Zitierweise / cite as:
Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1823 (Rama II.). -- Fassung vom 2015-10-13. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1823.htm
Erstmals publiziert: 2013-06-29
Überarbeitungen: 2015-10-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-09 [Teilung des Kapitels] ; 2015-05-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-30 [Ergänzungen]
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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung
Thailand von
Tüpfli's Global Village Library
ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด
|
Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau Margarete Payer die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt. |
1823 - 1825
Khamfan - เจ้าหลวงเศรษฐีคำฝั้น ist König von Chiang Mai
Abb.: Khamfan - เจ้าหลวงเศรษฐีคำฝั้น
[BIldquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]Während seiner Herrschaft gibt es Machtstreitigkeiten mit Phraya Ratchawong Suwannakhamun. Deswegen herrscht Chaos in Chiang Mai.
1823/1824
Zwei weiße Elefanten sterben. Dies gilt als böses Omen.
1823
Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (1781 - 1826) über den Freihafen von Singapur:
" This Port of Singapore is a Free Port and the Trade thereof is open to Ships and Vessels of every Nation free of duty equally and alike to all." Subsidiary Rules revised on the 29th August 1823 :
"Clause 7. — All vessels, European and native, will promptly receive a Port Clearance on application to the master attendant's office, and such Port Clearance will be without charge or fee."
1823
Ab jetzt werden Raddampfer in den asiatischen Kolonien europäischer Mächte eingesetzt.
Abb.: Raddampfer in Niederländisch-Indonesien, 1907
[Bildquelle: Tropenmuseum of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1823
Erstmals wird eine Fresnel Linse in einem Leuchtturm verwendet, im Leuchtturm von Cordouan (Frankreich). Fresnel-Linsen sind weniger dick und schwer als normale Linsen.
Abb.: Wirkungsweise einer Fresnel-Linse im Leuchtfeuer
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1823
Russland: die Brüder Dubinin (Дубинин) destilieren in einer einfachen Anlage erstmals Erdöl.
1823-04-03
John Crawford (1783 - 1868) schreibt aus Kalkutta (কলকাতা):
"they [die Siamesen] have learned nothing from Europeans except a rude acquaintance with firearms." [Zitiert in: Mayoury Ngaosyvathn [ມະຍຸຣີ ເຫງົ້າສຼີວັດທະນາ] ; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn [ເຜີຍພັນ ເຫງົ້າສຼີວັດທະນາ] <1946 - >: Paths to conflagration : fifty years of diplomacy and warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778-1828. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Univ., 1998. -- 270 S. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 24). -- ISBN 0-87727-723-0. -- S. 119]
1823-06-07
Brief von Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (1781 - 1826), dem Gründer von Singapur, an John Crawford (1783 - 1868), britischer Resident in Singapur:
Abb.: Lage von Kědah [قدح], [Terengganu - ترڠڬانو] und Penang [بينانج]
[Bildquelle: Swettenham, a.a.O., Beilage]
“Having given you these instructions as far as regards your situation as Resident of Singapore, I am desirous also of calling your attention, on some points, to the line of policy which it appears to me advisable for you to pursue more generally in your political capacity in the Archipelago. On this subject one of the most material points is our political relations with Siam and the Malayan States alleged to be tributary to it. On this point it is incumbent upon me to state with candour that the policy hitherto pursued by us has in my opinion been founded on erroneous principles. The dependence of the tributary States in this case is founded on no national relation which connects them with the Siamese nation. These people are of opposite manners, language, religion, and general interests, and the superiority maintained by the one over the other is so remote from protection on the one side or attachment on the other, that it is but a simple exercise of capricious tyranny by the stronger party, submitted to by the weaker from the law of necessity. We have ourselves for nearly forty years been eye-witnesses of the pernicious influence exercised by the Siamese over the Malayan States. During the revolution of the Siamese Government these profit by its weakness, and from cultivating an intimacy with strangers, especially with ours over other European nations, they are always in a fair train of prosperity; with the settlement of the Siamese Government, on the contrary, it invariably regains the exercise of its tyranny, and the Malayan States are threatened, intimidated, and plundered. The recent invasion of Kědah [قدح] is a striking example in point, and from the information conveyed to me it would appear that that commercial seat, governed by a prince of most respectable character, long personally attached to our nation, has only been saved from a similar fate by a most unlooked-for event. By the independent Malayan States, who may be supposed the best judges of this matter, it is important to observe that the connexion of the tributary Malays with Siam is looked upon as a matter of simple compulsion, Fully aware of our power, and in general deeply impressed with respect for our national character, still it cannot be denied that we suffer, at the present moment, in their good opinion by withholding from them that protection from the oppression of the Siamese which it would be so easy for us to give; and the case is stronger with regard to Kědah [قدح] than the rest, for here a general impression is abroad amongst them, that we refuse an assistance that we are by treaty virtually bound to give, since we entered into a treaty with that State, as an independent power, without regarding the supremacy of Siam or ever alluding to its connection for five-and-twenty years after our first establishment at Pinang [Penang / بينانج]. The prosperity of the Settlement under your direction is so much connected with that of the Malayan nation in its neighbourhood, and this again depends so much upon their liberty and security from foreign oppression, that I must seriously recommend to your attention the contemplation of the probable event of their deliverance from the yoke of Siam, and your making the Supreme Government immediately informed of every event which may promise to lead to that desirable result. ” [Zitiert in: Swettenham, Frank Athelstane <1850 - 1946>: British Malaya; an account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya. -- London : Lane, 1907. -- 354 S. : Ill. -- S. 317f.]
Brief von Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (1781 - 1826), dem Gründer von Singapur, an die Britische Regierung:
“ The information which must be before the Supreme Government from Prince of Wales Island, as well as in the reports of the late Mission to Siam, renders it unnecessary that I should enter at any length on the actual condition of the Malay States in the Peninsula; but I have thought it advisable to direct Mr. Crawford’s attention to the subject, with the view of his keeping the Governor-General in Council regularly advised of the progress or otherwise of the Siamese influence among them. “The conduct and character of the Court of Siam offer no opening for friendly negotiations on the footing on which European States would treat with each other, and require that in our future communications we should rather dictate what we consider to be just and right, than sue for their granting it as an indulgence. I am satisfied that if, instead of deferring to them so much as we have done in the case of Kědah [قدح], we had maintained a higher tone and declared the country to be under our protection, they would have hesitated to invade that unfortunate territory. Having, however, been allowed to indulge their rapacity in this instance with impunity, they are encouraged to similar acts towards the other States of the Peninsula, and if not timely checked may be expected in a similar manner to destroy the truly respectable State of Tringanu [Terengganu - ترڠڬانو], on the eastern side of the Peninsula.
“ The blockade of the Menam River [Chao Phraya - แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา], which could at any time be effected with the cruisers from Singapore, would always bring the Siamese Court to terms as far as concerns the Malay States, and from the arrogant and offensive tone recently assumed by the Siamese, some measure of the kind will, I fear, ere long become indispensable, unless the possible apprehension of our adopting such a measure may bring them to terms of more accommodation than they have yet shown. "
[Zitiert in; Swettenham, Frank Athelstane <1850 - 1946>: British Malaya; an account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya. -- London : Lane, 1907. -- 354 S. : Ill. -- S. 318f.]
1823-08-01 - 1828-03-13
The Lord Amherst (1773 - 1857) ist Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Kolkata, Bengal, Indien)
1823-09-09
´Brief von John Crawfurd (1783 – 1868) an den Phra Klang (พระคลัง, Außenminister):
"It gives me pleasure to inform your Excellency that there exists now no objection to the merchants of England supplying the Siamese Government with firearms. The cargo of Mr. Gillies' ship indeed consists almost wholly of this article, a circumstance which I trust will be considered a convincing proof of esteem and confidence." [Zitiert in: Mayoury Ngaosyvathn [ມະຍຸຣີ ເຫງົ້າສຼີວັດທະນາ] ; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn [ເຜີຍພັນ ເຫງົ້າສຼີວັດທະນາ] <1946 - >: Paths to conflagration : fifty years of diplomacy and warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778-1828. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Univ., 1998. -- 270 S. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 24). -- ISBN 0-87727-723-0. -- S. 118]
ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm
Zu Chronik 1824-01 bis 1824-07 (Rama II.)
