Zitierweise / cite as:
Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1850 (Rama III). -- Fassung vom 2015-11-28. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1850.htm
Erstmals publiziert: 2013-07-01
Überarbeitungen: 2015-11-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-09 [Teilung des Kapitels] ; 2015-05-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-07-08 [Ergänzungen]
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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung
Thailand von
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ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด
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Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau Margarete Payer die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt. |
 Vorsicht
bei den Statistikdiagrammen!Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:
Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.
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Siam um ca. 1850
Abbildungen aus:
Pallegoix, Jean-Baptiste <1805 - 1862>: Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam : comprenant la topographie, histoire naturelle, moeurs et coutumes, legislation, commerce, industrie, langue, littérature, religion, annales des Thai et précis historique de la mission : avec cartes et gravures. -- Paris : Au profit de la mission de Siam, 1854. -- 2 Bde : Ill. ; 19 cm.
Abb.: Wat Arun (วัดอรุณ)
[Bd. I, vor S. 61]
Abb.: Königspalast
[Bd. I, vor S. 63]
Abb.: Tempeleingang
[Bd. I, vor S. 65]
Abb.: Königs-Barke
[Bd. I, S. 112]
Abb.: Siamese
[Bd. I, vor S. 201]
Abb.: 14jährige Siamesin
[Bd. I, vor S. 203]
Abb.: Joseph Xom und François Keô, zwei junge Siamesen, die Bischof Pallegoix 1852 nach Frankreich gebracht hat.
[Bd. I, vor S. 225]
Abb.: Siegel des Königs
[Bd. I, vor S. 261]
Abb.: Siegel des Front Palace (Uparat)
[Bd. I, vor S. 289]
Abb.: Buddhastatue
[Bd. II, vor S. 23]
Abb.: Mönch in Meditation
[Bd. II, vor S. 25]
Abb.: Ein königliches Kloster in Bangkok
[Bd. II, vor S. 43]
Abb.: Katholische Assumptio-Kirche in Bangkok
[Bd. II, vor S. 297]
Abb.: Haltung und Kleidung einer Katholikin beim Kirchenbesuch
[Bd. II, vor S. 303]
Abb.: Schülerinnen einer katholischen Schule in Bangkok
[Bd. II, vor S. 307]
Abb.: Schüler einer katholischen Schule in Bangkok
[Bd. II, vor S. 307]
1850 - 1980
Landwirtschaftlich genutztes Land (ungefähr):
Mio. Rai (ไร่) km²
1850 10 16.000 1980 150 240.000 In 130 Jahren werden also 140 Mio. Rai oder 224.000 km² urbar gemacht.
1850 - 1938
Tageslöhne eines Hilfsarbeiters in Bangkok
Abb.: Tageslohn eines Hilfsarbeiters (Kuli) in Bangkok 1850 - 1938, nominal in Baht und als Reallohn (Index 1864 = 1)
[Datenquelle: Feeny, David <1948 - >: The political economy of productivity : Thai agricultural development 1880 - 1975. -- Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press, 1982. -- (Asian studies monographs ; 3). -- Zugl.: Diss. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. -- 238 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 90]
1850
Abb.: 1 Fueang (เฟื้อง), 1850
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 115]
Abb.: 1 Solot (โสฬส), 1850
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 115]
Abb.: 1 Baht (บาท), 1850
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 116]
Abb.: 1 Salueng (สลึง), 1850
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 116]
"Our rupees and two-anna bits were in great request [bei den Lao und Lü], but the common currency are pieces of silver usually of the shape of a half-globe and of the diameter of a rupee. Out of this bits of the value of the article to be purchased are struck with a chisel on stones placed for this purpose in a basket in the middle of the market." [Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 72]
1850
Bau von Kanälen (Khlong - คลอง)
1850
14% der siamesischen Exportinvestitionen nach China gehen in Pfeffer. China importiert den Großteil seines Pfeffers aus Siam.
Abb.: Pfefferkörner
[Bildquelle: Rainer Zenz / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
1850
Siam importiert aus China eine halbe Million Schreibhefte und 40.000 Karten- und Würfelspiele.
1850
Es erscheint
Pallegoix, Jean-Baptiste <1805 - 1862>: Grammatica linguae Thai. -- Bangkok : ex typographiâ collegii Assumptionis B.M.V., 1850. -- 241 S. : Ill.
Abb.: Titelblatt
Abb.: Tabula tonorum (Tafel der Töne), a. a. O. S. 36
1850
Es erscheint
Pallegoix, Jean-Baptiste <1805 - 1862>: Catéchisme de la religion catholique, par des questions et réponses. -- Bangkok, 1850
1850
China erlaubt den Frauen emigrierter Männer die Ausreise zu ihren Ehemännern.
1850-03-09 - 1861-08-22
Xianfeng (咸豐 Xiánfēng, 1831 - 1861) ist Kaiser von China.
Abb.: Kaiser Xianfeng (咸豐)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
"Xianfeng (chinesisch 咸豐 Xiánfēng, * 17. Juli 1831; † 22. August 1861, Kaiser seit 9. März 1850) war der Sohn des Qing-Kaisers (清朝) Daoguang (道光). In seiner Amtszeit erlebte das Kaiserreich eine der schwersten Krisen seiner Geschichte:
So weitete sich der 1848 ausgebrochene Taiping-Aufstand (太平天国) zu einer das ganze Reichsgebiet erfassenden Katastrophe aus, die unter anderem 600 Städte verwüsten und 20 Millionen Menschen das Leben kosten sollte. Dazu kam es 1851 in Nord- und Ostchina zu einer weiteren Rebellion der Geheimgesellschaft „Weißer Lotus“ (白蓮教), sowie zu diversen Erhebungen ethnischer Minderheiten in verschiedenen Provinzen.
Auch der seit Beginn des Jahrhunderts schwelende Konflikt mit England erreichte mit dem Zweiten Opiumkrieg 1856-1860 (第二次鸦片战争) einen weiteren Höhepunkt. Nach der Einnahme und Verwüstung Pekings durch eine anglofranzösische "Strafexpedition" floh der Kaiser in seinen Sommerpalast zu Jehol, wo er bis zu seinem Lebensende bleiben sollte.
In der Folge wurde China erneut zu erheblichen Konzessionen gezwungen, insbesondere zur Öffnung weiteren Häfen für den transkontinentalen Handel, zu einer „Kriegsentschädigung“ von 16 Millionen Silberunzen, sowie zur uneingeschränkten Duldung christlicher Missionstätigkeit. Überdies musste es 1857 im Vertrag von Aigun (瑷珲) Teile der nördlichen Mandschurei ( 滿洲) an Russland abtreten, das dort drei Jahre später die Stadt Wladiwostok (Владивосто́к) gründete.
Ihm folgte sein einziger Sohn, gezeugt mit der Konkubine Cixi (慈禧), als Kindkaiser auf den Thron. Dessen Mutter übernahm die Regentschaft und wurde zu einer der mächtigsten Frauen in der Geschichte Chinas.
Literatur
- Wolfram Eberhard: Geschichte Chinas. Kröner, Stuttgart 1971
- John King Fairbank: Geschichte des modernen China. 1800–1985. 2. Auflage. dtv, München 1989, ISBN 3-423-04497-7
- Jacques Gernet: Die chinesische Welt. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-518-38005-2
- Gisela Gottschalk: Chinas große Kaiser. Pawlak, Herrsching 1985, ISBN 3-88199-229-4
- Jonathan D. Spence: Chinas Weg in die Moderne. Hanser, München 1995, ISBN 3-446-16284-4"
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianfeng. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-26]
1850-03-24 - 1850-04-22
Joseph Balestier (1788 - 1858), von 1837 bis 1852 US-amerikanischer Konsul in Singapur, landet auf dem Kriegsschiff USS Plymouth (1844 -1861) in Siam, um im Auftrag von Präsident Zachary Taylor (1784 - 1850) für die USA einen Handelsvertrag auszuhandeln. Er scheitert.
Abb.: Zachary Taylor, ca. 1848
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
"The Nemesis, with the British envoy on board, had not got clear of the Menam before a United States war-ship arrived, bringing Mr. Ballestier, as commissioner from the United States Government, to represent the grievances of which American citizens had to complain, and to attempt to secure a more favourable treaty. Mr. Ballestier had been engaged in business at Singapore, and not very successfully, and his selection to discharge a delicate diplomatic mission was not a happy one. He had not been long in Siam before the authorities gave clear evidence that they did not regard his mission with a very friendly eye. As the vessel in which he made the voyage—the Plymouth—was too large to get up the river, he of necessity had to proceed to Bangkok in a small boat. Owing to the restrictions imposed by the Siamese Government he was compelled to make the journey unaccompanied by any escort. The Siamese authorities sought to excuse themselves for their lack of courtesy in insisting upon this undignified progress by urging that the presence of cholera in the capital rendered it undesirable that the men of the Plymouth should be allowed to land. There had been in the previous year a terrible visitation of the disease, which had carried off many thousands of the inhabitants of Bangkok, but in the light of subsequent events it may be doubted whether this tender solicitude for the welfare of the visitors was entirely sincere. From the first Mr. Ballestier was subjected to a system of obstruction which made it impossible for him to carry out the objects of his mission. At last, "humiliated, irritated, and completely outgeneralled," to adopt the phrase of a Bangkok chronicler, he left Bangkok in disgust, without having had an opportunity of securing an audience with the king. Subsequently, as if to add insult to injury, the Siamese Government sent a very damaging letter to the United States Government reflecting on Mr. Ballestier's diplomatic capacity."
[Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 59]
Die Siamesischen Chroniken berichten:
"Phraya Sripipat [พระยาศรีพิพัฒน์รัตนราชโกษา, 1792 - 1858] replied that in the past an envoy always came with a retinue of officials. This time Joseph Balestier, with an umbrella held underarm, came alone and unattended except for a Mr. Smith, apparently the adopted son of Rev. John T. Jones [Dr. John Taylor Jones, 1802 – 185]1 picked up here in Bangkok, carrying the letter casket. The whole thing was most unlike our usual custom and therefore it was not possible to arrange an audience with the King for him. Joseph Balestier, thereupon, replied that European protocol had changed, and it was the custom now to send an envoy alone, who is all-important, hence there being no seal affixed upon the letter. Balestier then asked whether or not Phraya Sripipat would accept the letter from the American President. Thereupon the Thai Minister replied that if the letter was transmitted it would be received, but no audience with the King could be granted since the manner of the Mission was not in accordance with our court etiquette." [Zitiert in: The Eagle and the elephant : Thai-American relations since 1833 = ความสัมพันธ์ไทย-อเมริกัน ตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2376. -- Golden Jubilee ed. = ฉบับกาญจนาภิเซกสมโภช / ed. Patricia Norland [u.a.]. -- Bangkok : United States Information Service, 1997. -- 279 S. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- ISBN 974-89415-1-5. -- S. 30f.]
1850-07-09 - 1853-03-04
Millard Fillmore (1800 - 1874) ist Präsident der USA:
Abb.: Richard Fillmore 1850 / Lithograph after a daguerreotype by Mathew Brady
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
1850-08-30
Papst Pius IX. schafft aus Teilen des Apostolischen Vikariates West-Cochin das Apostolische Vikariat Kambodscha. Es untersteht der Société das Missions Etrangères de Paris (MEP).
1850-09
König Rama III. erkrankt ernsthaft.
1850-09
Brief des Mönchs Vajiranyano Bhikkhu [วชิรญาณภิกขุ] = Prinz Mongkut [เจ้าฟ้ามงกุฎ], des zukünftigen Rama IV. (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, 1804 - 1868), an Hamilton Grey in Singapur:
“On the occasion of coming of His Excellency Sir James Brooke [1803 - 1868], K. C. B. [Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath], your friend and Agent Captain D. Brown has aided to the same excellent and admirable with his utmost endeavours as publicly as he is most sincere and honest person and has done his opinion very published among this jealous nation without secrecy, for which I fear that his uneasiness and difficulties must be met with his commercial purpose oftener a harder on subsequent perhaps than formerly. I regret very much that I could not have opportunity to meet him and give any advice for being previously charged by
authority here that I should not meet with anyone of Englishmen as I was intended by His Excellency Chao Phya Phra Khlang [เจ้าพระยาพระคลัง] and his brother Phya Sephiphat to be private interpreter or letters translator of Siam with English on this occasion though I am knowing English but little. They ordered me to witness all papers of communication in English and Siamese to be right in their meaning.I trust you will not much surprise for disappointment of English Embassy at the present because Siam is now of most absolute monarchy in the world, in which monarchy one’s opinion is no use: the others are equal of animals and vegetable in the Kingdom; but I beg to assure you that His Honour Khun Phra Wai Worati is a good man knowing of political geography of the world.
The purpose of English Embassy would be seconded on future very fairly for his preparation if he was styled or elevated in Supreme State of Siamese Ministers that have ability to give advice to the succeeding or subsequent Royalty in Siam, but on the present none can do anything.
Your Friend - F. Y. Chaufa Mongkut [เจ้าฟ้ามงกุฎ]. ”
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: King Mongkut of Thailand and the British : the model of a great friendship. -- 5. rev. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 138 S. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 974-85913-4-4. -- S. 34f.]
1850-09-08 - 1850-09-28
Sir James Brooke (1803 - 1868) kommt mit den britischen Kriegsschiffen HMS Nemesis (1839 - ) und HMS Sphinx (1846 - 1881) aus Singapur nach Siam und versucht vergeblich, einen verbesserten Handelsvertrag für die britische East India Company abzuschließen.
Zur Gesandtschaft Brooke's gehören:
Spenser Buckingham St John (1826 - 1910) (Sekretär)
Nai (นาย) Dit (Thai-Übersetzer)
Nai (นาย) Peet (Thai-Schreiber)
Abb.: Sir James Brooke
[Bildquelle: The Illustrated London News, 1847]
Abb.: HMS Nemesis, 1844
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
"On the British part the trade was confined to three or four ships which made annual voyages to Siam, carrying on the outward trip cowries, piece goods, and dates from Bombay, and taking back with them cargoes of sugar. The meagre character of the trade is revealed by the fact that in 1833 there was only one British merchant (Mr. R. Hunter) in the entire country.
For some years the British Government was content to allow Siam to remain in the condition of isolation which she deliberately selected for herself. In 1850, however, a fresh attempt was made to break down the barriers of reserve. The man selected for the difficult task of leading this new attack was Sir James Brooke, the brilliant administrator known to history as the first English Raja of Sarawak. He entered upon his duties with a high opinion of the commercial value of Siam. Writing to a friend just before his departure from Singapore for Bangkok, he described the area as "a noble country, second only to China," and he dwelt upon the importance of opening it up to English capital and commerce. But he was under no delusions as to the character of the task which was before him. "A treaty extorted by fear (for no other way could we get one) would be but a bit of wasted parchment, unless enforced, and if enforced it must be by arms alone, for as to persuasion it is thrown away with this people. Patience and time are, therefore, requisite, and unless they be mad enough to fire upon us, you may rest assured I shall not involve even the remotest chance of hostilities. It is a clumsy style of diplomacy, and with time, perfect sincerity, good intention, and scrupulous attention to the rights of Siam, must have weight ; and this is high diplomacy." In another part of the communication the writer said : "The king is old and an usurper ; he has two legitimate brothers, clever and enlightened men, who ought to be raised to the throne, and the least help on the reigning sovereign's decease will place one of them on it." In a subsequent letter Raja Brooke said that the Government was as arrogant as that of China, and that the king by report was inimical to Europeans. "The difficulty," he said, "is rendered greater by twenty-seven years of non-intercourse, which has served to encourage the Siamese in their self-conceit, and which has lowered us in their opinion. ... I consider that time should be given to the work of conciliation, and that their prejudices should be gradually undermined rather than violently upset, and that as we have delayed for thirty years doing anything, that in the course of this policy we may wait till the demise of the king brings about a new order of things. Above all, it would be well to prepare for the change, and to place our own king on the throne, and the king of our choice is fortunately the legitimate sovereign, whose crown was usurped by his elder illegitimate brother. This Prince Chowfa-Mungkuk is now a priest, and a highly accomplished gentleman for a semi-barbarian. He reads and writes English—the latter in a way you may judge of—is instructed in our astronomy, and has a very high opinion of our arts, learning, and government. This prince we ought to place on the throne, and through him we might, beyond doubt, gain all we desire."
Sir James Brooke arrived off the Menam on August 9, 1850, on board H M.S. Sphinx, which was accompanied by the East India Company's steamer Nemesis. On reaching Paknam on the 16th of August Sir James Brooke was received by the Phra Klang, and on the 22nd the mission proceeded in numerous barges to Bangkok. The envoy was somewhat disquieted to find evidences of hostile preparations for his reception in a boom across the river at its mouth, and numerous well-garrisoned forts on both banks of the stream. When he reached Bangkok he was subjected to a course of treatment which, though not directly unfriendly, was such as to leave no doubt in his mind as to the hopelessness of his mission. All his attempts to conclude a satisfactory treaty proving unavailing, he finally broke off his communications with the Siamese Government on September 28, 1850, and left the country."
[Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 59]
1850-09-29
Der britische Außenminister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784 - 1865):
"These half civilised governments, such as those of China, Portugal, Spanish America, require a dressing every eight or ten years to keep them in order. Their minds are too shallow to receive an impression that will last longer than some such period, and warning is of little use. They care little for words and they must not only see the stick but actually feel it on their shoulders before they yield to that only argument which to them brings conviction, the argumentum Baculinum [Argument mit dem Stock]."
Abb.: Argumentum baculinum
[Bildquelle: Punch, or the London Charivari. -- 1857-05-09]
1850-10-05
Sir James Brooke (1803 - 1868) empfiehlt in einem Schreiben aus Singapur an den britischen Außenminister Lord Palmerston (1784 - 1865) die Annexion Siams durch Großbritannien:
"The time for conciliation with this [Siamese] people never was ; reasonable remonstrance will no longer be attended to, a blockade would aggravate and not cure - and intimidation will fail unless followed up to its legitimate consequences." [Zitiert in: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: A history of modern Thailand 1767 - 1942. -- St. Lucia [u. a.] : Univ. of Queensland Press, 1983. -- S. 154]
"the Siamese Government is hostile - its tone arrogant - its presumption unbounded - the liberty and property of British subjects, in its keeping are insecure, and the thin veil of profession and the slighter pretexts for acts of oppression are not for an instant to be relied on, it needs only a resolute demand on our part,. .. should these just demands firmly urged be refused, a force should be present, immediately to enforce them by a rapid destruction of the defences of the river, which would place us in possession of the capital." ... "Whoever is employed to negotiate should not trust himself in Bangkok, except in a vessel of war . .."
"Siam may now be taught the lesson which it has long been tempting -its Government may be remodelled-A better disposed king placed on the throne-and an influence acquired in the country which will make it of immense commercial importance to England,..."
"The Naval force to be deployed is already on the station, and if two or three companies should be deemed requisite, they may be borrowed from the Straits Settlements for this service, and the expense incurred would readily be repaid from the resources of the royal treasury of Siam."
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009> ; Monkut <König, Siam> [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว] <1804 - 1868> ; Bowring, John <1792 - 1872>: King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring (from Sir John Bowring's personal files, kept at the Royal Thai Embassy in London). -- Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970. -- 240 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- S. 21f.]
1850-12 - 1864-08
Taiping-Aufstand (太平天国) in China.
Abb.: Ausbreitung des Taiping-Aufstands (太平天国) 1854
[Bildquelle: Zolo / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
Abb.: Siegel des Himmlischen Reichs des Großen Friedens (太平天囯), 1864
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]
"Der Taiping-Aufstand (1851–1864) ist einer der blutigsten Konflikte der Weltgeschichte. Er war eine Konfrontation zwischen dem Kaiserreich China unter der niedergehenden Qing-Dynastie (清朝) und der Taiping-Bewegung, einer religiösen und zunehmend auch politischen Gruppierung, die der Mystiker Hong Xiuquan (洪秀全, 1814 - 1864) nach Kontakten mit christlichen Missionaren und eigenen visionären außergewöhnlichen Erlebnissen während einer schweren Krankheit gegründet hatte. Diese mit dem Jintian-Aufstand (金田起义) beginnende Bewegung war nach dem Tàipíng Tiānguó (太平天囯) benannt, dem Himmlischen Reich des Großen Friedens, welches von den Aufständischen ausgerufen worden war. Die Bewegung wurde vorwiegend von ethnischen Minderheiten getragen, die sich durch die Zentralregierung benachteiligt oder sogar unterdrückt fühlten. Im Taiping-Aufstand starben wahrscheinlich 20 Millionen Menschen – er war damit der opferreichste Bürgerkrieg der Menschheitsgeschichte."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping-Aufstand. -- Zugriff am 2013-05-29]
ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm
Zu Chronik 1851-01 bis 1851-03 (Rama III.)
