. -- . ISBN 0300079214. [Neue, durchgehend farbig illustrierte Übersicht über 1330 Vogelarten Indiens]

Rasmussen, Pamela C. ; Anderton, John C.: Birds of South Asia : the Ripley Guide. -- Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian, 2005. -- 2 Bde. -- ISBN 84-87334-67-9. [DAS Standardwerk]


Übersicht



2.9.76. Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau

Männchen: 110 cm (mit Schwanz: 2 - 2.5 m); Weibchen: 86 cm


30. mayūro barhiṇo barhī nīlakaṇṭho bhujaṃgabhuk
śikhāvalaḥ śikhī kekī meghanādānulāsy api

मयूरो बर्हिणो बर्ही नीलकण्ठो भुजंगभुक् ।
शिखावलः शिखी केकी मेघनादानुलास्य् अपि ॥३०॥

[Bezeichnungen für Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau:]

  • मयूर - mayūra m.: Pfau
  • बर्हिण - barhiṇa m.: der einen Besonderen Schweif hat
  • बर्हिन् - barhin m.: der einen Besonderen Schweif hat
  • नीलकण्ठ - nīlakaṇṭha m.: Blauhals 
  • भुजंगभुज् - bhujaṃgabhuj m.: Schlangen-Fresser
  • शिखावल - śikhāvala m.: der eine Kronenreihe hat
  • शिखिन् - śikhin m.: der eine besondere Krone hat
  • केकिन् - kekin m.:  der als besonderes Merkmal den Pfauenschrei hat
  • मेघनादानुलासिन् - meghanādānulāsin m.: der zum Donner tanzt

Colebrooke (1807): "A peacock."


In Indien kommt vor:

(Ob Pavo muticus Linnaeus, 1766 - Green Peafowl - Grüner Pfau je in Nordostindien vorkam, ist umstritten)



Abb.: नीलकण्ठः । Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Männchen, Bandipur National Park - ಬಂಡಿಪುರ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನ, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Swaminathan. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/araswami/2356822165/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

 
Abb.:
मयूरी । Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Weibchen mit Jungen, Hodal - होडाल, Haryana
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: बर्हिणः । Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Männchen, Auroville, ஆரோவில், Tamil Nadu
[Bildquelle:
Pandiyan V. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/pandiyan/130250130/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: बर्हिनौ मयूरी च । Zwei Pfauenmännchen werben um Weibchen, Udaipur - उदयपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Girl in the Rain. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/graceandpoise/3431181474/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


  Abb.: बर्ही मयूरी च । Pfauenmännchen wirbt um Weibchen, Udaipur - उदयपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Girl in the Rain. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/graceandpoise/3431179204/in/photostream/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: बर्हिणः । Der Verlierer gibt auf, Udaipur - उदयपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Girl in the Rain. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/graceandpoise/3430373277/in/photostream/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: मयूरौ । Pfauen, Babur Nama-Manuskript - بابر نامہ, vor 1530
[Bildquelle: Shyamal / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Habitat. Throughout India proper, extending into Ceylon and Assam. This lovely bird is so well known that any account of its habits would be superfluous. They generally roost at night on high trees, seldom, if ever, on the ground, except perhaps when disturbed at night and are forced to fly down. They pair in the early part of the hot weather, when the peacock has then his full train of upper tail coverts to display to his wives. They lay in July and August. Eggs, pure white, or a rich cafe au lait or reddish buff, with strong glossy shells pitted all over with minute pores. Size 2.55 to 3 x 1.92 to 2.2 inches."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 529.]

"The Pea-fowl is too well known to require a more ample description. It inhabits the whole of India Proper, being replaced in Assam and the countries to the East by another species. It frequents forests, and jungly places, more especially delighting in hilly and mountainous districts ; and, in the more open and level country, wooded ravines and river banks are the never failing resort. It comes forth to the open glades and fields to feed in the morning and evening, retiring to the jungles for shelter during the heat of the day, and roosting at night on high trees. It ascends the Neilgherry and other mountain regions in Southern India to 6,000 feet or so of elevation, but it does not ascend the Himalayas, at all events in Sikim, beyond 2,000 feet. In many parts of the country it is almost domesticated, entering villages and roosting on the huts, and it is venerated by the natives in many districts. Many Hindoo temples have large flocks of them ; indeed, shooting it is forbidden in some Hindoo States. The Pea-fowl breeds, according to the locality from April till October, generally in Southern India towards the close of the rains, laying from 4 to 8 or 9 eggs in some sequestered spot. The Peacock during the courting season raises his tail vertically, and with it of course the lengthened train, spreading it out and strutting about to captivate the hen birds ; and he has the power of clattering the feathers in a most curious manner. It is a beautiful sight to come suddenly on twenty or thirty Peafowl, the males displaying their gorgeous trains, and strutting about in all the pomp of pride before the gratified females. The train of course increases in length for many years at each successive moult, but it appears to be shed very irregularly.

Though it cannot be said to be a favorite game with Sportsmen in India, yet few can resist a shot at a fine Peacock whirring past when hunting for small game; yet Pea-chicks are well worth a morning's shikar for the table, and a plump young Peahen if kept for two or three days, is really excellent. An old Peacock is only fit to make soup of.

A bird merely winged will often escape by the fleetness of its running. They generally roost on particular trees, and by going early or late to this place, they can readily be shot. Pea-fowl are easily caught in snares, common hair-nooses, and are generally brought in alive, for sale in numbers, in those districts where they abound. In confinement they will destroy snakes and other reptiles, and in their wild state feed much on various insects and grubs, also on flower buds and young shoots, as well as on grain.

The Burmese Pea-fowl, Pavo muticus, Linnaeus, (P. assamicus, McLelland,) notwithstanding the Linnaean name, has spurs ; its crest is quite different in structure from that of cristatus, being composed of about ten or more slender barbed feathers. Though not so showy as the common Peacock, it is, perhaps, a still more beautiful bird, having more green and gold and less blue in its plumage. It is found in all the countries to the Eastwards, from Assam southwards through Burmah to Malacca, and many of the Islands. Hybrids between the two species are not rare in Aviaries."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 507f.]


2.9.76.1. Pfau als vāhana und Götterattribut


Der Pfau ist das vāhana von Murugan / Subrahmaṇya - முருகன், മുരുകന്‍ / :सुब्रह्मण्य, ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ, సుబ్రహ్మణ్యేశ్వర స్వామి


Abb.: Murugan-Prozession, Thaipusam-Fest - தைப்பூசம், Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
[Bildquelle: tajai. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/cayce/108707865/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

Der Pfau wird manchmal auch verbunden mit Sarasvatī (statt Gans/Schwan):


Abb.: Sarasvatī mit Pfau
[Bildquelle: Raja Ravi Varma (രാജാ രവി വര്‍മ) <1848 - 1906>]

Kṛṣṇa trägt oft im Haar eine Pfauenfeder:


Abb.: Kṛṣṇa mit Pfauenfeder, Wandmalerei an einem Dorftempel, Umaria (उमारिय) District, Madhya Pradesh
[Bildquelle: Yann / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


2.9.77. Schrei des Pfauen - Peacock's cry


31. a./b. kekā vāṇī mayūrasya samau candraka-mecakau

केका वाणी मयूरस्य समौ चन्द्रक-मेचकौ ।३१ क।

Der Schrei des Pfauen heißt केका - kekā f.: Kekā


Colebrooke (1807): "His cry."


Schrei des Pfauen (anklicken)

केका । Klicken! Schrei des Pfauen
[Quelle der .ogg-Datei: Ke4roh / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


2.9.78. Augen des Pfauenschweifs - Eye of peacock's tail


31. a./b. kekā vāṇī mayūrasya samau candraka-mecakau

केका वाणी मयूरस्य समौ चन्द्रक-मेचकौ ।३१ क।

[Bezeichnungen für die Augen des Pfauenschweifs:]

  • चन्द्रक - candraka m.: Möndchen
  • मेचक - mecaka m.: Dunkelblauer

Colebrooke (1807): "The eye of his tail."



Abb.: चन्द्रकः । मेचकः । Augen des Schweifs von Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Männchen
[Bildquelle: Aaron Logan / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


2.9.79. Krönchen des Pfauen - Peacock's crest


31. c./d. śikhā cūḍā śikhaṇḍas tu picchabarhe napuṃsake

शिखा चूडा शिखण्डस् तु पिच्छबर्हे नपुंसके ॥३१ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für das Krönchen des Pfauen:]

  • शिखा - śikhā f.: Haarbüschel, Haarsträhne, Gipfel, Spitze, Pfauenkrönchen
  • चूडा - cūḍā f.: Scheitelhaarbüschel, Spitze

Colebrooke (1807): "His crest."



Abb.: शिखा । चूडा ।
[Bildquelle: Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu performing 'kirtan'in the streets of Nabadwip, Bengal; Ausschnitt. Wikimedia. -- Public domain]



Abb.: शिखा । चूडा । Krönchen von Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Männchen
[Bildquelle: Fir0002/Flagstaffotos / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
 


2.9.80. Schweif des Pfauen - Peacock's tail


31. c./d. śikhā cūḍā śikhaṇḍas tu picchabarhe napuṃsake

शिखा चूडा शिखण्डस् तु पिच्छबर्हे नपुंसके ॥३१ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für den Schweif des Pfauen:]

  • शिखण्ड - śikhaṇḍa m.: Haarbüschel, Locke, Schopf, Pfauenschweif
  • पिच्छ - piccha n.: Schwanzfeder
  • बर्ह - barha n.: Schwanzfeder, Schweif

Colebrooke (1807): "His tail."



Abb.: शिखण्डः । Schweif von Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Männchen
[Bildquelle: Amanda Grobe / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: पिच्छः । Balzendes Männchen von Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, Zoo
[Bildquelle: BS Thurner Hof / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: बर्हः । Balzendes Männchen von Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 - Indian Peafowl - Blauer Pfau, von hinten, Bandipur National Park - ಬಂಡಿಪುರ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನ, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Tahir Hashmi. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/code_martial/482605128/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


2.9.81. Bezeichnungen für "Vogel" - "Bird"


32. khage vihaṅga-vihaga-vihaṅgama-vihāyasaḥ
śakunti-pakṣi-śakuni-śakunta-śakuna-dvijāḥ
33. patatri-patri-pataga-patat-patrarathāṇḍajāḥ
nagauko-vāji-vikira-vi-viṣkira-patatrayaḥ
34. a./b. nīḍodbhavāḥ garutmantaḥ pitsanto nabhasaṃgamāḥ

खगे विहङ्ग-विहग-विहङ्गम-विहायसः ।
शकुन्ति-पक्षि-शकुनि-शकुन्त-शकुन-द्विजाः ॥३२॥
पतत्रि-पत्रि-पतग-पतत्-पत्ररथाण्डजाः ।
नगौको-वाजि-विकिर-वि-विष्किर-पतत्रयः ॥३३॥
नीडोद्भवाः गरुत्मन्तः पित्सन्तो नभसंगमाः ।३२ क।

Bezeichnungen für खग - khaga m.: Luftgänger, Flieger, Vogel, Planet:

  • विहङ्ग - vihaṅga m.: in die Luft Gehender
  • विहग - vihaga m.: in der Luft Gehender, in die Luft Gehender
  • विहङ्गम - vihaṅgama m.: in die Luft Gehender
  • विहायस् - vihāyas m.: in der Luft Gehender, in die Luft Gehender
  • शकुन्ति - śakunti m.: Vogel
  • पक्षिन् - pakṣin m.: Geflügelter
  • शकुनि - śakuni m.: Vogel, bes. Milvus migrans - Pariah Kite
  • शकुन्त - śakunta m.: Vogel
  • शकुन - śakuna m.: Vogel, bes. Gyps indicus - Long-billed Vulture
  • द्विज - dvija m.: Zweimalgeborener (einmal als Ei, dann bei Schlüpfen)
  • पतत्रिन् - patatrin m.: Geflügelter
  • पत्रिन् - patrin m.: Geflügelter
  • पतग - pataga m.: Fliegender
  • पतत् - patat m.: Fliegender
  • पत्ररथ - patraratha m.: Flug-Wagen
  • अण्डज - aṇḍaja m.: Ei-Geborener
  • नगौकस् - nagaukas m.: Berg-Bewohner
  • वाजिन्  - vājin m.: Flinker 
  • विकिर - vikira m.: Ausstreuer, Körneropfer
  • वि - vi m.: Vogel
  • विष्किर - viṣkira m.: Ausstreuer
  • पतत्रिन् - patatrin m.: Geflügelter 
  • नीडोद्भव - nīḍodbhava m.: in einem Nest Entstehender
  • गरुत्मत् - garutmat m.: Geflügelter
  • पित्सन्त् - pitsant m.: der fliegen will
  • नभसंगम - nabhasaṃgama m.: in die Luft Gehender

Colebrooke (1807): "A bird in general."



Abb.: अण्डजः । द्विजः । Hühnchen beim Schlüpfen
[Bildquelle: grendelkhan. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/grendelkhan/1739046816/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: नीडोद्भवौ । Dicrurus macrocercus - Black Drongo, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: विकिराः । विष्किराः ।
[Bildquelle: dhyanji. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dhyanji/201075174/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: पित्सन् । Bangalore - ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Frank Harris. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/hirefrank/2333650337/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]



Abb.: Körperteile der Vögel
[Bildquelle: Meyers großes Konversations-Lexikon. -- DVD-ROM-Ausg. Faksimile und Volltext der 6. Aufl. 1905-1909. -- Berlin : Directmedia Publ. --2003. -- 1 DVD-ROM. -- (Digitale Bibliothek ; 100). -- ISBN 3-89853-200-3. -- s.v. "Vögel"]


2.9.82. Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus 1758 - Emerald Dove - Grünflügeltaube

& Treron apicauda Blyth, 1846 - Pin-tailed Green Pigeon

& Treron sphenurus Vigors, 1832 - Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon - Keilschwanz-Grüntaube

33 cm
34. c./d. teṣāṃ viśeṣā hārīto madguḥ kāraṇḍavaḥ plavaḥ

तेषां विशेषा हारीतो मद्गुः काराण्डवः प्लवः ॥३४ ख॥

Arten von Vögeln:

हारीत - hārīta m.: Hārīta (vielleicht zu hāra m.: Perlenschnur) = "Chalcophaps indica, Emerald Dove; esp. Treron apicauda, Pin-tailed Green Pigeon; [Treron sphenurus Vigors, 1832] Wedgetailed Green Pigeon." (Dave, 515)


Colebrooke (1807): [34c. - 35:] "Various birds. Severally named in the text ; viz. Green pigeon, &c. Besides others as मत्स्यरङ्गः [matsyaraṅga], a king-fisher, &c." [hārita:] "Columba Hurriala, B. Mss."


Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus 1758 - Emerald Dove - Grünflügeltaube

27 cm



Abb.: हारीतौ । Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus 1758 - Emerald Dove - Grünflügeltaube
[Bildquelle: Stuart Baker, E. C.: Indian pigeons and doves. -- London, 1913. --Pl. 23]

"Habitat. Throughout India in forest countries and well wooded districts ; not in the drier regions, as Sind, Rajputana, Kattyawar, &c. It is abundant in Lower Bengal ; extends to Assam and all the countries on the east of the Bay of Bengal as far as Tenasserim. It also occurs in Ceylon, the Andamans, Nicobars, the Indo-Burmese Countries, South China, Siam,the Malay Peninsula, and all the islands nearly down to Australia. Frequents thick forests, and is met with in small parties or in pairs. Breeds from March to July in suitable localities. The nests, according to Hume, are placed in some dense bush or low thick-foliaged tree. They are more regular saucers than those of other doves, composed of roots, grass, or twigs, but comparatively neat and with a central depression. Eggs two in number, pure white, from 1 to 1.1 inch in length and from 0.82 to 0.86 in breadth."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 517f.]

"This beautiful Ground-dove is found throughout India, in forest countries, occasionally in well-wooded districts, as in Lower Bengal, extending to Assam and all the countries on the East of the Bay of Bengal, as far as, at all events, Tenasserim. It is very partial to bamboo jungle, and occurs from the level of the sea up to 3,000 feet, or perhaps higher. It feeds mostly on the ground, often on roads in forests, and bare spots under trees, walking along with a rapid motion, and allowing a moderately near approach. Its flight is very rapid. It is generally seen alone. Its voice is a low plaintive moan, or 'lowing coo,' as Layard calls it. Its eggs are said by Layard to be pale yellowish drab color, but Blyth says that they are merely of a less pure white than those of ordinary Pigeons or Doves. It soon becomes reconciled to confinement, and caged birds are usually for sale in Calcutta."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 485.]


Treron apicauda Blyth, 1846 - Pin-tailed Green Pigeon

40 cm/35 cm



Abb.:  हारीतौ । Treron apicauda Blyth, 1846 - Pin-tailed Green Pigeon
[Bildquelle: Stuart Baker, E. C.: Indian pigeons and doves. -- London, 1913. --Pl. 6]

"Habitat. S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim ; also British Burmah, in Tenasserim, extending to the hill ranges of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Habits not unlike other pigeons. Jerdon says its not unlike the last species, but its coo is less loud, musical and prolonged."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 503.]

"This elegant Green Pigeon has hitherto only been found in the South-east Himalayas, in Nepal and Sikim, extending, however, to the hill ranges of Assam. It is not so common near Darjeeling as the last species, and frequents a lower zone, being found in the warmer valleys. Its note is very similar to that of the last species, but less loud, musical, and prolonged."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 454.]


Treron sphenurus Vigors, 1832 - Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon - Keilschwanz-Grüntaube

33 cm



Abb.:  हारीतः । Treron sphenurus Vigors, 1832 - Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon - Keilschwanz-Grüntaube, Assam
[Bildquelle: MUKESH JAIN / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Habitat. Himalayas, extending into Assam and Sylhet, ascending as high as from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. Found also in Pegu. Jerdon says it is common at Darjeeling, and that at Mussoorie they leave in October and return to breed in April. Nest made on trees, composed of twigs. Eggs two in number, pure white."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 502.]

"The Kokla Green Pigeon is spread throughout the Himalayas, extending into the hilly regions of Assam and Sylhet. It frequents the zone from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, in winter perhaps descending lower, for Hutton remarks that they leave Mussooree in October, returning in April to breed. It is common at Darjeeling, but, as Tickell remarks, not so extensively gregarious as the common green pigeons of the plains. They frequent high trees, and feed of course exclusively on fruit. Hutton found them breeding in May and June, making the usual nest of dried twigs, and with two white eggs.

The male has a most agreeable note, more prolonged and musical than that of Crocopus. Blyth says of it :—"The notes bear some resemblance to the human voice in singing, and are highly musical in tone, being considerably prolonged and modulated, but always terminating abruptly, and every time the stave is repeated exactly as before, so that it soon becomes wearisome to an European ear." After moulting in confinement, the green colour, in some specimens, becomes replaced by a delicate pearl grey, and the russet tinge of the head and breast becomes pale maronne. Mr. Blyth, described a caged specimen with these tints as V. cantillans.

The Kokhila is greatly prized as a cage-bird by the natives, and is occasionally brought for sale to Calcutta, and sells at a high price."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 453f.]


2.9.83. Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 - Oriental Darter - Altwelt-Schlangenhalsvogel

 90 cm


34. c./d. teṣāṃ viśeṣā hārīto madguḥ kāraṇḍavaḥ plavaḥ

तेषां विशेषा हारीतो मद्गुः काराण्डवः प्लवः ॥३४ ख॥

मद्गु - madgu m.: Madgu (zu majj 1: tauchen) = "Anhinga rufa, Darter (or Snakebird)." (Dave, 505)


Colebrooke (1807): "A shag."



Abb.: मद्गुः । Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 - Oriental Darter - Altwelt-Schlangenhalsvogel, Bharatpur - भरतपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. Sind, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and India generally ; also Burmah and Ceylon, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Breeds in Sind and wherever found from June to December in large societies. Eggs, white or bluish white, with a chalky coat."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 742.]

"This beautiful diver is found throughout all India, Ceylon, Burmah, and Malayana. It is exceedingly numerous in some parts of the country, especially in Bengal ; hundreds are often to be seen on a single jheel. They hunt singly in general, or in scattered parties, but often roost in company, both at night and in the middle of the day, when numbers may be seen perched on the trees overhanging some tank or river. They float low on the water, often with nothing, but the head and neck visible, and swim and dive with rapidity. After feeding for some time, they perch on the bough of a tree, or on a pole or stone, and spread their wings out to dry as the Cormorants do. They feed on fish, and their digestion is very rapid. They nidificate on trees, but I have not procured their eggs.

The lengthened scapular feathers are looked on as a badge of Royalty by the Khasias, and they are esteemed by all. They were the badge of one of the Bengal regiments of Irregular Cavalry."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 866.]


2.9.84. Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 - Eurasian Coot - Blässhuhn

& Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - Mallard - Stockente

& Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Merganser - Gänsesäger


34. c./d. teṣāṃ viśeṣā hārīto madguḥ kāraṇḍavaḥ plavaḥ

तेषां विशेषा हारीतो मद्गुः काराण्डवः प्लवः ॥३४ ख॥

काराण्डव - kāraṇḍava m.: Kāraṇḍava = "Fulica atra, (Common) Coot; a generic term for Swans, Geese, Ducks, Mergansers; Anas plathyrhynchos, Mallard (or Wild Duck); Mergus merganser, Common Merganser (Eastern Goosander)." (Dave, 488)


Colebrooke (1807): "Sort of duck."


Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 - Eurasian Coot - Blässhuhn

42 cm



Abb.: काराण्डवाः । Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 - Eurasian Coot - Blässhuhn
[Bildquelle: Gould, Birds of Great Britain, 1862 - 1873]


Abb.: काराण्डवः । Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 - Eurasian Coot - Blässhuhn, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: काराण्डवः । Lebensräume von Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 - Eurasian Coot - Blässhuhn
[Bildquelle: Viktor Kravtchenko / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. Throughout India, Ceylon and British Burmah ; also Europe (central and south), Egypt, Assam, Nepaul, Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. In Sind it is numerous in suitable localities, but on the Munchur Lake, as Mr. Hume says (Str. F. vol. i. 249) "they would have to be counted not by thousands, but by hundreds of thousands. * * * You can shoot nothing without knocking over some of these wretched coots." He also adds " that in no part of the world has he even seen such incredible multitudes of coot as are met with in Sind ; in the Munchur Lake par excellence.""

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 636f.]

"The Coot is common in most parts of India, rare or wanting in some localities which seem perfectly adapted for it. It is found throughout Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. It prefers weedy tanks, is found in considerable flocks, and is often seen in the middle of the day resting on the water in the middle of some large tank, far away from any weeds or cover. When first raised it appears to fly with difficulty, striking the surface of the water for many yards, but when fairly on the wing, it can fly tolerably well. It sometimes travels great distances, for it is often found on tanks that dry up during the hot weather. It dives well.

The Coot feeds chiefly on vegetable matter, seeds, and shoots of aquatic plants. It is a noisy bird at times, having a peculiar call. It makes a large nest, occasionally fixed, at other times of floating weeds, and lays six to eight eggs, of stone or reddish-grey color, with small red and dark brown speckles. Burgess states that some young birds he procured had bright orange hair-like feathers over part of their bodies.

Several species of Coots are recorded from all parts of the world."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 716.]


Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - Mallard - Stockente

61 cm



Abb.: काराण्डवौ । Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - Mallard - Stockente
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]


Abb.: काराण्डवः । Lebensräume von Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - Mallard - Stockente
[Bildquelle: FR / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Klicken: Ruf von Anas platyrhynchos

Klicken! Ruf von Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - Mallard - Stockente, Italien
[Quelle der .ogg-Datei: Dr. Marco Dragonetti / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Habitat. Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, the Concans, and a straggler in the Deccan."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 684.]

"The Mallard is apparently not very rare in the North of India, especially in the North-west, but I have never seen it South of the Nerbudda, und have only shot it myself near Mhow, and lately in Kumaon. It has not yet occurred in Bengal. It appears to remain all the year in Cashmere, and to breed in that country, as Theobald found the eggs there in May. It is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, breeding in temperate regions. It is one of the best Ducks for the table, and, as is well known, is the origin of our domestic Duck."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 798f.]


Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Merganser - Gänsesäger

66 cm



Abb.: काराण्डवौ । Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Merganser - Gänsesäger
[Bildquelle: Gould, Birds of Great Britain, 1862 - 1873]


Abb.: काराण्डवौ । Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Merganser - Gänsesäger, Pärchen, Deutschland
[Bildquelle: HBD / Wikiepedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: काराण्डवः । Lebensräume von Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Merganser - Gänsesäger
(gelb: Sommer, blau: Winter, grün: das ganze Jahr)
[Bildquelle: Andreas Trepte / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Habitat. This species, although not yet reported from Sind, will no doubt be found to occur. It is said to occur in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, and Bengal, and also in Ajmere, and to breed in the higher valleys of the Himalayas, and in Beloochistan and Persia."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 706.]

"The Merganser is chiefly found, in India, on rivers within the Himalayas, in small parties. I have frequently seen it on the great Rungeet in Sikkim, and also in rivers in Kumaon, and on the Ganges at Hurdwar. One instance only is recorded of its occurrence in Central India, it having been procured by Tickell at Chybassa. Captain Smyth recently gave me two very large concretions found in one of these birds, but I have not yet had them examined. It is said to breed on holes of trees."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 818.]


2.9.85. Phalacrocoracidae - Comorants - Kormorane


34. c./d. teṣāṃ viśeṣā hārīto madguḥ kāraṇḍavaḥ plavaḥ

तेषां विशेषा हारीतो मद्गुः काराण्डवः प्लवः ॥३४ ख॥

प्लव - plava m.: "Schwimmer" = "any of the Phalacrocoracidae (Comorant)." (Dave, 503)


Am verbreitetsten sind in Indien:


Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758 - Great Comorant - Kormoran

80 cm



Abb.:  प्लवाः । Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758 - Great Comorant - Kormoran
[Bildquelle: Gould, Birds of Great Britain, 1862 - 1873]


Abb.:  प्लवः । Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758 - Great Comorant - Kormoran, Bharatpur - भरतपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.:  प्लवाः । Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758 - Great Comorant - Kormoran, nistend, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. Sind, N.-West Provinces, Western and Central India, also Beloochistan and Persia, extending to Eastern Turkestan, Nepaul and Cashmere. Distribution almost universal.

Breeds wherever found. In Sind in the middle of the Samara Dhund in the Eastern Narra Districts. Nest a platform of sticks, lined with grass and rushes. Eggs 4 to 6 in number, white or greenish white, glossless, and of a chalky texture.

Whether on sea or on the inland lakes, Cormorants make terrible havoc among the fishes inhabiting the waters they affect. Sometimes, though seldom so seen, they swoop down from mid air on the object of their prey, and pursue it under the surface of the water with great dexterity and unerring certainty. They, however, must necessarily rise to the surface to swallow their prey, and this trait no doubt has led to their being trained by fishermen for the purpose of catching fish. In Sind as well as in China and other countries fishermen always have a dozen or more of these birds sitting, when not employed, lazily on the cross beam of the prow of their boats, quite sullen and stern; the whole deportment of the bird gives it the aspect of an unrelenting tyrant.

In fishing a leathern collar is put round their necks, to prevent the fish being swallowed, and it is said the fishermen in Sind make a livelihood by the amount of fish caught by Cormorants when their nets fail. They are not, however, hooded, as falcons are, when unemployed."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 739.]

"The large Cormorant of Britain is found throughout India, is more rare towards the south, and is there chiefly found in rivers that run through forest and hilly ground, but occasionally occurs in large tanks in the open country. In the north of India it appears more common, especially in the well-watered province of Bengal where it chiefly frequents rivers, and on rivers within the Himalayas. It is rather strange that it is not included in Gray's List of Hodgson's Nepal Birds. It is very generally found in pairs or singly, occasionally four or five together. I am not aware if it breeds in this country, but it probably does so in suitable spots.

The Cormorant is found over all Europe, Asia, and great part of Africa."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 861f.]


Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817 - Little Comorant - Mohrenscharbe

51 cm



Abb.:  प्लवः । Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817 - Little Comorant - Mohrenscharbe, Brutkleid, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana, Concan, the Deccan, Burmah and Ceylon. Breeds wherever found from August to December according to locality."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 740.]

"The Little Cormorant is exceedingly common in every part of India, frequenting alike rivers, lakes, tanks, and pools of water by the road side, and is very tame and fearless. It hunts singly or in pairs, or in small scattered parties, but collects in numerous flocks for roosting, on trees overhanging the water, or occasionally in large beds of reeds. It breads on trees, occasionally in the midst of villages, having numerous nests on the same tree, and laying four or five pale green eggs."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 864.]


2.9.86. Francolinus francolinus Linnaeus, 1766 - Black Francolin - Halsbandfrankolin

34 cm


35 a./b. tittiriḥ kukkubho lāvo jīvañjīvaś cakorakaḥ

तित्तिरिः कुक्कुभो लावो जीवञ्जीवश् चकोरकः ।३५ क।

तित्तिरि - tittiri m.: Tittiri ("wohl onomatopetisch nach einem Geräusch beim Fliegen" PW) = "Francolinus francolinus, Black Partridge (Black Francolin)." (Dave, 497)


Colebrooke (1807): "The francoline Partridge."



Abb.: तित्तिरिः । Francolinus francolinus Linnaeus, 1766 - Black Francolin - Halsbandfrankolin, Rann of Kutch - કચ્છનું મોટું રણ, Gujarat
[Bildquelle: Tarique Sani. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tariquesani/4329762364/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Habitat. The whole of Northern India from the Himalayas to the valley of the Ganges ; also the Punjab. Southwards, through Rajpootana to Sind. Eastwards, through Dacca to Assam, Sylhet and Tipperah. Breeds in suitable localities, wherever it occurs, during July and August, laying from six to ten eggs, unspotted fawn brown in colour, varying in size from 1.42 to 1.8 in length and 1.22 to 1.38 in breadth. It frequents, by preference, grass meadows near water ; also cultivated fields of corn, mustard or pulse, and any patch of moderately high green herbage. In Sind it affects low tamarisk jungle and wheat fields. Its call in the early mornings is unmistakable, and is always made from some little eminence, as an ant hill or the stump of a tree. It affords good sport with a pointer, and is tolerably good eating, but, like all the Tetraonidae, is best cold, and after at least 36 hours."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 551.]

"The black Partridge is found throughout the whole of Northern India, from the Himalayas to the valley of the Ganges, but not that I am aware of, extending to any distance beyond the valley of the Ganges until above Allahabad, beyond which it passes to the Punjab, and southwards, through Rajpootana to Sindh and perhaps to Goozrat. Eastwards it extends through Dacca to Assam, Sylhet and Tipperah, but I have seen no record of its occurrence further south in this direction, and it is replaced in Burmah by an allied species. It occurs south of the Ganges between that river and the Hooghly, and I have seen notices of the black Partridge having been shot in Midnapore and Cuttack, but it is certainly rare, south of the Ganges. Various notices appear in several pages of the Bengal Sporting Magazine of Black Partridges occurring in the Saugor and Nerbudda territories, Mhow and Bundelkund ; but in these instances, it has certainly been confounded with the nearly related Painted Partridge, as the Black Partridge does not, to my own knowledge, occur for many miles north of Mhow, Saugor or Jubbulpore, and I suspect not till the valley of the Jumna is reached. Adams says that the Black Partridge is plentiful in Bombay and Bengal, but as he does not give the Painted Partridge at all, he has in some instances, at all events, confounded it with that bird. The Black Partridge extends along the valleys of the Himalayas for some distance in the interior, but not ascending high ; and I observed it on the Khasia hills at nearly 4,000 feet of elevation. The Black Partridge from Sindh is put as distinct by Bonaparte under the name of F. Henrici, and a drawing of the Sindh bird in Sir A. Burnes' collection gave some color to the separation, but Sir B. Frere, to whom I applied, having sent several specimens from Sindh, they proved to be perfectly identical with the Partridge of Bengal. Out of India the Black Partridge inhabits Northern Africa and the South of Europe, especially Malta, Sicily, and probably part of Western Asia.

The Black Partridge frequents, by preference, grass meadows near water, also cultivated fields of corn, mustard or pulse, and any patch of moderately high, green herbage, also occasionally jhow jungle ; and it is not unfrequently flushed in moderately long grass interspersed with bushes, even at some little distance from water. It never associates in regular coveys, though several may be flushed not far from each other ; and, indeed, it is generally to be found in pairs at all seasons.

From January to August, the call of the Cock-bird may be heard, a harsh sort of cry which has been variously rendered by sounds in different languages ; but these imitations, thoughintelligible to those who have heard the call, fail to give anything like a correct idea to a person who has not had the opportunity of hearing it. The Mussulmans say that it repeats the pious words, ' Sobhan teri kudrut;' others say it calls out 'Lussun, piaz, udruk,' or garlic, onions, ginger. Adams syllabizes it as ' Lohee-uha-which-a-whick', and some one else puts it as 'juk-juk, tee-teetur.' One writer calls it like the harsh grating blast of a cracked trumpet ; but it is far from being a loud call, though sufficiently audible for a great distance. This call is almost always uttered from a slight eminence, a bank, anthill or clump of earth, and where it abounds, answering cries may be heard from all sides. It generally calls much after rain, or after a heavy dew.

The hen Partridge breeds from May to July, laying ten or twelve eggs (sometimes, it is stated, as many as fifteen) of a pale bluish white colour, according to some writers, but those I have seen were pale greenish, when first laid ; and she usually has her nest in the grass, sometimes in an Indigo field, and occasionally in a Sugar-cane field.

In the cold weather, after the young have flown and separated from their parents, they may be found scattered over a greater expanse of country than in the hot weather and rains, and are often to be found in fields far from water. This Partridge is stated occasionally to perch on and to roost on trees, but this is certainly a rare habit with this species, though not uncommon with the Painted Partridge.

The Black Partridge is strong on the wing, but flies steadily and affords a fair shot. Its pursuit is a favorite sport in many parts of the country where it is at all abundant. It is stated in the Bengal Sporting Magazine, for 1841, that seventy-five brace have been bagged in one day by one gun, near Kurnal in the Upper Provinces, but it is now everywhere more scarce than it used to be formerly. It is tolerably good eating, especially when kept for a few days and eaten cold. In some parts of the country tippets used to be made of the beautiful black, white-spotted feathers of the lower plumage, and were in much request, but they are rarely procurable now."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 559ff.]


2.9.87. Centropus sinensis Stephens, 1815 -  Greater Coucal

& Centropus [sinensis] parroti - 'Southern' Coucal - Chinesischer Spornkuckuck

48 cm


35 a./b. tittiriḥ kukkubho lāvo jīvañjīvaś cakorakaḥ

तित्तिरिः कुक्कुभो लावो जीवञ्जीवश् चकोरकः ।३५ क।

कुक्कुभ - kukkubha m.: Kukkubha = "Centropus sinensis, (Greater) Coucal." (Dave, 489)


Colebrooke (1807): "A wild cock, (Phasianus Gallus):"



Abb.: कुक्कुभः । Centropus sinensis Stephens, 1815 -  Greater Coucal, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. India generally, frequenting wooded and cultivated localities, especially along the banks of rivers and on the edges of cultivation, where it captures mice, snakes, worms, rats, lizards, and other insects, upon which it feeds. This is the diet of all the members.

All the species build a large, globular, open, or domed nest in the middle of thick, thorny bushes or trees. The nest is usually made of dry sticks or twigs lined with a few green leaves. The hole for entrance and exit is made on one side. June to August are the months in which they lay. The eggs are from 2 to 5 in number, oval, and measure from 1.3 to 1.55 inch in length, and from 1.12 to 1.25 inch in breadth. In texture they are coarse and chalky and of a dull white colour, sometimes with a pale yellowish glaze."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 423.]

"The 'Crow-pheasant,' as it is popularly called in India, is a very common and universally spread bird throughout the entire country, extending through all the Burmese provinces, Malayana, and the isles. It frequents wooded and cultivated grounds, edges of paddy fields, open spaces in the jungles, beds of rivers and dry nullahs, and particularly sides of hedge-rows, whence its Tamul and Telugu names. It feeds chiefly on the ground, on which it walks and even runs with facility. It eats various large insects, centipedes, scorpions, lizards, and small snakes, also slugs, caterpillars, &c. I was informed by a good shikaree that it occasionally pilfers eggs from the nests of other birds. It makes its way through trees, readily running up the boughs with considerable celerity, often elevating its large tail, and climbing or hopping among the branches ; whence, if followed or observed, it makes its way out at the opposite side of the tree. When seen in tolerably open ground, with only a few trees or bushes about, it is easily caught, being a stupid bird and of slow flight, and a horseman will easily ride it down in the open plain. It has a loud deep sonorous call, like whoot, whoot, whoot, repeated slowly several times in succession. It is said to inflate its throat to a great degree whilst uttering this sound, at the same time bending down the head and elevating the tail. The young bird, Mr. Blyth remarks, almost constantly repeats a strange hoarse sound like a person choking, or sort of guk-kop-kop. When alighting on a branch of a tree, and sometimes when it alights on the ground, it raises its tail over its back. It makes a large nest of twigs, or grasses, or green flag-leaves, domed at the top, and the aperture on the side, and lined with dried leaves. It is usually placed in the most dense and inaccessible thickets. The eggs are two to five in number, pure white and oval. Burgess says that the exterior of the shell is very soft, and of a chalky texture, easily getting scratched or stained. This, as Mr. Blyth remarks, shows an affinity to the eggs of Crotophaga, which are white, rough and chalky externally ; but if this layer be detached, the egg is shewn to be deep blue. It breeds from January to July, according to the locality."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 1. -- S. 349f.]


2.9.88. Turnix sp. - Buttonquails - Laufhühnchen

& Perdicula sp. - Bush-quails - Frankolinwachteln


35 a./b. tittiriḥ kukkubho lāvo jīvañjīvaś cakorakaḥ

तित्तिरिः कुक्कुभो लावो जीवञ्जीवश् चकोरकः ।३५ क।

लाव - lāva m.: "Schnitter" = "may been used to refer to any of the Turnicidae (Bustard Quail <Button Quail>); smaller than the Common or Grey Quail (Coturnix coturnix), Bush Quails came to be regarded as varieties of lāva." (Dave, 509)


Colebrooke (1807): "Sort of quail, (Perdix Chinensis)."


D. h.

Und:


Turnix suscitator Gmelin, 1789 - Barred Buttonquail - Binden-Laufhühnchen

15 cm



Abb.: लावः । Turnix suscitator Gmelin, 1789 - Barred Buttonquail - Binden-Laufhühnchen, Hessarghatta Lake - ಹೆಸರಘಟ್ಟ ಕೆರೆ, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: L. Shyamal / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Habitat. Throughout India nearly (except Sind, Kathiawar and Jodhpoor, and other similar dry places), extending to Ceylon, Burmah, the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Cochin-China. It frequents gardens, land covered with grass, also bushes, roadsides, &c. Breeds in July and August, wherever it occurs, laying 4 - 6 eggs, of a stone grey colour, interspersed with small specks of brown interspersed with larger spots of a neutral tint."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 569.]

"The black-breasted Bustard-quail affects grassy patches in the forests and jungles ; also low bushy jungle, and is frequently to be found in fields of Chili, Dhal, and various dense crops, especially if near patches of jungle ; for in open and barren country, or very highly cultivated country without jungle, it is comparatively rare. Occasionally small bevies of five or six are flushed together, but in general, it is put up singly, or two or three birds together. It feeds on grain of various kinds, but also very much on small insects, larvae of grasshoppers and the like. The female has a peculiar loud purring call which must be familiar to many. The hen-birds are most pugnacious, especially about the breeding season, and this propensity is made use of, in the south of India, to effect their capture. For this purpose a small cage with a decoy bird is used, having a concealed spring compartment, made to fall by the snapping of a thread placed between the bars of the cage. It is set on the ground in some thick cover carefully protected. The decoy-bird begins her loud purring call which can be heard a long way off, and any females within ear-shot run rapidly to the spot, and commence fighting with the caged bird, striking at the bars. This soon breaks the thread, the spring-cover falls, ringing a small bell at the same time by which the owner, who remains concealed near at hand, is warned of a capture ; and he runs up, secures his prey and sets the cage again in another locality. In this way I have known twelve to twenty birds occasionally'captured in one day, in a patch of thick bushy jungle in the Carnatic, where alone I have known this practice carried on. The birds that are caught in this way are all females, and in most cases are birds laying eggs at the time, for I have frequently known instances of some eight or ten of those captured, so far advanced in the process as to lay their eggs in the bag in which they are carried, before the bird catcher had reached my house. The eggs are said to be usually deposited under a bush in a slight well-concealed hollow ; they are from five to eight in number, and of a dull stone grey or green colour, thickly spotted and freckled with dusky, very large for the bird, and very blunt. In the Carnatic this bird breeds from July to September ; further south from June to August, and in Ceylon, says Layard, from February to August. The females are said by the natives to desert their eggs, and to associate together in flocks, and the males are said to be employed in hatching the eggs, but I can neither confirm nor reject this from my own observations.

This bird I presume from the description to be the Rain-quail of a writer in the Beng. Sport. Mag. for September 1835, who says that "the scent is good and dogs find them well in the evening." The flesh of this bird is excellent, mixed brown and white, succulent and tasty. Col. Sykes asserts that their fighting qualities are unknown in the Deccan, as also in Java ; but they are well known in the south of India ; and at Hydrabad in the Deccan, Arcot, and other places, many used to be kept for that purpose by Mussulmans."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 596f.]


Turnix tanki Blyth, 1843 - Yellow legged Buttonquail - Rotnacken-Laufhühnchen

15 cm



Abb.: लावाः । Turnix tanki Blyth, 1843 - Yellow legged Buttonquail - Rotnacken-Laufhühnchen
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"Although more numerous in India proper than the bustard-quail, and found in the North-west districts, where the other is absent, the yellow-legged bird does not go so high up in the Himalayas, my record of one caught by Mr. Goldstein at Darjeeling, in my book on "The Game Birds of India and Asia," being quite an exception, the usual limit of this bird's vertical range being 4,000 feet. As this was caught at night at light, it looks as if the bird were migrating, but it might have been a mere stray. This button-quail does not occur in Ceylon, and its eastern limit is the Naga Hills ; in Assam begins the range of the large Burmese race of this yellow-legged type.

There is little to be said about the habits of this bird, which are much like those of the bustard-quail, but it affects drier localities, and does not come quite so much into cultivation on the whole ; moderately high grass is a pretty good place in which to look for it, and it is also found in grassy patches in forest clearings. Its flight is feebler and less whirring and noisy than the bustard-quail's, and it goes for even a shorter distance when flushed, dropping so quickly as scarcely to allow time for a shot, and lying so close afterwards that smart dogs may often pick it up. In captivity it shows an even tamer disposition than the blue-legged bird. The first pair the Zoo in London ever had, presented by Mr. E. W. Harper, were so tame that I have poked my finger through and touched them as they sat at the side of the aviary. This bird lays four eggs, peppered and blotched like those of the bustard-quail, in a domed nest of grass.

Mr. D. Seth Smith, now Bird Curator at the Zoo, has given, in the Avicultural Magazine for 1902-03, some very interesting details of the habits of this species as observed by him in the private aviary he then had. He successfully bred the birds, this being the first instance of any hemipode being bred in Britain; and found out about the seasonal change in the female's collar, and also that she gave any mealworms given her to her mate, thus showing that the moral reversal of the sexes in the hemipodes results in the hen being generous as well as quarrelsome. She did not, however, feed the chicks, and the male did everything for them as well as the sitting, which only lasted twelve days—a remarkably short period, for even a canary takes fourteen. In the aviary, which had a grassed outdoor enclosure, he noticed that the birds did not seem so much at home in the long grass itself as the painted quails, which made little tunnels in it and bolted down them, but preferred sandy spots with grass tufts here and there ; this is rather at variance with Indian experience of it as a grass bird, but Tickell says it is found, in Bengal at any rate, "in open, sandy, bushy places." The young were mottled rather than distinctly striped like the young of the true quails, and were very insectivorous, refusing at first all kinds of artificial food, which the young of the true game birds nevertheless eat readily. The note of the hen is "a soft booming sound, which is more or less ventriloquial " ; the male seldom calls, if at all, and all the bird utters when flushed in the wild state is a faint low double chirp. Tickell says this bird is most delicious eating, but Hume condemns it ; probably both are right, the difference depending on food."

[Quelle: Finn, Frank <1868 - 1932> Indian sporting birds. -- London, 1915. -- S. 270ff.]


Turnix sylvaticus Desfontaines, 1787 - Small Buttonquail - Laufhühnchen

13 cm



Abb.:   लावाः । Turnix sylvaticus Desfontaines, 1787 - Small Buttonquail - Laufhühnchen
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"The little button-quail, which, I take it, is the button-quail, from the small size, is also the commonest of our species where it occurs, and it has a wide range over the Empire ; but it is not found at higher elevations than 6,000 feet, nor in Ceylon or the extreme south of India. To the drier portions of the country it appears only to come in the monsoon. It has the characteristic habits of hemipodes to perfection, sitting particularly close in the low cover it affects, and when raised taking an even shorter flight than the other species, so that it can hardly be shot ; while after this effort it sits so very tight that not only do dogs pick it up, but it has even been caught by hand.

In disposition it is about the tamest bird in existence ; in a cage it will let one pick it up like a white mouse, and seems equally at home in close captivity, so that a pair of these tiny beings would make interesting pets for any one who likes birds, but can only find room for quite a small portable cage. In England they have even been known to lay in a cage, and at this time even threatened to charge the hand of their owner ! What such tiny things could do against anything bigger than a mouse or a locust is a problem, but evidently they are not wanting in pluck. They have been found to feed on grass-seed and white ants, and are to be seen in gardens as well as in the open country. They are often found on land which has been flooded during the rains. The nest, sometimes domed and sometimes open, may be found even as late as October, in some places, though breeding begins as early as April ; the eggs tend to be more numerous than in the larger species, for five and six may be found, though the usual hemipode clutch of four is more general. They are of the pointed peg-top shape, and show the typical dark peppering and spotting of the family ; but are not so much smaller than those of the larger button-quails, as would be expected—another point of resemblance to the jack-snipe.

The note is described as a "plaintive moan" or "a mixture of a purr and a coo," the bird when calling raising its feathers and turning about like a courting pigeon. This tiny bird is the smallest of our game birds, but, like the tallest, the sarus crane, is rather a bird for the aviculturist than the sportsman ; if one wants to eat small birds, larks would be more worth shooting both for sport and for eating purposes. Besides the name Dabki, which means " squatter," this little bird rejoices in several others—Turra, Libbia and Chimnaj, in Hindustani ; Telia dabbagundlu in Telugu, and Darwi at Ratnagiri. Yet we are told that natives, unless professional bird-catchers, generally consider it simply as a young quail of sorts, and certainly it has all the appearance of a young bird which ought to grow up into something quite different."

[Quelle: Finn, Frank <1868 - 1932> Indian sporting birds. -- London, 1915. -- S. 273f.]


Perdicula erythrorhyncha Sykes, 1832 - Painted Bush-quail

16 cm



Abb.:  लावौ । Perdicula erythrorhyncha Sykes, 1832 - Painted Bush-quail
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"Habitat. Southern India, from the Wynaad to the Deccan in Poona. Has also been obtained in Coorg and on the Neilgherries ; also at Karlee above the Khandalla Ghauts, and near Dharwar. Habits the same as Bush Quails, living in small bevies. Breeds in the Neilgherries from August to November. According to Mr. Mahon Daly, it is very common amongst the coffee on the Shevaroys, and often in rocky ground with low jungle. They go about nearly always in pairs, and not in large bevies as stated by Jerdon. They lay from 6 to 8 eggs on the ground, with just a few leaves placed around the nest. It is very daring. Mr. Daly adds that he has seen it fly at a dog in defending its brood. January -to March, and again September and October, are the months in which this species breeds. The eggs are long ovals, pointed towards one end, rather glossy and spotless cafe au lait, varying in length from 1.35 to 1.45 inches, and in breadth from 0.87 to 0.95."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 564.]

"This very handsome Bush-quail has only been found on the higher lands of Southern India, extending along the crest of the Ghats, from the Wynaad to near Poonah, at all events. I have observed it on the Neilgherries, in the Wynaad, and in Coorg ; Col. Sykes recorded it from the valley of Karleh, associating with Francolinus pictus, and Mr. W. Elliot obtained it on the intervening ranges of Dharwar. It is far from rare in Wynaad, and abundant on the Neilgherries, frequenting bushy ground and patches of ferns on hill sides, or in the valleys. It frequently enters gardens at Ootacamund, and may be watched from the windows, running actively about, picking up seeds and insects, and I have known many fall victims to the stealthy pounce of some domestic Cat. It lives in moderately large bevies, which rise all toogether, but with less whirr than the other Bush-quails, their plumage generally being softer and not so firm."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 585.]


Perdicula asiatica Latham, 1790 - Jungle Bush-quail - Frankolin-Wachtel

17 cm



Abb.:  लावाः । Perdicula asiatica Latham, 1790 - Jungle Bush-quail - Frankolin-Wachtel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"It is confined to our Empire, and in that to the Peninsula and North Ceylon ; while even in this restricted range it is local, although a dry or moist climate does not affect it much ; nor is it particular about elevation, ranging up to 5,000 feet. But it wants its location dry underfoot, and frequents wooded and broken or sloping ground, though it will come into grass and stubble to feed, and is quite contented with scrub cover ; but cover of some sort it must have. Althongh a ground bird, it will take to trees if put up by dogs, like the grey partridge, and it also has the partridge habit of sociability carried to an extreme, for, though sometimes found in pairs in the breeding-season, it is usually found in coveys, even up to a score in number, which pack very closely, and forage about together like a flock of guinea-fowls in miniature.

This extreme sociability, which, as in the great snow-cocks, extends so far that young ones may be seen in company with several of their elders, makes it strange that the birds should be so pugnacious, but probably the ties of friendship only hold for the same covey, which are mostly, no doubt, near relatives. Strangers are probably barred by flocking birds as well as solitary ones ; and in the case of another well-known social bird, the rat-bird or common babbler (Argya caudata), two flocks working the same hedge have been seen to meet and fight with such fury that they adjourned to the road to fight out the matter in couples. Be that as it may, this bush-quail is commonly captured by means of a decoy-bird in a cage set with nooses, like the grey partridge ; for more sporting methods of capture it is not of much use, despite a remarkably tame disposition, for when pressed the whole covey explodes, as it were, in all directions, whistling and whirring—including sometimes, as Tickell says, a close shave of the sportsman's countenance—and each member drops as suddenly as it rose after just shaving the bushes in a very swift flight of a couple of dozen yards, rapidly reassembling to the peculiar trilling pipe of the head of the covey. When bagged bush-quail are not much to boast of, weighing little over two ounces, and being very dry. They feed chiefly on seeds of grass and millet, and are pretty certain to be found in ragi stubble ; insects are also often consumed.

They breed very late in the year, beginning in September, and eggs may be taken in February ; the nest is under a tuft of grass or a bush, and fairly neatly made, and the eggs pale creamy and as few as four or as many as seven in number."

[Quelle: Finn, Frank <1868 - 1932> Indian sporting birds. -- London, 1915. -- S. 253f.]


Perdicula argoondah Sykes, 1832 - Rock Bush-quail

17 cm



Abb.:  लावाः । Perdicula argoondah Sykes, 1832 - Rock Bush-quail
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"The Rock Bush-quail is found over most of Southern India, avoiding the Malabar Coast and forest districts generally, as well as the more highly cultivated portions. It is abundant in parts of the Carnatic and Mysore, as well as in the more barren portion of the Deccan, but does not appear to occur in the North of India at all beyond the Nerbudda, although very suitable ground for it occurs both at Mhow and Saugor. It frequents rocky hills with low scrub jungle, and especially barren uncultivated plains, scantily covered with low bushes of Zizyphus or Carissa and other thorny shrubs, out of which the bevy rises, ten or a dozen or twenty together, with a startling suddenness and bustle, dispersing more or less among the neighbouring bushes. The flesh of this Bush-quail, as well as of the last, is perfectly white, and it makes a good pie ; plain roasted they are not so good as the species of Cuturnix, being dry and with little flavour.

The Lowa is much used for fighting among the Mussulmans of Southern India, as indeed, the Geerza is also, though not so common, nor so highly esteemed. Burgess found this Bush-quail breeding from December to March, but found only four pale buff eggs. It probably lays considerably more."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 584.]


2.9.89. Polyplectron bicalcaratum - Grey Peacock-pheasant - Grauer Pfaufasan

64/48 cm


35 a./b. tittiriḥ kukkubho lāvo jīvañjīvaś cakorakaḥ

तित्तिरिः कुक्कुभो लावो जीवञ्जीवश् चकोरकः ।३५ क।

 जीवञ्जीव - jīvañjīva m.: Jīvañjīva ("eher onomatopoetisch , als eine reduplizierte Form von जीव् oder eine Zusammensetzung von जीव und जीव" PW) = "Polyplectron bicalcaratum Linnaeus, 1758 - Grey Peacock Pheasant." (Dave, 496)


Colebrooke (1807): "Perhaps a pheasant."



Abb.:  जीवञ्जीवौ । Polyplectron bicalcaratum - Grey Peacock-pheasant - Grauer Pfaufasan
[Bildquelel: John Gould: A Century of Birds from the Himalayas (1830-32) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"In time of courtship his hairy-looking crest, which is always longer than the hen's and is chronically on end, turns right forward over his beak, even when he is not otherwise displaying. No doubt he fights with his rivals, and his legs are often armed with several spurs apiece, but the number is very variable, and some time ago I noted in three males at the Zoo, all imported birds and several years old, that 'all differed in this point, one indeed having no spurs at all and another only one. It looks, therefore, as if the idea current among the Kookies, that a new spur grows every year, is incorrect, and that the number of spurs is purely an individual point. The morning and evening call of the cock, which begins with the year, and is uttered at half-minute intervals, often for an hour or more at a time, from a perch on a tree or stump, is described as "something like a laugh" ; it certainly is in several syllables, but the laugh is a very harsh one, and I have noted it as a barking cackle. It is deceptive as to distance, and yet furnishes the best means of stalking the bird, which is not at all easy to get at by any sportsmanlike means. It keeps closely to cover, especially bamboos and low trees ; only if it can be forced to "tree" by hunting it with noisy curs, it may provide a pot shot. Natives often snare it, and Davison once had a very curious experience in getting specimens in this way in Tenasserim, where he found the bird very common. "I found," he says, as quoted by Hume, "three holes of the porcupine rat (of which I got two specimens) communicating with one another ; the entrance to one of these holes was nearly three feet in diameter and some four feet in depth, decreasing, as the hole deepened horizontally into the hill side, to about eight inches. I set a slip noose with a springer in the small part of the holes. On looking next morning, instead of, as I expected, finding the rat, there were only a number of feathers of the male of this species. I set the trap again, and that evening got nothing ; next morning I found a hen hanging by her legs in the trap." Here were evidently a pair in the habit of going to ground, a custom which needs investigation. The birds, by the way, generally do pair, and seldom more than four are seen together, such parties being probably families, since in captivity only two eggs are laid at a time. The birds begin breeding about May, retreating to the densest jungles at this time, and ceasing to call till the autumn ; the cream-coloured eggs, about two inches long, are laid on the ground under a bush, and the young when hatched run close behind their mother, completely hidden from view by her long broad tail, which she expands to cover them. They are dark chocolate in colour, without stripes, and their slim black legs are noticeable and characteristic, the old birds being particularly fine-limbed, and slaty-black in the colour of these parts.

This peacock-pheasant is excellent eating ; it feeds on insects, snails, seeds, and especially on certain red berries which are used by the Kookies as bait for their springes. Fortunately, these catch more cocks than hens, but poaching tricks of this sort ought to be made illegal everywhere ; there are plenty of vermin that want killing down everywhere in India, and the destructive energies of natives should be directed on these rather than game-birds. The beautiful plumage of this bird is very suitable for decoration, and if protected during the breeding season it might well be made to supply this.

The tea-garden coolies recognize the affinity of this bird to the peacock by calling it one Paisa-walla Majur. [...] Outside our limits this bird is found in Siam."

[Quelle: Finn, Frank <1868 - 1932> Indian sporting birds. -- London, 1915. -- S. 165f.]

2.9.90. Alectoris chukar Gray, 1830 - Chukar Partrigde - Chukarhuhn

38 cm


35 a./b. tittiriḥ kukkubho lāvo jīvañjīvaś cakorakaḥ

तित्तिरिः कुक्कुभो लावो जीवञ्जीवश् चकोरकः ।३५ क।

चकोरक - cakoraka m.: Cakoraka = "Alectoris chukar (Partrigde)." (Dave, 494)


Colebrooke (1807): "Sort of partridge, (Perdix rufe, B.)"



Abb.: चकोरकः । Alectoris chukar Gray, 1830 - Chukar Partrigde - Chukarhuhn, Spituk, Ladakh
[Bildquelle: wildxplorer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/krayker/2580070994/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Habitat. Throughout the Himalayas to Afghanistan. Common also in Beloochistan, Sind, Punjab Salt Range, Persia and along the Arabian Coast. Breeds from May to July in Chaman (S. Afghanistan), making a nest composed of a little grass under the shelter of grass tufts or bushes. The normal number of eggs is 12, but as many as 14 and 16 have been taken from a single nest, all varying in size and shape, from peg-tops to elongated ovals. The colour is also variable, but typically is a pale cafe au lait ground colour, with brick-red specklings. The Chukor Partridge is very pugnacious, especially during spring time, when two fighting cocks may be almost knocked over with a stick. They are much prized for their fighting propensities, and in Beloochistan and Afghanistan the men have a number trained for the purpose, on which large bettings are made."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 553.]

"The Chukor is found throughout the Western Himalayas, from the lowest range to the Snows, and passing over into Thibet, but it does not extend so far east as Sikim. It is also met with in the salt range of the Punjab, and its more alpine regions, passing into Afghanistan. It prefers bare and rocky hills with low scrab or jungle, near cultivation. "In our part of the hills" says Mountaineer (i. e. in the Northwestern Himalayas) "the Chuckore is most numerous in the higher inhabited districts, but is found scattered over all the lower and middle ranges. In summer they spread themselves over the grassy hills to breed, and about the middle of September begin to assemble in and around the cultivated fields near the villages, gleaning at first in the grain fields which have been reaped, and afterwards during winter in those which have been sown with wheat and barley for the ensuing season, preferring the wheat. A few straggling parties remain on the hill sides where they breed, as also in summer many remain to perform the business of incubation in the fields. In autumn and winter they keep in loose scattered flocks, very numerous, sometimes to the number of forty or fifty, and even a hundred. In summer, though not entirely separated, they are seldom in large flocks, and a single pair is often met with. They are partial to dry stony spots, never go into forest, and in the lower hills seem to prefer the grassy hill sides to the cultivated fields. This may probably be owing to their comparatively fewer numbers, as I have observed that many others of the feathered race are much shyer and more suspicious of man when rare, than those of the same species in places more numerous. Their call is a kind of chuckling, often continued for some time and by a great many birds at once. It is uttered indiscriminately at various intervals of the day, but most generally towards evening.

"The Chuckore feeds on grain, roots, seeds, and berries ; when caught young, it becomes quite tame, and will associate readily with domestic poultry.

"From the beginning of October, Chuchore shooting, from the frequency and variety of the shots, and the small amount of fatigue attending it, is to one partial to such sport perhaps the most pleasant of any thing of the kind in the hills. About some of the higher villages, ten or a dozen brace may be bagged in a few hours. Dogs may be used or not at the discretion of the Sportsman ; they are not at all necessary, and if at all wild are more in the way than otherwise."

"The male," says Major Brown, "is very bold, and is tamed for the purpose of fighting. In a domesticated state, he makes no hesitation in offering battle to every animal, and pecks very fiercely, always searching for a tender part ; the nose of a dog, or the naked feet of the native servants immediately attract his attention, and he soon makes the object of his attack fain to run."

"When reclaimed" says another writer in the same periodical "this bird is peculiarly bold, fearless, and entertaining. It trots about the house, and is as familiar as a little dog. It is amusing to see its antipathy to quick motions in others. It will follow a servant who hurries into a room, pecking at his heels, scouring away when he attempts to turn upon it. It is still more persevering against the poor wight who moves backwards and forwards as he pulls the punkah. Half asleep at his task, he is roused by a fierce attack on his legs. He attempts to continue his work, and at the same time to drive away the intruder, but it is of no use ; and he is at last obliged to call for assistance to rid him of his persecutor."

The hen-chukor lays from eight to fifteen eggs, of a creamy white, according to one writer ; pure white according to Adams ; and the male bird is said to remain near the nest during incubation, and may be heard calling all day, its call much resembling that of the domestic hen, being a 'cuc-cuc often repeated, and the Cashmeeres call it kau-kau from its cry. The Afghans call it the Fire-eater. It is considered to be excellent eating. In Ladak it is said to be numerous in the cultivated part of the country, and is there called Nek-pa."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 565f.]


2.9.91. Vanellus indicus  Boddaert, 1783 - Red-wattled Lapwing - Rotlappen-Kiebitz

33 cm


35. c./d. koyaṣṭikaṣ ṭiṭṭibhako vartako vartikādayaḥ

कोयष्टिकस् टिट्टिभको वर्तको वर्तिकादयः ॥३५ ख॥

कोयष्टिक - koyaṣṭika m.: "Was für ein Stock [ist das]?" = "Red-wattled Lapwing." (Dave, 358) = Vanellus indicus  Boddaert, 1783 - Red-wattled Lapwing - Rotlappen-Kiebitz



Abb.: कोयष्टिकः । Vanellus indicus  Boddaert, 1783 - Red-wattled Lapwing - Rotlappen-Kiebitz, Bhopal - भोपाल, Madhya Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Ruf des Rotlappen-Kiebitz, anklicken

[Quelle der .ogg-Datei: Gypsypkd / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Habitat. Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. In India it is everywhere common, during both winter and summer, and breeds from April to July. It is an extremely noisy bird, and especially so during the breeding season. Its vulgar name, "Did he do it," is very appropriately given, being its continuous cry, with "Pity to do it," the place resounding with its almost endless echoes, till the intruder is out of reach of its nest. The nest is usually a small depression in the earth, with or without lining of any kind, and made in the vicinity of a marsh. The eggs are generally of a deep green colour, irregularly marked with blotches and streaks of a brownish black."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 593.]

"This Lapwing is one of the best known birds of India occurring everywhere, from Ceylon up to Cashmere. It is replaced in Burmah by a closely allied race, L. atronuchalis, Blyth, in which the white ear patch does not extend round the nape. It is generally found not far from water, though now and then at some considerable distance : it is occasionally seen in the cold season in scattered flocks, but generally in pairs, or single. It feeds on various insects, shells, and worms. It breeds from April to July, laying four large eggs of a rich olive yellow colour with blotches of brown and grey. Its wiles to allure a dog or man away from its eggs or young are quite similar to those recorded of the English Pee-wit, but its cries are still more vociferous. It is a noisy bird at all times, and its cry has been variously rendered as, "Did he do it. Pity to do it, Dick did you do it." In the South of India it is recorded to sleep on its back with its legs upwards, and the Indian proverb 'Titihri se asman thama jaega, &c.,' 'can the Pee-wit support the Heavens,' is applied to a man who undertakes some task far above his strength."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 648f.]


2.9.92. Vanellus indicus  Boddaert, 1783 - Red-wattled Lapwing - Rotlappen-Kiebitz

& Vanellus malabaricus  Boddaert, 1783 - Yellow-wattled Lapwing - Gelblappen-Kiebitz

& Vanellus duvaucelii  Lesson, 1826 - River Lapwing - Flusskiebitz


35. c./d. koyaṣṭikaṣ ṭiṭṭibhako vartako vartikādayaḥ

कोयष्टिकस् टिट्टिभको वर्तको वर्तिकादयः ॥३५ ख॥

टिट्टिभक - ṭiṭṭibhaka m.: Ṭiṭṭibhaka = "Vanellus indicus, Red-wattled Lapwing; Vanellus malabaricus, Yellow-wattled Lapwing; Vanellus spinosus (V. duvaucelii), Spurwinged Plover (River Lapwing)." (Dave 469)


Colebrooke (1807): "Jacana, Tringa Goensis, (Parra Goensis, &c.)."


Vanellus indicus  Boddaert, 1783 - Red-wattled Lapwing - Rotlappen-Kiebitz

33 cm


siehe zum Vorhergehenden


Abb.: टिट्टिभकः । Vanellus indicus  Boddaert, 1783 - Red-wattled Lapwing - Rotlappen-Kiebitz, Küste bei Chennai - சென்னை, Tamil Nadu
[Bildquelle: Lip Kee. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/lipkee/503435014/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Habitat. Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. In India it is everywhere common, during both winter and summer, and breeds from April to July. It is an extremely noisy bird, and especially so during the breeding season. Its vulgar name, "Did he do it," is very appropriately given, being its continuous cry, with "Pity to do it," the place resounding with its almost endless echoes, till the intruder is out of reach of its nest. The nest is usually a small depression in the earth, with or without lining of any kind, and made in the vicinity of a marsh. The eggs are generally of a deep green colour, irregularly marked with blotches and streaks of a brownish black."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 593.]

"This Lapwing is one of the best known birds of India occurring everywhere, from Ceylon up to Cashmere. It is replaced in Burmah by a closely allied race, L. atronuchalis, Blyth, in which the white ear patch does not extend round the nape. It is generally found not far from water, though now and then at some considerable distance : it is occasionally seen in the cold season in scattered flocks, but generally in pairs, or single. It feeds on various insects, shells, and worms. It breeds from April to July, laying four large eggs of a rich olive yellow colour with blotches of brown and grey. Its wiles to allure a dog or man away from its eggs or young are quite similar to those recorded of the English Pee-wit, but its cries are still more vociferous. It is a noisy bird at all times, and its cry has been variously rendered as, "Did he do if. Pity to do it, Dick did you do it." In the South of India it is recorded to sleep on its back with its legs upwards, and the Indian proverb 'Titihri se asman thama jaega, &c.,' 'can the Pee-wit support the Heavens,' is applied to a man who undertakes some task far above his strength."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 648.]


Vanellus malabaricus  Boddaert, 1783 - Yellow-wattled Lapwing - Gelblappen-Kiebitz

27 cm



Abb.: टिट्टिभकः । Vanellus malabaricus  Boddaert, 1783 - Yellow-wattled Lapwing - Gelblappen-Kiebitz, Bharatpur - भरतपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. Nearly throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon. In India it is a resident, frequenting dry stony or grassy plains usually in company with Cursorius isabellinus or gallicus. Breeds in August on the edges of cultivated land. The eggs are not unlike those of L. indicus, but are smaller, and have a stone colour ground, with deep brown and nearly black blotches. In the winter plumage, the chin and throat and the black edges to the feathers of the breast below are wanting, and the upper plumage is duller or paler brown."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 594.]

"The Yellow-wattled Plover is found throughout the greater part of India, and also Ceylon ; is rare in forest-clad and very rainy districts, abundant in the drier parts of the country. It is rare in Bengal, but I have seen it in the Purneah district, and it has been obtained occasionally near Calcutta. It frequents dry stony plains, open sandy downs, and arable land, often very far from water ; it associates in small flocks, except at the pairing season, and feeds on various beetles, white ants, worms, &c. It has a plaintive cry, much less harsh and loud than that of the Red-wattled Lapwing, which Col. Sykes likens to Dee-wit, Dee-wit. I have found the eggs, three to four in number, of a reddish stone colour, spotted with brown and purplish, on ploughed land and on sand banks."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 650.]


Vanellus duvaucelii  Lesson, 1826 - River Lapwing - Flusskiebitz

31 cm



Abb.: टिट्टिभकः । Vanellus duvaucelii  Lesson, 1826 - River Lapwing - Flusskiebitz, Buxa Tiger Reserve - বক্সা জাতীয় উদ্যান, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Habitat. Northern India generally, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, British Burmah, Bengal, and Central India, along the sandy banks of rivers ; also in Pegu and Nepaul. It is rare in Sind. A single specimen was got by Mr. W. Wallinger on the banks of the Indus near Buggatora, who also mentions having seen it on the Aral near Sehwan. Breeds on the banks and in the beds of most of the larger rivers of India and Pegu, penetrating the hills to 2,OOO feet. March and April are the months in which it lays. Eggs, four in number, from a stone to olivaceous drab colour, profusely spotted with dark and purplish brown. In size they vary from 1.42 to 1.78 in length, and in breadth from 1.12 to 1.3 inches."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 592.]

"The Spur-winged Lapwing is found throughout the greater part of India, but only along the course of the larger rivers I have seen it on the Godavery, the Nerbudda, the Ganges, and all its tributaries, for it appears more numerous towards the North of India than in the South; I have not myself seen it South of the Godavery, nor is it recorded by Col. Sykes or Walter Elliot. It is usually found single or in pairs, now and then in small flocks, but always in the sandy or shingly beds of rivers, or not far from their banks. It is not rare in mountain streams in the Himalayas, and I have shot it on the banks of the great Runfreet River in Sikim.

Mr. Brooks, C. E., found the eggs of this Lapwing on a sandy churr near Mirzapore ; they were of the usual pale stone-green color, with blotches and spots of rich chocolate brown, but varying somewhat both in shape, and in the size and character of the spots."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 651.]


2.9.93. Coturnix coturnix  Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Quail - Wachtel

20 cm 


35. c./d. koyaṣṭikaṣ ṭiṭṭibhako vartako vartikādayaḥ

कोयष्टिकस् टिट्टिभको वर्तको वर्तिकादयः ॥३५ ख॥

वर्तक - vartaka m.: Vartaka (zu vṛt 1 A: sich drehen, rollen) = "the largest Quail: Coturnix coturnix, Grey Quail (Common Quail)." (Dave, 509)


Colebrooke (1807): "A quail, and its female."



Abb.: वर्तकौ । Coturnix coturnix  Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Quail - Wachtel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"Habitat. Sind, Punjab, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, the Deccan, N. Guzerat, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar and Southern and Central India generally to Nepaul. A rare visitor to Burmah and in the countries S.-E. of the mouths of the Ganges, Chittagong, Arracan and Pegu, where it may be considered a straggler. It is found throughout Europe and nearly the whole of Asia. The greater bulk of these which come into India, Hume says, are migratory. They arrive from the North from Central Asia across the Himalayas, and from the west from Persia, Beloochistan, &c. Hume adds, that arrived within our boundaries, while a certain number remain scattered about, some remaining in the lower ranges and valleys of the Himalayas up to an elevation of 4000 to 5000 feet, the greater bulk move forward, southwards and eastwards, and arrive about the middle of October in Sylhet, Bengal, and the Deccan, and frequent the crops of peas, millet, &c., to the end of March ; their stay, however, depends much on the supply of food. They migrate invariably at night, and evidently in large numbers at a time. Numbers are netted throughout India, for the table, for quaileries, and the cock-birds for fighting purposes, a favourite pastime nearly throughout India amongst Mahomedans. Breeds generally in the N.-W. and Upper Provinces of India, laying six eggs, from February to April. Eggs broad ovals, a good deal pointed towards one end. The ground colour is a clear yellowish or reddish buff, thickly speckled and freckled and thinly blotched with reddish brown."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 566.]

"The European Quail is found throughout India, in considerable numbers, during the cold weather, most migrating during the rains, and breeding elsewhere, but a few pairs remaining and breeding in various parts of the country, especially towards the West and North-west. The Grey Quail, as it is generally termed in India, generally rises singly or in pairs, but considerable numbers are found together ; and, in some localities, and in certain seasons, it occurs in great profusion, and affords excellent sport to the gunner. It is found in long grass, corn-fields, stubble and fields of pulse, wandering about according as the crops ripen in different parts of the country. It is less numerous towards the south of India than further north ; but in beating grass-lands for the small Florikin, many are flushed. Dogs stand very steadily to Quail, and in the cool weather excellent sport is to be had, fifty couple being not unfrequently bagged by one gun in a mornings' shooting in the North-western Provinces. In parts of Bengal, they also abound much, and I have heard of seventy-five brace being killed by two guns. I have received several authentic notices of this Quail breeding in India, among other parts of the country in Rajpootana and Bundelkund.

The female lays eight to twelve eggs, dull whitish, blotched and speckled with umber brown. Gunga, in the Bengal Sporting Magazine, says, that on one occasion, he found four whitish eggs, dotted and blotched with pale red. The same good observer states, with reference to the abundance or otherwise of Quail, that 'if the country which lies between us and their breeding country be defective from bad seasons, they proceed on, and reach us in great numbers ; on the contrary, if they find food nearer at hand, they stop.' Hodgson states that they reach the valley of Nepal, in greatest numbers, at the ripening of the autumn and spring crops, respectively. Quails are netted in great numbers in some parts of the country, and many are also caught in hair-nooses. The Nepalese have an ingenious way of catching Quail. They put a pair of imitation horns on their heads, and walk slowly about the stubble fields, twirling some blades of grass in their hands in a way to imitate the champing of grass by cattle, and as these birds are not alarmed by cattle, they succeed in driving any quail they see under a small net, which they then drop, and secure the bird."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 587f.]


2.9.94. Coturnix coromandelica Gmelin, 1789 - Rain Quail - Regenwachtel

& Coturnix chinensis Linnaeus, 1766 - Blue-breasted Quail - Zwergwachtel


35. c./d. koyaṣṭikaṣ ṭiṭṭibhako vartako vartikādayaḥ

कोयष्टिकस् टिट्टिभको वर्तको वर्तिकादयः ॥३५ ख॥

वर्तिका - vartikā f.: weibliche (= kleinere) Wachtel (vartaka) = "smaller Quails: Coturnix coromandelica, Black-breasted Quail; any Quails." (Dave, 504)

und andere.


D.h. vor allem:


Coturnix coromandelica Gmelin, 1789 - Rain Quail - Regenwachtel

18 cm



Abb.: वर्तिके । Coturnix coromandelica Gmelin, 1789 - Rain Quail - Regenwachtel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"Habitat. Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Beloochistan, Persian Gulf, Rajputana, N. Guzerat, Kutch, Kattiawar, the Concan, Deccan, Central and parts of South India, also Dacca and Sylhet. Rain Quail visit India during the monsoon months, about the end of July, and remain to breed. The majority breed in the Deccan, Guzerat, Central India and parts of the Central Provinces. In Oudh, Behar and the N.-W. Provinces, only a very limited number remain to breed. July to October are the months in which they breed. The eggs are not unlike those of C. communis. They leave about the end of October or middle of November."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 567.]

"The Rain-quail, as it is called by many Sportsmen, is found throughout the whole of India, rare in thickly wooded or forest districts. In many parts of the country where the grass is short and much dried up in the hot months, it is not found, or at all events, it is rare till the rains have commenced, and the young grass is springing up, when numbers appear all over the country, entering gardens and grassy compounds, and their pleasant whistle whit-whit, stronger in its tone than the call of the Grey-quail, may be heard at all hours. On this account it has received its popular name of 'Rain-quail.' Several writers in the Bengal Sporting Magazine, including Hodgson, used to consider the Coromandel and Rain-quail to be distinct; but the well-known 'Gunga' shewed that they were the same bird, and that the supposed distinction probably arose from Sportsmen considering that Rain-quail, so called, were never met with, except during the rains, whereas they are found at all seasons, but attract attention less in the cold weather, and indeed are then often confounded with the Grey-Quail.

Although it thus moves about, according to the seasons, from one part of the country to another, it is not strictly a migratory bird, and will occasionally be found in suitable spots where there is grass or good cover, at all seasons. It is frequently found in pairs, now and then in bevies, which however, do not generally rise at once like the Bush-quail. Though not the special object of the sportsman's attention, several of this Quail are frequently shot, along with the large ones. Throughout considerable part of Bengal, this bird does not appear to occur, or at all events to be plentiful during the rains, and as it is the most moist and grassy part of the country, probably many of the birds that disperse over the country during the rains, find shelter and food there in the hot weather. Both this and the Grey-quail are very partial to the grains of Cheenee, a small Millet cultivated extensively in Bengal during the hot weather and rains.

This Quail lays, from six to eight eggs generally, of a creamy pink colour, with a few brownish spots, in a tuft of grass, in June and July.

The Rain-quail extends to Assam, Sylhet, and upper Burmah. I found it abundant at Thayet Myo, in May and June."

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 589f.]


Coturnix chinensis Linnaeus, 1766 - Blue-breasted Quail - Zwergwachtel


14 cm



Abb.: वर्तिके । Coturnix chinensis Linnaeus, 1766 - Blue-breasted Quail - Zwergwachtel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]

"Habitat. Generally distributed over Eastern India and Ceylon. Occurs in Bengal, Assam, Burmah, Southern and Cochin-China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. In Ceylon it is fairly common, especially towards the south of the island. In Burmah it is generally distributed, but is nowhere common except in Pegu, where it arrives in May in large numbers. In Raipur, Mandla, and the Chanda districts, also in the Tributary Mahals, Singbhoom, Calcutta, Cachar, Sylhet, Khasia hills, as well as in the Dafla hills and in the valley of Nepaul it is fairly common. It is also recorded from Arracan. Open, swampy grassy lands or meadows are their favourite haunts, and they are seldom found far from such spots. They do not appear shy but freely come into the open to feed. Breeds in Pegu, Cachar, Purneah, and the Sub-Himalayan districts from Sikkim to Kasauli. Lays from June to the 1st or 2nd week in September. Eggs, 5 - 6, broad ovals, of the shape of those of the Common Black Partridge, cafe au lait tinged with olive in colour. In size they vary from 0.95 to 1.04 in length and from 0.7 to 0.81 in width."

[Quelle: Murray, James A.: The avifauna of British India and its dependencies. -- London : Trübner, 1888-1890. -- 2 Bde. -- Bd. 2, S. 568.]

"This beautiful little Quail recalls the coloring of some of the American Quails, Ortyginae, the grey and maronne tints being similarly present in one or more of that group. The upper plumage, however, is that of typical Coturnix. It is found in many parts of India ; but generally rare, except in Bengal and adjacent provinces, and is still more common in Assam and Burmah, where it is very abundant. Thence it extends through the islands to Australia, and it is said to be common in China and the Philippines. I have killed it once only in the Carnatic ; one specimen is recorded in my Catalogue from Belgaum in Western India. It occurs occasionally in Central India, and in the Upper Provinces as far as Bareilly, but it is rare in all these localities, and perhaps only stragglers find their way so far. In lower Bengal it is tolerably abundant in damp grassy meadows, the edges of Indigo fields, and in the grass on road sides ; and in Purneah, in the month of July, it was the only Quail I observed. It breeds in this month, the eggs being pale olive-green. When the young are full grown, they disperse all over the country, and this dispersion is greatly assisted, and in many parts, perhaps, caused by the heavy inundations to which great part of the country in Bengal is annually subjected, generally in August or September ; and in the cold season they are replaced by the Grey-quail, and the so called Rain-quail. "

[Quelle: Jerdon, T. C. (Thomas Claverhill) <1811-1872>: The birds of India. -- Calcutta, 1862. -- Vol 2,2. -- S. 591f.]


2.9.95. Vogelflügel / Schwinge - Wing


36. a./b. garut-pakṣa-cchadāḥ patraṃ patatraṃ ca tanūruham

गरुत्-पक्ष-च्छदाः पत्रं पतत्रं च तनूरुहम् ।२६ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Vogelflügel / Schwinge:]

  • गरुत् - garut m.: Flügel
  • पक्ष - pakṣa m.: Flügel, Feder, Seite, Hälfte
  • छद - chada m.: Decke, Hülle, Flügel
  • पत्र - patra n.: Fluginstrument, Flügel, Feder, Blatt, Brief
  • पतत्र - patatra n.: Fluinstrument, Flügel, Feder
  • तनूरुह - tanūruha n.: "den Körper Besteigendes", Sohn, Körperhaar; "Aufsteigen des Körpers", Flügel

Colebrooke (1807): "A wing."



Abb.: गरुत् ।  Vogelschwinge: 1. Handschwingen, 2. Handdecken, 3. Daumenfittich, 4. Armschwingen, 5. Große Armdecken, 6. Mittlere Armdecken, 7. Kleine Armdecken, 8. Schirmfedern, 9. Schulterfedern

[Bildquelle: Muriel Gottrop / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: पक्षः । Ansatzpunkte der Federn am Vogelarm
[Bildquelle: L. Shyamal / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


2.9.96. Ansatzstelle des Flügels (Schulter) - Wing's root


36. c./d. strī pakṣatiḥ pakṣamūlaṃ cañcus troṭir ubhe striyau

स्त्री पक्षतिः पक्षमूलं चञ्चुस् त्रोटिर् उभे स्त्रियौ ॥३६ ख॥

[Die Ansatzstelle des Flügels (Schulter) heißt:]

  • पक्षति - pakṣati f.: Ansatzstelle des Flügels (zu pakṣa m.: Flügel)
  • पक्षमूल - pakṣamūla n.: Flügel-Wurzel

Colebrooke (1807): "Its root."



Abb.: Gefieder eines Vogels (q = पक्षतिः)
[Bildquelle: Meyers großes Konversations-Lexikon. -- DVD-ROM-Ausg. Faksimile und Volltext der 6. Aufl. 1905-1909. -- Berlin : Directmedia Publ. --2003. -- 1 DVD-ROM. -- (Digitale Bibliothek ; 100). -- ISBN 3-89853-200-3. -- s.v. "Vögel"]


2.9.97. Vogelschnabel - Beak


36. c./d. strī pakṣatiḥ pakṣamūlaṃ cañcus troṭir ubhe striyau

स्त्री पक्षतिः पक्षमूलं चञ्चुस् त्रोटिर् उभे स्त्रियौ ॥३६ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Vogelschnabel:]

  • चञ्चु - cañcu f.: Schnabel (zu cañc 1: hüpfen, springen; bezieht sich wohl auf die hüpfende Schnabelbewegung beim Picken von Futter) 
  • त्रोटि - troṭi f.: Schnabel

Colebrooke (1807): "The beak."



Abb.: चञ्चवः । Schnabelformen von Vögel
[Bildquelle: L. Shyamal / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


2.9.98. Flugtechniken - Acts of flying


37. a./b. praḍīnoḍḍīna-saṃḍīnāny etāḥ khagagatikriyāḥ

प्रडीनोड्डीन-संडीनान्य् एताः खगगतिक्रियाः ।३७ क।

Die Techniken des Fliegens sind:

  • प्रडीन - praḍīna n.: Vorwärtsfliegen
  • उड्डीन - uḍḍīna n.: Aufliegen
  • संडीन - saṃḍīna n.: Zusammenfliegen

Colebrooke (1807): "Acts of flying. Severally mentioned : viz. taking flight, soaring, and perching ; or otherwise interpreted, whirling, ascending, and alighting."



Abb.: उड्डीनम् । Tauben, Jama Masjid - مسجد جھان نما, Delhi
[Bildquelle: Dan Kit. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dankit/138069962/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-26. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: प्रडीनम् । Anas poecilorhyncha J. R. Forster, 1781 - Indian Spot-billed Duck - Fleckschnabelente, Mysore - ಮೈಸೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Sandeep Somasekharan. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandyclix/4741044342/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-26. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: संडीनम् । Anser indicus Latham, 1790 - Bar-headed Goose - Streifengans, Maharana Pratap Sagar - महाराणा प्रताप सागर, Himachal Pradesh
[Bildquelle:
Sankara Subramanian. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/sankaracs/3517591019/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-26. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerziell Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: संडीनम् । Häufigste Flugordnung der Wildente (1) und des Kranichs (2)
[Bildquelle: Schmeil: Zoologie, 1919]


2.9.99. Vogeleier - Bird's eggs


37. c./d. peśī kośo dvihīne 'ṇḍaṃ kulāyo nīḍam astriyām

पेशी कोशो द्विहीने ण्डं कुलायो नीडम् अस्त्रियाम् ॥३७ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Vogelei / Ei:]

  • पेशी - peśī f.: Fleischstück, Muskel, Vogelei (zu peśa m.: Fötus)
  • कोश - kośa m. n.: Behälter
  • पेशीकोश - peśīkośa m. n.: Behälter des Fleischstücks
  • अण्ड - aṇḍa n.: Ei, Hoden ("Eier")

Colebrooke (1807): "An egg."



Abb.: अण्डे । Nest mit Eiern von Eremopterix griseus Scopoli, 1786 - Ashy-crowned Finch-lark, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: अण्डानि । Nest mit Eiern von Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817 - House Crow - Glanzkrähe, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: अण्डानि । Nest mit Eiern von Pycnonotus cafer Linnaeus, 1766 - Red-vented Bulbul - Rußbülbül, Ananthagiri Hills, Rangareddy District - రంగా రెడ్డి జిల్లా, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb. अण्डम् । Nest mit Ei von Streptopelia chinensis Scopoli, 1768 - Spotted Dove - Perlhalstaube, Pocharam Lake, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: अण्डानि । Eier einiger in Indien brütender Vögel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]


Abb.: अण्डानि । Eier einiger in Indien brütender Vögel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]


Abb.: अण्डानि । Eier einiger in Indien brütender Vögel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]


Abb.: अण्डानि । Eier einiger in Indien brütender Vögel
[Bildquelle: Indian sporting birds. -- 1915.]


2.9.100. Vogelnest - Nest


37. c./d. peśī kośo dvihīne 'ṇḍaṃ kulāyo nīḍam astriyām

पेशी कोशो द्विहीने ण्डं कुलायो नीडम् अस्त्रियाम् ॥३७ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Vogelnest:]

  • कुलाय - kulāya m.: Geflecht, Nest, Lagerstatt (zu kula n.: Familie)
  • नीड - nīḍa n. m.: Ruheplatz, Lager, Nest

Colebrooke (1807): "A nest."



Abb.: नीडम् । Nest von Ploceus philippinus Linnaeus, 1766 - Baya Weaver - Bajaweber, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कुलायः । Nest von Orthotomus sutorius Pennant, 1789 - Common Tailorbird - Rotstirn-Schneidervogel, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: नीडम् । Nest von Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1766 - Common Myna - Hirtenmaina, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कुलायः । Nest von Terpsiphone paradisi  Linnaeus, 1758 - Asian Paradise Flycatcher - Asiatischer Paradiesschnäpper, Kullu District - कुल्लू, Himachal Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: नीडम् । Nest von Centropus sinensis Stephens, 1815 - Greater Coucal - Chinesischer Spornkuckuck, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कुलायाः । Nest von Mycteria leucocephala Pennant, 1769 - Painted Stork - Buntstorch, Bharatpur - भरतपुर, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: नीडम् । Nest von Hirundo fluvicola Blyth, 1855 - Streaked-throated Swallow, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कुलायः । Nest von Eremopterix griseus Scopoli, 1786 - Ashy-crowned Finch-lark, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: नीडम् । Nest von Anthus rufulus (?) Vieillot, 1818 - Paddyfield Pipit, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कुलायः । Nest von Motacilla maderaspatensis Gmelin, 1789 - White-browed Wagtail - Mamulastelze, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Zu siṃhādivargaḥ.  -- 12. Vers 30 - 43 (Junge, Scharen, Haustiere)