ಕನ್ನಡ
(Bildquelle: PlaneMad/Wikipedia. -- CC-by-sa)
An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or
Canarese Language
by Thomas Hodson
22. Syntax of Cases (§§ 145 - 201)
Zitierweise / cite as:
Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the
Kannada, or Canarese language. --22. Syntax of Cases (§§ 145 - 201). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-26. -- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson22.htm
First published as: Hodson,
Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in
which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is
given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press,
1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.
First time published here:
2011-08-26
Revisions:
©opyright: Public domain
This text is part of the section
Sanskrit und Indien of
Tüpfli's Global Village Library
If you don't get the
diacritics displayed, install a Unicode font like Tahoma.
Syntax
[ಪ್ರಯೋಗ prayōga]
0. Contents
- 1. Articles
- 2. Cases of Nouns [ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ
vibhakti]
- 2.1. Nominative Case [ಪ್ರಥಮೆ
prathame]
- 2.2. Accusative Case [ದ್ವಿತಿಯೆ
dvitiye]
- 2.3. Instrumental Case [ತೃತಿಜೆ
tṛtiye]
- 2.4. Dative Case [ಚತುರ್ಥಿ caturthi]
- 2.5. Ablative Case [ಪಂಚಮಿ paṃcami]
- 2.6. Genitive Case [ಷಷ್ಟಿ ṣaṣṭhi]
- 2.7. Locative Case [ಸಪ್ತಮಿ saptami]
- 2.8. Vocative Case [ಸಂಬೋಧನೆ saṃbōdhane]
- 3. Repetition of words
1. Articles
145. There are no Articles in Canarese. The best
substitute for the Indefinite Article are
- ಒಂದು oṃdu, one (thing)
- ಒಬ್ಬ obba, one (person)
146. The place of the Definite Article is
supplied by the abbreviated Demonstrative pronouns
2. Cases of Nouns [ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ
vibhakti]
See § 46.
2.1. Nominative Case [ಪ್ರಥಮೆ
prathame]
147. The Nominative case precedes the verb; as
- ಗುರುವು ಹೇಳಿದನು
guruvu hēḷidanu, The priest said.
- ಅವರು ಹೋದರು avaru
hōdaru, they went.
148. The crude form of the noun is often used
for the Nominative case; as
- ಗುರು ಹೇಳಿದನು guru
hēḷidanu, The priest said.
- ಮರ ಬಿತ್ತು mara bittu,
The tree fell.
2.2. Accusative Case [ದ್ವಿತಿಯೆ
dvitiye]
149. The Accusative case precedes the verb which
governs it. The usual order is
-
1st, the nominative
-
2nd, the
accusative
-
3rd, the active verb
as
150. The crude form of the noun is
often used for the accusative. In such case the final vowel is generally
lengthened; as
2.3. Instrumental Case [ತೃತಿಜೆ
tṛtiye]
151. The Instrumental case is
used,
First, as the agent of
passive verbs, as,
- ಅರಸನಿಂದ ಜನರು
ರುಕ್ಷಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟರು arasaniṃda janaru rukṣisalpaṭṭaru, The people were protected
by the king.
152. Seccond, to express the
cause or instrument of an action, as,
- ಬೆಂಕಿಯಿಂದ ಮರ ಸುಟ್ಟು
ಹೋಯಿತು beṃkiyiṃda mara suṭṭu hōyitu, The wood was consumed by fire.
- ಕತ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಅವನನ್ನು ಕೊಂದು
ಹಾಕಿದನು kattiyiṃda avanannu koṃdu hākidanu, He killed him with a sword.
153. Third, to express the
material of which a thing is composed; as,
- ಮಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಕಟ್ಟಿದ ಗೋಡೆ
maṇṇiniṃda kaṭṭida gōḍe, A wall built of mud.
154. Fourth, to denote motion
from; as,
- ಮನೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಟನು maneyiṃda
horaṭanu, He went out of the house.
- ಕಚೇರಿಯಿಂದ
ಬಂತು kacēriyiṃda baṃtu, It came from the cutcherry [= Administrative office].
155. Fifth, it is sometimes
used to express comparison; as,
- ಅದರಿಂದ ದೊಡ್ಡದು adariṃda
doḍḍadu, Bigger than that.
2.4. Dative Case [ಚತುರ್ಥಿ caturthi]
156. The Dative case is used,
First, when the act of giving
is expressed; as,
- ನನಗೆ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಕೊಡು nanage
pustaka koḍu, Give me a book.
157. Second, in denoting
motion towards; as,
- ಅವನ ಬಲಿಗೆ ಹೋಗು avana
baḷige hōgu, Go to him.
- ತುಮ್ಮುಕೂರಿಗೆ
ಶೆರಿದರು tummukūrige śēridaru, They arrived ad Tumkur [ತುಮಕೂರು
Tumakūru].
158. Third, in expressing the
distance between two places. Sometimes one, but generally both places are put in
the Dative case; as,
- ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೂ ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೂ
ಎಷ್ಟು ದೂರ beṃgaḷūrigū maisūrigū eṣṭu dūra, What is the distance between
Bangalore and Mysore?
159. Fourth, in pointing out
relative position; as,
- ಆ ದೇಶ ಈ ದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ
ದೂರವಾಗಿದೆ ā dēśa ī dēśakke dūravāgide, That country is distant from this.
- ಆ ದೇಶ ಈ ದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ
ಉತ್ತರ
ಕಡೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅದೆ ā dēśa ī dēśakke uttara kaḍeyalli ade, That country is to the
north of this.
- ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಆಚೆ adakke āce,
Beyond that.
160. Fifth, in denoting
property or possession; as,
- ಅವನಿಗೆ ಬಹಳ
ಕೋಪ ಉಂತು
avanige bahaḷa kōpa uṃtu, He is very angry.
- ನನಗೆ ಬಹಳ ಆಶೆ ಉಂತು nanage
bahaḷa āśe uṃtu, I have great desire.
- ನಿಮಗೆ ಐಶ್ವರ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲವೋ
nimage aiśvaryavillavō, Have you not wealth?
161. Sixth, in comparing, as,
- ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಇದಕ್ಕೂ ಬಹು ಹೆಚ್ಚು
ಕಡಿಮೆ adakkū idakkū bahu heccu kaḍime, There is great difference betwixt
that and this.
- ನಿನಗೆ ನಾನು ಕಡೆಜೋ ninage
nānu kaḍeyō, Am I baser than you?
- ನೀನು ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ
ಗರ್ವಿಷ್ಠನು nīnu ellarigū garviṣṭhanu, You are prouder than all.
162. Seventh, in stating
relationship; as,
- ನಿನಗೆ ಅವನು ತಮ್ಮನೋ ninage
avanu tammanō, Is he your younger brother?
163. Eighth, in expressing
end or purpose; as,
- ಯಾತಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದೆ
yātakke baṃde, Why have you come?
- ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದೆ kelasakke
baṃde, I came on business.
- ನೋಡುವದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದೆನು
nōḍuvadakke hōdenu, I went to see.
164. Ninth, in denoting
exchange; as,
- ಎಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಕೊಡುತ್ತೀರಿ
eṣṭakke koḍuttīri, For how much will you give it?
- ಎರಡು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗೆ ಕೊಡುತ್ತೇನೆ
eraḍu rūpāyige koḍuttēne, I will give it for two rupees.
165. Tenth, in expressing
time; as,
- ಇಂದಿಗೆ iṃdige, Today.
- ಸಾಯನಕಾಲಕ್ಕೆ
sāyanakālakke, In the evening.
- ಎರಡು ವರುಷಕ್ಕೆ eraḍu
varuṣakke, For two years.
- ಈ ತಿಂಗಳಿಗೆ ಆರು ತಿಂಗಲು ī
tiṃgaḷige āru tiṃgaḷu, Six months this month.
166. Eleventh, with many
verbs; as,
- ನನಗೆ ತಿಳಿಯದು nanage
tiḷiyadu, I know not.
- ಅವನಿಗೆ ಹುಚ್ಚು ಹಿಡಿಯುತು
avanige huccu hiḍiyutu, He went mad.
- ನಿಮಗೆ ಶಿಕ್ಕಿತೋ nimage
śikkitō, Have you found it?
- ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆದರಿ ಕೊಂಡೆನು
adakke hedari koṃḍenu, I was terrified at (or by) it.
- &c. &c.
167. Twelfth, when followed
by certain propositions; as,
- ಆ ದಿವಸಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಂಚೆ ā
divasakke muṃce, Before that day.
- ಇದಕ್ಕೋಸ್ಕರ idakkōskara,
For this purpose.
168. Thirteenth, in
expressing liability or exposure to, worthiness of, &c.; as,
- ನರಕಕ್ಕೆ ಗುರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ಧಾನೆ
narakakke guriyāgiddhāne, He is in danger of (exposed to) hell.
- ದಯಕ್ಕೆ ಪಾತ್ರನು dayakke
pātranu, Worthy of kindness; a fit object of favour.
169. Fourteenth, in nearly
all cases represented in English by to, for, &c.
2.5. Ablative Case [ಪಂಚಮಿ paṃcami]
171. This case is formed by
adding the instrumental case of the word ದೆಸೆ dese, a point of the compass,
condition or state, to the genitive of other nouns. It is not in frequent use.
It is generally used interchangeably with the instrumental case, but in certain
positions conveys a slightly different meaning.
172. Its signification may be
represented by from, away from, off from, &c.; as,
- ಮರದದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ ಹಣ್ಣು ಬಿತ್ತು
maradadeseyiṃda haṇṇu bittu, The fruit fell down from the tree.
2.6. Genitive Case [ಷಷ್ಟಿ ṣaṣṭhi]
173. The Genitive case is
used to denote relation, connexion or possession; as,
- ಹಸುವಿನ ಹಾಲು hasuvina
hālu, Cow's milk.
- ಪಟ್ಣದ ಗೋಡೆ paṭṇada gōḍe,
The city wall.
- ಅವರ ನೆಂಟರು avara
neṃṭaru, Their relatives.
174. Frequently the form of
the genitive case is put for the accusative; as,
- ಅವನ ಹೊಡೆದರು avana
hoḍedaru, They beat him.
175. Many postpositions
govern the genitive case of nouns and pronouns to which they are affixed; as the
following examples show:
ಅಂತೆ aṃte,
Like; as,
- ಅವಳಂತೆ
avaḷaṃte, Like
her.
176. ಒಡನೆ oḍane,
With; as,
- ನನ್ನೊಡನೆ nannoḍane, With
me.
- ಅವರೊಡನೆ avaroḍane, With
them.
177. ಓಪಾದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ōpādeyalli,
Like; as,
- ಅದರೋಪಾದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ
adarōpādeyalli, Like that.
- ಪುಸ್ತಕದೋಪಾದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ
pustakadōpādeyalli, Like a book.
178. ಕೂಡ kūḍa,
With, along
with; as,
- ನನ್ನ ಕೂಡ
ಹೋಗುತ್ತೀಯಾ nanna kūḍa hōguttīyā, Will you accompany me?
179. ಕೆಳಗೆ keḷage,
Under,
below; as,
- ಭೂಮಿಯ ಕೆಳಗೆ
bhūmiya keḷage, Under the earth.
180. ತರುವಾಯ taruvāya,
After;
as,
- ಅದರ ತರುವಾಯ
ಏನಾಯಿತು adara taruvāya ēnāyitu, What happened after that?
181. ತನಕ tanaka,
Till, until,
as far as; as,
- ಆರು ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳ ತನಕ āru
tiṃgaḷugaḷa tanaka, Till six months.
182. ತುಸುಕ tusuka, ತುಸುಕಾಗಿ
tusukāgi, For, on account of; as,
- ಇದರ ತುಸುಕ idara tusuka,
On this account.
183. ಪರ್ಯಂತರ paryaṃtara,
Till, until, as far as; as,
- ನಾಲ್ಕು ದಿವಸದ ಪರ್ಯಂತರ
nālku divasada paryaṃtara, Till four days.
184. ಬಗ್ಯೆ bagye,
For, on
account of; as,
- ಆ ಕೆಲಸದ ಬಗ್ಯೆ
ā kelasada
bagye, On account of that work.
185. ಬಳಿಕ baḷika,
Afterwards;
as,
- ಅದರ ಬಳಿಕ adara baḷika,
After that
186. ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ maṭṭige,
Till,
as far as; as,
- ಅವನ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ avana
maṭṭige, To the extent of his ability.
187. ಮೇಲೆ mēle,
Upon, above,
after; as,
- ಮೇಜಿನ ಮೇಲೆ mējina mēle,
Upon the table.
- ಹೊಸಕೋಟೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ
ಕೋಲಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದೆವು hosakōṭeya mēle kōlārakke hōdevu, We went by way of Oscotta
[= ಹೊಸಕೋಟೆ
Hoskote] to Colar [=
ಕೋಲಾರ
Kolar(a)].
- ಅದುರ ಮೇಲೆ adura mēle,
Upon (above, or after) that.
188. ನಿಮಿತ್ತ nimitta,
ನಿಮಿತ್ತವಾಗಿ nimittavāgi,
On account of; as,
- ಕೆಲಸದ ನಿಮಿತ್ತ ಬಂದರು
kelasada nimitta baṃdaru, They came on business.
189. ವರಿಗೆ varige,
Until, as
far as; as,
- ಈ ದಿನದ ವರಿಗೆ ī dinada
varige, Till this day.
190. ಸುತ್ತ sutta, ಸುತ್ತಲು
suttalu, About, around; as,
- ಪಟ್ಣದ
ಸುತ್ತ paṭṇada
sutta, Around the city.
191. ಸಂಗಡ saṃgaḍa, ಸಂಗಾತ
saṃgāta, With, along with; as,
- ಅವರ ಸಂಗಡ ಹೋಗು avara
saṃgaḍa hōgu, Go with them.
192. ಹತ್ತರ hattara,
By, close
to, near, with; as,
- ಧೊರಯ ಹತ್ತರ ಹೋದರು
dhoreya hattara hōdaru, They went to the king.
- ನನ್ನ ಹತ್ತರ ದುಡ್ಡಿಲ್ಲ
nanna hattara duḍḍilla, I have no money by me.
193. ಹೊರಗೆ horage,
Without;
as,
- ಪಟ್ಣದ
ಹೊರಗೆ paṭṇada
horage, Without the city.
2.7. Locative Case [ಸಪ್ತಮಿ saptami]
194. The Locative case is
used,
First, to express situation;
as,
- ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದನು
maneyalli iddanu, He was in the house.
- ಅವರು ಊರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಲ್ಲವೋ avaru
ūralli illavō, Are they not in the town?
- ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಕಿತು
peṭṭigeyalli śikkitu, It was found in the box.
195. Second, to denote
possession; as,
- ನಿಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಹಣ ಉಂತೋ
nimmalli haṇa uṃṭō, Have you any money?
196. Third, to form degree of
comparision; as,
- ಆ ಇಬರಲ್ಲಿ ಇವನೇ ವಿವೇಕಿ ā
ibbaralli ivanē vivēki, This man is the wiser of the two.
- ಅವನು ಎಲ್ಲರಲ್ಲಿ
ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠನು avanu ellaralli śrēṣṭhanu, He is the greatest of all.
- ಯುದ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮರ್ಥನು
yuddhadalli samarthanu, A mighty man in battle.
197. Fourth, to denote the
instrument of an action, or the material of which a thing is made; as
- ಕೋಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಡೆದನು
kōlinalli hoḍedanu, He beat with a stick.
- ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು
maradalli māḍiddu, Made of wood.
- ಸುಣ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು
suṇṇadalli kaṭṭiddu, Built with lime.
N. B. To denote motion from
out of, the affix of the instrumental case is added to the locative; as,
- ಅವರಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಹೊರಟು ಬಂದನು
avaralliṃda horaṭu baṃdanu, He came out from among them.
- ಪಟ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿಂದ
ಜನರು ಓಡಿ
ಹೋದರು paṭṇadalliṃda janaru ōḍi hōdaru, The people ran out of the city.
2.8. Vocative Case [ಸಂಬೋಧನೆ saṃbōdhane]
198. The Vocative case is
generally formed as shown in the Declensions of Nouns, by lengthening the final
vowel of the nominative, or adding ಏ ē, to the nominative; as,
- ಗಜಾ gajā, orಗಜವೇ
gajavē, O elephant.
- ಮರಾ marā, or ಮರವೇ
maravē, O tree.
- ಗುರುವೇ
guruvē, O priest.
But in addition to these, the
vocative particles
are often prefixed to nouns
without distinction of sex or rank.
- ಅಣೇ aṇē, and ಎಲೆಗೇ
elegē, are used in calling a female.
- ಎಲೈ elai, is used in
addressing a superior.
- ಎಲಾ
elā, ಎಲೋ elō, in addressing
an inferior.
199. In prose compositions,
the vocative case generally, but not always, begins the sentence; as,
- ಜನರೇ ಕೇಳಿರಿ janarē
kēḷiri, Hear, O people.
- ಅಪ್ಪಾ ಈ ಕೆಲಸಾ ಮಾಡು appā
ī kelasā māḍu, Sir, do this work.
- ಎಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೀರಯ್ಯಾ
ellige hōguttīrayyā, Where are you going sir?
In poetry the situation of
the vocative is a matter of choice or convenience; as,
- ನೆಚ್ಚನಯ್ಯಾ ಹರಿ ಒಪ್ಪನಯ್ಯಾ
neccanayyā hari oppanayyā, He will not believe, Sir; Hari will not approve,
Sir.
-
ದಾರಿ ಏನಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ
ಮುರಾರಿ ನೀ ಕೈ ಹಿಡಿಯದಿದ್ದರೆ dāri ēniddakke murāri nī kai hiḍiyadiddare, How
can I accomplish this, O Murāri, except you aid me?
3. Repetition of words
200. The repetition
of a noun or pronoun expresses each, abundance, and excess in
degree, quality, or quantity; as,
-
ದಿನದಿನಕ್ಕೆ
dinadinakke, Day by day; every day.
-
ವರುಷವರುಷಕ್ಕೆ
varuṣavaruṣakke, Year by year.
201. Sometimes ಆಗಿ
āgi, is added to the repeated word; as,
-
ಮುಳ್ಳು ಮುಳ್ಳಾಗಿ
muḷḷu muḷḷāgi, Thorny; full of thorns.
-
ಗುಂಪು ಗುಂಪಾಗಿ
guṃpu guṃpāgi, In crowds.
To 23. Syntax of Adjectives (§§ 202 - 203).