Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1785 (Rama I.)


Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1785 (Rama I.). -- Fassung vom 2016-05-31. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1785.htm 

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-06-28

Überarbeitungen: 2016-05-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-10 [Teilung des Kapitels] ; 2015-05-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-30 [Ergänzungen]

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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library


ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด


 

Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt.

 


1785 undatiert


1785

Zweite, feierliche Krönung Ramas I.

1785 - 1791

Tengku Lamidin ist Sultan (‏سلطان‎) von Patani (ڤتاني)


Abb.: Lage des Sultanats von Patani (كراجأن ڤتاني)
[Bildquelle: Xufanc / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]]

1785

Chaophraya Suntharacha wird von Bangkok nach Süden geschickt, um folgende hua muang zu inspizieren:


Abb.: Lage von Kra (กระ), Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า), Phang Nga (พังงา), Phuket (ภูเก็ต)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Lage von (von N nach S): Khurot (คุรอด),  Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า), Phang Nga (พังงา), Takua Thung (ตะกั่วทุ่ง), Thalang (ถลาง), Phuket (ภูเก็ต)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1785

Der bisher sechsmonatige Frondienst (ราชการ) wird auf vier Monate verkürzt.

1785

Nang Phaya Tani, die größte jemals in Siam gegossene Kanone, wird nach Bangkok geschafft.


Abb.: Nang Phaya Tani (พญาตานี) bzw. Narai Sanghan (นารายณ์สังหาร), vor dem Verteidigungsministerium, Bangkok, 2003
[Bildquelle: Ahoerstemeier / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Phaya Tani (Thai: พญาตานี) or Seri Patani (Malay) is a 17th-century siege cannon from Pattani Province (ปัตตานี) in southern Thailand. It is the largest cannon ever cast in what is now Thailand, measuring 9 feet long and made of brass. It is on display in front of the Ministry of Defence, opposite the Grand Palace in Bangkok. The cannon still serves as the symbol of Pattani Province.

The Phaya Tani was cast in the early 17th century by a craftsman of Chinese origin named Tok Kayan. The then ruler of Sultanate of Pattani (كراجأن ڤتاني), Raja Biru (راتو بيرو) (regn. 1616 - 1624), ordered the construction of powerful artillery in response to rumors of a forthcoming attack from Siam. Three cannon were cast, two siege guns known as the Seri Patani and Seri Negara, and a smaller cannon named the Mahalela.

After the fall of Ayutthaya (อาณาจักรอยุธยา) to the Burmese in 1767, the Sultanate of Pattani renounced its tributary status to Siam and declared its complete independence. Eighteen years later, however, a Thai army led by King Rama I's brother, the vice-king (อุปราช)Boworn Maha Surasinghanat (สมเด็จพระบวรราชเจ้ามหาสุรสิงหนาท,1744–1803), invaded and conquered Patani. The Seri Patani and Seri Negara were ordered to be sent to Bangkok as spoils of war. The Seri Negara came loose as it was being loaded aboard a ship and plunged into the sea, where it rests to this day.

King Rama I ordered a similar-sized cannon named the Narai Sanghan (Thai: นารายณ์สังหาร) to be cast to serve as a companion to the Seri Patani, now renamed the Phaya Tani."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaya_Tani. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-21]

1785

Die British East India Company (EIC) nimmt ihre Pläne von 1780, in Phuket einen Stützpunkt zu errichten - mit der Zustimmung der Hauptverwaltung in Madras - wieder auf. Beteiligungen werden neuerlich ausgeschrieben.

1785

Der Waffenhändler James Scott (1746 - 1808) schreibt an Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738 – 1805) von der British East India Company in Kalkutta über Phuket (ภูเก็ต):

"In order to enable him [Phraya Pimon - the Phuket governor] [พระยาพิมลอัยาขัน] to put himself into a state of defence without suspicion, I have here improved the rumour of the Burmese war and invasion against which he is now providing. As I have offered my aid to repel this invasion, they mean to give me people to construct a fort [at Yamoo] [ยามู] which shall be sufficiently strong to serve as a place of arms and have lodging for 3-400 men. The Burman invasion [rumor] is to continue the ostensible course of preparations until February, or until our force arrives from Bengal."

[Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 221]

1785

Der Vietnamese Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福映, 1762 - 1820, der spätere Kaiser Gia Long - 嘉隆) kommt nach Bangkok ins Exil. Er wird begleitet von Nguyễn Văn Thoại (阮文瑞, 1761 - 1829, später: Thoại Ngọc Hầu - 瑞玉侯). Begleitet. Der Begleiter wird später der Spezialist Vietnams für Angelegenheiten von Laos, Kambodscha und Siam.


Abb.: Büste von Thoại Ngọc Hầu (瑞玉侯), 2013
[Bildquelle: Bùi Thụy Đào Nguyên / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


1785 datiert


1785-01 - 1786-01

Birmanisch-siamesischer Krieg "Nine Armies' Wars" (สงครามเก้าทัพ).

"The Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786), known as the Nine Armies' Wars in Siamese history because the Burmese came in nine armies, was fought between the Konbaung dynasty (ကုန်းဘောင်ခေတ်) of Burma and the Chakri dynasty of Siam (Thailand).

King Bodawpaya (ဘိုးတော်ဘုရား, 1745 - 1819) of Burma pursued an ambitious campaign to expand his dominions into the lands of the former Ayutthaya Kingdom. His armies attacked Lanna (ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠᩕᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ) in northern Siam, where the governor of Lampang (ลำปาง) managed to partly halt the Burmese, waiting for the troops from Bangkok. As Phitsanulok (พิษณุโลก) was captured, Rama I led an army to the north, himself.

In the south, Bodawpaya lie waiting at Chedi Sam Ong (ด่านเจดีย์สามองค์). The Front Palace (กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) (Maha Sura Singhanat - สมเด็จพระบวรราชเจ้ามหาสุรสิงหนาท,1744–1803)) led his troops to the south the counter-attack the Burmese that came from Ranong (ระนอง) through Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) — the engagements occurred at Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี). The Burmese also attacked Thalang (Phuket - ภูเก็ต), where to governor had just died. Chan (จัน), wife of the governor, and her sister Mook (มุก) gathered people to defend Thalang against the Burmese. Today, Chan and Mook are revered as the two heroines, Thao Thepkrasattri (ท้าวเทพกระษัตรี) and Thao Seesunthon (ท้าวศรีสุนทร).

The Burmese proceeded to capture Songkhla (สงขลา,). Upon hearing the news, the governors of Phatthalung Province (พัทลุง) fled. However, a monk named Phra Maha headed a force of villagers against the Burmese. Phra Maha was later raised to Phraya (พระยา) Thukkharat by Rama I.[3]

As his armies were destroyed, Bodawpaya retreated, only to renew attacks the next year (1786). Bodawpaya, this time, didn’t divide his troops but instead formed into single army. Bodawpaya passed through the Chedi Sam Ong and settled in Ta Din Dang. The Front Palace marched the Siamese forces to face Bodawpaya. The fighting was very short and Bodawpaya was quickly defeated. This short war was called “Ta Din Dang campaign”.

The campaign is commemorated by a park established by the Royal Thai Army 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the town of Kanchanaburi.[4]"

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Armies_War. -- ZUgriff am 2012-06-09]

Da die britische Regierung per Pitt's India Act (1784-08-13) der British East India Company (EIC) jede Einmischung in Kriege verboten hat, werden alle Pläne, einen Stützpunkt der EIC auf Phuket (ภูเก็ต) zu errichten, hinfällig.

1785-01-20

Schlacht von Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút zwischen Tây-Sơn (Vietnamesen) und Siamesen.


Abb.: Lage des Schlachtfelds von Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Schlacht-Denkmal, Mỹ Tho, Vietnam, 2008
[Bildquelle: Nguyễn Thanh Quang / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"The Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút was fought between Tây-Sơn (Vietnamese) and Siamese forces in present-day Tiền Giang Province on January 19, 1785. It went down as one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese history.

Background

In 1783 when Tây-Sơn rebel forces recaptured Saigon and forced Nguyễn Ánh to escape across the river to Siam. While in exile Nguyễn Ánh wished to retake Gia Định and push the Tây-Sơn rebels out. One of Anh's general, Chau Van Tiep, convinced the peaceful King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke of Siam to provide Nguyen Anh with support troops and a small invasion force.

In mid-1784 Nguyễn Ánh, with 20,000–50,000 Siamese troops and 300 warships,[1] moved through Cambodia, then East of Tonle Sap (Toh Lay Sap in Thai) and penetrated the recently annexed provinces of Annam. 20,000 Siamese troops reached Kiên Giang and another 30,000 landed in Chap Lap, as the Siamese advanced towards Cần Thơ. Later that year the Siamese captured the former Cambodian province of Gia Định where, they committed atrocities against the population of Việt settlers, this made some locals turn their support into Tây Sơn.[1]

Battle

The Tay Son reforcements led by Nguyen Hue marched south from Quy Nhon and arrived Cochin China territory soon after. Hue avoided a direct attack into strong Siamese force at Sa Dec and tried to set up a trap.[1] Nguyễn Huệ, anticipating a move from the Siamese, had secretly positioned his infantry and artillery along the Mekong River (Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút area of present day Tiền Giang province), and on some islands in the middle, facing other troops on the northern banks with naval reinforcements on both sides of the infantry positions.[1]

On the morning of January 20, 1785 Nguyễn Huệ sent a small naval force, under a banner of truce, to lure the Siamese into his trap. After so many victories, the Siamese army and naval forces were overconfident.[3] So, they went to the parley, unaware of the trap. Nguyễn Huệ's ships dashed into the unprepared Siamese troops, prevented them from advance or retreat. In the meanwhile, Tay Son artillery opened firing.[4] The battle ended with a near annihilation of the Siamese force, Vietnamese source recorded that all the ships of the Siamese navy were destroyed and only 2,000–3,000 of the original expedition survived to escape back across the river into Siam.[4] Nguyen Anh and his family members escaped and later went to Siam.[4]"

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BA%A7m-Xo%C3%A0i_M%C3%BAt. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-04]

1785-03-01

Der französische Missionar Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau (1741 - 1799) reist von Cochinchina nach Frankreich, um militärische Hilfe für Prinz Nguyễn Ánh (1762 - 1820) anzufordern.


Abb.: Urne mit der Asche von Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau, Paris, 2008
[Bildquelle: Me / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau (2 November 1741[1] Origny-en-Thiérache – 9 October 1799, Qui Nhơn), commonly known as Pigneau de Béhaine, also Pierre Pigneaux and Bá Đa Lộc (百多祿 or 伯多祿), was a French Catholic priest best known for his role in assisting Nguyễn Ánh (later Emperor Gia Long) to establish the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam after the Tây Sơn rebellion.

Early life

Pierre Pigneau was born in Origny-en-Thierache (later Aisne, France), where the family of his mother lived. His father's family owned a small estate named Béhaine, in the nearby parish of Marle. Despite the particule "de Béhaine" in his name, Pigneau was not of noble extraction, and it seems the particule first appeared only in the 1787 Treaty of Versailles.[2]

Pigneau de Behaine was trained as a missionary and sent abroad by the Paris Foreign Missions Society (Séminaire des Missions Étrangères). He left France from the harbour of Lorient in December 1765, to work in southern Vietnam. He landed in Pondicherry, then a French possession in India, on 21 June 1766.[3]

Pigneau had arrived just prior to the Burmese capture of Ayutthaya in Siam. After waiting for a few months in the Portuguese colony of Macau, Pigneau travelled on a Chinese ship to reach the small coastal town Ha Tien in Cochinchina (Southern Vietnam) near the Cambodian border, set up by missionaries who had been displaced by the Burmese. He arrived there in March 1767.[4]

Superior of the College General (1767–1774)

In Ha Tien, Pigneau worked as head of the Seminary of the Holy Angels, the Seminary established in Asia by the Paris Foreign Missions Society, which had relocated from Ayutthaya in Siam following the 1765 Burmese invasion, with approximately forty students of Chinese, Siamese, and Vietnamese extraction.

In 1768, the missionaries were jailed for three months when Siamese authorities complained to the local ruler Mạc Thiên Tứ that the school had afforded shelter to a fugitive Siamese prince. Pigneau was put into a cangue, a wooden and iron frame fastened around his limbs weighing eight pounds.[5] He ignored family requests to return to France, saying that his missionary work was more important than a comfortable life. In 1769, the school was attacked by Chinese and Cambodian pirates, who massacred some of the students and burnt down the establishment...[6][6] Pigneau was forced to flee in December 1769 with the survivors to Pondicherry, then a French territory, after a long sea journey through Malacca. The College was established a few miles from Pondicherry, in Virampatnam.

While in Pondicherry, Pigneau continued mastering Chinese and Vietnamese languages until he was fully conversant with both.[8] In 1773, he compiled a Vietnamese-Latin dictionary with the help of eight southern Vietnamese,[8] following in the footsteps of Alexandre de Rhodes. His work, Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, would be published in 1838 by Mgr Jean-Louis Taberd.[7]

Pigneau de Behaine was made Bishop of Adran (of Adranos in Bithynia, modern Orhaneli in Turkey, in partibus infidelium), and Apostolic Vicar of Cochinchina on 24 February 1774 in São Tomé near Madras.[9][10] After his ordination in 1774, he went to Macau to gather more staff before returning to resume his work in Ha Tien. In Macau, he was able to publish and print a catechism in Vietnamese)(containing an introduction in Chinese, the body of the text in the Vietnamese alphabet, and a translation in Latin), and despatched a copy to Rome.[7] He left Macau on 1 March 1775, and reached Ha Tien later in the month, where he again re-established missionary operations.[11]

In 1775-76, Pigneau attempted to convert the Stieng people, but the missionaries he sent suffered greatly, and either fell ill or returned.[12]

Encounter with Nguyễn Ánh

In 1777, the Tây Sơn brothers attacked Saigon and eliminated almost the entire Nguyễn Dynasty, with the fifteen-year-old Nguyễn Ánh managing to escape into the far south. He took refuge at Pigneau's seminary from September to October before both were forced to flee to the island of Pulo Panjang in the Gulf of Siam. The move was a political step taken by Pigneau to align himself with Nguyễn Ánh, allowing himself a foray into politics. He became less of a missionary and more of a politician thereafter.

On November 1777, Nguyễn Ánh was able to recapture Saigon, and in 1778 pursued the retreating Tây Sơn as far as Binh Thuan.[13]

In neighbouring Cambodia, a pro-Cochinchinese revolt erupted to topple the pro-Siam king Ang Non. In 1780, Cochinchinese troops intervened, and Pigneau helped them procure weapons from the Portuguese. The Bishop attracted accusations by the Portuguese of manufacturing weapons for the Cochinchinese, especially grenades, a new weapon for Southeast Asia.[13] Pigneau de Behaine also organized the supply of three Portuguese warships for Nguyễn Ánh.[14] In his activities, Pigneau was supported by a French adventurer, Manuel.[14]

In 1782, the Tây Sơn led a new offensive to the South. Manuel died in his command of a warship in the Saigon river against Tây Sơn troops.[14] The defeat, with its battle plan deemed faulty, towers high in the list of setbacks suffered. Nguyễn Ánh was forced to retreat to the island of Phu Quoc. In October 1782, the tide turned again and Nguyễn Ánh and Pigneau returned to Saigon.[15]

In March 1783, the Nguyễn were again defeated, and Nguyễn Ánh and Pigneau once more set sail for Phu Quoc. Sanctuary was at once both fleeting and illusory. They had to escape again when their hideout was discovered, being chased from island to island until they reached Siam. Pigneau de Behaine visited the Siamese court in Bangkok in late 1783.[16] Nguyễn Ánh also arrived there in February 1784, where he enlisted an army to accompany him back to Vietnam.[17] In January 1785 however the Siamese fleet met with disaster against the Tây Sơn in the Mekong river.[17]

Nguyễn Ánh again took refuge with the Siamese court, and again tried to seek help from the Siamese.[18] Resolving to muster any support he could from Western powers.,[19] Nguyễn Ánh asked Pigneau to appeal for French aid, and pledged to allow Pigneau to take his son Prince Cảnh with him. Pigneau in return attempted to obtain assistance from Manila, but the party of Dominicans he sent was captured by the Tây Sơn.[19] From Pondicherry, he also sent a request for help to the Portuguese Senate in Macao, which would ultimately lead to the signature of a Treaty of Alliance between Nguyễn Ánh and the Portuguese on 18 December 1786 in Bangkok.[20]

Embassy to France

The party reached Pondicherry in February 1785.[21] The French administration in Pondicherry, led by the interim Governor Coutenceau des Algrains, successor of Bussy, seconded by Captain d'Entrecasteaux, was resolutely opposed to intervening in southern Vietnam, stating that it was not in the national interest. In July 1786, Pigneau was allowed to travel back to France to ask the royal court directly for assistance. News of his activities reached Rome where he was denounced by the Spanish Franciscans. Pigneau at that point offered Prince Cảnh and his political mandate to the Portuguese. They left Pondicherry for France in July 1786.[22] which they reached in February 1787.[23]

Arriving in February 1787 with the child prince Canh at the court of Louis XVI in Versailles,[24] Pigneau had difficulty in gathering support for a French expedition to install Nguyễn Ánh on the throne. This was due to the poor financial state of the country prior to the French Revolution. Pigneau was helped by Pierre Poivre who had been involved previously in French interests in Vietnam.

Eventually, he was able to seduce military figures with precise instructions as to the conditions of warfare in Indochina and materiel for the proposed campaign. He explained how France would be able to "dominate the seas of China and of the archipelago." The party met with King Louis XVI, Minister of the Navy de Castries and Minister of Foreign Affairs Montmorin on May 5 or 6, 1787.[25] Prince Cảnh created a sensation at the court of Louis XVI, leading the famous hairdresser Léonard to create a hairstyle in his honour "au prince de Cochinchine".[26] His portrait was made in France by Maupérin, and is now on display at the Séminaire des Missions Étrangères in Paris. Prince Cảnh dazzled the Court and even played with the son of Louis XVI, Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France, who was about the same age.[27][28]

By November, his constant pressure had proved effective. On 21 November 1787, the Treaty of Versailles was concluded between France and Cochinchina in Nguyễn Ánh's name. Four frigates, 1650 fully equipped French soldiers and 250 Indian sepoys were promised in return for Pulo Condore and harbour access at Tourane (Da Nang). De Fresne was supposed to be the leader of the expedition.[30]

The French government, on the eve of the French Revolution, was in dreadful financial trouble,[31] and saw its position weakened even more with the outbreak of civil war in Holland.[32] French enthusiasm for Pigneau's plan was severely dampened.[33] A few days after the treaty was signed, the foreign minister sent instructions on 2 December 1787 to the Governor of Pondicherry Thomas Conway, which left the execution of the treaty to his own appreciation of the situation in Asia, stating that he was "free not to accomplish the expedition, or to delay it, according to his own opinion"[34] Louis XVI himself told Pigneau that Conway was appointed Governor of Pondicherry simply to remove him from Europe.

Return to Vietnam

The party left France in December 1787 on board the Dryade,[35] commanded by M. de Kersaint and accompanied by the Pandour, commanded by M. de Préville. They would again disembark in Pondicherry from May 1788 to July 1789.[36] The Dryade was ordered by Conway to continue to Poulo Condor to meet with Nguyễn Ánh and deliver him 1,000 muskets bought in France and Father Paul Nghi, a Cochinchinese missionary devotee of Mgr Pigneau.

However, Pigneau found the governor of Pondicherry unwilling to further fulfill the agreement. Although the Royal Council had already decided in October 1788 to endorse Conway, Pigneau was not informed until April. Pigneau was forced to use funds raised in France and enlist French volunteers. Of this duplicity, he defiantly noted: "I shall make the revolution in Cochinchina alone." He rejected an offer from the English, and raised money from French merchants in the region. Conway finally provided two ships to Pigneau, the Méduse, commanded by François Étienne de Rosily-Mesros,[37] and another frigate.[38] Pigneau used the raised funds to equip two more ships with weapons and ammunition, which he named the Long ("Dragon"), commanded by Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, and the Phụng ("Phoenix"), commanded by Philippe Vannier, and enticed volunteers and deserters to man the vessels.[37] Jean-Marie Dayot deserted the Pandour and was put in charge of supplies, transporting weapons and ammunitions on his ship the St. Esprit. Rosily, who had been commanding the Méduse deserted with 120 of his men, and was put in charge of recruitments.[37]

Pigneau's expedition left for Vietnam on June 19, 1789 and arrived at Vung Tau on 24 July 1789.[37] The foreign contingent helped to consolidate southern Vietnam and modernized its army, navy and fortifications. Olivier de Puymanel, a former officer of the Dryade who has deserted in Poulo Condor, built in 1790 the Citadel of Saigon and in 1793 the Citadel of Dien Khanh according to the principles of Vauban. He also instructed Vietnamese troops in the modern use of artillery, and implemented European infantry methods in the Vietnamese army of Nguyễn Phúc Ánh.[39] In 1792, Olivier de Puymanel was commanding an army of 600 men who had been trained with European techniques.[40] Puymanel is said to have trained the 50,000 men of Nguyen's army.[41] French bombs were used at the siege of Qui Nhơn in 1793.[42]

French Navy officers such as Jean-Marie Dayot and Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau were used to drill the navy. By 1792, a large naval fleet was formed, with two European warships and 15 frigates of composite design.[43] In 1792, Dayot attacked the strategically important port of Qui Nhơn, opening the way to the Cochinchinese ships which then defeated the Tây Sơn fleet.[44] In 1793, Dayot led a raid in which 60 Tây Sơn galleys were destroyed.[44]

From 1794, Pigneau took part in all campaigns, accompanying Prince Cảnh. He organized the defense of Dien Khanh when it was besieged by a numerically vastly superior Tây Sơn army in 1794.[45]

Death

Heavy fighting raged in Qui Nhơn for control of the fortress until it was captured in 1799. Pigneau died there of dysentery on 9 October in the same year, after serving his final years as an advisor and de facto foreign minister to Nguyễn Ánh. He was buried at Saigon with full military honours. Nguyễn Ánh's funeral oration described him as "the most illustrious foreigner ever to appear at the court of Cochinchina." He was buried on 16 December 1799 in the presence of the crown prince, all mandarins of the court, the royal bodyguard of 12,000 men and 40,000 mourners.

Pigneau de Behaine was the object of several funeral orations on behalf of emperor Gia Long and his son Prince Cảnh.[46] In a funeral oration dated 8 December 1799, Gia Long praised Pigneau de Behaine's involvement in the defense of the country, as well as their personal friendship:

Funeral oration of emperor Gia Long to Pigneau de Behaine (excerpt):

 "(...) Pondering without end the memory of his virtues, I wish to honour him again with my kindness, his Highness Bishop Pierre, former special envoy of the kingdom of France mandated to obtain a sea-based and land-based military assistance sent by decree by warships, him, this eminent personality of the Occident received as a guest of honour at the court of Nam-Viet (...) Although he went to his own country to address a plea for help and rally the opinion in order to obtain military assistance, he was met with adverse conditions midway through his endeavour. At that time, sharing my resentment, he decided to act like the men of old: we rather rallied together and outshone each other in the accomplishment of duty, looking for ways to take advantage of opportunities to launch operations (...) Everyday intervening constantly, many times he marvelously saved the situation with extraordinary plans. Although he was preoccupied with virtue, he did not lack humour. Our agreement was such that we always desired to be together (...) From the beginning to the end, we were but one heart (...)"

— Funeral oration of emperor Gia Long to Pigneau de Behaine, 8 December 1799.[47]

nly a few of Pigneau's men stayed for more than two or three year, disappointed in the lack of a quick fortune. Pigneau himself had wanted a Catholic as ruler of Vietnam. His ambition never materialised with the failure to convert Canh, who predeceased his father Nguyễn Ánh by twenty years in any case.

Pigneau often compromised his religious principles when they came into conflict with political and diplomatic imperatives. He had initially taught Canh to refuse to engage in ancestor worship, something that greatly shocked and angered Nguyễn Ánh. He later changed his mind on the papal ban and proposed to consider ancestor worship as a civil ceremony, a simple manifestation of respect for the dead. He cited the apostles as being tolerant of local customs as his justification.

In 1983, the tomb of Pigneau de Behaine was dismantled by the Vietnamese government, and the area was replaced by a park. His remains were incinerated and sent to France, where they are now housed in the Paris Foreign Missions Society.[48]"

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pigneau_de_Behaine. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-15]

1785-04-14

Paris (Frankreich): Gründung der Nouvelle Compagnie française des Indes.

1785-05-11

Als erstes amerikanisches Schiff  kehrt Empress of China (gebaut 1783) aus China nach New York mit reicher Fracht zurück. Sie war 1784-02-22 in New York Richtung China gestartet. Das ist der Beginn des sog. Old China trade (1784 - 1844)


Abb.: Empress of China, 1876
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1785-12

Tod von Phraya Pimon (พระยาพิมลอัยาขัน), dem Gouverneur von Phuket (ภูเก็ต). Damit sind alle Pläne bezüglich Phuket des britischen Waffenhändlers Captain Francis Light (1740 - 1894) hinfällig. In seinen Erinnerungen schreibt er:

"Had he [Phaya Pimon] lived, I would have secured possession of the island. His death, which happened in December 1785, altered the certainty of success to a dubious point. His widow [Lady Chan - ท่านผู้หญิงจัน] , the only person of estimation, would willingly have given up her power. Her sons and nephews beseeched me to take the government of the island. Could I have had the assurance of support from [the British] government I should have embraced the offer and secured both these islands [Penang und Phuket]."

[Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 225]


Verwendete Ressourcen


ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm


Zu Chronik 1786 (Rama I.)