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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson

3. Noun (§§ 25 - 43)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. -- 3. Noun (§§ 25 - 43). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-23. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson03.htm  

First published as:  Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2001-08-23

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien  of Tüpfli's Global Village Library

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0. Contents

• 1. Parts of Speech.
• 2. Noun. [ನಾಮವಾಚಕ - nāma-vācaka]
  • 2.1. Verbal Nouns [ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಚಕ / ಕೃತ್ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ kriyā-vācaka / kṛt-pratyaya]
  • 2.2. Derivative nouns [ತದ್ದಿತಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ taddhita-pratyaya]
  • 2.3. Compund nouns [ಸಮಾಸಪದ samāsa-pada]
  • 2.4. List of Nouns of relationship [ಬನ್ಧುವಾಚಕ bandhu-vācaka]
  • 2.5. Gender [ಲಿಂಗ liṃga] of Nouns.
  • 2.6. Number [ವಚನ vacana] of Nouns.

1. Parts of Speech.

25. There are eight parts of speech, viz.

1. Noun [ನಾಮವಾಚಕ - nāma-vācaka]
2. Adjective [ಗುಣವಾಚಕ - guṇa-vācaka]
3. Pronoun [ಸರ್ವನಾಮ - sarvanāma]
4. Verb [ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ - kriyāpada]
5. Adverb [ವಿಶೇಷಣ - viśēṣaṇa]
6. Postposition [ವಿಭಕ್ತಾವ್ಯಯ - vibhaktāvyaya]
7. Conjunction and [ಸಂಬಂಧಕಾವ್ಯಯ - saṃbandhakāvyaya]
8. Interjection [ಸಂಬುದ್ಧಾವ್ಯಯ - saṃbuddhāvyaya]

2. Noun. [ನಾಮವಾಚಕ - nāma-vācaka]

26. There are

1. Common nouns; as ಹೂವು hūvu, a flower.
2. Proper nouns [ನಾಮ nāma]; as ತಿಮ್ಮ timma, a man's name.
3. Verbal nouns [ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಚಕ / ಕೃತ್ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ kriyā-vācaka / kṛt-pratyaya]; as ಕುಣಿಯುವದು kuṇiyuvadu, the act of dancing.
4. Derivative nouns [ತದ್ದಿತಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ taddhita-pratyaya]; as ಕುಂಬಾರ kuṃbāra, a potter.
5. Compund nouns [ಸಮಾಸಪದ samāsa-pada]; as ಮನೇ ಬಾಗಲು manē-bāgalu, a house door.

6. Nouns of relationship [ಬನ್ಧುವಾಚಕ bandhu-vācaka]; as ಅಪ್ಪ appa, father.

2.1. Verbal Nouns [ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಚಕ / ಕೃತ್ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ kriyā-vācaka / kṛt-pratyaya]

27. Verbal Nouns are formed by adding to the roots of verbs, ಉವದು uvadu, ವುದು vudu, or ಓಣ ōṇa; thus

• from ಬರೆ bare, write, are formed ಬರೆಯುವದು bareyuvadu, ಬರೆವುದು barevudu, or ಬರೆಯೋಣ bareyōṇa, the act of writing.

28. Others are formed by adding ಇಕೆ ike to the root, with the change required by sandhi; as,

• ಮಾಡು māḍu, to do, ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ māḍuvike or ಮಾಡಿಕೆ māḍike, the act of doing.

• ಹಾಡು hāḍu, to sing, ಹಾಡುವಿಕೆ hāḍuvike or ಹಾಡಿಕೆ hāḍike, the act of singing.

• ಬರು baru, to come, ಬರುವಿಕೆ baruvike, the act of coming. ಆಳು

• āḷu, to rule, ಆಳುವಿಕೆ āḷuvike, ಆಳಿಕೆ āḷike, or ಆಳ್ಕೆ āḷke, the act of ruling, dominion.

A few verbal nouns are formed by adding the particle ಕಡಿ kaḍi to the root, as,

•  ನಿಲ್ಲು nillu, to stand, ನಿಲ್ಲಕಡಿ nillakaḍi, the act of standing.

28. Some roots are used as verbal nouns without change, as ಬದುಕು baduku, to live, the act of living, or livelihood.

2.2. Derivative nouns [ತದ್ದಿತಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ taddhita-pratyaya]

30. Derivative Nouns are formed by adding certain affixes to the crude form of nouns.

(1) ಆರ āra, and ಕಾರ kāra or ಗಾರ gāra, denote the agent, doer or constant practice; as,

• ಕುಂಬ kuṃba, an earthen vessel, ಕುಂಬಾರ kuṃbāra, a potter;
• ಮೋಸ mōsa, deception, mōsa-gāra ಮೋಸಗಾರ, a deceiver;
•  ತೋಟ tōṭa, a garden, ತೋಟಗಾರ tōṭa-gāra, a gardener.

(2) ವಂತ vaṃta and ಶಾಲಿ śāli, denote possession, as,

• ಬುದ್ಧಿ buddhi, wisdom, ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತನು buddhi-vaṃtanu, a wise man;
• ಧನ dhana, wealth, ಧನವಂತನು dhana-vaṃtanu, a rich man.
• ಪರಾಕ್ರಮ parākrama, power, ಪರಾಕ್ರನಶಾಲಿ parākrama-śāli, a powerful man, a hero.

The affixes ಆಳಿ āḷi, and ಗುಳಿ guḷi, denote a person's habit or practice; and ಗುಲಿ guli, denotes the killer of a thing; as,

• ತಿನ್ನಾಳಿ tinnāḷi, a glutton,
• ಆಟಗುಳಿ āṭaguḷi, a person wholly devoted to play;
• ನಾಯಿಗುಲಿ nāyiguli, a dog killer.

(3) ತನ tana, and ಇಕೆ ike, form neuter and abstract nouns; as,

• ಹುಚ್ಚು huccu, foolish, ಹುಚ್ಚುತನ huccutana, foolishness;
• ಹುಡುಗ huḍuga, a boy, ಹುಡುಗತನ huḍugatana, boyhood.
•  ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತ buddhivaṃta, wise, ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆ buddhivaṃtike, wisdom.
   

2.3. Compund nouns [ಸಮಾಸಪದ samāsa-pada]

31. Compound Nouns may be formed by the union of two nouns; as,

• ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಹಣ beḷḷi-haṇa, a silver fanam,
• ಅಚ್ಚು ಕೂಟ accu-kūṭa, a printing office.

Also by affixing a pronoun to the genitive case of a neuter noun ending in ಅ a; as,

• ಕೆಲಸ kelasa, work, ಕೆಲಸದವನು kelasadavanu, a labourer.

Nouns are also formed from participles, by affixing the pronouns ಅವನು avanu, he, ಅವಳು avaḷu, she, ಅದು adu, it, ಅವರು avaru, they, (mas. and fem.) and ಅವುಗಳು avugaḷu, they (neut.), to the relative participles. Thus

• ಬರೆಯುವ bareyuva, who or which writes, and ಅವನು avanu, he, form ಬರೆಯುವನು bareyuvavanu, a writer;
• ಹಾಡುವ hāḍuva, who or which sings, and ಅವಳು avaḷu, she, ಹಾಡುವಳು hāḍuvavaḷu, a songstress.
• ಮಾಡುವ māḍuva, who or which makes, and ಅವರು avaru, they, ಮಾಡುವವರು māḍuvavaru, makers;
• ಮಾರುವ māruva, which are sold, and ಅವುಗಳು avugaḷu, they, ಮಾರುವವುಗಳು māruvavugaḷu, things which are sold.
• ಹೋದ hōda, who or which went, ಹೋದವನು hōdavanu, he who went, ಹೋದವಳು hōdavaḷu, she who went, &c.

2.4. List of Nouns of relationship [ಬನ್ಧುವಾಚಕ bandhu-vācaka]

2.5. Gender [ಲಿಂಗ liṃga] of Nouns.

33. Nouns are of three genders:

• Masculine [ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ pul-liṃga]
• Feminine [ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ strī-liṃga] and
• Neuter [ನಪುಂಸಕಲಿಂಗ napuṃsaka-liṃga]

34.

• Men and gods are masculine
• Women and goddesses feminine
• Animals and inanimate objects, neuter

The word ಗಂಡು gaṃḍu, male is often prefixed to show the male sex; as,

• ಗಂಡು ಕೂಸು gaṃḍu kūsu, a male infant;
• ಗಂಡು ಹುಲಿ gaṃḍu huli, a tiger;
• ಗಂಡಾಳು gaṃḍāḷu, i. e. ಗಂಡು ಆಳು gaṃḍu āḷu, a male servant or labourer.

35. The word ಹೆಣ್ಣು heṇṇu, female, is often prefixed to show the female sex; as,

• ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಕೂಸು heṇṇu kūsu, a female child;
• ಹೆಣ್ಣೂ ಹುಲಿ heṇṇu huli, a tigress;
• ಹೆಣ್ಣಾಳು heṇṇāḷu, i. e. ಹೆಣ್ಣೂ ಆಳು heṇṇu āḷu, a female servant or labourer.

36. The following are exceptions:

• ಕಳತ್ರ kaḷatra, and ದಾರ dāra, wife;
• ಕೂಸು kūsu, ತೋಕ tōka, ಪಸುಲೆ pasuḷe, ಮಗು magu, ಮೊಗು mogu, and ಶಿಶು śiśu, all signifying child;
• also  ಜನ್ jana, a person or people,

are neuter.

37. The names of inanimate things personified, or regarded as divinities, are of the gender of those divinities; as,

• ಅನಿಲ anila, ವಾಯು vāyu, wind, or the god of wind;
• ಗರುಡನು garuḍanu, the brahmany kite and the vehicle of Viṣṇu, are masculine,
• ಶ್ರೀ śrī, wealth, or the goddess of wealth, is feminine.

38. Masculine derivative nouns ending in ಅನು anu, become feminine by changing ಅನು anu, into ಇತಿ iti, as,

• ಮೋಸಗಾರನು mōsagāranu, a deceiver (mas.), ಮೋಸಗಾರಿತಿ mōsagāriti, a deceiver (fem.).

39. The gender of the following nouns is denoted by different words.

2.6. Number [ವಚನ vacana] of Nouns.

40. Nouns have two numbers,

• Singular [ಏಕವಚನ ēka-vacana] and
• Plural [ಬಹುವಚನ bahu-vacana]

41. The plural is formed by inserting ಅರ್ ar, ಗಳ್ gaḷ, or ಅರುಗಳ್ arugaḷ, between the crude noun and the affix for each case; so that the nominative plural may end in ಅರು aru, ಗಳು gaḷu, or ಅರುಗಳು arugaḷu.

42. Plural nouns of relationship terminate in ಅಂದಿರು aṃdiru, or ಅಂದಿರುಗಳು aṃdirugaḷu; as,

• ಅಣ್ಣಂದಿರು aṇṇaṃdiru, or ಅಣ್ಣಂದಿರುಗಳು aṇṇaṃdirugaḷu, elder brothers.

ಮಗ maga, a son, is an exception; its plural is ಮಕ್ಕಳು makkaḷu, sons.

43. When the cardinal numbers are used in reference to persons, the word ಜನ jana, may be added to ಒಂದು oṃdu, one; and either ಜನ jana, or ಮಂದಿ maṃdi, to all the other numbers; thus

• ಒಂದು ಜನ oṃdu jana, one person;
• ಎರಡು ಜನ eraḍu jana, or ಎರಡು ಮಂದಿ eraḍu maṃdi, two persons.

For the ordinal and multiplicative numbers, See Appendix, §§ 342 - 343.

To 4. Declension of Nouns (§§ 44 - 61).