Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1880 (Rama V.)


Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1880 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2016-09-07. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1880.htm    

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-09-11

Überarbeitungen: 2016-09-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-10 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library


ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด


 

 

Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt.

 


Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen!

Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:

Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm.

Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

 


1880 undatiert


1880/81

Choleraepidemie: 30.000 Tote. In 48 Distrikten werden Notspitäler errichtet.

1778 - 1880

Anzahl der Mueang  (เมือง) in Nordostsiam (อีสาน)


Abb.: Anzahl der Mueang  (เมือง) in Nordostsiam (อีสาน) , 1778 - 1880
[Datenquelle: [Grabowsky, Volker <1959 - >. -- In: Regions and national integration in Thailand 1892 - 1992 / Volker Grabowsky [1959 - ] (ed.). -- Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1995. -- 296 S. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 3-447-03608-7. -- "Papers presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Southeast Asia Studies at Passau University in June 1992". -- S. 115f., 121]

1880 (?)

Bau des Zollgebäudes (กรมศุลกากร, custom's house) in Bangkok.


Abb.: Lage des Zollgebäudes
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Zollgebäude Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 142]

1880

Tod der Dichterin Khun Phum  (คุณพุ่ม aka บุษบาท่าเรือจ้าง, 1815-1880).

1880

Es erscheint:

Siamese domestic institutions : old and new laws on slavery / translated by Samuel J. Smith [1820 - ca. 1909]. -- Bangkok : Smith, 1880. -- 64 S.

1880 - 1885-07

John A. Halderman (1833 - 1908) ist Konsul und ab 1883 der erste Gesandte der USA in Siam.


Abb.: John A. Halderman
[Bildquelle: Kansas State Historical Society]

1880

Der französische Konsul Jules Harmand (1845 - 1921) bittet die Regierung Siams um Landkarten, um die Grenzen zu den französischen Protektoraten definieren zu können. Siam hat keine solchen Karten. Harmand schreibt daraufhin nach Paris, dass Frankreich sich gratulieren könne, da die dadurch bedingte Unsicherheit im Grenzverlauf bald zum Vorteil Frankreichs ausgenützt werden könne.

1880

Es erscheint:

Senn van Basel, W. H.: Schetsen uit Siam. -- Amsterdam : De Bussy, 1880. -- 122 S.

Der Verfasser ist/war Konsul der Niederlande in Bangkok.

1880ff.

Auf den Schiffen der britischen Flotte wird das US-Gardner-Maschinengewehr eingesetzt.


Abb.: Gardner-Maschinengewehr, 1891
[Bildquelle: British Ordnance manual / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Gardner-Maschinengewehr auf HMS Waterwitch, 1895-04
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


1880 datiert


1880-01

Mönchs-Prinz Vajirañāṇavarorasa (วชิรญาณวโรรส, 1880 - 1921) lässt sich auf einem Floß in der Art des Thammayutika-Nikaya [ธรรมยุติกนิกาย] nochmals zum Mönch ordinieren.

1880-02-02

Das Kühlschiff SS Strathleven bringt 41 Tonnen Kühlfleisch von Australien nach London. Das Fleisch ist in gutem Zustand. Das Schiff war in Melbourne (Australien) 1879-12-06 abgefahren.


Abb.: SS Strathleven
[Image courtesy Wollongong City Library
]

1880-02-08

Gründung des Conseil Colonial in Französisch Cochinchina. Das Conseil hat beratende Funktion. Ihm gehören 12 Franzosen und 6 frankreichfreundliche Vietnamesen an.

1880-03-18

Der amerikanische Konsul David B. Sickels (1837-1918) an Charles Payson (- 1913):

"The party of progress, "Young Siam," appreciate the value of the old adage, "the more haste the less speed," and their policy is to move slowly and gradually, temporizing rather than raising bitter issues, abiding their time, until its efflux shall have removed the more acrid and influential members of the old conservative party and left the field clear for the introduction of more modern and more enlightened ideas.

The King is young; the contemporaries and counsellors of his father are old. He has all the advantages on his side and can afford to wait."

[Zitiert in: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 83]

1880-04-23 - 1885-06-09

 William Ewart Gladstone (1809 - 1898) ist Prime Minister Großbritanniens.


Abb.: William Ewart Gladstone / von Francis Carruthers Gould (1844-1925)

1880-05-01

Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper <New York, USA>:


Abb.: "Choulalongkorn, First King of Siam". -- In: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper <New York, USA>. -- 1880-05-01. -- S. 141


Abb.: "The Second King of Siam, and Regent". -- In: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper <New York, USA>. -- 1880-05-01. -- S. 141

 

1880-05-19 - 1810-09-01

Schlacht bei Kandahar (Afghanistan) zwischen Afghanistan und Großbritannien im zweiten Anglo-Afghanischen Krieg (1878 - 1880). Endet mit britischem Sieg. Dadurch wird das russische Vordringen nach Afghanistan gestoppt.


Abb.: "Save me from my friends": Emir Sher Ali mit seinen „Freunden“ Russland und Großbritannien
[Bildquelle: Punch, 1878 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Lage von Kandahar und Russlands Vordringen nach Zentralasien
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

1880-05-20

Erstmalige Ausgabe privater Banknoten in Siam.

1880-05-31

Königin Sunandha Kumariratana (สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์, 1860 - 1880), ihr ungeborenes Kind, und ihre Tochter, Prinzessin Kannabhorn Bejaratana (กรรณาภรณ์เพชรรัตน์, 1878 - 1880) ertrinken beim Bang Pa-in-Palast (พระราชวังบางปะอิน).


Abb.: Königin Sunandha Kumariratana (สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์) mit Prinzessin Kannabhorn Bejaratana (กรรณาภรณ์เพชรรัตน์)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Lage von Bang Pa-in (บางปะอิน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share al


Abb.: Denkmal für die Ertrunkenen, Bang Pa In (บางปะอิน), 2008
[Bildquelle: ScorpianPK / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Queen Sunandha Kumariratana (Thai:สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์ ;RTGS: —Sunantha Kumarirat—, 10 November 1860 - 31 May 1880) was a daughter of King Mongkut (Rama IV) and Princess Consort Piam (เจ้าคุณจอมมารดาเปี่ยม). Her given name is Princess Sunandha Kumariratana (พระองค์เจ้าสุนันทากุมารีรัตน์). She was a half-sister and the first queen consort (พระบรมราชเทวี) and one of four queens of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), two of which were her full-sibling younger sisters, Queen Savang Vadhana (สว่างวัฒนา, 1862 - 1955) and Queen Saovabha Bhongsi (เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1864 - 1910).

The queen and her daughter drowned when the royal boat capsized while on the way to the Bang Pa-In Royal Palace (พระราชวังบางปะอิน), Summer palace). Despite the presence of many onlookers, they were forbidden on pain of death to touch the queen - not even to save her life.[1] The grief-stricken Chulalongkorn later erected a memorial to her and his unborn son at the Bang Pa-In Palace."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunandha_Kumariratana. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-04]

"Her Royal Highness Princess Kannabhorn Bejaratana (RTGS: Kannaphon Phetcharat ; Thai: กรรณาภรณ์เพชรรัตน์) (12 August 1878 – 31 May 1880), was the Princess of Siam (later Thailand). She was a member of Siamese Royal Family. She is a daughter of Chulalongkorn, King Rama V of Siam. She was given full name from her father as Kannabhorn Bejaratana Sohbhandasaniyalak Akaravorarajakumari (Thai: กรรณาภรณ์เพชรรัตน์ โสภางคทัศนียลักษณ์ อัครวรราชกุมารี)

Her mother was Queen Sunandha Kumariratana (สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์, 1860 - 1880), Queen Consort, half-sister and cousin of King Chulalongkorn. She died with her mother and her unborn sibling, drowned when the royal boat capsized while on the way to the Bang Pa-In Royal Palace (พระราชวังบางปะอิน). Despite the presence of many onlookers, they were forbidden on pain of death to touch the queen, not even to save her life. The grief-stricken King Chulalongkorn later erected a memorial to her and his unborn son at the Bang Pa-In Palace.

The Royal Cremation was created together with her mother in Sanam Luang (สนามหลวง), performed by King Chulalongkorn.

1880-06-08 - 1884-12-13

George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (1827 - 1909) ist Governor-General and Viceroy of India


Abb.: George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon
[Bildquelle: Vanity fair. -- 1869-05-23]

1880-07

Rama V. verleiht durch eine Gesandtschaft unter der Leitung von Außenminister Außenminister Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) (เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913) Königin Victoria den Royal order of the White Elephant of Siam. Das Ergebnis der Gesandtschaft ist das Abkommen, das am 1880-08-11 in London unterzeichnet wird (s. unten).

Mitglieder der Gesandtschaft sind:


Abb.: Die siamesische Gesandtschaft
[Bildquelle: The Graphic <London>. -- 1880-07-17]


Abb.: Royal Order of the White Elephant of Siam
[Bildquelle: The Graphic <London>. -- 1880-07-17]

1880-07-07

Der deutsche Botschafter in besonderer Mission in Paris, Joseph Maria Friedrich von Radowitz (1839 - 1912), versichert dem französischen Außenminister, Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (1828 - 1923), dass das Deutsche Reich (Reichskanzler Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen,  1815 - 1898) die Konsolidierung und Ausweitung der Kolonialherrschaft Frankreis in Tonkin (Vietnam) begrüßen würde.


Abb.: Otto von Bismarck
[Bildquelle: James Tissot (1836 - 1902). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1870-10-15]

1880-08-11

London: Unterzeichnung des Abkommens zwischen Siam und Großbritannien:

"Convention of 11 August 1880

Article 1.

Her Majesty's Government agrees to take part with other Powers having Treaty relations with Siam in the framing of proper Regulations for the control of the Liquor Traffic in Siam, on the following basis:

  1. The importation of spirituous liquors of such inferior quality as to render the sale thereof deleterious to the public health to be prohibited.
  2. A reasonable import duty to be imposed on spirituous liquors.
  3. The sale of spirituous liquors by retail or, under a prescribed quantity to be prohibited except by persons holding a Government licence, for which a reasonable fee shall be charged.
  4. The regulations shall not apply to wine or beer, which shall be admitted at the general ad valorem rate of duty in force for the time being.

Article 2.

Subject to the conditions of Art. III of the present Convention, the restrictions contained in Art. IV of the Treaty in 1856, as to the residence of British subjects in Siam, and to the purchase or renting by them of houses and lands, and the building of houses, are hereby cancelled.

Article 3.

British subjects wishing to reside in any part of Siamese territory beyond the limits prescribed in Art. IV of the Treaty of 1855 must first apply to the British official, who will inform the Siamese authorities of such desire, whereupon the Siamese authorities, conjointly with the British official, will decide if the requisite permission shall be given, but permission shall not be withheld without reasonable cause.

Article 4.

In the event of foreign or intestine war or rebellion, the Siamese Government may at once prohibit and stop the export trade in rice, fish, and salt by Proclamation, such prohibition taking immediate effect.

The export of the same articles may also be prohibited in the event of expected scarcity, but in such case prohibition shall not take effect till the expiry of one calendar month after the date thereof.

In either of the above cases, merchants shall render to the government, within fourteen days of any such Proclamation as aforesaid, an account of what rice they may have in store, or in respect of which they shall have made a bona fide contract of purchase for exportation; and all the rice so indicated may be exported but merchants are prohibited from exporting any other rice than that which they shall indicate as above within such fourteen days.

Article 5.

The Siamese Government may levy a reasonable duty upon all goods not specified in the tariffs; they will, however, conjointly with Her Britannic Majesty's representative, from time to time decide and agree upon the amount of duty as to be collected.

Article 6.

The general import trade duty up to this time having been three percent ad valorem, the Siamese Government may increase the same by the addition of two percent, thus making five percent, provided that the increased duty shall not be levied until six months after the ratification of this convention.

Article 7.

All custom-house officers, and officers of stations, authorised by the Siamese government in provinces and districts, shall have the right to search for, and, in case of discovery, to confiscate contraband goods, and goods, in respect of which the payment of duty has been evaded.
They shall also have power to examine all persons in a proper manner, in accordance with regulations to be made on that behalf in concert with the representatives of the Powers having Treaty relations with Siam.

Penalties can only be levied and enforced by the confiscation of the articles which have evaded the payment of duty, and which will thereupon become the property of the Government.

Article 8.

The Siamese Government reserve the right of working any mine, or dealing with any minerals, which may at any time be discovered within the Siamese dominions, but this right may be leased or assigned wholly or in part to British subjects on payment of rent or royalty, or such other terms as may be agreed in each separate instance, between the representative of Her Majesty and the Siamese Government.

Nothing in this article shall affect the present vested rights of any British, subject in any mine or minerals.

Article 9.

No Siamese subject shall be entitled to any exemption from Siamese law except to such extent as is recognised in Great Britain in the case of servants employed by a Minister of Diplomatic Agent, and then only while in such actual employ.

Should a British subject desire to engage a Siamese subject, either as an agent for the purpose of trading in any part of the Siamese dominions, or as a domestic servant, a contract must be made before the Siamese authorities to be registered with them. In the event of any difficulty arising in any part of such dominions, the agent or servant, as the case may be, shall apply to the provincial offers, who shall examine into and settle the matter in dispute.

An agent or servant employed under such a contract shall enjoy British protection, but shall not be entitled to any exemption from Siamese law.

Article 10.

Siamese subjects residing for a time in British countries, and there becoming naturalised British subjects, shall, on returning to Siam, again become the subjects of Siam as they were originally born.

In the case of mixed marriages between British and Siamese subjects, the nationality of the husband shall prevail.

Article 11.

Chinese, and people of other races than British, who are not born or naturalised in a British Colony or Possession, but coming from thence provided with a passport from British authorities giving them British protection, shall, after residing three years in Siam, lose such protection and come under general protection of Siamese law, and the British authorities shall thereafter not interfere.

Article 12.

Any British subject openly guilty of crime may be arrested, and any house or property belonging to a British subject suspected of being used as a place of shelter for unlawful objects or purposes may be searched by the Siamese authorities.

But such arrest or search shall not, except under circumstances of special urgency, take place without notice being previously given to, and the concurrence requested of, the British authorities, provided a British official is resident within a distance of ten miles. If there be no British official resident within the distance of ten miles, the arrest or search may be immediately executed, but the earliest possible notice shall be given to the nearest British official, in order to further proceeding in the case.

Article 13.

British shipping and trade shall be free at all the ports and within the entire Kingdom of Siam and its dependencies as regards all manner of merchandise not contraband, on payment of the duties thereon, export or import as laid down in the tariff of the Treaty of 1856, and except as after-mentioned, shall be liable to no other charges or dues whatever, either at the coast or frontiers of the Kingdom, its provinces and its dependencies.
All dues for pilotage, lighterage, harbour lights and all such matters will continue to be levied as at present by the Siamese authorities.
Any modification or alteration to be introduced subsequent to the present convention shall be agreed to in concert with the representatives of the Powers having Treaties with Siam.

Article 14.

It is agreed that the treaty between the King of Siam and the Government of India of 1874 shall be cancelled, and new arrangements for the purpose of promoting commercial intercourse between British Burmah and the adjoining territory of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi, belonging to Siam and of preventing dacoity and other heinous crimes in the territories aforesaid, shall be entered into by Supplementary Articles to be annexed to the Convention.

Article 15.

British vessels of war arriving at Paknam [ปากน้ำ; heute: Samut Prakan - สมุทรปราการ] in need of docking repairs or supplies shall on application to the Siamese Government, receive all necessary and convenient assistance from the same.

This article is to be understood as applicable to every other port of Siam, so far as the nature of the locations may require or permit.

Article 16.

If any British vessel be at any time wrecked or stranded on the coast of Siam, or compelled to take refuge in any port on the same, the Siamese authorities shall, on being informed of the fact, render every assistance in their power in regard of the crew, cargo, or vessel, and shall, if necessary, furnish the crew with means of conveyance to the nearest consular station.

Similar assistance will be rendered by the British authorities to any Siamese vessel or its crew, if wrecked, stranded or compelled to take refuge on the British coasts.

Article 17.

The provisions of the present convention are to be understood as having effect in all tributary or independent States and Provinces of the Kingdom of Siam in the same manner as within the Kingdom itself.

Article 18.

This convention being supplementary to the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty and the King of Siam of April 1855, and the Supplementary Agreement thereto of May 18, 1856, it is understood that the provisions of the said Treaty and Agreement are to remain in force and to be observed, subject to the modifications hereby agreed to, and to such further modifications as may be made by the Supplementary Articles to be entered into under Article 17 of the Convention.

Article 19.

The present Supplementary Convention shall come into operation immediately after the exchange of the ratification thereof, and shall continue in force for ten years from that date. In case neither of the two Contracting Parties shall have given notice, twelve months before the expiration of the period of ten years of their intention of terminating the present treaty, it shall remain in force until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of the Contracting Parties shall have given such notice. The Contracting Parties, however, reserve to themselves the power of making, by common consent, any modifications in these Articles which experience of their working may show to be desirable."

[Zitiert in:
Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 260 - 267]

1880-09-20

Geburtstagsansprache des Königs über die Vorteile einer Freiwilligenarmee:

"By this course, it will be unnecessary to vex the militia who serve one month in three throughout their lives, a system which greatly interferes with their working for a living. Moreover, by this means we shall obtain young man for soldiers and we shall be able to discipline them properly as their service will be continuous. These men entering the army of their own free will will doubtless be stronger and better than those who serve by compulsion, because they will look forward to a happy future. .. this new system... will give strength to the country and promote its strength and prosperity."

[Übersetzt: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 226f]

1880-11-06

Der französische Arzt Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845 - 1922) entdeckt in Algerien im Blut eines Patienten den Erreger der Malaria.


Abb.: Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, 1909
[Bildquelle: Wellcome Images. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: Zeichnung von Laveran verschiedener Stadien des Malaria-Erregers, 1880
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1880-11-22

Jules Blancsubé (1834–1888), Parlamentsabgeordneter für Cochinchina, Rede vor dem Conseil Colonial in Saigon:

‘Partez d’Europe, arrivez dans cet Extrême-Orient, partout on se heurte à la puissance anglaise: Gibraltar, Malte, Chypre, Perim, Aden, Sokotra. Et depuis le golfe d’Oman, clef du détroit, voyez ces 2,500 lieues de côtes qui comprennent la péninsule indienne et ces empires qui baignent du golfe de Bengale; tout cela est aux Anglais.... Et bien! oui, je souffre en contemplant cette écrasante supériorité de nos voisins, et j’aspire à rendre l’inégalité moins énorme....’

[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 333, Anm. 4]



Abb.: Lage der genannten britischen Besitzungen (rot), 1897
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1880-12-11

Der preußische Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke (1800-1891) in einem Brief an den Schweizer Juristen und Politiker Johann Caspar Bluntschli (1808 - 1881):
 
"Der ewige Friede ist ein Traum, und nicht einmal ein schöner, und der Krieg ist ein Glied in Gottes Weltordnung. In ihm entfalten sich die edelsten Tugenden des Menschen, Mut und Entsagung, Pflichttreue und Opferwilligkeit mit Einsetzung des Lebens. Ohne den Krieg würde die Welt im Materialismus versumpfen."


Abb.: Karl Bernhard von Moltke (1800-1891) auf der Suche, wie er die Welt entsumpfen kann / von Franz Goedecker
[Bildquelle: Vanity fair. -- 1884-08-23]

1880-12-16 - 1881--03-23

Erster Burenkrieg, Aufstand der Buren der Südafrikanischen Republik (Transvaal) gegen die Kolonialmacht Großbritannien.


Abb.: Lage der Südafrikanischen Republik 1895
[Bildquelle: The Castle Line atlas of South Africa. -- 1895. -- Tab. 3]


Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm


Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867-1943>: Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896. -- London : Murray, 1898. -- 2 Bde. : Ill ; cm.

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9


Zu Chronik 1881 (Rama V.)