Zitierweise / cite as:
Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1855 (Rama IV.). -- Fassung vom 2016-11-28. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1855.htm
Erstmals publiziert: 2013-07-10
Überarbeitungen: 2016-11-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-26 [Ergänzungen]
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Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung
Thailand von
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ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด
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Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau Margarete Payer die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt. |
 Vorsicht
bei den Statistikdiagrammen!Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:
Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.
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1855
Nach 15 Jahren hat Siam wieder einen weißen Elefanten. Dieser stirbt aber schon am 8. September 1855.
1855
Aufhebung des Verbots, Reis zu exportieren.
Aus dem Text des Erlasses:
"Das Reisausfuhrverbot ist allerdings sehr vorteilhaft für den Teil der Bevölkerung, der nicht Landwirtschaft betreibt, da hierdurch die Preise sehr niedrig sind z. B. nur 4—6 Bat pro Kwien. Dagegen leidet die ländliche Bevölkerung sehr unter der Massregel, weil sie bei einer U eberproduktion nicht in der Lage ist, die Ware zu einem angemessenen Preise abzusetzen, so dass schon viele dem Staate ihre Ländereien zurückgegeben haben. Hierunter leidet natürlich auch der Staat, da er nicht mehr so viel Steuern einziehen kann.
Aus diesen Gründen ist das Ausfuhrverbot aufgehoben worden, um so einerseits die Stellung der Landwirtschaft zu heben und andererseits dem Staate seine beste Einnahmequelle nicht zu entziehen, da gerade die Steuern auf Reisfelder und auf Reisausfuhr dem Staate am meisten einbringen. Im anderen Falle sähe sich der Staat in die Notwendigkeit versetzt, auf andere Erzeugnisse und Dinge Steuern zu legen, die vielleicht noch drückender empfunden würden. Ausserdem hat der Staat ein Interesse daran, seine Landwirtschaft treibende Bevölkerung nicht verhungern zu lassen, und die übrige Bevölkerung, die nicht gewillt ist, die erhöhten Preise für den Reis zu bezahlen, kann ja selbst etwas Landwirtschaft betreiben, da ja in Siam unbebaute Ländereien in Hülle und Fülle vorhanden sind."
[Übersetzt in: Dilock <Prinz von Siam> [Diloknobbarath, Prince of Sarnga - พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิลกนพรัฐ กรมหมื่นสรรควิสัยนรบดี] <1884 - 1912>: Die Landwirtschaft in Siam : ein Beitrag zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Königreichs Siam. -- Leipzig : Hirschfeld, 1908. -- 215 S. -- Zugleich: Univ. Tübingen, Diss. 1907. -- S. 66f. Anm. 2]
1855
Aufhebung des königlichen Monopols im Handel mit Reis, bestimmten Hölzern, Pfeffer usw.
1855
Die Chinesen in Siam haben schnell die Vorteile von rechteckigen Rahsegeln (Square rig) erkannt, sie besitzen jetzt 4/5 aller solcher Schiffe unter siamesischer Flagge.
Abb.: Japanisches Schiff mit Rahselgeln, 1856
[Bildquelle: Wikimnedia. -- Public domain]
1855
Uparat (มหาอุปราช - Vizekönig): Phrabat Somdet Phra Pinklao Chaoyuhua (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) (1808 - 1866) besitzt ein Kuriositätenkabinett an westlichen Gegenständen: Modelle, nautische und andere Instrumente, wissenschaftliche und andere Kuriositäten.
1855
"River Menam [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] enlarged" von einem amerikanischen Missionar:
Abb.: River Menam [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] enlarged, nach 1840
[Abgedruckt in: Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: Through travellers' eyes : an approach to early nineteenth century Thai history. -- Bangkok : Duang Kamol, 1989. -- S. 49.]
1855 - 1945
Dritte weltweite Pest-Pandemie. Ausbruch 1855 in Yunnan (云南)
Abb.: Ständige Pest-Herde 1903
1855
Tod von Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Prayurawongse (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาประยูรวงศ์, geb. 1788)
Abb.: Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Prayurawongse (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาประยูรวงศ์)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia]
"Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Prayurawongse (Thai: สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาประยูรวงศ์) or Dis Bunnag (Thai: ดิศ บุนนาค, 1788–1855) was a prominent political figure of Siam during the mid-19th century as a regent for Mongkut kingdom-wide. He led Siamese fleets in the Siamese-Vietnamese Wars and became a Somdet Chao Phraya — the highest title the nobility could attain, with honor equal to that of royalty. Dis Bunnag was born in 1788 to Bunnag and Lady Nuan (เจ้าคุณนวล, who was Queen Amarindra's - อมรินทรา - sister). His father, Bunnag (บุนนาค), or Chao Phraya Akkaramahasaena (เจ้าพระยาอรรคมหาเสนาบดี), was the Samuha Kalahom (สมุหกลาโหม) and Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke's (Rama I) trusted general.
Dis entered the palace as one of the royal pages - the traditional way to Siamese bureaucracy. Dis swiftly rose in ranks and became the Minister of Krom Tha (กรมท่า) and emerged as a powerful noble under the government of Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II).
During the Siamese-Vietnamese Wars, in 1833 Dis led the Siamese fleet to imposed the naval blockade upon Saigon but without achieving fruitful results. Jessadabodindra (Rama III) then offered him the title of Chao Phraya Akka Mahasena but he turned it down saying that the Chao Phraya Akka Mahasena died early. He then became the Samuha Kalahom.
As Dis had played a great role in the ascension of Mongkut, he was bestowed the title of Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Prayurawongse and became Mongkut's regent kingdom-wide along with his brother Tat Bunnag who became Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Pichaiyat and Mongkut's regent in Bangkok. Prayurawongse was granted the right to use the Solar-charioteer Seal (Thai: ตราสุริยมณฑลเทพบุตรชักรถ) Prayurawongse was noted for his role in the negotiation of the Bowring Treaty. To distinguish him from his brother, Prayurawongse was also called the Greater Somdet Chao Phraya (Thai: สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาองค์ใหญ่) while his brother was called the Lesser Somdet Chao Phraya (Thai: สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาองค์น้อย).
His notable sons included;
- Chuang Bunnag; later Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Sri Suriyawongse (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์) - regent for Chulalongkorn
- Kam Bunnag; later Chao Phraya Thipakornwongse - the Minister of Krom Tha
- Tuam Bunnag; later Chao Phraya Panuwongse - the Minister of Krom Tha for Chulalongkorn and the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Siam
- Thet Bunnag; later Chao Phraya Suraphan Phisut
- Porn Bunnag; later Chao Phraya Bhasakornwongse
Prayurawongse died in 1855. His son, Kam Bunnag, succeed the Ministry of Krom Tha."
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayurawongse. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-11]
1855
König Norodom von Kambodscha (ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម, 1834 – 1904) führt In Kambodscha den thailändischen buddhistischen Thammayut Nikaya (ธรรมยุติกนิกาย / ធម្មយុត្តិកនិកាយ) ein
"In 1855, King Norodom of Cambodia (ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម, 1834 – 1904) invited Preah Saukonn Pan, also referred to as Maha Pan, a Khmer bhikkhu educated in the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, to establish a branch of the Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia.[8][9] Maha Pan became the first Sangharaja (សង្ឃរាជ) of the Dhammayuttika lineage, residing at Wat Botum (វត្តបុទម), a new temple erected by the king specifically for Dhammayuttika monks.[8] The Cambodian order benefited from royal patronage but was also sometimes regarded with suspicion due to its ties to the Thai monarchy.[8] The Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia suffered greatly under the Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម), being particularly targeted because of its perceived ties to monarchy and a foreign nation, in addition to the Khmer Rouge's general repression of the Buddhist hierarchy in Cambodia.[10] Between 1981 and 1991, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya was combined with the Cambodian Mohanikay (មហានិកាយ) in a unified sangha system established under Vietnamese domination.[11] In 1991, King Norodom Sihanouk (នរោត្តម សីហនុ, 1922 – 2012) returned from exile and appointed the first new Dhammayuttika Sangharaja in ten years, effectively ending the policy of official unification.[11] The Dhammayuttika continues to exist in Cambodia, though its monks constitute a very small minority. On issues such as the role of bhikkhu in HIV/AIDS treatment and education, the current Sangharaja, Bour Kry (បួរ គ្រី, 1945 - ) has adopted a more liberal position than the Mohanikay head Tep Vong (ទេព វង្ស, 1932 - ), but is less radical than that of certain Engaged Buddhist elements of the Mohanikay order."
[Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-17]
1855 - 1867
China: Hakka-Punti Clan Wars (土客械鬥)
Abb.: Lage des Pearl River Delta (珠江三角洲)
[Bildquelle: Kmusser / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
"Punti-Hakka Clan Wars or Hakka-Punti Clan Wars (simplified Chinese: 土客械斗; traditional Chinese: 土客械鬥; pinyin: Tǔ kè xièdòu) refer to the conflict between the Hakka (客家) and Punti (本地話) in Guangdong (廣東), China between 1855 and 1867. The wars were particularly fierce in around the Pearl River Delta (珠江三角洲), especially in Taishan (台山) of the Sze Yup (四邑) counties. The wars resulted in roughly a million dead with many more fleeing for their lives. Hakka literally means guest family, and Punti literally means original land. The Punti are also referred to by the dialect they spoke, Yue Chinese (粵語). The origins of this bloody conflict lay in the resentment of the Punti towards the Hakka whose dramatic population growth threatened the Punti. The Hakka were marginalized and resentful in turn, and were forced to inhabit the hills and waterways rather than the fertile plains.
BackgroundWhen the Ming Dynasty (大明) was overthrown by the Qing Dynasty (大清), Ming loyalists, notably Zheng Chenggong or Koxinga (simplified Chinese: 郑成功; traditional Chinese: 鄭成功; pinyin: Zhèng Chénggōng, 1624 - 1662), fled to Taiwan (臺灣) to raise troops in the hope of eventually retaking China for the Ming. The Qing emperor, in order to stymie these efforts, twice commanded all residents of the coastal areas of Guangdong (廣東) and Fujian (福建) Provinces to move inland by 50 li, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi), resulting in a large number of deaths amongst the Punti. After the rebels in Taiwan were pacified, the Qing emperor rescinded these edicts.
However far fewer Punti returned than expected, so the Qing emperor provided incentives to repopulate these areas. The most visible of those who responded were the Hakka. For some time the Punti and Hakka lived together peacefully. As the population of Guangdong Province soared, life became increasingly difficult and unrest broke out.
In 1851, the Taiping Rebellion, led by a Hakka Chinese, Hong Xiuquan (洪秀全, 1814 - 1864), erupted in Guangxi Province (廣西) and quickly spread throughout Southern China. The rebellion was finally suppressed in 1867. In 1854, during the rebellion, a local anti-Qing Triad (三合會) took the opportunity to rebel, attacking Heyuan (河源) and Foshan (佛山). This "Red Turban Rebellion" was finally suppressed in 1857.
Clan warDuring this rebellion, the Hakka had helped the imperial army to raid Punti villages to attack the rebels and their sympathisers. This precipitated open hostility between the Hakka and Punti, with the Punti attacking Hakka villages in revenge.
Bloody battles raged. Both sides fortifying their villages with walls, destroyed bridges and roads, and raised armies as best they could. Entire villages were involved in the fighting with all able-bodied men called to
fight. The Punti were armed with the help of their relatives in Hong Kong and the Chinese Diaspora who lived abroad. Some captives were sold to Cuba and South America as coolies through Hong Kong and Macau, and others sold to the brothels of Macau. More than 3000 Hakkas, who were defeated by the Punti in Gui county, joined the God-worship Society.
Conflict reached a devastating scale. Over a million died and thousands of villages were destroyed. Because the Punti significantly outnumbered the Hakka, the Hakka losses were more extensive. After the clan war, the population share of Hakka in the Sze Yup area dropped to 3% with many relocated to Guangxi.
ResolutionWith the end of the Taiping Rebellion, the Qing government was able to send the imperial army to suppress the conflict with indiscriminate savagery. Afterwards they separated the combatants. For many years the Hakka were allocated their own independent sub-prefecture, Chixi (赤溪镇) which was carved out of south-eastern Taishan, while others were relocated to Guangxi Province."
[Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punti-Hakka_Clan_Wars. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-18]
1855
Der US-Chemiker Charles Nelson Goodyear (1800 - 1860) stellt das erste Gummi-Kondom her. Es ist 2 mm dick und vernäht. Thailand wird weltweit führend werden in der Verbreitung von Kondomen.
Abb.: Safety First! / Population and Community Development Association, Bangkok, 2011
[Bildquelle: Austronesian Expeditions. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/47519867@N07/6165359827. -- Zugriff am 2013-08-26. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]
1855
Der russische Chemiker Alexander Michailowitsch Butlerow (Александр Михайлович Бутлеров, 1828 - 1886) entdeckt Formaldehyd (CH2O). Es wird u.a. eines der wichtigsten Desinfektionsmittel und in Thailand oft unbedacht eingesetzt.
1855
Der britische Ingenieur Henry Bessemer (1813 - 1898) lässt das Windfrischverfahren mit der Bessemerbirne patentieren. Es ermöglicht die preisgünstige Massenproduktion von Stahl.
Abb.: Bessemerbirne, Kelham Island Museum, 2010
[Bildquelle: cooldudeandy01. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/andrewverdonsmith/4365025783/. -- Zugriff am 2013-05-29. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]
1855
Der Brite Alexander Parkes (1813 - 1890) erfindet Parkesine, den ersten thermoplastischen Kunsstoff. Es ist der Vorläufer des Zelluloid.
Abb.: Parkesine, 186x
[Bildquelle: http://www.modip.ac.uk/artefact/phsl-par-119. -- Zugriff am 2013-05-31. -- "for non-commercial, educational use only."]
1855-02-06 - 1858-02-19
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1787 - 1865) ist Prime Minister Großbritanniens.
1855-03-02 - 1881-03-13
Alexander II. (Александр II Николаевич, 1818 - 1881) ist Zar von Russland.
Abb.: Alexander II. (Александр II Николаевич) mit Gattin, 1856
[Bildquelle: Alexander II. Coronation Book of 1856 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: "La civilisation russe": Alexander II. (Александр II Николаевич) / von James Tissot (1836 - 1902)
[Bildquelle: Vanity Fair 1869-10-16 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1855
Kurz vor der Ankunft des britischen Sonderbotschafters John Bowring (1792 - 1872) schreibt Somdet Chaophraya Borommaha Si Suriyawong (สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ = Chuang Bunnag = ช่วง บุนนาค, 1808 - 1883) an diesen:
"The system of taxation at present in the country falls most oppressively on the poor and producing portion of the population ... what renders these taxes more burdensome ... is the manner of collecting them through a farmer ... who of course retains a considerable profit for himself over and above the amount paid by him [to the crown] ... under this system the country grows poorer daily and is losing its commerce through having so little produce to export. What therefore is needed is that the people should be relieved of this burden, their industry encouraged and a market provided for their produce, but who has the power to effect this great change? Dare any of the ministers propose it and brave the clamour that would immediately be awakened by those in high places ... who are all interested in the present pernicious system ... If it be the benefit of the Siamese people that you have at heart, your influence should be exerted to bring about that radical and necessary change which cannot otherwise be accomplished." [Zitiert in: Mackay, Colin <1936 - >: A history of Phuket and the surrounding region. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 2013. -- 438 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-480-195-1. -- S. 283]
1855-03-25 18:00
Der britische Gesandte Sir John Bowring (1792 - 1872) kommt von Singapur mit den beiden Kriegsschiffen HMS Rattler (1843 - 1856) und HMS Grecian (1838 - 1865) in Paknam (ปากน้ำ; heute: Samut Prakan - สมุทรปราการ) an.
Die Schiffe stehen unter dem Kommando von
- Kapitän Arthur Mellersh (1812– 1894) (HMS Rattler)
- Kapitän George Disney Keane (1817 - 1891) (HMS Grecian)
Bowring wird begleitet von
- Harry Smith Parkes (1828 - 1885), britischer Konsul in Kanton
- John Charles Bowring (1820–1893), Bowrings Sohn, Kaufmann in Hong Kong (香港), als Sekretär
Abb.: John Bowring, 1826 / von John King (1788-1847)
[Bildquelle: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw00718/Sir-John-Bowring. -- Zugriff am 2015-02-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]
Abb.: H.M.S. Rattler (rechts)
1855-03-27
Rama IV. handschriftlich an den britischen Gesandten Sir John Bowring (1792 - 1872):
"Mr Gracious Friend, It give me today most rejoyful pleasure to learn your Excellency's arrival here as certainedly as your Excellency remained now on board the steamer Rattler which accompanied with a brig of war. I cannot hesitate to send my gladful cordial more than an hour. I beg to send my private minister "Mr. Nai Kham Nai Pnon & Mr. Nai Bhoo" with some Siamese fruits for Morning to showing of my first respect & expression of my greatest joy, that I will have now personal entertainment with you Excellency in both publickly & privily as well as very intimate friend during your Excellency's staying here, when our officers of State have communicated with your Excellency according to Siamese Custom.
Please enter to Paknam [ปากน้ำ] as soon as I have ordered the high Supreme officer of the apartment of foreign affairs to get down today to Paknam where your Excellency will meet at the hall newly built for your Excellency's receptance.
After consultation with the high officer there on your Excellency will be leaded or called to this City with as much respect as your Excellency is my friend. Please allow our respects according to Siamese manner. Your Excellency's residence here was already prepared. We are longly already for acceptance of your Excellency.
I remain your
Excellency's faithful friend
SPPM Mongkut The King of Siam
P.S. I have just returned from old city Ayudhya [พระนครศรีอยุธยา] of Siam 15 days ago with the beautiful She Elephant which your Excellency will witness here on your Excellency's arrival.
Mongkut the King"
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 65f.]
1855-04-04
Rama IV. gibt dem britischen Gesandten Sir John Bowring (1792 - 1872) die erste Audienz.
1855-04-15
Sir John Bowring (1792 - 1872) an James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie (1812 - 1860), Governor-General of India:
Abb.: James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie
"Of the five commissioners appointed by the King to discuss the terms of the treaty with Sir John Bowring, it was mentioned by the latter that the two regents (or Somdetchs [สมเด็จ]) belonged to the old school, and were opposed to free trade, as they were themselves deeply engaged in and largely profited by the system of monopoly to agree to its abolishment. It was they who obstructed the work of Sir James Brooke’s mission. "They were the incarnation of the old abuses, "
he said. He had found allies however in the other three members of the Commission, especially the Prime Minister who was determined to destroy this pernicious system and open his country to trade affording opportunity to everybody the chance to sell so that the people will endeavour to increase their production. The two regents were the father and uncle of the Prime Minister [สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์, 1808 - 1883], but the latter was of a different character. He was described by Sir John Bowring as a person of untiring energy,
"a marvellous man, of the most indomitable purpose, extraordinary energy and influence, the head-piece and the organ of the richest and most potent family here. He was formerly the Phra-Nai-Wai [จมื่นไวยวรนาถ] but his family having placed the present king on the throne, he was appointed Prime Minister and holds in his family the most important offices in the State. He has worked for us and with us night and day. I never saw in an Asiatic anything like him for application. He told me from the first - "Lose no time, we must get through our business, we must get rid of these monopolies. We must relieve the people. You must be firm and I will help you. And most faithfully has he kept to his word. "
[Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009> ; Monkut <König, Siam> [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว] <1804 - 1868> ; Bowring, John <1792 - 1872>: King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring (from Sir John Bowring's personal files, kept at the Royal Thai Embassy in London). -- Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970. -- 240 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- S. 83]
1855-04-18
Unterzeichnung des Treaty of friendship and commerce between Great Britain and Siam (Bowring-Vertrag). Der Vertrag wird von Harry Smith Parkes (1828 - 1885), dem Privatsekretär Bowrings, nach London zur Ratifizierung gebracht.
Bis zu diesem Vertrag mussten ausländische Handelsschiffe laut Bischof Pallegoix drei Ladungen mit nach Siam bringen:
- die Verkaufsgüter
- Bestechungsgeschenke
- Geduld
Bisher waren die ausländischen Handelsschiffe siamesischer Willkür ausgeliefert, ab nun werden sie zum Nachteil Siams bevorzugt.
Abb.: British Empire 1886
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Sir John Bowring (1792 - 1872)
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 59]
Abb.: Sir John Bowring überbringt König Mongkut einen Brief und Geschenke von Königin Victoria, 1855
Abb.: Aus der Thaifassung des Bowring-Vertrags, 1855
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Druck des Bowring-Vertrags, Bangkok, 1856: Siam wird erstmals als offizielle Bezeichnung für den Staat verwendet.
Abb.: Brief von Rama IV. an John Bowring, 1855
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 60]
"Der Bowring-Vertrag (engl. Bowring Treaty) ist ein Abkommen, welches am 18. April 1855 zwischen dem Vereinigten Königreich und dem Königreich von Siam abgeschlossen wurde und Siam für den Welthandel öffnete. Der Vertrag wurde von Siams König Mongkut (Rama IV.) und dem britischen Diplomaten und Gouverneur von Hong Kong Sir John Bowring unterzeichnet.
VorgeschichteEin früheres Abkommen zwischen Siam und dem Vereinigten Königreich wurde schon 1826 unterzeichnet. Das neue Abkommen in Viktorianischer Zeit liberalisierte die Vorschriften für den Handel[1] und verbesserte die Möglichkeiten für Import und Export.
Sir John Bowring forderte, dass mit dem Vertrag die folgenden Beschränkungen aufgehoben werden:
Inhalt des Vertrags
- Die „abscheuliche Klausel“, welche britische Angelegenheiten in Siam vollständig der siamesischen Gerichtsbarkeit unterstellten.
- Die Klausel, welche es siamesischen Beamten ermöglichte, britischen Kaufleuten das Bauen, Mieten oder Kaufen von Geschäften und Häusern zu verbieten.
- Die Klausel, welche Provinzgouverneure ermächtigte, den Handel von britischen Kaufleuten in jeder Örtlichkeit zu verbieten.
- Die Klausel, durch die der Handel mit Opium verboten wurde.
- Die Klausel, mit der ein Maßzoll von 1700 Baht pro Klafter (engl. „fathom“) für britische Schiffe erhoben wurde, die in den Hafen von Bangkok einfuhren. Diese Klausel verbot auch den Export von Reis – sowohl von Roh-Reis („Paddy-Reis“, ungeschälter Reis) als auch von geschältem Reis („Natur-Reis“)[2].
Das Abkommen erlaubte freien Handel von Ausländern in Bangkok und die Abschaffung der hohen königlichen Steuern auf den Außenhandel[3]. Nachfolgend eine Zusammenfassung der Vertragsbedingungen:
Rahmenbedingungen
- Britische Angelegenheiten unterliegen der konsularischen Gerichtsbarkeit. Damit hat Siam zum ersten Mal Ausländern Exterritorialität gewährt.
- Briten erhalten das Recht, frei in allen Häfen zu handeln und sich dauerhaft in Bangkok niederzulassen. Ihnen ist es erlaubt, Grundbesitz in der Umgebung von Bangkok zu erwerben; namentlich im Gebiet weiter als vier Meilen vor der Stadtmauer aber weniger als 24 Stunden von der Stadt entfernt (gemessen an der Geschwindigkeit einheimischer Boote). Briten ist es auch erlaubt, mit einem Pass des Konsuls frei im Landesinneren zu reisen.
- Maßzölle werden abgeschafft und Import- sowie Exportzölle festgesetzt.
- Der Importzoll wird auf 3 Prozent für alle Artikel festgesetzt mit zwei Ausnahmen: Opium ist steuerfrei, aber es muss an Opiumfarmer verkauft werden und Gold- und Silberbarren (engl. „bullion“) sind steuerfrei.
- Beim Export werden Artikel nur ein Mal besteuert, egal ob die Steuer Inlandssteuer, Transitzoll oder Exportzoll heißt.
- Britischen Händlern ist es erlaubt, direkt von Siamesen zu kaufen und an diese zu verkaufen ohne Einmischung von dritten Personen.
- Die siamesische Regierung behält sich das Recht vor, den Export von Salz, Reis und Fisch zu verbieten, wenn diese als Mangelware betrachtet werden[2].
Trotz der offiziellen Bezeichnung „Vertrag über Freundschaft und Handel zwischen Ihrer Majestät und den Königen von Siam“ („Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty and the Kings of Siam“) sprechen Kritiker von einem ungleichen Vertrag. Da Großbritannien seine militärische Macht während des Ersten Opiumkriegs in China bewiesen hatte, war Siam in einer schwachen Verhandlungsposition und hätte die Öffnung für den westlichen Handel kaum verhindern können[4].
Siams Ängste wurden durch die Tatsache bekräftigt, dass fünf Jahre zuvor Verhandlungen zwischen Sir James Brooke, dem weißen Raja von Sarawak und britischen Gesandten, sowie Siams König Nang Klao (Rama III.) gescheitert waren, was dazu führte, dass Brooke mit Großbritanniens Kanonenbootpolitik drohte. Außerdem wurden die europäischen Expansionsbestrebungen in Südostasien von Siam schon lange als Bedrohung wahrgenommen, wodurch Siam genötigt war, einen Vertrag abzuschließen, der das Land in seiner fiskalischen und rechtlichen Autonomie zunehmend einschränkte[5].
AuswirkungenDas Abkommen hatte Einfluss auf bilaterale Abkommen mit anderen Ländern, welche sich an den Regeln des Bowring-Vertrages orientierten[1]. Das Abkommen trug dazu bei, dass ausländische Mächte nicht in Siams interne Angelegenheiten eingriffen und ermöglichte es Siam, unabhängig zu bleiben[3]. Heute wird dem Bowring-Vertrag zugeschrieben, dass er zur ökonomischen Entwicklung Bangkoks geführt hat, da ein Rahmen geschaffen wurde, in dem ein freier multilateraler Handel in Südostasien ermöglicht wurde, der sich insbesondere zwischen China, Singapur und Siam entwickelte[3].
Quellen
- Siam. Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911). Abgerufen am 30. August 2007.
- James C. Ingram: Economic Change in Thailand 1850-1970. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1971 (S. 33-34).
- Ode to Friendship, Celebrating Singapore - Thailand Relations: Introduction. National Archives of Singapore (2004). Abgerufen am 30. August 2007.
- Impacts of Trade liberalization under the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) of the World Trade Organization: A Case Study of Rice. Rural Reconstruction and Friends Alumni, Asia Pacific Research Network (1. Dezember 2002). Abgerufen am 30. August 2007.
- Patcharee Thawonphayak: Die Entwicklung des staatlichen Schulwesens in Thailand von 1851 bis 1997. Universität Passau, Passau 1997 (Dissertation, S. 14)."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowring-Vertrag. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-17]
"In 1855 the British Government determined to make yet another effort to conclude a satisfactory treaty with Siam. The Government at home selected as the head of the mission Sir John Bowring, an able official and publicist, who, besides possessing a brilliant record as a writer and controversialist, held at the period of his appointment as envoy the important position of Governor of Hongkong. No doubt to this choice of a man of high standing, well known by reputation to the Siamese Government, the subsequent success of the mission was due. Sir John Bowring from first to last was treated with all respect and consideration, and after a pleasant sojourn at Bangkok, during which he made a close study of Siamese customs and institutions, he took away with him a treaty which placed the relations of Siam and Great Britain on a footing of mutual regard and friendship and paved the way for an era of prosperous trade and steady development on modern lines.
Sir John Bowring was received on arrival at Bangkok with all ceremony due to his rank. In his Diary, published in "The Kingdom and People of Siam," the British ambassador gives from day to day some interesting impressions of his visit. A few extracts may appropriately be given, as they show very clearly the course of the negotiations :—
"April 1st.—Discussions have taken place as to the mode of reception, and Parkes very properly insists that the same ceremonial shall take place as when the ambassador of Louis XIV. arrived. They said they had no records, but wished to receive me as the envoys of Cochin China, Birmah, and other Asiatic sovereigns have been received. I did not deem this satisfactory, and therefore have written to the Phra Kalahom representing that my position is more elevated and that greater respect should be shown to my credentials, and I have sent a copy of my powers to the Phra Kalahom. I find he is one of forty-five brothers and that his father was the prime minister of the late King, and is still an influential person, having the title of Senior Somdetch. It would seem this is the most potent family in the State, and are the principal persons to be conciliated. The grand difficulties will obviously be to deal with the monopolies which have destroyed the trade and to enable our merchants to buy and sell without let or hindrance. At two o'clock a messenger from the King with sundry presents —cakes of many sorts prepared for the Royal table, cigars, fruits of various kinds—all brought on silver salvers. The letters of the King are always conveyed in a golden cup, highly ornamented—sometimes, when borne by a prince or great dignitary, having jewels in addition to the embossing. He sent also some phalkets, a fruit of the size of a gooseberry, gathered in the jungles, but not cultivated in gardens. The bel, so salutary in cases of dysentery, was among the fruits sent. I hope these courtesies are not to be mere formalities introductory to nothing, and feel the greatest anxiety with reference to the future. I pray the interests of my country may not suffer in my hands. We got safely over the bar at a quarter past four, and before sunset anchored at Paknam, where Mr. Hunter came on board and told us we were to be visited by Phra Chau Pin Mong Kei Sriwong, the governor of the district and brother of the prime minister. We announced our arrival by a salute of twenty-one guns, and the same number returned the salute. Soon after, the Sriwong arrived, rather a gentlemanly man, who told us he had twenty brothers and ten sisters living, and that twenty were dead."
"April 3rd.—At half-past seven several boats, highly ornamented and rowed each by thirty-four rowers, came to the Rattler. I landed with my suite and Captains Keane and Mellersh, with many other officers, under a royal salute of twenty-one guns to the Siamese flag. We were met at the wharf by a General, dressed in an old English court-dress ; and a body of troops, with a strange band of music, was drawn up. Thousands of persons were present, all in a prostrate state ; and a park of artillery, exceedingly well served, returned the salute of twenty-one guns. The prime minister, Phra Kalahom, was on the highest stage of the reception-room—a large erection of bamboos specially raised for the purpose. There was a chair, on which he took his seat, placed on a gold richly ornamented rug. My chair was placed opposite to him. I explained to him my objects in visiting the country and that they were of an amicable and honourable character. There were spread on a table a great quantity of viands, which were afterwards sent to the ship. Cigars were introduced and many inquiries made as to the names and conditions of the gentlemen present. Both when we landed and when we departed arms were presented by the troops through whose lines we passed. Never was such music—fifes, drums, and a fiddle, played by the most grotesque-looking figures imaginable. The Phra Kalahom was dressed in a long golden jacket, with a belt of flexible gold highly ornamented with diamonds. Many embossed golden articles were about, such as betel-nut cases, cigar-boxes, spittoons, &c. At twelve o'clock eight state boats, with six accompanying boats, came to escort us to Bangkok. Mine was magnificent ; it had the gilded and emblazoned image of an idol at its prow, with two flags like vanes grandly ornamented. Near the stern was a raised carpeted divan with scarlet and gold curtains. The boat was also richly gilded and had a tail like a fish. Many of the boats were painted to resemble fishes, with eyes in the stern, and had long tails. The captain stood at the head, but the boat was steered by two persons with oars, who continually excited the rowers to exert themselves and called up the spirit of the most active competition. The shouts were sometimes deafening as boat after boat responded to the appeal. In most particulars the procession resembled that of the French ambassador, La Loubere, from Louis XIV., and the pictorial representations given by him are very accurate. One of the songs sung had for its burden 'Row, row, I smell the rice'—meaning the meal at the end of the journey. They often dipped their drinking-vessels into the river and partook of the brackish waters. The boats had from twenty to forty rowers, all clad in scarlet faced with green and white, with a curious helmet-like cape having two tails pendent over the shoulders. We estimated that five hundred men must have been engaged. They serve in vassalage four months in the year, and are freed from servitude during the remaining eight.
"April 4.—The King's boat arrived at a quarter before eight p.m. to convey me to the palace ; and on landing at the wooden pier on the other side of the river, I was conveyed by eight bearers in an ornamented chair to the first station. It was a semi-official reception. The troops were drawn out in several parts of the palace. We were escorted by hundreds of torch-bearers through a considerable extent of passages and open grounds, passing through gates, at each of which was a body of guards, who 'presented arms' in European fashion. When we reached one of the outer buildings near the palace walls, a brother of the Phra Kalahom met us, and we were desired to wait the pleasure of the King. Two golden ewers containing pure water were brought in, and a note from his Majesty desiring I would leave my companions, H. S. P. and J. C. R., until they were sent for ; I was to come on alone. The Major-General marched before me, and told me that within the palace about a thousand persons resided, but that in the ladies' part there were no less than three thousand women. The abject state of every individual exceeds belief. While before the nobles, all subordinates are in a state of reverent prostration ; the nobles themselves, in the presence of the Sovereign, exhibit the same crawling obeisance. After waiting about a quarter of an hour a messenger came, bearing a letter for me, and a pass, in the King's hand, allowing me pass the guards ; and I was informed that without such credentials no individual could approach. It was beautifully moonlight, and in an open space, on a highly ornamented throne, sat his Majesty, clad in a crimson dress, and wearing a head-dress resplendent with diamonds and other precious stones, a gold girdle, and a short dagger splendidly embossed and enriched with jewels. His reception of me was very gracious, and I sat opposite his Majesty, only a table being between us. The King said ours was an ancient friend, and I was most welcome. His Majesty offered me cigars with his own hand, and liqueurs, tea, and sweetmeats were brought in. An amicable conversation took place, which lasted some time ; after which Mr. Parkes and Mr. Bowring were sent for, and seated in chairs opposite the King. He asked them questions about their own history and position. The observations of the King which I remember were to the effect that the discussion of a treaty would be left to four nobles—the two Somdetchs (the father and uncle of the prime minister, but related to the Royal family by mother's blood), the Phra Kalahom, the Phra Klang ; and I urged on the King that my public reception might take place without delay, so that those gentlemen might be officially authorised to act, or otherwise begged to be allowed to discuss matters with them connected with the treaty. The King said so many arrangements had to be made that the public reception could not take place till Monday ; but that in the meantime I might discuss the conditions of the treaty with the Phra Klang, and give him my views in writing. I said it would be better that written documents should follow than precede discussion, as I should be more embarrassed in proposing matters probably not attainable, and the ministers would feel compromised by rejecting formal propositions of mine. The King agreed to this. I went over the proceedings of the various negotiations which had taken place. Mr. Crawfurd's, he said, was from the East India Company, and that Mr. Crawfurd's position, as an envoy from the Governor-General of India, was different from mine, as sent by the Sovereign of England ; that Captain Burney's mission grew principally out of local questions between the Siamese and their neighbours ; and that when Sir James Brooke came, the late King was sick, and not willing to attend to such matters. The point which the King pressed was the effect the treaty would have upon the Cochin Chinese, who would represent them as making humiliating concessions to foreigners, which the Cochin Chinese would never do. I said I would go to Cochin China whenever I could settle affairs in China itself ; it was a small and unimportant country, with little trade ; and that though I respected his Majesty's susceptibilities with reference to a neighbouring State, he could be only strengthened by a treaty with England which led to the development of the resources of Siam.
"His Majesty said that, after the treaty was made, he would send an ambassador to England, and hoped he would be kindly received by the Queen and the Court. He asked me whether it would be better to send him round the Cape in one of his own ships, or by the overland route. I said that the overland route was shorter, and would allow the ambassador to see many foreign countries on his way. I inquired whether he would call at Calcutta, and the King said that should be considered afterwards. I assured the King that all respect and kindness would be shown him, and that the various elements of the power and civilisation of England would be accessible to him."
The first favourable impressions produced by the reception given to the mission were strengthened as time wore on. "Nothing," says Sir John Bowring in his record of the mission, "could be more just to Siamese interests, nothing more creditable to the sagacity and honourable intentions of the two Kings, than was the character of the Commission appointed to discuss with me the great subjects connected with my mission ; for it was clear that my success involved a total revolution in all the financial machinery of the Government —that it must bring about a total change in the whole system of taxation, that it took a large proportion of the existing sources of revenue, that it uprooted a great number of privileges and monopolies which had not only been long established, but which were held by the most influential nobles and the highest functionaries in the State. The Commission was composed of the Somdetch om Fai, the first regent, and his brother, the Somdetch om Noi, the second regent of the kingdom. These occupy the highest official rank. The second Somdetch is the receiver-general of the revenues, and was notoriously interested in the existing system, by which production, commerce, and shipping were placed at the mercy of the farmers of the various revenues, who paid the price of their many and vexatious monopolies either to the Royal treasury or to the high officials through whom those monopolies were granted. The two Somdetchs had been long the dominant rulers in Siam. Their names will be found in all the commissions and councils by which have been thwarted the attempts made by various envoys from Great Britain and the United States to place the commercial relations of Siam with foreign countries on a satisfactory basis. It was they who defeated Mr. Crawfurd's mission, 1822, and Sir James Brooke's negotiations in 1851., They were also, I believe, the main cause of the shortcomings and concessions found in Captain Burney's Treaty. Mr. Roberts' Treaty with the United States had become practically a dead-letter, and it contained, in truth, no provisions to secure foreigners from molestation ; while the arrangements for commercial purposes are of the most crude and imperfect character. This, perhaps, may also be attributed to the same influence which nullified the exertions of British ministers. Mr. Ballestier's attempt in 1850 to place the relations between Siam and the United States on improved foundations was an utter failure, and was associated with many circumstances of personal annoyance and humiliation. I have reason to know that both the British and American envoys pressed upon their respective Governments their urgent opinions that it was quite idle to pursue farther any negotiations in a conciliatory or pacific spirit, but that energetic warlike demonstrations and the employment of force were absolutely needful to bring the Siamese to reason, and ought undoubtedly to be employed.
"Besides the Somdetchs, the Kings nominated the acting prime minister (the Phra Kalahom) and the acting minister for foreign affairs (the Phra Klang). These gentlemen are the sons and nephews of the Somdetchs, and had been hitherto associated with their repulsive policy. But whether a conviction that the true interests of the country demanded a radical change in its fiscal and commercial system ; whether from a conviction that this system had already caused much discontent, and was in itself fraught with many dangers ; whether from a persuasion that the continued rejection of the friendly advances of the great maritime powers was not a safe or prudent policy ; whether apprehensions of the power of Great Britain brought nearer and nearer to Siamese territory by our continual advances in Birmah ; whether purposes of ambition and a determination to win a deserved popularity—whether these considerations, or any of them, influenced the two younger members, I know not ; but it is certain that their influence, their energy, and, above all, the indomitable perseverance of the prime minister, brought our negotiations to a happy issue.
"The King nominated his brother, the Prince Krom Hluang Wongsa, to the presidency of the Commission ; and he could not have made a wiser choice, for the prince has had much intercourse with foreigners, among whom, as with the Siamese, he is extremely popular. His influence was undoubtedly Hung into the balance of an emancipating and a liberal policy, and I have reason to believe he had no sinister interest likely to prejudice or mislead.
"Among many other courtesies, the King desired I would choose two elephants of any age or size I should prefer, and offered me also two ponies from the Royal stables ; but as I had no means of conveying them from Bangkok, I was obliged gratefully to decline these marks of his favour. I willingly accepted from him a bunch of hairs from the tails of white elephants which had been the cherished possession of his ancestors, and I had the honour of offering two of these hairs for the gracious acceptance of the Queen. I may also mention that, not having a Siamese flag to hoist according to established usages, I mentioned to the King that I was desirous of possessing one, in order that due honour might be shown to the national insignia. A flag was sent on the 1st of April, which the King desired me to retain."
The treaty concluded by Sir John Bowling was of far-reaching importance. One of its leading provisions conceded the principle of extra-territoriality, insistence on which was so essential at that period for the due protection of British traders. There were other notable arrangements designed to remove the barriers which had hitherto obstructed trade. The right of royal pre-emption, to which the Siamese authorities had so obstinately adhered in the negotiations with Mr. Crawfurd, was abandoned, and in its place regulations were established more in harmony with the spirit of that freedom of trade which was making its vivifying influence felt in the principal trading centres of the Far East. While British commercial enterprise, and, indeed, that of all Western trading nations, gained enormously by the change, the Siamese Government had no reason to regret the action taken. The new conditions brought an accession of wealth to the country, and infused into the organisation of its life a healthy spirit, which in due time was to bring Siam into the very forefront of progressive Eastern nations."
[Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 59 - 63]
[Ratifications exchanged at Bangkok, April 5, 1856]
หนังสือสัญญาทางพระราชไมตรี
ประเทศอังกฤษแลประเทศสยาม
ศุภมัศดุ จุลศักราช ๑๒๑๗ ปีเถาะ สัปตศก ความเจริญงามจงมีแก่บ้านเมืองเทอญ
Their Majesties
- Phra Bard Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha Mongkut Phra Chom Klau Chau Yu Hua [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามกุฏ], the First King of Siam,
- and Phra Bard Somdetch Phra Pawarendr Ramesr Mahiswaresr Phra Pin Klau Chau Yu Hua [พระบาทสมเด็จพระบวเรนทราเมศวรมหิศเรศรังสรรค์], the Second King of Siam,
- and Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and all its dependencies,
desiring to establish upon firm and lasting foundations the relations of peace and friendship existing between the two countries, and to secure the best interests of their respective subjects by encouraging, facilitating, and regulating their industry and trade, have resolved to conclude a Treaty of Amity and Commerce for this purpose, and have, therefore, named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:
- Their Majesties the First and Second Kings of Siam,
- His Royal Highness Krom Hluang Wongsa Dhiraj Snidh [กรมหลวงวงษาธิราชสนิท, 1809 - 1872];
- his Excellency Somdetch Chau Phaya Param Maha Payurawongse [สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาปยุรวงษ์];
- his Excellency Somdetch Chau Phaya Param Maha Bijai-neate [สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาพิไชยญาติ];
- his Excellency Chau Phaya Sri Suriwongse [เจ้าพระยาศรีสุริยวงษ์] Samuha Phra Kalahome;
- and his Excellency Chau Phaya [เจ้าพระยาศรีสุริยวงษ์], Acting Phra-Klang;
Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Sir John Bowing, Knight, Doctor of Laws, &c.;
Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, and found them to be in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles:
ครั้งนี้ มีทูตอังกฤษมาแต่พระนางซึ่งเปนใหญ่เปนเจ้าราชอาณาจักรอันผสมกัน คือ ทวีปปริตเตียนใหญ่แลทวีปไอยยิแลน แลที่อื่น ๆ อันขึ้นแก่ราชอาณาจักรนั้น เข้ามาฃอทำสัญญาทางพระราชไมตรีแลการค้าขายกับกรุงเทพมหานครอมรรัตนโกสินทรม หินทรายุทธยา จึ่งพระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามกุฏ สุทธสมมติเทพยพงษวงษาดิศวรกระษัตริย์ วรขัติยราชนิกโรดม จาตุรันตบรมมหาจักรพรรดิราชสังกาศ บรมธรรมิกมหาราชาธิราช บรมนารถบพิตร พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว แลพระบาทสมเด็จพระบวเรนทราเมศวรมหิศเรศรังสรรค์ มหันตวรเดโชไชยมโหฬารคุณอดุลยเดช สรรพเทเวศรานุรักษ์ บวรจุฬจักรพรรดิราชสังกาศ บวรธรรมิกราชบพิตร พระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว สองพระองค์ทรงเห็นชอบกับราชดำริห์พระนางเปนเจ้าเปนใหญ่ในทวีปปริตเตียนใหญ่ แลไอยยิแลน ร่วมพระราชประสงค์ทำหนังสือสัญญาทางไมตรีกับพระเจ้าแผ่นดินอังกฤษเมืองปริต เตนอิริลานต์ เพื่อจะให้มีผลประโยชน์แก่ราษฎรอยู่ใต้บังคับไทยแลคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษ จัดแจงการทำมาหากินค้าขายให้มีประโยชน์เรียบร้อย เพราะเหตุฉะนี้ จึ่งได้ตั้งพระไทยจะทำหนังสือสัญญาไมตรีการค้าขาย จึ่งได้ตั้งเสนาบดีให้มีอำนาจทั้งสองฝ่าย ๆ พระเจ้าแผ่นดินเมืองปริตเตนไอยยิแลนตั้งเซอยอนโบวริงเปนขุนนางลูกขุนผู้ใหญ่ ฝ่ายพระบาทสมเด็จบรมนาถบพิตร์พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ทั้งสองพระองค์พร้อมกันกับความคิดพระราชวงษานุวงษ์แลข้าทูลลอองธุลีพระบาท ทั้งปวง มอบความพระราชดำริห์แลพระราชประสงค์ให้พระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ กรมหลวงวงษาธิราชสนิท มาประชุมแทนพระราชวงษานุวงษ์ แล้วโปรดเกล้าโปรดกระหม่อมให้สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาปยุรวงษ์ วรุตมพงษ์นายก สยามดิลกโลกานุปาลนนารถ สกลราชวราณาจักราธิเบนทร ปรเมนทรมหาราชานุกูล สรรพกิจมูลมเหศวรเชฐามาตยาธิบดี ตรีสรณรัตนธาดา อดุลยเดชานุภาพบพิตร์ ซึ่งโปรดเกล้าโปรดกระหม่อมให้มีอาญาสิทธิ์บังคับบัญชาได้สิทธิ์ขาดทั่วทั้ง พระราชอาณาจักร กับสมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาพิไชยญาติ นรเนตรนารถราชสุริยวงษสกุลพงษปดิฐามุขมาตยาธิบดี ไตรสรณศรีรัตนธาดา สกลมหารัชชาธิเบนทร ปรเมนทรมหาราชวโรประการ มโหฬารเดชานุภาพบพิตร์ ซึ่งโปรดเกล้าโปรดกระหม่อมให้มีอำนาจบังคับบัญชาทั่วทั้งพระนคร กับเจ้าพระยาศรีสุริยวงษ์ สมันตพงษ์พิสุทธิ์ มหาบุรุษรัตโนดม ผู้ว่าที่สมุหพระกลาโหม ผู้สำเร็จราชการบังคับบัญชาหัวเมืองชายทะเลปากใต้ฝ่ายตะวันตก กับเจ้าพระยาผู้ช่วยสำเร็จราชการกรมท่า เปนผู้สำเร็จราชการบังคับบัญชาหัวเมืองฝ่ายตะวันออก ทั้ง ๕ เปนประธาน ฝ่ายเสนาบดีไทยก็ได้ส่งพระราชลัญจกร ฝ่ายขุนนางอังกฤษได้ส่งหนังสือเจ้าวิกตอเรียซึ่งให้เข้ามาทำหนังสือสัญญากับ ไทย เห็นถูกต้องพร้อมกันทั้งสองฝ่าย ได้ตกลงกันตามข้อสัญญาที่เขียนไว้สืบต่อไปข้างน่า
There shall henceforward be perpetual peace and friendship between Their Majesties the First and Second Kings of Siam and their successors, and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and her successors. All British subjects coming to Siam shall receive from the Siamese Government full protection and assistance to enable them to reside in Siam in all security, and trade with every facility, free from oppression or injury on the part of the Siamese; and all Siamese subjects going to an English country shall receive from the British Government the same complete protection and assistance that shall be granted to British subjects by the Government of Siam.
ข้อ ๑ ว่า ตั้งแต่นี้ไป พระเจ้าแผ่นดินกรุงบริตตันไอยยิแลนกับพระเจ้าแผ่นดินที่จะสืบวงษ์ต่อไปภาย น่า กับด้วยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบาทสมเด็จพระปิ่นเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ทั้งสองพระองค์ ทั้งสมเด็จพระเจ้าแผ่นดินไทยที่จะสืบพระราชอิศริยยศต่อไปภายน่า ให้มีไมตรีรักใคร่กันราบคาบไปชั่วฟ้าแลดิน แต่บรรดาคนที่อยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษซึ่งเข้ามาอยู่ ณ กรุงเทพมหานคร เสนาบดีฝ่ายไทยก็จะช่วยบำรุงรักษาให้อยู่เปนศุขสบาย ให้ได้ค้าขายโดยสดวก มิให้ผู้ใดฝ่ายไทยคุมเหงเบียดเบียฬ แต่บรรดาคนที่อยู่ในบังคับไทยที่จะไปอยู่ในแดนอังกฤษ ขุนนางอังกฤษก็จะช่วยบำรุงรักษาให้อยู่เปนศุขสบาย ให้ได้ค้าขายโดยสดวก มิให้ผู้หนึ่งผู้ใดฝ่ายอังกฤษคุมเหงเบียดเบียฬ The interests of all British subjects coming to Siam shall be placed under the regulation and control of a Consul, who will be appointed to reside at Bangkok. He will himself conform to, and will enforce the observance by British subjects of all the provisions of this Treaty, and such of the former Treaty negotiated by Captain Burney in 1826 as shall still remain in operation. He shall also give effect to all rules or regulations that are now or may hereafter be enacted for the government of British subjects in Siam, the conduct of their trade, and for the prevention of violations of the laws of Siam. Any disputes arising between Siamese and British subjects shall be heard and determined by the Consul, in conjunction with the proper Siamese officers; and criminal offences will be punished, in the case of English offenders, by the Consul, according to English laws, and in the case of Siamese offenders, by their own laws, through the Siamese authorities. But the Consul shall not interfere in any matters referring solely to Siamese, neither will the Siamese authorities interfere in questions which only concern the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty.
It is understood, however, that the arrival of the British Consul at Bangkok shall not take place before the ratification of this Treaty, nor until 10 vessels owned by British subjects, sailing under British colours, and with British papers, shall have entered the port of Bangkok for purposes of trade, subsequent to the signing of this Treaty.
ข้อ ๒ ว่า แต่บรรดาการงานของคนที่อยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษซึ่งเข้ามาอยู่ ณ กรุงเทพมหานคร ก็ต้องฟังบังคับบัญชาของกงสุลที่เข้ามาตั้งอยู่ ณ กรุงเทพมหานคร กงสุลจะได้ทำตามหนังสือสัญญานี้แลข้อหนังสือสัญญาเก่าที่มิได้ยกเสียจงทุก ประการ แล้วจะได้บังคับบัญชาคนในบังคับอังกฤษให้ทำตามด้วย แล้วกงสุลจะรับรักษากฎหมายการค้าขาย แลกฎหมายที่จะห้ามปรามมิให้คนที่อยู่บังคับอังกฤษทำผิดล่วงเกินกฎหมายของ อังกฤษกับไทยที่มีอยู่แล้วแลจะมีต่อไปภายน่า ถ้าคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษทำผิด กงสุลจะทำโทษตามกฎหมายอังกฤษ คนอยู่ในบังคับไทยทำผิด ไทยจะทำโทษตามกฎหมายเมืองไทย ถ้าคนอยู่ในใต้บังคับไทยเปนความกันเอง กงสุลไม่เอาเปนธุระ คนอยู่ใต้บังคับอังกฤษเปนความกันเอง ไทยก็ไม่เอาเปนธุระ แลไทยกับอังกฤษยอมกันว่า กงสุลซึ่งจะเข้ามาตั้งอยู่ ณ กรุงเทพมหานครนั้นยังไม่ตั้ง ต่อเมื่อทำหนังสือสัญญาตกลงลงชื่อกันแล้ว กำปั่นอังกฤษเข้ามาค้าขาย ณ กรุงเทพมหานครใช้ธงอังกฤษมีหนังสือสำหรับลำเปนสำคัญครบ ๑๐ ลำ หนังสือสัญญาประทับตราเข้ามาถึงเปลี่ยนกันแล้ว กงสุลจึงตั้งได้ If Siamese, in the employ of British subjects, offend against the laws of their country, or if any Siamese having so offended or desiring to desert, take refuge with a British subject in Siam, they shall be searched for, and, upon proof of their guilt or desertion, shall be delivered up by the Consul to the Siamese authorities. In like manner, any British offenders resident or trading in Siam, who may desert, escape to or hide themselves in Siamese territory, shall be apprehended and delivered over to the British Consul on his requisition. Chinese, not able to prove themselves to be British subjects, shall not be considered as such by the British Consul, nor be entitled to his protection.
ข้อ ๓ ว่า คนซึ่งอยู่ในบังคับไทยจะไปเปนลูกจ้างอยู่กับคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษ ฤๅคนไทยที่มิได้เปนลูกจ้างก็ดี ทำผิดกฎหมายเมืองไทย จะหนีไปอาไศรยอยู่กับคนในบังคับอังกฤษซึ่งอยู่ในกรุงเทพฯ ถ้ามีพยานว่า ทำผิดหนีไปอยู่กับคนในบังคับอังกฤษจริง กงสุลจะจับตัวส่งให้แก่เจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทย ถ้าคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษที่เข้ามาตั้งบ้านเรือนแลเข้ามาอาไศรยค้าขายอยู่ใน กรุงเทพฯ ทำผิดหนีไปอยากับคนในใต้บังคับไทย ถ้ามีพยานว่า ทำผิดหนีไปอยู่กับคนในใต้บังคับไทยจริง กงสุลจะฃอเอาตัว เจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยจะจับตัวส่งให้ ถ้าพวกจีนคนไรว่าเปนคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษ ไม่มีสิ่งสำคัญสิ่งไรเปนพยานว่า เปนคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษ กงสุลก็ไม่รับเอาเปนธุระ British subjects are permitted to trade freely in all the seaports of Siam, but may reside permanently only at Bangkok, or within the limits assigned by this Treaty. British subjects coming to reside at Bangkok may rent land, and buy or build houses, but cannot purchase lands within a circuit of 200 sen [เส้น] (not more than 4 miles English) from the city walls, until they shall have lived in Siam for 10 years, or shall obtain special authority from the Siamese Government to enable them to do so. But with the exception of this limitation, British residents in Siam may at any time buy or rent houses, lands, or plantations situated anywhere within a distance of 24 hours' journey from the city of Bangkok, to be computed by the rate at which boats of the country can travel. In order to obtain possession of such lands or houses, it will be necessary that the British subjects shall, in the first place, make application through the Consul to the proper Siamese officer; and the Siamese officer and the Consul having satisfied themselves of the honest intentions of the applicant, will assist him in settling, upon equitable terms, the amount of the purchase-money, will mark out and fix the boundaries of the property, and will convey the same to the British purchaser under sealed deeds. Whereupon, he and his property shall be placed under the protection of the Governor of the district and that of the particular local authorities; he shall conform, in ordinary matters, to any just directions given him by them, and will be subject to the same taxation that is levied on Siamese subjects. But if through negligence, the want of capital, or other cause, a British subject should fail to commence the cultivation or improvement of the lands so acquired within a term of three years from the date of receiving possession thereof, the Siamese Government shall have the power of resuming the property, upon returning to the British subject the purchase-money paid by him for the same.
ข้อ ๔ ว่า คนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะมาค้าขายตามหัวเมืองชายทเลซึ่งขึ้นแก่กรุงเทพฯ ก็ค้าขายได้โดยสดวก แต่จะอาไศรยอยู่ได้ที่เดียวก็แต่ในกรุงเทพฯ ตามในจังหวัดซึ่งกำหนดไว้ในหนังสือสัญญา ประการหนึ่ง คนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะมาเช่าปลูกโรงปลูกเรือนปลูกตึก แลจะซื้อเรือนซื้อโรงซื้อตึก พ้นกำแพงออกไปในกำหนด ๒๐๐ เส้น คือ สี่ไมล์อังกฤษ เช่าได้ แต่จะซื้อที่ซื้อไม่ได้ ถ้าอยู่ถึง ๑๐ ปีแล้วจึ่งจะซื้อได้ ถ้าอยู่ยังไม่ถึง ๑๐ ปี ท่านเสนาบดีจะโปรดให้ซื้อก็ซื้อได้ แลที่นอกกำหนด ๒๐๐ เส้นนั้น คนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะซื้อจะเช่าที่เรือนที่สวนที่ไร่ที่นาตั้งแต่กำแพง เมืองออกไปเดินด้วยกำลังเรือแจวเรือภายทาง ๒๔ ชั่วโมง จะซื้อจะเช่าเมื่อไรก็ซื้อได้เช่าได้ แต่เมื่อคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะซื้อที่ซื้อเรือน จะต้องบอกกงสุล ๆ จะได้บอกเจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทย เจ้าพนักงานกับกงสุลเห็นว่า คนที่จะซื้อที่นั้น เปนคนจะทำมาหากินโดยจริง เจ้าพนักงานกับกงสุลจะช่วยว่ากล่าวให้ซื้อตามราคาสมควร แล้วจะได้ดูแล ปักที่ วัดที่ ทำหนังสือประทับตราเจ้าพนักงานให้ไว้เปนสำคัญ แล้วจะได้ฝากฝังเจ้าเมือกรมการให้ช่วยดูแลทำนุบำรุงด้วย แลให้ผู้ที่ไปอยู่นั้นฟังบังคับบัญชาเจ้าเมืองกรมการตามยุติธรรม ค่าธรรมเนียมที่ทำไร่ทำสวน ราษฎรบ้านนั้นเมืองนั้นต้องเสียอย่างไร ก็ให้เสียตามชาวบ้านนั้นชาวเมืองนั้น ถ้าในกำหนดสามปีแล้ว ผู้ที่ซื้อไม่มีทุนรอนฤๅแชเชือนเสียมิได้ตั้งการปลูกสร้าง เสนาบดีจะคืนเงินค่าที่ให้ จะตัดสินคืนเอาที่นั้นเสีย All British subjects intending to reside in Siam shall be registered at the British Consulate. They shall not go out to sea, nor proceed beyond the limits assigned by this Treaty for the residence of British subjects, without passport from the Siamese authorities, to be applied for by the British Consul; nor shall they leave Siam if the Siamese authorities show to the British Consul that legitimate objections exist to their quitting the country. But within the limits appointed under the preceding Article, British subjects are at liberty to travel to and fro under the protection of a pass, to be furnished them by the British Consul, and counter-sealed by the proper Siamese officer, stating, in the Siamese character, their names, calling, and description. The Siamese officers at the Government stations in the interior may at any time, call for the production of this pass, and immediately on its being exhibited, they must allow the parties to proceed; but it will be their duty to detain those persons who, by travelling without a pass from the Consul, render themselves liable to the suspicion of their being deserters; and such detention shall be immediately reported to the Consul.
ข้อ ๕ ว่า คนอยู่ในบังคับบัญชาอังกฤษที่เข้ามาอาไศรยอยู่ ณ กรุงเทพมหานคร ต้องไปบอกแก่กงสุลให้จดชื่อไว้ ถ้าคนเหล่านี้จะออกไปทะเลฤๅจะไปเที่ยวเกินกำหนด ๒๔ ชั่วโมงตามสัญญาไว้ ที่จะให้คนในบังคับอังกฤษอยู่ กงสุลจะไปฃอหนังสือเบิกล่องเจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยให้ไป ถ้าคนในบังคับอังกฤษจะกลับออกไปกรุงเทพฯ ถ้าขุนนางเจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยบอกแก่กงสุลว่า มีเหตุควรจะห้ามมิให้ออกไป กงสุลก็จะมิให้ออกไป ถ้าคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษไปเที่ยวในระหว่าง ๒๔ ชั่วโมง กงสุลจะเขียนเปนหนังสือไทยให้ไปว่า คนนั้นชื่ออย่างนั้น รูปร่างอย่างนั้น มีธุระอย่างนั้น แลจะต้องให้เจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยประทับตราหนังสือให้ไปเปนสำคัญด้วย เจ้าพนักงายฝ่ายไทยดูหนังสือแล้ว ให้คืนหนังสือ ให้ปล่อยตัวไปโดยเร็ว ถ้าไม่มีหนังสือกงสุลประทับตราเจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยไปสำหรับตัว สงไสยว่าเปนคนหนี ก็ให้ยึดเอาตัวไว้ แล้วให้มาบอกความแก่กงสุลให้รู้ All British subjects visiting or residing in Siam shall be allowed the free exercise of the Christian religion, and liberty to build churches in such localities as shall be consented by the Siamese authorities. The Siamese Government will place no restrictions upon the employment by the English or Siamese subjects as servants, or in any other capacity. But wherever a Siamese subject belongs or owes service to some particular master, the servant who engages himself to a British subject, without the consent of his master, may be reclaimed by him; and the Siamese Government will not enforce an agreement between a British subject and any Siamese in his employ, unless made with the knowledge and consent of the master, who has a right to dispose of the services of the person engaged.
ข้อ ๖ ว่า คนซึ่งอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะเข้ามาเที่ยวแลจะเข้ามาอาไศรยอยู่ ณ กรุงเทพฯ จะถือสาศนาคฤษเติน ไทยก็ไม่ห้ามปราม เมื่อจะสร้างวัดขึ้น จะทำได้ก็แต่ในที่เสนาบดีจะโปรดให้ ถ้าคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษซึ่งจะเข้ามาอยู่ในกรุงเทพฯ จะจ้างคนซึ่งอยู่ในใต้บังคับไทยมาเปนลูกจ้าง เสนาบดีฝ่ายไทยจะไม่ห้ามปราม ถ้าคนที่มีมุลนายจะมารับจ้างอยู่กับคนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษ มุลนายไม่รู้ มุลนายจะมาเอาตัวไปก็เอาไปได้ ถ้าคนในบังคับอังกฤษไปจ้างคนในใต้บังคับไทยเปนลูกจ้าง ไม่ได้ทำสัญญากับมุลนายเขา ภายหลังถ้าเกี่ยวข้องสิ่งหนึ่งสิ่งใด เสนาบดีฝ่ายไทยไม่ชำระให้ British ships of war may enter the river, and anchor at Paknam, but they shall not proceed above Paknam [ปากน้ำ], unless with the consent of the Siamese authorities, which shall be given where it is necessary that a ship shall go into dock for repairs. Any British ship of war conveying to Siam a public functionary accredited by Her Majesty's Government to the Court of Bangkok, shall be allowed to come up to Bangkok, but shall not pass the forts called Pong Phrachamit [ป้องปัจจามิตร] and Pit-patch-nuck [ป้อมปิจปัจจนึก], unless expressly permitted to do so by the Siamese Government; but in the absence of a British ship of war, the Siamese authorities engage to furnish the Consul with a force sufficient to enable him to give effect to his authority over British subjects, and to enforce discipline among British shipping.
ข้อ ๗ ว่า กำปั่นรบจะเข้ามาทอดน่าด่านเมืองสมุทปราการ เข้ามาทอดได้ แต่จะขึ้นมา ณ กรุงเทพฯ ไม่ได้ เมื่อกำปั่นรบชำรุดจะต้องเข้าอู่ เสนาบดีเจ้าเมืองกรมการเห็นว่า ชำรุดจริง จะยอมให้เอามาเข้าอู่ ถ้าจะมีขุนนางถือหนังสือพระเจ้าแผ่นดินกรุงบริเตนให้มาด้วยกำปั่นรบเข้ามา ณ กรุงเทพฯ จะให้ขึ้นมาแต่ลำเดียว ต้องให้ขึ้นมาทอดอยู่ใต้ป้อมป้องปัจจามิตร ป้อมปิจปัจจนึก อย่าให้ขึ้นมาพ้นป้อม เว้นไว้แต่เสนาบดีจะโปรดให้ขึ้นมาพ้นป้อม จึ่งขึ้นมาได้ ถ้าไม่มีเรือรบอังกฤษอยู่ในกรุงเทพฯ คนอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะวิวาทกันขึ้น กงสุลจะไประงับ ไทยจะให้ทหารไปช่วยกงสุลระงับภอระงับได้ The measurement duty hitherto paid by British vessels trading to Bangkok, under the treaty of 1826, shall be abolished from the date of this Treaty coming into operation, and British shipping and trade will thenceforth be only subject to the payment of import and export duties on the goods landed or shipped. On all articles of import the duties shall be 3 per cent, payable at the option of the importer, either in kind or money, calculated upon the market value of the goods. Drawback of the full amount of duty shall be allowed upon goods found unsealeable and re-exported. Should the British merchant and the Custom-House officers disagree as to the value to be set upon imported articles, such disputes shall be referred to the Consul and proper Siamese officer, shall each have the power to call in an equal number of merchants as assessors, not exceeding two on either side, to assist them in coming to an equitable decision.
Opium shall be imported free of duty, but can only be sold to the opium farmer or his agents. In the event of no arrangement being effected with them for the sale of the opium, it shall be re-exported, and no import or duty shall be levied thereon. Any infringement of this regulation shall subject the opium to seizure and confiscation.
Articles of export, from the time of production to the date of shipment shall payment impost only, whether this be levied under the name of inland tax, transit duty, or duty on exportation. The tax or duty to be paid on each article of Siamese produce previous to or upon exportation, is specified in the Tariff attached to this Treaty; and it is distinctly agreed that goods or produce which pay any description of tax in the interipr, shall be exempted from any further payment of duty on exportation.
English merchants are to be allowed to purchase directly from the producer the articles in which they trade, and in like manner to sell their goods directly to the parties wishing to purchase the same, without the interference, in either case, of any other person.
The rates of duty laid down in the Tariff attached to this Treaty, are those that are now paid upon goods or produce shipped in Siamese or Chinese vessels or junks; and it is agrees that British shipping shall enjoy all the privileges now exercised by, or which hereafter may be granted to, Siamese or Chinese vessels or junks.
British subjects will be allowed to build ships in Siam on obtaining permission to do so from the Siamese authorities.
Whenever a scarcity may be apprehended, of salt, rice and fish, the Siamese Government reserve to themselves the right of prohibiting, by public proclamation, the exportation of these articles.
Bullion, or personal effects, may be imported or exported free of charge.
ข้อ ๘ ว่า ค่าธรรมเนียมปากเรือที่เคยเรียกแต่ลูกค้าอังกฤษตามสัญญาเก่าซึ่งทำไว้ในคฤษต ศักราช ๑๘๒๖ ปีนั้น จะยอมเลิกเสียตั้งแต่หนังสือสัญญานี้ใช้ได้ พ้นนั้นไปจะต้องเสียแต่ภาษีสิ่งของขาเข้าขาออก สินค้าเข้าจะต้องเสียภาษี ๑๐๐ ละสาม จะเสียเปนของฤๅจะเสียเปนเงินคิดราคาตามราคาท้องน้ำสุดแต่ใจเจ้าของจะเสีย ถ้าของเสียภาษี ๑๐๐ ละสามแล้ว ของจำหน่ายไม่ได้ จะเหลือกลับออกไปมากน้อยเท่าใด ต้องคิดภาษีสิ่งของที่เหลือคืนให้แก่เจ้าของให้ครบ ถ้าราคาสิ่งของไม่ตกลงกัน ต้องไปบอกกงสุล ๆ จะเรียกพ่อค้าคนหนึ่งฤๅสองคน เจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยก็จะเรียกพ่อค้าคนหนึ่งฤๅสองคน ช่วยตีราคาภอสมคววร ถ้าลูกค้าอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะบันทุกเอาฝิ่นเข้ามา ณ กรุงเทพฯ ไม่ต้องเสียภาษี แต่ต้องขายฝิ่นให้แก่เจ้าภาษี ถ้าเจ้าภาษีไม่ซื้อฝิ่นไว้ ให้บันทุกกลับออกไปไม่ต้องเสียอะไร ถ้าลูกค้าอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษเอาฝิ่นไปลักลอบขายทำผิดสัญญาข้อนี้ ให้ริบเอาฝิ่นไปเสียให้สิ้น แลของที่เปนสินค้าจะบันทุกออกไปนั้น ตั้งแต่ของสิ่งนั้นเกิดมาจนได้เปนสินค้าบันทุกกำปั่นออกไป ให้เสียภาษีแต่ชิ้นเดียว ของสิ่งไรที่เปนสินค้าในกรุงเทพฯ จะเรียกเปนสมพักษร ฤๅจะเรียกเปนภาษีป่า ภาษีในกรุงเทพฯ ภาษีปากเรืออย่างไร ได้กำหนดแจ้งในพิกัดอยู่กับหนังสือสัญญาแล้ว ได้ยอมกันเปนชัดแล้วว่า ของสิ่งหนึ่งสิ่งใดที่ต้องเสียภาษีข้างในแล้ว เมื่อลงเรือไม่ต้องเสีย พวกลูกค้าอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะซื้อสินค้ายอมให้ซื้อ แต่ผู้ทำ ผู้ปลูก แลของที่เขาขายนั้น ถ้าผู้ใดผู้หนึ่งจะซื้อยอมให้ขาย มิให้ผู้ใดผู้หนึ่งขัดขวางห้ามปราม ภาษีที่กำหนดในพิกัดสัญญานี้ สินค้าที่บันทุกเรือไทยเรือจีนที่เคยเสียแล้ว ฝ่ายไทยจะยอมลดภาษีให้เรือไทยเรือจีนแลชาติอื่น ๆ ก็จะยอมลดให้ลูกค้าซึ่งอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษเหมือนกัน ลูกค้าอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษจะเข้ามาต่อเรือ ณ กรุงฯ เสนาบดียอมให้ต่อแล้วก็ต่อได้ แลเข้า ปลา เกลือ ของสามสิ่งนี้ ที่กรุงฯ ไม่บริบูรณ มีหมายประกาศห้ามไม่ให้ออกไปก็ได้ เงินทองแลของสำหรับตัวเข้าออกไม่ต้องเสียภาษี The Code of Regulations apprehended to this Treaty shall be enforced by the Consul, with the co-operation of the Siamese authorities; and they, the said authorities and Consul, shall be enabled to introduce any further regulations which may be found necessary, in order to give effect to the objects of this Treaty.
All fines and penalties inflicted for infraction of the provisions and regulations of this Treaty shall be paid to the Siamese Government.
Until the British Consul shall arrive at Bangkok, and enter upon his functions, the consignees of British vessels shall be at liberty to settle with the Siamese authorities all questions relating to their trade.
ข้อ ๙ ว่า ความในกฎหมายซึ่งติดในสัญญานี้ กงสุลกับเจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยพร้อมกันจะต้องรักษา แลจะต้องบังคับให้คนทั้งปวงกระทำตามกฎหมาย เจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยกับกงสุลจะคิดจัดแจงเพิ่มเติมกฎหมายหวังจะรักษาหนังสือ สัญญาให้เจริญก็ทำได้ เงินที่ปรับไหมแลของที่ริบเพราะทำผิดสัญญานี้ต้องส่งเปนของในแผ่นดินก่อน เมื่อกงสุลจะเข้ามาตั้งอยู่ ณ กรุงฯ เจ้าของเรือแลกัปตันนายเรือจะว่าด้วยการค้าขายกับเจ้าพนักงานฝ่ายไทยก็ได้ The British Government and its subjects will be allowed free and equal participation in any privileges that may have been, or may hereafter be, granted by the Siamese Government to the Government or subjects of any other nation.
ข้อ ๑๐ ว่า ถ้าฝ่ายไทยยอมให้สิ่งใด ๆ แก่ชาติอื่น ๆ นอกจากหนังสือสัญญานี้ ก็จะต้องยอมให้อังกฤษแลคนในบังคับอังกฤษเหมือนกัน After the lapse of 10 years from the date of the ratification of this Treaty, upon the desire of either the Siamese or British Governments, and on 12 months' notice given by either party, the present and such portions of the Treaty of 1826 as remain unrevoked by this Treaty, together with the Tariff and Regulations hereunto annexed, or those that may hereafter be introduced, shall be subject to revision by Commissioners appointed on both sides for this purpose, who will be empowered to decide on and insert therein such amendments as experience shall prove to be desirable.
ข้อ ๑๑ ว่า เมื่อพ้น ๑๐ ปีตั้งแต่ประทับตราเปลี่ยนหนังสือสัญญานี้แล้ว ถ้าฝ่ายไทยฝ่ายอังกฤษจะขอเปลี่ยนข้อใด ๆ ในหนังสือสัญญานี้ แลข้อใด ๆ ในหนังสือสัญญาเก่าซึ่งทำไว้ในคฤษตศักราช ๑๘๒๖ ปีซึ่งมิได้ยกเสียนั้น แลข้อใด ๆ ในกฎหมายค้าขายแลพิกัดภาษีที่ติดอยู่กับหนังสือสัญญานี้ แลกฎหมายจะทำต่อไปภายน่า เมื่อบอกให้รู้ก่อนปีหนึ่งแล้ว จะตั้งขุนนางฝ่ายไทยฝ่ายอังกฤษเปลี่ยนแปลงเพิ่มเติมได้ตามแต่เห็นควรเห็นชอบ ด้วยกันทั้งสองฝ่าย This Treaty, executed in Siamese and English, both versions having the same meaning and intention, and the ratifications thereof having been previously exchanged, shall take effect from the 6th day of April, in the year 1856 of the Christian era, corresponding to the 1st day of the 5th month of the 1218th year of the Siamese Civil era.
In witness whereof, the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed and sealed the present Treaty, in quadruplicate, at Bangkok, on the 18th day of April, in the year 1855 of the Christian era, corresponding to the 2nd day of the 6th month of the 1217th year of the Siamese Civil era.
ข้อ ๑๒ ว่า หนังสือสัญญานี้ทำไว้เปนอักษรไทยฉบับหนึ่ง เปนอักษรอังกฤษฉบับหนึ่ง ข้อความต้องกัน เมื่อหนังสือสัญญาประทับตราเข้ามาเปลี่ยนกันแล้ว ใช้ได้เมื่อ ณ วันที่ ๖ เดือนเอปริล คฤษตศักราช ๑๘๕๖ ปี คิดเปนไทย ณ วันอาทิตย์เดือนห้า ขึ้นค่ำหนึ่ง จุลศักราช ๑๒๑๘ ปีมโรง อัฐศก ผู้สำเร็จราชการฝ่ายไทยฝ่ายอังกฤษทำหนังสือสัญญานี้เขียนเปน ๔ ฉบับ ลงชื่อประทับตราด้วยกันทั้งสองฝ่าย ทำไว้ในกรุงเทพมหานครอมรรัตนโกสิทรมหินทรายุทธยา ณ วันพุฒ เดือนหก ขึ้นสองค่ำ ปีเถาะ สัปตศก
- (Signatures and Seals of the 5 Siamese Plenipotentiaries)
- (L.S.) John Bowring
- (ลงชื่อประทับตรา) เซอยอนโบวริง ราชทูตอังกฤษ
- (ลงชื่อประทับตรา) ท่านผู้สำเร็จราชการฝ่ายไทย ห้าดวง
Quelle: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bowring_Treaty. -- Zugriff am 2015-02-21 Quelle: http://th.wikisource.org/wiki/สนธิสัญญาเบาว์ริง. -- Zugriff am 2015-02-21
General Regulations under which British Trade is to be conducted in Siam
The master of every English ship coming to Bangkok to trade, must either before or after entering the river, as may be found convenient, report the arrival of his vessel at the Custom-House at Paknam [ปากน้ำ], together with the number of his crew and guns, and the port from whence he comes. Upon anchoring his vessel at Paknam, he will deliver into the custody of the Custom-House officers all his guns and ammunitions and a Custom-House officer will then be appointed to the vessel, and will proceed in her to Bangkok.
A vessel passing Paknam without discharging her guns and ammunitions as directed in the foregoing regulation, will be sent back to Paknam to comply with its provisions, and will be fined 800 ticals for having so disobeyed. After delivery of her guns and ammunitions she will be permitted to return to Bangkok to trade.
When a British vessel shall have cast anchor at Bangkok, the master, unless a Sunday should intervene, will, within 24 hours after arrival, proceed to the British Consulate, and deposit there his ships's papers, bills of lading &c., together with a true manifest of his import cargo; and upon the Consul's reporting these particulars to the Custom-House, permission to break bulk will at once be given by the latter.
For neglecting so to report his arrival, or for presenting a false manifest, the master will subject himself, in each instance, to a penalty of 400 ticals; but he will be allowed to correct, within 24 hours after delivery of it to the Consul, any mistake he may discover in his manifest, without incurring the above-mentioned penalty.
A British vessel breaking bulk and commencing to discharge before due permission shall be obtained, or smuggling, either when in the river or outside the bar, shall be subject to the penalty of 800 ticals, and confiscation of the goods so smuggled or discharged.
As soon as a British vessel shall have discharged her cargo, and completed her outward lading, paid all her duties, and delivered a true manifest of her outward cargo to the British Consul, a Siamese port-clearance shall be granted her on application from the Consul, who, in the absence of any legal impediment to her departure, will then return to the master his ship's papers, and allow the vessel to leave. A Custom-House officer will accompany the vessel to Paknam; and on arriving there she will be inspected by the Custom-House officers of that station, and will receive from them the guns and ammunition previously delivered into their charge
Her Britannic Majesty's Plenipotentiary having no knowledge of the Siamese language, the Siamese Government have agreed that the English text of these Regulations, together with the Treaty of which they form a portion, and the Tariff hereunto annexed, shall be accepted as conveying in every respect their true meaning and intention.
- (Signatures and Seals of the 5 Siamese Plenipotentiaries)
- (L.S.) John Bowring
The undermentioned Articles shall be entirely free from Inland or other Taxes, on production or transit, and shall pay Export Duty as follows:
[...]
The undermentioned Articles being subject to the Inland or Transit Duties herein named, and which shall not be increased, shall be exempt from Export Duty:
[...]
All goods or produce unenumerated in this Tariff shall be free of Export Duty, and shall only be subject to one Inland or Transit Duty, not exceeding the rate now paid.
- (Signatures and Seals of the 5 Siamese Plenipotentiaries)
- (L.S.) John Bowring
Quelle: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bowring_Treaty. -- Zugriff am 2015-02-21
Abb.: Krom Hluang Wongsa Dhiraj Snidh [กรมหลวงวงษาธิราชสนิท, 1809 - 1872]Zu den Geschenken von Königin Victoria gehört auch eine Modelleisenbahn. Mit dieser versucht sie Rama IV. zu überreden, dass die britische East India Company eine Eisenbahn in Siam finanziert. Rama IV. lehnt den Vorschlag ab. Die Modelleisenbahn ist jetzt im Nationalmuseum in Bangkok.
1855-04-22
Brief von Rama IV. an Her Majesty Victoria (1819 - 1901), by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith:
Abb.: Her Majesty Victoria (1819 - 1901), by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, 1842
[Bildquelle: Werkstatt von Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805 - 1873)]
"My it please your Gracious and Merciful Majesty. Having most favourable good fortunate present opportunity to us just now to present our royal communication to Your Gracious Majesty by these lines of myself royal manuscript as most believeable as your Majesty’s plenipotentiary Sir John Bowring Knight has assured us on the end of his negotiations of the novel treaty that he will send the form or copy of treaty concluded and signed & sealed here by him and our plenipotentiaries consisting of four individuals to Your Majesty’s presence for approbation & ratification after which he said he will send us again to be kept here, and if I write to Your Majesty myself he will convey my communication to Your Majesty for curiosity and pleasure-So I trust upon his statement as deeply as he appeared one of honest philanthropists. —
If he would convey my communication to your Gracious Majesty without misleading or hindrance from knowledge of Your Majesty, this my manuscript is to be considered as similar as my personal respectful homage paid to Your Majesty in which pray I solicit Your Majesty’s merciful pardon if there might be any unconversion pray let me be free from fearing of displeasure as I am indeed most ignorant of your Majesty’s proper usage custom, etc. which are now existing in Your Majesty’s Kingdom & my communication would be just or firstly received from this remote country through Your Majesty’s plenipotentiary’s care and conveyance.
On the April inst. when Your Majesty’s steamer Rattler visited this country from China conveying His Excellency Sir John Bowring Knight LL. D. the Governor of Hong Kong & Superintendent of trade in China being Your Majesty’s appointed or invested with full power of plenipotentiary to negotiate a new treaty with us in name of Your Gracious Majesty, I have welcomed him with much respect & honor as he has been acquainted with me by several correspondences for many years ago when many of my countrymen are marvelling suspecting for their ignorance etc. misknowledge of the foreign affairs—Sir John Bowring Knight when he arrived here has shown Your Majesty’s credentials being a letter containing investigation upon him the full power of plenipotentiary for negotiating novel treaty with me directly signed with Your Majesty’s manual sign and attached with a round gilt box containing large seal stamped in both sides in shape of Your Majesty seating on throne and riding on the horseback. Myself have read and perused throughout when the paper held in hand of Sir John Bowring before his accompanied British officers who laughed me on reading.
And after the perusal of the believable credentials I have assured whole council of Siam consisting of all principal princes and nobles that Sir John Bowring Knight came directly from Your Majesty royal mandate not from any other British settlement Bengal etc. nor by herself opinion but undoubtedly from Your Majesty’s particular command which shall be respectfully obeyed and accorded.
I have declared also that this mission is higher than that ever came from Governor General of India, and that if we have audience to this mission until negotiations of treaty ended by conclusion with this mission the new treaty be higher and more honoured for honor our country than the former treaty which has been done with only Governor General of India as will be equal with the treaty English with Chinese Empire as this might be approved and ratified by Your Majesty herself with royal manual etc. stamping sign like the treaty at China which we have heard of on the year 1843 etc —They (all members of our council) have believed my words in statement of Your Majesty’s credentials which I have read and translated to them, became glad exceedingly and placed their confidence on Your Majesty’s grace as expectable as from genuine philanthropical amity, they have allowed Your Majesty’s steamer “Rattler” to come up here with all full ammunition and stores of war without suspicion and dangers trusting His Excellency Sir John Bowring is Your Majesty’s beloved honest faithful and dutiful plenipotentiary they have given their unanimous opinion to me to five extraordinary individuals who possessed circumspection of nature of whole native country and considerably knowledge of foreign affairs and appointed them (5 individuals) to hold consultation with your plenipotentiary.
Although the new treaty was concluded very soon by a week yet there are many remained in being subject to some doubt and misunderstanding which are feared may be occurred in future whenever the negotiators were elapsed.
This country is inferior in fact situated between Burmese and Cochin Chinese Kingdoms adjacent since S. Western realm to northern and the latter since north eastern until South eastern, they were and our opposing authorities through many always.
This City is Capital or metropolis of Siam founded by our grandfather the first King of the present reigning dynasty, situated near of the sea at anchor of ship junk etc. which are coming from abroad. Our capital not far from port as free from danger of stranger vessels of war with ammunition wherefore we have solicited articles of treaty and regulations of trading vessel and ships of war in different articles from the English treaty with China as said in the copy of the treaty both new and former, we are very glad that Your Majesty’s plenipotentiary has allowed us so particularly for forgive the danger of the inhabitants of this capital, on future since the present days Your Majesty would oblige us mostly and we shall be gratitude to Your Majesty favor endless if Your Majesty allow leisure intercourse of our officers address to Your Majesty’s Court or lord of the foreign department to address freely whenever any doubts to inquire or have explanation or any complaints would be occurred etc rather if Your Majesty allow or permit me to offer to Your Majesty faithful communication without dangers.Please pardon me for such words in troublesome to Your Majesty. I shall wait to hear from Your Gracious Majesty direction how to do by us on the request if Your Majesty see my object whether should be allowed or not, please let my and my brother (the Second King) knowledge of the language be in useful to our people until end of our lives by having leisure intercourse with Your Majesty and Your Majesty’s Court for our happiness and peaceful action in management of this country which will become inhabited by certain parties of Your Majesty’s subjects.
I hope my trifling presents will be acceptable for interesting of the effects of industry of our countrymen and will be great honour to me for faming that they were accepted by Your Gracious Majesty then I shall be very glad to learn.
Although I am in general or usual sincere style in letter of royalty there should be in address to Your Majesty use in term of friend brethren etc yet I think for I am ruler of very inferior country, I can subscript myself in my service to Your Majesty.
I have the considerable honor to wait upon Your Majesty’s command mandate and order.
S. P. P. M. Mongkut Rex Siamensium.
List of presents to Queen Victoria, which King Mongkut had put into English himself for the information of the Queen:
The true translation of the descriptive catalogue or list of articles of the royal presents accompanied the Royal communication and concerned at the end part thereof written in Siamese characters in the other paper accompanied herewith.
- The customary Royal address written or engraved on golden plate of 15 fuangs weight or (4 ticals less weight thereof) made in like manner of Siamese pamphlet cemented with small royal sealed paper on forepart or back thereof, and cemented with the piece of paper stamped with the royal seal of the present reign at the ending page and bottom where sign of royal manual script in English character appeared set and draped in the golden envelope or draper of 6 5/8 fuangs weight and stamped with royal seal in gilt wax tied with red silk string and set in oval golden box of 18 ticals weight surrounded with camphor for protection or prevention (of being corrupted if the royal letter be paper etc. ) and covered with golden internal cover of 3 ticals weight for adding in protection and respect to the sovereign whom Royal letter addressed to, and whole of golden box set in the bag of Indian gilt cloth, sealed with Royal Stamps (in shape of Elephant) for present reign.
N. B. Such a long description of royal letter ever sent accompanying in Siamese custom.
- 2nd. The golden case containing two golden plates, where the royal manual signs appeared in writing and engraving and common cards of the royal title for respectful compliments to Her Majesty and His Royal Highness the Prince Consort respectively and other two common cards for eldest Royal children.
- 3rd. Two or a pair of royal rings headed with best inlays, which were productions of Northern Laos country dependent to Siamese authority and ornamented with some diamonds set in a golden box or case covered with artificial blue stone surrounded with some diamonds. This case or box was oblong octagonal shaped as well as the royal letter box was oval.
- A golden pencil case with golden pen pointed with hard platina headed with diamond by best goldsmith native hereof.
- A pocket inkstand of gold and coloured screwed, with the pen’s case coloured engraved headed with ruby manufactured by a considerable manufacturer of Siam.
- Two papers printed in lithographic press (just introduced into Siam) in the figure or likeness of the white she elephant just apprehended and brought here (which all English officers came on this mission did witness with their eyes) kept in gilt case, in which a brush of the body hairs of the said elephant made in golden handle accompanied.
The presenter desires eagerly Her Majesty’s acceptance for witnessing some Siamese considerable industries, and these articles would be perhaps some time set at great exhibition as like as ever has been in the year 1851-
This from S. P. P. M. Mongkut-Primus Rex Siamensium—Rajruty House, Grand Palace. —
Bangkok 22nd April 1855—which is the 5th of the present reign."
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009> ; Monkut <König, Siam> [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว] <1804 - 1868> ; Bowring, John <1792 - 1872>: King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring (from Sir John Bowring's personal files, kept at the Royal Thai Embassy in London). -- Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970. -- 240 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- S. 93 - 97]
1855-04-26
Der britische Sonderbotschafter John Bowring (1792 - 1872) an Außenminister George William Frederick Villiers, 4. Earl of Clarendon (1800 - 1870):
"Indeed Sir John mentioned to Lord Clarendon in his letter of 25 th April 1855 that he went through "a dream of Oriental romance, than a page of real history,"
He then went on to describe what he saw in the palace:
"As to the gorgeousness of the palace I cannot well convey to you an idea. Everything is dazzling with gold and jewels. You drink water in golden cups out of immense vases of embossed gold. You spit into gold spittoons. Your cigars are handed to you out of gold cases blazoned with diamonds—and not only the King, but even noblemen of high ranks sit surrounded with golden vessels, and have always a suite of attendants bearing the betelnut and its accompaniments, all in golden vessels—and every king is required to present to the palacial temple a Buddha of solid gold of the size of life. The gold used on the shrine on which the remains of the late King were burned cost 200,000 ticals or £ 25,000 sterling. The diamond at the top of the King’s crown is as large as the first joint of a man’s thumb. The King apologized for not introducing me to his first wife on account of her being in the family way. The number of females in the palaces is three thousand—of whom 600 are wives,—the rest attendants. We saw about 100 wives many of whom were really beautiful, who performed a play for our amusement, every one of whom, in the court scenes, was clad in garments of which Parkes [Harry Smith Parkes, 1828 - 1885] takes home to you a specimen given by the Prime Minister. I endeavoured to purchase one (without the head-dress) its cost was £ 100."
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009> ; Monkut <König, Siam> [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว] <1804 - 1868> ; Bowring, John <1792 - 1872>: King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring (from Sir John Bowring's personal files, kept at the Royal Thai Embassy in London). -- Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970. -- 240 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- S. 80]
1855-04-26
Der britische Sonderbotschafter John Bowring (1792 - 1872) an Kapitän George Disney Keane (1817 - 1891) vom Begleitschiff H.M.S. Grecian (1838 - 1865):
Abb.: Einsatz von Congreve’schen Raketen von einem Raketenschiff, 1814
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
Abb.: Russischer Soldat zündet Congreve’sche Rakete, 1826/28
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
"Our mission to Bangkok has been associated with nothing but pleasure. It would be much embittered if you compel me to officialize my feelings on the subject of such a miserable affair as your objections to send three rockets to the King of Siam, at the very moment when the decks both of the Rattler and of the Grecian were covered with marks of the King's courtesies. If, on reflection, you think you ought to require this from me, I must send the correspondence home to the Secretary of State, for it is quite a novelty. I believe that her Majesty' Plenipotentiary should be unable to oblige a great sovereign with so small a mark of goodwill..." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 78]
1855-05-08
Der britische Sonderbotschafter John Bowring (1792 - 1872) an Harry Smith Parkes (1828 - 1885):
"H. M. S. Rattler, May 8th 1855. My dear Parkes — I write a few lines on the chance of our meeting the steamer from Hong Kong [香港] — a very doubtful contingency.
When I see the extraordinary liberality of the Government in the Japanese matter, I hope you will lend an equally generous spirit as regards our Siamese friends. There are a few things which I should like to present on my account if there be any difficulty with the Government as to sending them.
For the 1st King — a thoroughly handsome and comfortable reading chair with its appurtenances.
For the 2nd King, the best edition of Sir Walter Scott’s [1771 - 1832] novels, handsomely bound (Abbotsford Edition [12 Bde. -- Edinburgh : Robert Cadell, 1842-47]).
Abb.: TitelblattFor the Prince Krom Hluang [กรมหลวง] — the best sort of opera glass. I mean the double telescope.
For the Somdetch Ong Noi [สมเด็จองค์น้อย], an Oxford Doctor’s Robe (which I promised him. )
Abb.: Mark Twain in Oxford Doctor's Robe, 1907
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]For the Kalahom [กลาโหม] — A collection of books on gunnery, naval architecture, etc.
For the Phraklang [พระคลัง] — a handsome revolver.
For Dr. Bradley [Dan Beach Bradley, 1804 - 1873] and the Missionaries — A good photographic machine — with description of the manner of using it.
Abb.: Fotoapparat, 185x
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]I shall be glad to hear of the results of your colloquy with Chin-Atin, if you get hold of him. I suspect, however, he will not be very ready to meet you.
I will desire my son [John Charles Bowring, 1820–1893] to reimburse anything you may spend for my account. Consult him, if you please, as he is my plenipotentiary, and you will guide your proceedings by those of Lord Clarendon [Außenminister George William Frederick Villiers, 4. Earl of Clarendon, 1800 - 1870]. I have written to Lord Clarendon about the Japanese affair...
As to Cochin China, if I can get a ship I will send down a notice to
Hué that I am coming, but not specifying the time. Should this communication meet with a friendly reception, I propose going alone. If, however, the Cochin Chinese (which I do not expect) take an unfriendly tone, I shall consult the French and the U. S. authorities, and we may decide on a common action....Will you get announced in the Atheneum [Zeitschrift Athenaeum <London>. -- 1828 - ] and literary periodicals that I am preparing a work on Siam and the Siamese with an account of my mission. I doubt not you will fulfil your intention of publishing something on the same subject and I shall be glad if in anything you print you would add that a book may be expected from me. "
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009> ; Monkut <König, Siam> [พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว] <1804 - 1868> ; Bowring, John <1792 - 1872>: King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring (from Sir John Bowring's personal files, kept at the Royal Thai Embassy in London). -- Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970. -- 240 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- S. 105f.]
1855-06-09
Bei Kronstadt beschädigen ferngesteuerte russische Seeminen erstmals feindliche britische Schiffe.
Abb.: Seemine 1855
[Bildquelle: L'Illustration. -- No 646. -- 1855-07 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
1855-08-11
Illustrated London News berichtet über den Empfang von Sir John Bowring (1792 - 1872) in Siam:
"Elegant state barges and a numerous escort were provided to bring him and his suite to the capital; and instead of the chain or boom being stretched across the river to prevent the steamer following, him as had been done under the former reign, at the time of Sir James Brooke's visit, the [H.M.S.] Rattler was allowed to proceed up the river to Bangkok, where no armed steamer had ever been before." "A flotilla of State barges conveyed the Plenipotentiary and suite, numbering eighteen gentlemen with naval officers included to the landing-place, and thence they were carried in chairs through lines of troops and elephants, the former extending from the waterside to the inner enclosure of the palace - a distance of several hundred yards - to a building where they waited for a short time until their arrival was announced. At this spot the previous embassies had been required to submit to various humiliating observances, such as the surrender of swords, the removal of shoes or boots, but these were now omitted...when summoned to the Audience Hall, the Plenipotentiary and all the officers proceeded there on foot, without laying aside any portion of their dress...advanced to a cushion placed about thirty feet from the throne, and on a line with the position occupied by the highest of the nobles. After bowing three times Sir John Bowring took his seat; Mr. Consul Parkes [Harry Smith Parkes, 1828 - 1885] being on his right. Mr. J.C. Bowring on his left, and Captain Keane and Mellersh and the other officers immediately behind the Plenipotentiary."
[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 63f.]
1855-09-11
John Bowring (1792 - 1872) schreibt aus Hong Kong (香港) an König Rama IV.:
"....in reference to polygamy Your Majesty will not be judged by Western but by Eastern customs. We are all bound to impart the education and religion of those who differ from us. Lovers of truth are always tolerant, and kind and grievous on judgment of others, - and I am persuaded where there is little truth there is not much charity, - I wish Your Majesty much happiness in your many descendants." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Popular history of Thailand. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1972. -- S. 489]
1855-11
Erstes in Siam (mit importiertem Motor) erbautes Dampfschiff: "The Royal Seat of the Siamese Forces". Rama IV. fährt selbst spontan mit auf dem von ihm angeschafften Dampfschiff.
1855-12-10
Parkes, Harry Smith <1828 - 1855>: Geographical notes on Siam, with a new map of the lower part of the Menam River [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา]. -- In: In: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. -- 26 (1855). -- S. 71 - 78. -- Read, December 10, 1855. -- Parkes ist "Her Britannic Majesty's Consul at Amoy [廈門]".
Dort die beiden Karten:
Abb.: Sketch of the Menam [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา] and other Siamese Rivers from the surveys & observations of the American missionaries / commissioned by Harry Parkes. -- In: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. -- 26 (1855). -- Nach S. 71
Abb.: Sketch of Siam & the adjacent states to illustrate Geographical notes on Siam by Harry Parkes Esqr., Her Britannic Majesty's consul at Amoy, 1855. -- -- In: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. -- 26 (1855). -- Vor S. 72.
1855/56–1858
Kham Nai (คำใหญ่) Herrscher von Champasak (ຈຳປາສັກ)
"Kham Nai oder Kham Nhai (voller Titel Brhat Chao Yudhi Dharma Sundaragana Negara Champasakti, Yutthi Thammasunthon; * 1830 in Himlot; † 1858 ebendort) war Herrscher des Reiches Champasak. Er wurde als dritter Sohn des Königs Huy von Champasak, Prinz (Chao) Kamanaya (Kham Nai), geboren. Kham Nai wurde in Bangkok ausgebildet und 1856 durch König Mongkut zum Herrscher (Prinzgouverneur, Chao Mueang Nakhon Champasak) ernannt.
Kham Nai starb 1858 ohne männliche Nachkommen und hinterließ zwei Töchter.[...]
Nach Kham Nai folgte ein Interregnum, während dem der Maha Uparat (Vizekönig) die Verwaltung des Landes übernahm."
[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham_Nai. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-15]
ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm
Moffat, Abbot Low <1901 - 1996>: Mongkut, the king of Siam. -- Ithaca N.Y. : Cornell UP, 1961. --254 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.
Blofeld, John <1913 - 1987>: King Maha Mongkut of Siam. -- 2. ed. -- Bangkok : Siam Society, 1987. -- 97 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm.
Chula Chakrabongse [จุลจักรพงษ์] <1908 - 1963>: Lords of life : History of the Kings of Thailand. -- 2., rev. ed. -- London : Redman, 1967. -- 352 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm.
Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.
Terwiel, Barend Jan <1941 - >: A history of modern Thailand 1767 - 1942. -- St. Lucia [u. a.] : Univ. of Queensland Press, 1983. -- 379 S. ; 22 cm.
Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". -- Grundlegend.
Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.
Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.
Simona Somsri Bunarunraksa [ซีมอนา สมศรี บุญอรุณรักษา]: Monseigneur Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix : ami du roi du Siam, imprimeur et écrivain (1805 - 1862). -- Paris : L'Harmattan, 2013. -- 316 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- (Chemins de la mémoire ; Novelle série). -- ISBN 978-2-336-29049
Morgan, Susan <1943 - >: Bombay Anna : the real story and remarkable adventures of the King and I governess. -- Berkeley [u.a.] : Univ. of California Press, 2008. -- 274 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-520-26163-1
ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. -- กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9
Lavery, Brian: Schiffe : 5000 Jahre Seefahrt. -- London [u. a.] : DK, 2005. -- S. 184. -- Originaltitel: Ship : 5000 years of marine adventure (2004)
