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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson

27. Syntax of Relative Participles (§§ 232 - 238.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. -- 27. Syntax of Relative Participles (§§ 232 - 238.). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-26. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson27.htm

First published as: Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2011-08-26

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien of Tüpfli's Global Village Library

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Syntax [ಪ್ರಯೋಗ prayōga] of Participles [ಕ್ರಿಯಾನ್ಯೂನ kriyānyūna]

0. Contents

1. Relative Participles
2. Present, Past, and Negative Participles

1. Relative Participles

232. Relative participles admit of a nominative case before them, and perform the office of verb and relative pronoun to nouns and pronouns following them; as,

ಅವನು ಮಾಡಿದ ಕೆಲಸ avanu māḍida kelasa, The work which he did.
ನಾವು ಬಂದ ದಾರಿ nāvu baṃda dāri, The way by which we came.
ನೀವು ಹೋಗುವ ಊರು nīvu hōguva ūru, The town to which you are going.
ಕುರಿಗಳು ಇದ್ದ ಹಟ್ಟಿ kurigaḷu idda haṭṭi, The fold in which the sheep were.

233. These relative participles govern a preceding noun like a verb; as,

ಮನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟಿದ ಮನುಷ್ಯನು maneyannu kaṭṭida manuṣyanu, The man who built the house.
ಕುರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಯುವ ಕುರುಬನು kurigaḷannu kāyuva kurubanu, The shepherd who tends sheep.

234. The passive participle requires the instrumental case of the agent or instrument; as,

ಧೊರಯಿಂದ ಕೊಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಭೂಮಿ dhoreyiṃda koḍalpaṭṭa bhūmi, Land given by the king.
ಕೊಡಲಿಯಿಂದ ಕಡಿಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಮರ koḍaliyiṃda kaḍiyalpaṭṭa mara, The tree which was cut down with an axe.

235. The participles of an intransitive verb are both preceded and followed by nominatives; as.

ನಾನು ಇರುವ ಮನೆ nānu iruva mane, The house which I reside.
ಅವರು ಹೋಗುವ ಪಟ್ಟಣ avaru hōguva paṭṭaṇa, The city to which they are going.
ಅವಳು ಬಿದ್ದ ಭಾವಿ avaḷu bidda bhāvi, The well into which she fell.

236. The relation expressed by the relative participle must often, according to the sense of the verb, be rendered in English by "in which," "from which," "with whom," &c. &c.; as,

ಕಳ್ಳನು ಶಿಕ್ಕಿದ ತಾವು kaḷḷanu śikkida tāvu, The place where (or in which) the chief was caught.
ದವಸ ಬಂದ ಊರು davasa baṃda ūru, The down from which (or to which) the grain come.

237. Sometimes the relative participle has both a preceding and following nominative, and governs an accusative or other case.

In such sentences this order is followed; viz.

1st the agent in the nominative case
2nd the object generally in the accusative
3rd the relative participle
4th the instrument, &c. in the nominative

as,

ಹುಲಿಯು ಎತ್ತನ್ನು ಕಚ್ಚಿದ ಹಲ್ಲು huliyu ettannu kaccida hallu, The tooth with which the tiger bit the ox.
ತಂದೆ ನನಗೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟ ಹಣ taṃde nanage koṭṭa haṇa, The money which my father gave to me
ನೀನು ಅವನನ್ನು ಕರೆದ ಹೆಸರು nīnu avanannu kareda hesaru, The name by which you called him.

238. Relative participles become nouns by the addition of pronouns, according to the rules of sandhi; as,

ಹೇಳುವ hēḷuva	who or which says	ಹೇಳುವವನು hēḷuvavanu	he who says
ಹೇಳುವ hēḷuva	who or which says	ಹೇಳುವವಳು hēḷuvavaḷu	she who says &c.
ಹೇಳಿದ hēḷida	who or which said	ಹೇಳಿದವನು hēḷidavanu	he who said
ಹೇಳಿದ hēḷida	who or which said	ಹೇಳಿದವರು hēḷidavaru	they who said
ಹೇಳದ hēḷada	who or which did not say	ಹೇಳದವನು hēḷadavanu	he who did not say &c. &c.

2. Present, Past, and Negative Participles

For the union of ಅದು adu, with the past and negative participles, See §§ 23, 24.

For the union of ರೆ re, ರೂ rū, and ಆಗ್ಯೂ āgyū, with the past participle, and ಹಾಗೆ hāge, with the present participle, See the subjunctive mood.

To 28. Syntax of Infinitive Mood (§§ 239 - 246)