Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1811 (Rama II.)


Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1811 (Rama II.). -- Fassung vom 2015-11-24. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1811.htm  

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-06-29

Überarbeitungen: 2015-11-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-09 [Teilung des Kapitels] ; 2015-05-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-30 [Ergänzungen]

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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library


ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด


 

 

Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt.

 


1811 undatiert


1811 - 1834

Der katholische Bischof Esprit-Marie-Joseph Florens (1762 - 1834) ist Apostolischer Vikar für Siam.


1811

Nu (เจ้านู) Herrscher von Champasak (ຈຳປາສັກ)

"Nu (voller Thronname Somdet Brhat Chao Anuya; * im späten 18. Jahrhundert; † 1811) war 1811 für drei Tage Herrscher des von Siam abhängigen Königreichs Champasak.

Nu war Sohn von Prinz No Mueang und damit Enkel von König Pothi von Champasak (reg. 1737 bis 1791). Nu wurde am Hofe und in Bangkok ausgebildet, wo er als Geisel am Hof von König Rama I. weilte. 1811 wurde er von den Siamesen zum König bestellt, doch starb er drei Tage nach seiner Inthronisation. Er hinterließ drei Söhne.

Im Anschluss folgte ein zweijähriges Interregnum, das durch die Einsetzung von König Phom Ma Noi (reg. 1813 bis 1820) beendet wurde."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_%28Champasak%29. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-15]


1811 - 1812

Kambodschanische Rebellion

"The Cambodian Usurpation of 1811-1812 was when an army from Siam (Thailand) supported Ang Snguon after he overthrew his brother Ang Chan (ព្រះបាទអង្គច័ន្ទ, 1792 – 834) ; but Viet Nam sent a large army to help reinstate Ang Chan at Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ).

Usurpation the Cambodian throne

Ang Chan acknowledged both Siamese and Vietnamese suzerainty over his country, Cambodia, hoping to keep the peace by paying tribute to Siam and Vietnam. Ang Snguon, Ang Chan's brother, sought Siamese aid in an attempt to usurp the throne in 1811; King Rama II of Siam sent an army, which helped to oust Ang Chan, who fled to southern Vietnam to secure aid to regain the throne. Snguon had plotted to usurp the throne (worth mentioning is that the support provided from a foreign power – Bangkok – was fairly consistent); because of a sudden military invasion, Ang Chan was compelled to leave his kingdom and to rush to reach the city of Saigon.

Seemingly perturbed, and with growing apprehension of Chan’s most friendly entente cordiale with Viet Nam and to his Emperor Gia Long (嘉隆, 1762 - 1820),[1] the Siamese King Rama II had decided to have a more acquiescent ruler to his imposing geo-political asset; therefore, he resolved to oust Ang Chan by military pressure.

Vietnamese intervention

The next year, however, Vietnam's Emperor Gia Long sent a large Vietnamese army units which were a powerful military deterrent, whose intimidating presence in Cambodia to support Ang Chan, caused the Siamese to withdraw from the arena without sustaining major fighting on ground.

Because of the new warfare mobility – Ang Chan took Oudong (ឧដុង្) supported by allied military units,[2] Viet Nam proved instrumental in reinstating the legitimate monarch over Cambodian territories and its people.

Thus, Ang Chan was enthroned again, and Gia Long became the preferential political patron and privileged relationship (i.e. authority) to Cambodia as well. It is ascertained that Cambodia, hoping to keep peaceful terms within its boundaries, had to keep an economic compromise (sending tribute) with both Siam and Vietnam.

Aftermath

The Khmer Kingdom proved weak; it alternated as a vassal to both the Siamese kings and Vietnamese emperors. Although the ascendancy gained over Cambodia was assured, there were short-lived periods of semi-independence between this protectorate and Vietnam (i.e. the military authority of Saigon)."

[Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811–12). -- Zugriff am 2016-11-24] 

1811

Birmanische Invasion in  Phuket (ภูเก็ต).

1811

Erhebung und Registrierung des Grundbesitzes von Klöstern und Laien. Dient der Erhebung von Grundsteuern

1811

Verbot des Erwerbs und des Rauchens von Opium.

1811

Totenriten für und Kremation von König Rama I.

10.000 Mönche erhalten Almosen. Von den acht Himmelsrichtungen um den Meru werden Münzen in Zitronen ausgeworfen. Alte und Arme über 70 Jahre erhalten Kleidung. Es gibt Freilichtbühnen, Boxkämpfe und Feuerwerk. Es ist wirklich sanuk (สนุก).

Für die Kremation mussten folgende Mengen an Waldprodukten beigetragen werden:

  Ratchaburi
ราชบุรี
Kanchanaburi
กาญจนบุรี
Suphanburi
สุพรรณบุรี
Schwere Balken 159 25 29
Mittlere Balken 300 200 150
Ngiw-Bäume (งิ้ว - Kapok-Bäume) 50 10 20
Ulok-Bäume (อุโลก - Hymenodictyon orixense) 50 10 20
Bambus 20.000 5.000 5.000
Matten 400 70 100
Rattan 1.000 400 400
Häute 30 10 10
Lederschnüre 30 10 10
Phluang-Holz (พลวง - Dipterocarpus spec.) 100 100 100
Kapok (in krams) 45 15 30
Bienenwachs (in krams) 120 60 60

[Datenquelle: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: Through travellers' eyes : an approach to early nineteenth century Thai history. -- Bangkok : Duang Kamol, 1989.  -- S. 104]

  Schwere Balken Kleine Balken Bambus Matten Rattan Sandelholz Wachs (in Baht) Weiße Tücher Blätter der Nipa-Palme
Nypa fruticans Wurmb
Ayutthaya - อยุธยา 2 40 1.000 20 0 0 2,5 70  
Ang Thong - อ่างทอง 13 50 1.000 20 300 0 2,5 80  
Phrom Buri - พรหมบุรี 5 30 500 20 200 0 2,5 20  
Sing Buri - สิงห์บุรี 4 50 700 20 120 0 2,5 40  
In Buri - อินทร์บุรี 19 50 2.000 0 300 0 0 60  
San Buri - สรรค์บุรี 16 80 2.000 30 650 0 5 100  
Chainat - ชัยนาท 20 60 3.000 30 600 3 3,25 70  
Manoram - มโนรมย 0 20 2.000 15 700 0 2,5 10  
Uthai Thani - อุทัยธานี 27 70 10.000 60 1.200 4 15 200  
Nakhon Sawan - นครสวรรค์ 21 100 8.000 40 1.000 3 15 100  
Kamphaeng Phet - กำแพงเพชร 15 140 10.000 70 0 7 37,5 300  
Phichit - พิจิตร 14 50 5.000 30 1.100 5 15 70  
Lopburi - ลพบุรี 1 40 500 15 300 0 2,5 30  
Phra Phutthabat - พระพุทธบาท 29 60 100 20 500 100 0    
Saraburi - สระบุรี (Laoten) 85 200 12.000 200 0 0 0 0  
Saraburi - สระบุรี (Siamesen) 7 40 6.000 20 100 50 2,5 50  
Khamphran - คำพราน 0 10 500 7 150 0 0    
Chai Badan - ชัยบาดาล 1 30 1.500 15 150 0 0 20  
Bua Chum - บัวชุม 2 40 2.000 25 200 2 2,5 30  
Tha Rong - ท่าโรง 0 30 1.000 20 300 2 2,5 20  
Phetchabun - เพชรบูรณ์ 29 150 10.000 100 0 10 5 700  
Chachoengsao - ฉะเชิงเทรา 17 130 500 30 400 4 2,5   140.000
Nakhon Nayok - นครนายก 3 50 500 20 500 50 5    
Prachinburi - ปราจีนบุรี 12 110 800 30 900 3 2,5    

[Datenquelle: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: Through travellers' eyes : an approach to early nineteenth century Thai history. -- Bangkok : Duang Kamol, 1989.  -- S. 136, 138, 163]


Abb.: Übersichtskarte zu den oben genannten Orten
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]
 

1811 - 1813-05-13

Siamesische Strafexpedition nach Kambodscha, weil dieses sich geweigert hatte, Siam mit Truppen gegen Burma zu unterstützen. Ab 1812-04 ist Kambodscha von Siam besetzt. Als 1813 vietnamesische Truppen einrücken, zieht sich Siam bis 1813-05-13 zurück. Die vietnamesischen Truppen bleiben in Kambodscha und ihr General hat großen Einfluss auf den kambodschanischen König Ang Chan (ឧទ័យរាជាទី២, r. 1813-05-13 - 1835-01-07).

1811

In Siam gibt es an Christen:

1811

Es erscheint:

Leyden, John <1755 - 1811>: On the languages and literature of the Indo-chinese nations. -- In: Asiatic Researches or, Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal for enquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences and literature of Asia <Calcutta and London>. -- Vol. 10 (1811). -- S. 158 - 289. -- Darin: S. 240 - 253: "Thay"

"The T'hay or Siamese language appears to be in a great measure original; and is more purely monosyllabic, and more powerfully accented, than any of the Indo-Chinese languages, already mentioned. It certainly is connected, in some degree, with some of the Chinese dialects; especially the Mandarin or Court language, with which its numerals, as well as some other terms, coincide, but these are not very numerous. It borrows words freely from the Bali [Pali], but contracts and disguises more, the terms which it adopts, than cither the Ruk'heng or the Barma. In its finely modulated intonations of sound, in its expression of the rank of the speaker, by the simple pronouns, which he uses, in the copiousness of the language of civility, and the mode of expressing esteem and adulation, this language resembles the Chinese dialects, with which also, it coincides more nearly in construction than either Barma or Rukhéng. Its construction is simple and inartificial, depending almost solely on the principle of juxta-position. Relative pronouns are not in the language; the nominative regularly precedes the verb, and the verb precedes the case which it governs. When two substantives come together, the last of them is for the most part supposed to be in the genitive. This idiom is consonant to the Malayu, though not to the Barma or Ruk'héng, in which, as in English, the first substantive has a possessive signification. Thus, the phrase, " a man’s head, " is expressed in Barma and Ruk’héng, by lú-k’haung, which is literally man-head; but, in Siamese, it it is kua-khon, [หัวคน] and in Malayu kapala orang, both of which are literally head- man. A similar difference occurs in the position of the accusative with an active verb, which case, in Barma and Malayu, generally precedes the verb, as tummaing chá, literally rice eat; but in Siamese follows it, as kén káw [กินข้าว], literally eat rice, which corresponds to the Malayu, makan-nasi. The adjective generally follows the substantive, and the adverb the word which it modifies, whether adjective or verb. Whenever the name of an animal, and in general, when that of a species or class, is mentioned, the generic, or more general name of the genus to which it belongs, is repeated with it, as often happens in the other monosyllabic languages, as well as in Malayu. In the position of the adverbial particle, the Malayu, often differs from the Siamese; as Mana pargi, literally where go, but, in Siamese, pai hnéi [ไปไหน], go where. The Siamese composition is also, like that of the Banna, a species of measured prose, regulated solely by the accent, and the parallelism of the members of the sentence; but, in the recitative, the Siamese approaches more nearly to the Chinese mode of recitation, and becomes a kind of chaunt, which different Brahmens have assured me is very similar to the mode of chaunting the Samaveda [सामवेद].

[...]

The Siamese or T'hay language contains a great variety of compositions of every species. Their poems and songs are very numerous, as are their Cheritrás, or historical and mythological tables. Many of the Siamese princes have been celebrated for their poetical powers, and several of their historical and moral compositions, are still preserved. In all their compositions, they either affect a plain, simple narrative, or an unconnected and abrupt styleof short, pithy sentences, of much meaning. Their books of medicine are reckoned of considerable antiquity. Both in science and poetry, those who affect learning and elegance of composition, sprinkle their style copiously with Bali [Pali]. The laws of Siam are celebrated all over the cast, and La Loubere [Simon de la Loubère, 1642 – 1729] has mentioned three works of superior reputation, the Pra-Tam-non [พระธรรม] the Pra-Tam-Ra, and the Pra-Raja-Kam-manot. Of these, the first is a collection of the institutions of the ancient kings of Siam; the second is the constitutional code of the kingdom, and contains the names, functions, and prerogatives of all the officers; the third, which is about 150 years old, contains additional regulations. Of these, the first is the most celebrated and the most deserving the attention of Europeans.

The Siamese histories of the T'hay dynasty, detail with much minuteness, and great exaggeration, the events which have occurred in Siam, and the adjacent states and countries, during the last 1000 years. It also details the events of 400 years, previous to that period, with less precision, from the building of the city Maha Nakhón [มหานคร]. The records, however, of the Thay J'hay [ไทใหญ่] dynasty are supposed still to exist; and, perhaps, it may yet be possible to glean a few grains of pure historic gold from the sands which glitter in the long vallies of the Mé-nam [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] and Me-kon [แม่น้ำโขง / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ].

The Cheritrás [จริตร], or romantic fictions of the Siamese, are very numerous, and the personages introduced, with the exception of Rama and the characters of the Ramayan, have seldom much similarity to those of the Brahmens. The following are some of the most, popular among the T'hay, several of which contain the same stories and incidents as those which are current among the Rukhéng, Barma, and Malayu nations."

[a.a.O., S. 244f., 247f

Hier die Liste mit den Anmerkungen von Klaus Wenk (1927 - 2006):

"The forty-one titles mentioned by Leyden are listed below in full. Low (1839) [1] fully refers to these titles and his annotations are included in the list.

1. Rama-kien [รามเกียรติ์].

2. Radin (Raden), possibly an allusion to Inau [อิเหนา]. Likewise Low (1839: 339).

3. Sum-mut-ta-ko-dom, concerning which see p. 250: ‘S. is the history of Samanakodom abriged from Bali [Pali]. ’ Low: ‘S. is the history of Buddha in mortal shape. It is also termed Wetsandon, in Bali, Wessantara. ’ Low enumerates in detail the individual parts of the Vessantara Jâtaka [มหาเวสสันดรชาดก] (ibid. 339 ff).

4. Wet-ja-sun-don. This can only be a corruption of Wetsandon [เวสสันดร]; see 3 above.

5. Worawong, possibly an allusion to the Worawong châdok [ในวรวังสชาด]; see p. 250: ‘Worawong is the history of an unfortunate Rajah, who fell in love with a lady, and was slain by an enchanted spear which guarded her, one night as he was climbing to the window of his mistress. This is also a subject of dramatic representation. ’ See Low (ibid. 340) ‘W. is a history in verse of a person of that name, and of a princess Nang Kharawi [นางกาไวยเทวี]. His elder brother was Chetta Singhaha Rachasi... ’

6. Un-narut. See Pluang Na Nakhon, Prawat wanakhadi thai [²], pp. 240, 267, 275. Low here adds a fairly long summary of the contents (ibid. 341).

7. Mahosot, presumably a reference to a literary elaboration of the Mahâsot châdok [มโหสถชาดก], Maha Ummagga Jâtaka No. 546. (Likewise Low pp. 340 ff. ).

8. Mélay, possibly Malâi, alluding to the Malai-sut or Phra Malai kham luang [พระมาลัยคำหลวง] of Cau Fa Thammathibet [เจ้าฟ้าธรรมธิเบศร, - 1756]. (Likewise Low, p. 342).

9. Chatri. About this see Low, p. 342: ‘A drama in the rang Lakhan [possibly: rong lakhon] [โรงละคร] or Ligonean strain. ’

10. Chalawan. Certainly scenes from the bot lakhon [บทละคร] Kraithong [ไกรทอง] (Likewise Low, p. 342).

11. Phum-hom. ‘P. is the history of a princess of whom an elephant was enamoured, and her rescue. ’ On this see Low (1839: 342), 'The story of Phum-Haam or 'she with the fragrant locks, ’ the daughter of an elephant. She cuts off one of her ringlets and gives it to the winds. It is wafted across the ocean to the country of a certain king who finds it while bathing—being directed to where it lay by the perfume it spreads around. He consults soothsayers regarding the original wearer of the precious ringlet, and is directed by them to the residence of Phum-Haam. With her he elopes, followed by the elephant, which subsequently dies of grief, bequesting his tusks to Phum-Haam. ’

12. Pra-Thom. ‘P. is a mythological account of the origin of the universe, according to the principles of the Buddhist sect. ’ See Low, p. 343: ‘I find on examination that it is nearly a transcript of a Bali work. The contents may be briefly described.... ’ The description that follows fills about one page.

13. Suthon, possibly an allusion to the Suthon châdok [สุธนชาดก], a Panyâsa châdok [ปัญญาสชาดก].

14. Pok’ha-wa-di, concerning which Leyden remarks on page 250: ‘P. is the history of Bhagavati [ภควดี]. ’ (Likewise Low, p. 344).

15. Teng-on. A little known bot lakhon [บทละคร] about which see Worawet Phisit, Wannakhadi Thai [³], pp. 90 ff.

16. Lin Thong. Bot lakhon [บทละคร] Lin Thong; on this see Worawat Phisit [³], loc. cit.

17. Hok k'hum. On this Leyden [1812] remarks on p. 250: ‘N. is the mythological account of the celebrated hamsa [หังส]. ’ (Low ibid. 344 merely refers to Leyden).

18. P‘ha-non-son-paya. See Leyden, p. 250: ‘P. contains the instructions of the sagacious ape P’hon. ’ Without doubt this refers to a version of the poem Phali son nong [พาลีสอนน้อง] (Wenk 1980) [4].

19. Mak-kali-p'hon. See Leyden, p. 250: ‘M., the adventures of the son of a chief, who possessed a wonderful cow, resembling the Sanscrit Kamad’hern [कामधेनु]. ' (Low endorses this, ibid. 345).

20. Sum-p'hansit. Certainly a corrupted form of suphâsit [
สุภาษิต - Sprichwort] no matter to which text it actually refers.

21. Suan-na-hong. Corruption of Suvanahong [สุพรรณหงส์], bot lakhon nok [บทละครนก]. On this see Damrong, Tamnan bot lakhon Inau [5] (p. 104).

22. Prang-t'hong. About this Leyden remarks, p. 251: ‘P. relates the adventures of the persons who went to the land of the Rakshasas in search of the fruit prang t’hong, for which a certain princess had longed when pregnant, the obtaining of the fruit on condition that the child of which the princess was pregnant should be presented to the Rakshsasa, the carrying off of the child by the Rakshasa and her return to her parents when grown up. ’

23. Nang-sip-song [นางสิบสอง]. See Low, p. 345: The twelve ladies. It is related in this book that twelve children were exposed and left in the forest to perish by their parents who were pressed by famine. A Yak finds them and educates them... When grown up there those his proteges elope, and being pursued by him they enter the skin of a huge buffalo and lie concealed... and after various adventures reach the kingdom of Phra Tottasen—who takes the liberty of making all of them his wives.. A detailed summary of the contents of the story is given on the subsequent two pages (ibid. 346 ff).

24. Rama [ราม]. Which of the numerous texts from the corpus of the Ramakien [รามเกียรติ์] is meant must be left open.

25. Chumpa-t’hong.

26. Luk-sua-ko. Presumably Sua Kho kham chan [เสือโคคำฉันท์] by Mahâ Ratchakhrû [พระมหาราชครู].

27. Phim-swan. A bot lakhon nok [บทละครนก], unprinted. On this see Worawet Phisit [³], and Rosenberg [6] (1981: 40 ff. )

28. Paja-p’hali. Possibly Phrayâ Phâli [พระยาพาลี], concerning the poems about the monkey ruler Phâli. See Wenk 1980 [4]

29. T’haw-krung-son

30. Khun-p'hen. Bot lakhon [บทละคร] Khun Châng Khun Phaen [ขุนช้างขุนแผน].

31. Trai-wong. See Low [1], p. 349: ‘The history of a prince who caught a white elephant. ’

32. Chin-narat.

33. P’howit’hat.

34. Su-t ’hin. The Suthon [สุธนชาดก] or Subin Jâtaka [สุบินชาดก]?

35. Hoi-sang. See Leyden, p. 251: ‘H. relates the adventures of the prince who was born in a shank shell, and remained in it till he arrived at maturity, ’ to which Low refers on p. 349: 'The prince, however, came into the world, only along with a shank shell. He is exposed in the forest, is miraculously preserved, is adopted by a chief of the Nagas... The Thevadas... send him afterwards in a gold ship into the regions of the rakshas, a seven days passage beneath a mountain. He returns and goes through many adventures. ’

36. Sang-sin-chay. A little-known bot lakhon nok [บทละครนก] (see Worawet Phisit [³], loc. cit).

37. Woranut. See Leyden, p. 251: ‘W. relates the adventures of the twin brothers Woranut [วรนุช] and Woranat. ’

38. Chitra-kan.

39. Nang-u 'thay. See Leyden, p. 251: ‘N. relates the adventures of a Naga princess, who was carried off by a Rajah. ’

40. Maha-chinok. See Low [1], p. 350: ‘M. is derived from the Bali [Pali] history of a prince, one of the Avatars of Buddha. ’

41. Mlek-t’hong. See Low [1], p. 350: ‘A history of a Yak princess. ’"


[1] [Low, James <1791 - 1852>: On Siamese literature. -- In: In: Asiatic Researches or, Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal for enquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences and literature of Asia <Calcutta and London>. -- Vol. 20,2 (1839). -- Nachdruck in: Journal of the Siam Society. -- 95 (2007). -- S. 162 - 197 ]

[²] [เปลื้อง ณ นคร <1909 - 1998>: ประวัติวรรณคดีไทย. -- กรุงเทพฯ : ไทยวัฒนาพานิช]

[³] วรเวศม์ พิสิษฐ์: วรรณคดีไทย. -- 1959

[4] Wenk, Klaus <1927 - 2006>: Phali teaches the young : a literary and sociological analysis of the Thai poem Phālī sō̜n nō̜ng. -- [Honolulu] : University of Hawaii, 1980. -- (Southeast Asia paper ; no. 18)

[5] ดำรงราชานุภาพ (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา) <1862-1943>: ตำนานบทละครอิเหนา

[6] Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Neun unveröffentlichte Theaterstücke (bot lakhọn) aus dem alten Thailand.  -- . -- In: Nachrichten der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens <Hamburg>. -- 129 (1981). -- S. 30 - 79


[Quelle: Wenk, Klaus <1927 - 2006>: Thai literature as reflected in Western reports during the 17th to 19th centuries. -- In: Journal of the Siam Society. -- 86 (1998). -- S. 219ff.]


1811 datiert


1811-02-10

Ankunft eines portugiesischen Schiffs unter dem Kommando von Francisco Pedro de Lemos. Er überbringt einen Brief des Kronrats in Lissabon, in dem dieser mitteilt, dass der portugiesische Hof jetzt [seit 1808] in Rio de Janeiro (Brasilien) residiert.


Abb.: Lage von Rio de Janeiro
[Bildquelle: The Cambridge modern history atlas. -- Cambridge, 1912]

1811-09

Großbritannien besetzt das seit 1810 französische (ehemals niederländische) Java.


Abb.: Lage von Java
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

1811-10-06

Erster Frauen-Cricket-Match: Hampshire gegen Surrey.


Abb.: Thailand national women's cricket team, 2013
[Bildquelle: http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/members/thailand. -- Zugriff am 2013-08-17. -- Fair use]


Verwendete Ressourcen


ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm


Zu Chronik 1812 (Rama II.)