ಕನ್ನಡ

(Bildquelle: PlaneMad/Wikipedia. -- CC-by-sa)

An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson

7. Verbs (§§ 102 - 108)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. -- 7. Verbs (§§ 102 - 108). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-24. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson07.htm

First published as: Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2011-08-24

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien of Tüpfli's Global Village Library

If you don't get the diacritics displayed, install a Unicode font like Tahoma.

Verbs [ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ kriyāpada].

102. Verbs are divided into

Active [ಸಕರ್ಮ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ sakarma kriyāpada]
Passive [ಕರ್ಮಣಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ karmaṇi kriyāpada]
Neuter [ಅಕರ್ಮ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ akarma kriyāpada], and
Causal [ಪ್ರೇರಣ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ prēraṇa kriyāpada].

The root of the verb is generally the same as the 2nd pers. sing. Imperative.

103. The roots of verbs generally terminate in ಉ u, ಇ i, ಎ e, or ಏ ē.

104. There are two Conjugations, distinguished by the ending of the root of the verb.

The 1st conjugation end in ಉ u, and
the 2nd in ಇ i, ಎ e, and other vowels.

105. There are four Simple Moods [ರೂಪ rūpa]; viz.

the Infinitive [ಭಾವರೂಪ bhāvarūpa]
the Imperative [ವಧಿ vidhi]
the Negative [ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha], and
the Affirmative [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]

The Potential and the Subjunctive [ಸಂಶಯರೂಪ saṃśayarūpa] are compounds.

106. In the Affirmative mood there are four simple, and six compound Tenses [ಕಾಲ kāla].

107. The Infinitive mood is impersonal. The other simple moods and tenses are formed by adding certain personal affixes

to the Root [ಧಾತು dhātu]
to Gerunds [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ śabda nyūna], or
to Participles [ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ನ್ಯೂನ kriyā nyūna]

108. The following are the personal affixes used in the conjugation of Verbs.

		Singular					Plural				Added to
		1	2	3 m.	3 f.	3 n.	1	2	3 m. & f.	3 n.
Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]		ಎನು enu¹	ಎ e	ಅನು anu¹	ಅಳು aḷu	ಅದು adu	ಎವು evu	ಅರಿ ari	ಅರು aru	ಅವು avu	the Root
Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]	1st Future Tense⁴ [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]		ಇ i or ಎ e			ಅದು adu		ಇರಿ iri			the future relative participle ending in ಉವ uva
	Past Tense⁵ [ಭೂತ - bhūta]		ಇ i or ಎ e			ಇತು itu²		ಇರಿ iri			past relative participle in ದ da
	Conditional Future⁶	ಏನು ēnu	ಈ ī or ಈಯೆ īye	ಆನು ānu	ಆಳು āḷu	ಈತು ītu	ಏವು ēvu	ಈರಿ īri	ಆರು āru	ಆವು āvu	past gerund in ಇ i and ದು du
	Present Tense⁷ [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]	ಏನೆ ēne	ಈ ī or ಈಯೆ īye	ಆನೆ āne	ಆಳೆ āḷe	ಅದೆ ade³ or ಎ e	ಏವೆ ēve	ಈರಿ īri	ಆರೆ āre	ಆವೆ āve³	present gerund in ಯುತ್ತ yutta

¹ ನು nu, may be omitted, except in the Conditional future tense (§ 222).

² ಇತು itu, is irregular and cuts the final ಅ a, of the participle to which it is affixed.

³ Irregular affix.

⁴ These affixes are the same as the Negative mood, except in the 2nd. persons.

⁵Same as the 1st. Future, except in the 3rd. person singular neuter.

⁶ In these the final vowels of the past tense affixes are lengthened.

⁷ The final ಉ u, of the conditional-future affixes are changed to ಎ e.

To 8. Conjugation of the auxiliary irregulary verb ಇರು irಉ (§ 109)