Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1883 (Rama V.)


Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1883 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2017-01-04. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1883.htm    

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-09-11

Überarbeitungen: 2017-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-01-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-15 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library


ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด


 

 

Gewidmet meiner lieben Frau

Margarete Payer

die seit unserem ersten Besuch in Thailand 1974 mit mir die Liebe zu den und die Sorge um die Bewohner Thailands teilt.

 


Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen!

Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind:

Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm.

Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

 


1883 undatiert


1883

Ein Beispiel für die Regionalverwaltung: Müang Surin [เมืองสุรินทร์]


Abb.: Lage von Müang Surin [เมืองสุรินทร์]
[Bildquelle:
Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1886]

"For example, in Müang Surin [เมืองสุรินทร์] in 1883, the high officials were as follows:
  1. Phraya Surinphakdi [พระยา สุรินทร์ภักดี]: The cao müang [เจ้าเมือง],
  2. Phra Palat [พระปลัด]: the deputy cao müang [เจ้าเมือง],
  3. Phra Phon (Na) [พระผล (นา)]: the official in charge of agriculture;
  4. Phra Müang [พระเมือง]: the official in charge of cao müang's household;
  5. Phra Mahatthai [พระมหาดไทย]: the official in charge of civil administration;
  6. Phra Satsadi [พระสัสดี]: the official in charge of military administration;
  7. Phra Wiang [พระเวียง]: the official in charge of judicial administration.

These high officials were appointed by the king in Bangkok from among the members of the local élite."

[Quelle: Paitoon Mikusol [ไพฑูรย์ มีกุศล]. -- In: Regions and national integration in Thailand 1892 - 1992 / Volker Grabowsky [1959 - ] (ed.). -- Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1995. -- 296 S. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 3-447-03608-7. -- "Papers presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Southeast Asia Studies at Passau University in June 1992". -- S. 147]

1883

Auf Wunsch von Königin Saovabha (เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1864 - 1919) schickt Rama V. vier Mädchen nach Großbritannien zur Ausbildung als Hebammen.

1883

Shan (တႆး / Tai Yai / ไทใหญ่)  erbauen in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Wat Pa Pao (วัดป่าเป้า).


Abb.: Wat Pa Pao (วัดป่าเป้า), Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่), 2010
[Bildquelle: ol'pete. -- https://www.flickr.com/photos/doiboipete/8284853562/. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-16. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: Novizenordination nach Shan-Sitte: Auszug des Königssohns in die Heimlosigkeit, Wat Pa Pao (วัดป่าเป้า), Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่), 2002
[Bildquelle: Albert Freeman. -- https://www.flickr.com/photos/albertfreeman/1011838217/. -- Zugriff am 2015-04-16. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: Lage von Wat Pa Pao (วัดป่าเป้า)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1883 - 1884

Siam schickt eine Armee nach Hua Phan Thang Ha Thang Hok (หัวพันทั้งห้าทั้งหก), um Ho-Banditen (บฮ่อ) zu vertreiben. Das Unternehmen misslingt, Siam unterwirft sich aber 1884 den Herrscher von Thaeng (勐天 / Dien Bien Phu - Điện Biên Phủ)


Abb.: Lage von Thaeng (勐天 / Dien Bien Phu - Điện Biên Phủ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1883

In Mueang Surin [เมืองสุรินทร์] gibt es folgende hohen siamesischen Beamten:


Abb.: Lage von Mueang Surin [เมืองสุรินทร์]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"For example, in Müang Surin [เมืองสุรินทร์] in 1883, the high officials were as follows:
  1. Phraya Surinphakdi [พระยาสุรินทรภักดี]: The cao müang [เจ้าเมือง],
  2. Phra Palat [พระปลัด]: the deputy cao müang;
  3. Phra Phon [พระผล] (Na [นา]): the official in charge of agriculture;
  4. Phra Müang [พระเมือง]: the official in charge of cao müangs household;
  5. Phra Mahatthai [พระมหาดไทย]: the official in charge of civil administration;
  6. Phra Satsadi [พระสัสดี]: the official in charge of military administration;
  7. Phra Wiang [พระเวียง]: the official in charge of judicial administration.

These high officials were appointed by the king in Bangkok from among the members of the local élite. In short, the traditional administrative system prior to the proclamation of the administrative reforms in the reign of King Chulalongkorn existed in the outer huamüang [หัวเมืองนอก] as it did in the inner huamüang [หัวเมืองใน]"

[Quelle: Paitoon Mikusol [ไพฑูรย์ มีกุศล]. -- In: Regions and national integration in Thailand 1892 - 1992 / Volker Grabowsky [1959 - ] (ed.). -- Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1995. -- 296 S. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 3-447-03608-7. -- "Papers presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Southeast Asia Studies at Passau University in June 1992". -- S. 147]

1883 - 1894

Es erscheint die Zeitschrift

วชิรญาณวิเศษ [Wachirayan Wiset]. -- Die Zeitschrift hat als Zielpublikum die Oberschicht mit westlicher Bildung.


Abb.: Hefttitel

1883

In der Provinz Ratchaburi (ราชบุรี) gibt es 283 Fälle von Beschwerden gegen christliche Chinesen. Beschwerdeführer sind Siamesen, Chinesen, Laoten und Khmer.


Abb.: Lage von Ratchaburi (ราชบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1883

Frankreich schafft das Amt eines Unterstaatssekretärs für die Kolonien. Von 1887 bis 1892 hat Eugène Ètienne (1844 - 1921) dieses Amt inne. Er ist in Regierung und Verwaltung der Wortführer in Sachen Kolonialpolitik. Er gründet die Gruppe der an Kolonialpolitik interessierten Abgeordneten in der Nationalversammlung. 1902 hat diese 200 Mitglieder.


Abb.: Eugène Ètienne, 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1883

Der französische Konsul Jules Harmand (1845 - 1921) sendet den Völkerkundler Paul Néïs (1852 - 1907) in geheimer Mission zum König von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ), um diesen zu bestechen, dass dieser die Hilfe Frankreichs gegen britische Vorstöße anruft. Dieser Hilferuf könnte dann als Vorwand für die Annexion von Laos durch die Franzosen dienen. Der französische Außenminister Paul Armand Challemel-Lacour (1827 - 1896) stellt 2000 Francs als Bestechungsgeld zur Verfügung. Der Versuch der Bestechung wird später abgeblasen


Abb.: Paul Armand Challemel-Lacour
[Bildquelle: Les hommes d'aujourd'hui. -- 1879-02-08]

Paul Néïs berichtet über seine Spionagereisen 1883 - 1884:

Néïs, Paul <1852 - 1907>: Voyage dans le Haut Laos. -- In: Le Tour du Monde. -- Vol. 50 (1884), no. 1278-1282. -- S. 1-80

Englische Übersetzung:

Néïs, Paul <1852 - 1907>: Travels in Upper Laos and Siam : with an account of the Chinese Haw invasion and Puan resistance / transl. and introd. by Walter E. J. Tips.. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1997. -- 156 S. : Ill.

Néïs berichtet nach Paris, dass Sipsong Pan Na (สิบสองปันนา / 西雙版納傣族自治州 ) / Sipsong Ch(a)u Thai (สิบสองเจ้าไต / สิบสองจุไทย), Xiengkhuang (ຊຽງຂວາງ), Khammouan (ຄໍາມ່ວນ)  und Savannakhet (ສະຫວັນນະເຂດ) französisches Gebiet seien. Daraufhin protestiert der französische Konsol in Bangkok, dagegen, dass siamesische Truppen in diesen Gebieten seinen, um die Ho-Banden (ฮ่อ) zu bekämpfen.


Abb.: Lage von (von N nach S): Sipsong Pan Na (สิบสองปันนา / 西雙版納傣族自治州 ) / Sipsong Ch(a)u Thai (สิบสองเจ้าไต / สิบสองจุไทย), Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ), Xiengkhuang (ຊຽງຂວາງ), Khammouan (ຄໍາມ່ວນ) und  Savannakhet (ສະຫວັນນະເຂດ)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1883

Es sind insgesamt 8 Franzosen im Telgrephendienst Siams beschäftigt.

1883

Es erscheint:

Moura, Jean <1827 - 1885>: Le Royaume du Cambodge. -- Paris : Leroux, 1883. -- 2 Bde. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- Der Verfasser war französischer Resident in Kambodscha von 1868 - 1879


Abb.: Titelblatt


Abb.: Bewässserungs-Hebewerk, Angkor
[a.a.O., Bd. I., S. 353]


Abb.: Juwelier-Werkzeuge
[a.a.O., Bd. I, S. 360]


Abb.: Schreiner-Werkzeuge
[a.a.O., Bd. I., S. 385]


Abb.: Spinnrad
[a.a.O., Bd. I., S. 401]


Abb.: Pflug
[a.a.O., Bd. I., S. 417]


Abb.: Esse
[a.a.O., Bd. I., S. 440]

 

1883

Bau von Telegraphenleitungen von Bangkok nach Sài Gòn (Saigon, Vietnam; heute: Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt) und Tavoy (ထားဝယ်မြို့, Britisch Burma)


Abb.: Telegraphenleitungen nach Saigon und Tavoy (Dawei - ထားဝယ်မြို့)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Bei der Bau der Leitung nach Saigon kommt es zu folgender Verwicklung:

"As mentioned, the French in 1882 had helped construct a telegraphic line to Saigon. The Government sent M. R. Daeng [หม่อมราชวงศ์ แดง] as commissioner on the Thai side to supervise the construction. The latter fell love with the daughter of Phya Kathatorn [พระยา คฑาธร], Governor of Battambang [ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង]. After seducing the girl, he left without marrying her. Phya Kathatorn was quite enraged and as the result it was quite possible that he had thought of seceding from Siam in order to join Camhodja. M Harmand [der französische Konsul Jules Harmand, 1845 - 1921] was very pleased to hear of the matter. It was the chance for France to acquire Battambang without really doing anything. As it happened, when the King ashed for Phya Kathatorn to come and see him, the latter refused.

Thinking that Battambang would be invaded by Thai forces, M. Harmand wrote to M. Le Myre de Vilers [Charles Marie Le Myre de Vilers, 1833 - 1918], Governor of Cochinchina, to be ready to help the Governor of Battambang militarily. The Thai Government however, neither invaded nor punished Phya Kathatorn. Instead, they merely sent for M. R. Daeng and put him in prison. Phya Sri-Sahatep [พระยา ศรีสหเทพ] was then sent to replace the latter and the matter was simply resolved."

[Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 75f.]

1883

Großbrand in Kuala Terengganu (كوالا ترڠڬانو / 瓜拉丁加奴). Siam schickt Hilfslieferungen für die Brandgeschädigten.


Abb.: Lage von Kuala Terengganu (كوالا ترڠڬانو / 瓜拉丁加奴)
[Bildquelle: Constables Hand Atlas of India, 1893. -- Pl. 59]

1883

Kuala Lumpur (‏كوالا لومڤور): Der Kapitan China (華人甲必丹), Yap Ah Loy (葉亞來, 1837 - 1885), hält in seinen Bordellen 300 Prostituierte.

1883

An der Universität Glasgow (Schottland) wird der weltweit erste Lehrstuhl für Schiffsbau eingerichtet.


1883 datiert


1883-01-12 - 1885-07-27

Charles Thomson (1845 - ) ist französischer Commandant en chef von Indochina.

1883-01-12 ff.

Eine französische Expedition unter Leitung von Schiffsleutnant Bellion erkundigt im Auftrag Compagnie du Canal de Suez in Zusammenarbeit mit der Bank Kohn Reinach die Möglichkeit eines Kanals durch den Isthmus von Kra (คอคอดกระ). Das Ergebnis ist negativ.

Gleichzeitig zeigt die neu gegründete britische Le Febvre & Co. (London) Interesse am Kra-Projekt.


Abb.: Lage des Isthmus von Kra - คอคอดกระ
[Bildquelle: Maximilian Dörrbecker / CIA / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Projekte für den Isthmus von Kra seit dem 17. Jhdt.
[Bildquelle: Maximilian Dörrbecker / CIA / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"In the early part of 1883 a French survey expedition, under the command of Count Bellion, made a thorough exploration of the route across the Isthmus of Kra, so often proposed as the most suitable place for the cutting of a ship canal through the Malay Peninsula. The result of the survey was such as to disappoint the hopes of the least sanguine. The lowest pass discovered in the chain of hills running down the peninsula was 250 feet above the sea-level. There were other difficulties, which rendered the task practically an impossible one. The cost of cutting a canal, it may be added, was estimated at twenty millions sterling, a gigantic sum, seeing that the peninsula in its narrowest part is only 24 miles across."

[Quelle: Arnold Wright in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 68]

"The Thai Canal (คลองไทย) (formerly known as Kra Canal or Kra Isthmus Canal) refers to a plan for a large canal that would cut through southern Thailand to enable improved transportation in the region, like the Panama Canal and Suez Canal.

History

As the Malay Peninsula lengthens the shipping routes around Asia significantly, a canal through the Kra Isthmus was suggested as early as 1677, when the Thai King Narai the Great asked the French engineer de Lamar to survey the possibility of building a waterway to connect Songkhla with Marid (now Myanmar). It turned out too impractical with the technology of that time. In 1793 the idea resurfaced when the younger brother of King Chakri (Rama I) suggested it to make it easier to protect the western coast with military ships. Also in the early 18th century the British East India Company became interested in a canal. After Burma became a British colony in 1863 with Victoria Point opposite the Kra estuary as its southernmost point, an exploration was undertaken, again with negative result. In 1882 the constructor of the Suez canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps, visited the area, but wasn't allowed to investigate in detail by the Thai king. In 1897 Thailand and the British empire agreed not to build a canal there, to protect the regional dominance of the harbour of Singapore.

 Geography

The width of the Kra Isthmus at its minimum is only 44 km (27 mi), but the height of the interior mountain chain is 75 m (246 ft) above sea level. Compare this to the Panama Canal: length of 77 km (48 mi), but highest point at the Gaillard Cut was only 64 m (210 ft) above sea level. The Panama Canal passes this point at a height of 12 m (39 ft) (canal bottom) and 26 m (85 ft) (water line), thus ships have to be lifted with locks to a height of 26 m (85 ft) above the ocean. The Suez Canal is 192 km (119 mi) long but passes entirely through a flat area (which was historically flooded by seas before).

The length on land of a proposed Thai Canal could be anywhere between 50 and 100 km (30 and 60 mi)[1] depending on the route chosen. At a depth of 25 m (82 ft) below sea level the width of the Kra Isthmus is about 200 km (120 mi). [2] By 50 m (160 ft) below sea level this becomes about 400 km (250 mi). [3]

 Recent developments

In the 20th century the idea resurfaced several times again, now changing the preferred route to somewhere in Southern Thailand, to connect the Bandon Bay near Surat Thani with Phangnga. A Japanese plan for a canal in 1985 would have used over twenty nuclear devices each roughly twice the explosive energy of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The latest proposed site is across Nakhon Si Thammarat and Trang provinces. If finished, it is believed that the canal would bring an economic boost to the nearby area and the whole country. The canal would compete directly with ports in the Strait of Malacca area, including Port Klang and Singapore. As such, there is a long standing rumour in the region that Singapore and Malaysia have been trying very hard to prevent the construction of the project by bribing Thai officials to vote against the construction of the project in the Bangkok parliament. The conspiracy theory is widely believed given the incentive that both of these countries have in protecting their own economy and industries who stand to lose a substantial sum of business if the project was erected.

As a substitute the construction of a land bridge was started in 1993, however as the location of the harbours wasn't fixed, highway 44 as the only finished part of the project now does not end at the sea yet. The two lanes were built 150 m apart to leave space for a railroad and eventually also a pipeline. Right now the highway runs from 8°18.11′N 98°47.03′E to 9°9.47′N 99°31.02′E and the project is stalled due to environmental concerns.

This is also a reason for recent interest in the canal. The Strait of Malacca, just under 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long, is narrow, less than 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) at the narrowest, and just 25 metres (82 ft) deep at its shallowest point. It is heavily used by oil tankers and bulk carriers. Some 80 percent of Japan's oil supplies pass through the Straits. Any planned canal in Thailand would mean that large ships could travel through the region from India and on to China and Japan without passing through the pirate-infested Strait of Malacca.[4]

In 2005 an internal report prepared for U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was leaked to The Washington Times, spelling out China's strategy of underwriting construction of the canal across the Kra Isthmus complete with Chinese port facilities and refineries, as part of its "string of pearls" strategy of forward bases and energy security.[5] The Chinese plan called for construction over ten years employing roughly 30,000 workers and costing between 20 and 25 billion American dollars.[6]

 References
  1.  "India sees new strategic sea lane in Andaman Sea". Daily Times, Pakistan. September 30, 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  2.  http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/zoology/zoo_sites/seamaps/images06/full/fig20%2009ka.jpg
  3.  http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/zoology/zoo_sites/seamaps/images06/full/fig15%2011ka.jpg
  4.  Bateman S., Raymond C. Z., Ho J. (May 2006). "Safety and Security in the Malacca and Singapore Straits An Agenda for Action". Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore.
  5.  "China calling: 'String of pearls'". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. February 25, 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  6.  Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (August 23, 2007). "Boosting Maritime Capabilities in the Indian Ocean". Worldpress.org. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  • Thapa, Rajesh B.; M. Kusanagi, A. Kitazumi and Y. Murayama (October 2007). "Sea navigation, challenges and potentials in South East Asia: an assessment of suitable sites for a shipping canal in the South Thai Isthmus". GeoJournal 70: 161–172. doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9122-3.
  • Cathcart, R.B. (2008). "Kra Canal (Thailand) excavation by nuclear-powered dredges". International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 8: 248–255. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2008.018639.
[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Canal. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-20]

1883-02-06

London: Unterzeichnung des Abkommens über den Import und die Besteuerung von Alkohol.

1883-02-21

In Frankreich übernimmt Jules Ferry (1832 - 1893) erneut die Regierung. Dies führt zu einer Änderung der Indochinapolitik. Henri Laurent Rivière (1827 - 1883) wird beauftragt das Mekong-Delta zu erobern. Er wird am 29. Mai getötet. Am nächsten Tag beschließt das französische Parlament einstimmig die Entsendung eines 20.000 Mann Expeditionskorps nach Tonkin. Dies zwingt den Kaiser von Vietnam zur Annahme des Protektoratsvertrags (siehe unten zum 25. August).


Abb.: Jules Ferry / von André Gill (1840 - 1885)
[Bildquelle: La Petite lune <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 42. -- 1878/79]


Abb.: Büste von Henri Laurent Rivière auf dem Friedhof Montmartre, Paris, 2008
[Bildquelle: Rene Vienet / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1883-02-21

Der französische Konsul Jules Harmand (1845 - 1921) über das Projekt eines Schifffahrtskanals durch den Isthmus von Kra (คอคอดกระ):


Abb.: Lage von
Chumpon (ชุมพร) und Kra (กระ) / Ban Pak Chan (บ้านปากจั่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

'Dans le sud, du côté où ils ont commencé leurs explorations, et dans l'endroit où il serait le plus avantageux de creuser le canal, le sol, très mouvementé et couvert d'un chaos de montagnes, ne permet pas d'y songer. Il faut chercher ailleurs, et l'on semble incliner à revenir au trajet que nous avons parcouru avec Deloncle [François Deloncle, 1856 - 1922], par Tchumpon [Chumpon - ชุมพร] et Kra [กระ]. Mais il faudrait alors que les navires fassent tout un long détour dans le Pak-tchan [Pak Chan - บ้านปากจั่น], qu'il faudrait canaliser lui-même avant de s'engager dans le vrai canal à creuser, et alors il n'y aurait plus une économie de temps suffisante et bien peu de navires trouveraient avantage à prendre cette voie. Elle ne pourrait plus — c'est du moins ma façon de voir — être utilisée que par les navires allant de Calcutta et Rangoon en Chine, ou vice versa, et ce serait bien peu de chose; d'autant plus qu'en outre les travaux nécessaires seraient bien coûteux....'

[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 349, Anm. 81]

1883-02-25

Journal des Voyages et des adventures de terre et de mer <Paris, Frankreich>:


Abb.: "Une incineration royale á Siam - Le roi, accompagne par les prétres, vint mettre le feu au bûcher" -- In: Journal des Voyages et des adventures de terre et de mer <Paris, Frankreich>. -- No 294. -- 1883-02-23. -- Titelblatt

1883-03-13

Albert Billot (1841 - 1922), Directeur des affaires politiques des französischen Außenministeriums, billigt die Schaffung eines französischen Vizekonsulats in Rangoon (Britisch Burma) mit folgender Begründung:


Abb.: Lage von Rangoon
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]

'Ce poste ... nous permettrait de surveiller les agissements du gouvernement anglais dans cette partie de l'Indochine et de se rendre un compte exact des efforts qui pourraient être tentés pour pénétrer par cette voie dans les régions septentrionales du Tonkin.'

[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 343, Anm. 4]

1883-04-21

Der französische Konsul Jules Harmand (1845 - 1921) erhält vom König die Zusage, dass Siam die Franzosen konsultiert bevor es mit Großbritannien Absprachen über Telegrafenleitungen nach Birma trifft.

1883-04-30 - 1883-05-29

Der deutsche Kolonialpolitiker Johann Albrecht, Herzog zu Mecklenburg [-Schwerin] (1857 - 1920) besucht Siam.


Abb.: Büste von Johann Albrecht, Herzog zu Mecklenburg [-Schwerin] auf der Gewerbeausstellung Berlin 1896 / von Franz Kullrich (1864-1917)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1883-05-01 - 1883-10-01

Amsterdam (Niederlande): Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling = Exposition Universelle Coloniale et d'Exportation Générale. Siam nimmt teil.


Abb.: Siam, Wereldtentoonstelling Amsterdam [?]
[Bildquelle: http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/nl/items/VKM01:A376-1. -- Zugriff am 2015-03-08]


Abb.: Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling = Exposition Universelle Coloniale et d'Exportation Générale, 1883
[Bildquelle: Johan Conrad Greive (1837 - 1891) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"The Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling or Exposition Universelle Coloniale et d'Exportation Générale (International Colonial and Export Exhibition) was a colonial exhibition (a type of World's Fair) that was held in Amsterdam from May 1 to October 1, 1883. The event drew at least a million visitors and was the first international colonial exhibition, with 28 different nations presenting their colonial trade and wealth.

The event was the brainchild of Edouard Agostini, a French entepreneur. Agostini, who had previously been involved in organizing the 1878 Exposition Universelle in Paris, presented his plans to the city of Amsterdam and King William III of the Netherlands (1870 - 1890) in 1880. The Dutch government was initially hesitant, but Agostini managed to secure funding from Belgian and French investors.

The location chosen for the exhibition was an unused area of land behind the Rijksmuseum, which at that time was still under construction. This area is now Museumplein square. The main building was designed by the French architect Paul Fouquiau in "Moorish" style. It was constructed of wood covered with plaster and painted cloth, in order to give the impression of marble. Between the building's two large towers, a large cloth in "Indian" style was hung, with plaster heads of elephants and other animals. The building contained pavilions representing 28 different nations, including France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Japan, the United States, China, Canada, the Ottoman Empire, Siam (Thailand), Transvaal, and the host country, the Netherlands.

Items on show in the main building included a telephone, wood- and metalworking machines, and a safe so large it could fit eight people. The building's colonial section presented products such as tobacco and rubber, as well as a reconstructed Javanese-style settlement (kampung) with "natives". At that time, it was not considered degrading or racist to put humans on display; in fact, it became a regularly featured spectacle at such exhibitions (see further: Human zoo).

Other structures included a music pavilion; the pavilion of the city of Amsterdam; the Dutch colonial pavilion; a Japanese bazar; various shops; and Dutch, English and German restaurants. In front of the Dutch colonial pavilion was a statue of Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587 - 1629) who, as governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, played a large part in the Dutch conquest of the Indonesian archipelago. A canal with a bamboo bridge and a Chinese junk intersected the exhibition grounds.

Effects

The exhibition, bringing more than a million visitors from around the world to Amsterdam, provided the city with a huge economic boost. A number of hotels were expanded or newly built in order to profit from the large number of visitors, including the Hotel Americain, the Doelen Hotel (nl), and Hotel Krasnapolsky. The expansion of the Krasnapolsky included the glass-roofed Wintertuin lounge, with electric lighting, which at that time was considered a real novelty.

In Amsterdam, modern-day remains of the exhibition are the front gate of the Vondelpark and a collection of items in the Tropenmuseum which were on show in the Dutch colonial pavilion. Some items from the Dutch colonial pavilion were also donated to the ethnological museum of Artis zoo and, after this museum was closed, ended up in the Tropenmuseum as well. However, the lion's share of the thousands of items from this pavilion was donated to the National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. Some parts of the German restaurant are now in the Veenkoloniaal Museum (nl) in Veendam.

Heineken still uses the label Diplôme d'Honneur on its beer bottles, an honour that was bestowed on the brewer at the 1883 colonial exhibition."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Koloniale_en_Uitvoerhandel_Tentoonstelling. -- Zugriff am 2015-03-08]

Bei der Ausstellung wird auch der erste moderne Lippenstift "Zauberstab des Eros" vorgestellt. Er ist zunächst ein Ladenhüter (nach heutiger Kaufkraft kostet er ca. 50 Euro). Der in Seidenpapier gewickelte Stift besteht aus gefärbtem Rizinusöl, Hirschtalg und Bienenwachs.


Abb.: Lippenstift-Reklame, Thailand, 2013
[Fair use]

Es kommt zu Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Manager der Ausstellung Siams, Herrn Kysh.

"The manager of the international fair, a man by the name of Kysh, volunteered to look after the Thai exhibits which had been shipped from Siam, and asked Prince Prisdang to appoint him as honourable representative of Siam, to which the Prince agreed. After the exhibition was over, Kysh asked for a reward in the form a decoration and £ 150 to pay for his expenses. The Thai Minister was ready to accept the proposal when it was found that some valuable pieces of Thai silver handicraft had disappeared.

The exhibits were supposed to be later presented to the Dutch Museum [Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde] at Leyden as gifts from the Thai Government. The missing articles were seen and recorded in the list submitted by Kysh just before they were turned over to the museum. Kysh declined all responsibility and, putting the blame on the Director of the Leyden Museum, made no attempt whatever to investigate or to recover the objects. The matter concerning the decoration was then automatically dropped.

After several months, the articles were mysteriously posted by someone in Paris and turned up in Holland. Adding to the mystery, the Paris address on the parcel was not genuine. Kysh, taking advantage of this "discovery," put forth a new claim for the decoration. Prince Prisdang [Jumsai - พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932] was quite enraged to find him so daring as to propose a reward after such a scandal. He wrote a letter in reply to Mr. Kysh that after all what had happened, he expected Mr. Kysh to investigate and try to find the missing objects, but as he did nothing of the sort, it was quite impossible for him to propose a decoration to his Government. Mr. Kysh was reminded that he volunteered to be an honourary representative of the Thai Government and to perform an honourary job without pay."

[Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. ]

1883-05-02

Siam tritt der International Telegraph Convention (in der Fassung von 1875) bei. Damit ist der Weg frei für die internationalen Telegraphenleitungen von Bangkok nach Sài Gòn (Saigon, Vietnam; heute: Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt) und Tavoy (ထားဝယ်မြို့, Britisch Burma) (siehe oben!)

1883-05-10

Madrid (Spanien) Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird vom spanischen König, Alfonso XII. Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo de Borbón y Borbón (1857 - 1885) als Gesandter akkreditiert.


Abb.: Alfonso XII. Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo de Borbón y Borbón, 1884
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1883-05-20

Nachdem in Frankreich bekannt wurde, dass chinesische Pavillons noirs (Schwarzflaggen) den französischen Marineoffizier Henri Laurent Rivière (geb. 1827) am Vortag bei Hanoi (Vietnam) getötet haben, genehmigt die Deputiertenkammer einen Kredit zur Entsendung einer Strafexpedition.

1883-05-23

Lissabon (Portugal): Unterzeichnung des Abkommens über den Import und die Besteuerung von Alkohol.

1883-05-27

Lissabon: Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird vom König von Portugal, Dom Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha e Bragança (1838 - 1889) akkreditiert.


Abb.: Dom Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha e Bragança, 1885
[Bildquelle: Augusto Bobone / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Ansprache von Prinz Prisdang an den König:

"My August Master the King of Siam in conferring upon me the high office of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Lisbon, has charged me with a message of friendship and regard to Your Royal Person and to the illustrious house of which Your Majesty is so distinguished a representative.

"But in addition to these heartfelt expressions of sympathy and esteem, 1 have the honour to be the bearer of a message of goodwill from my country to the Kingdom of Portugal based upon a friendly intercourse between the two nations which has lasted without interruption for more than three centuries and a half"

"While other countries have enriched the world by their efforts in commerce, science, literature and art, it has been the proud distinction of Portugal, while sharing in their internal progress, so knit together the different families of the great brotherhood of man by sending forth to the East and to the West the discoveries of the World, and, in doing so, has laid ail mankind under a lasting obligation to her. Siam has not only shared with other different nations the common benefit conferred upon them by Portugal in being linked to the Continent of Europe. The past history of Siam is marked by many proofs of the cordial relations which have existed between the two countries from the early part of the 16th century down to the present time and there are now resident in Siam many descendants of Portuguese settlers who having brought with them the traditions of Western civilization have retained in perfect liberty the practice of their own religion, and have taken their full share in the industry and advancement of the country.

In conclusion, I beg respectfully to assure Your Majesty of the deep sense of the honour and responsibility conferred upon me in being selected as the first representative of my country accredited to the Court of Lisbon, and I venture to express the hope that Your Majesty will graciously favour my efforts to strengthen and consolidate those bonds of friendship which have now happily been so long in existence between the two countries."

[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 55ff.]

1883-06-01

Der französische Konsul Jules Harmand (1845 - 1921) an den französischen Außenminister Paul Armand Challemel-Lacour (1827 - 1896):


Abb.: Lage von
Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) und den Shan-Staaten
[Bildquelle:
Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]

'L'influence de l'Angleterre sur la partie occidentale de la presqu'île, y compris le Xieng Mai [Chiang Mai - เชียงใหม่] et les états shans est aujourd'hui trop prépondérante et trop assurée pour que nous puissions avoir raisonnablement la prétention de la combattre. L'écrasement de la Birmanie indépendante est aujourd'hui fatale.'

[Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 351f., Anm. 103]

1883-06-15

"Gesetz, betreffend die Krankenversicherung der Arbeiter" führt im Deutschen Reich die Krankenversicherungspflicht (gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) für Arbeiter ein.

1883-07

Eine Delegation des Königreichs Oberburma besucht mehrere europäische Länder, u.a. Italien, Deutsches Reich und Frankreich. Ziel: Entwicklungshilfe und Rüstungslieferungen (gegen Großbritannien bzw. Britisch-Indien).


Abb.: Lage des Königsreichs (Ober-)Burma
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]

1883-07-13

Eröffnung der Telegraphenleitung von Bangkok nach Sài Gòn (Saigon, Vietnam; heute: Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt) durch Rama V. Der König schickt ein Telegramm an den Commandant en chef d’Indochine, Charles Thomson, und via Saigon an den Präsidenten der französischen Republik, François Paul Jules Grévy (1807 - 1891). Siam muss für den Unterhalt der Leitung acht Franzosen anstellen.


Abb.: Lage von Bangkok und Saigon (Sài Gòn)
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

Wortlaut des Telegramms von Rama V.:

"Siam sends to France thanks and assures sincere feelings of cordiality... also to the President of the French Republic my best wishes. May this telegraphic line strengthen forever our relations and always express my friendship and sympathy with France."

[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 66f.]

1883-07-16

Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird von Oscar II. Fredrik Bernadotte, König von Schweden und Norwegen akkreditiert.


Abb.: Oscar II. Fredrik Bernadotte
[Bildquelle: Oscar Gustaf Björck (1860–1929) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1883-07-16

Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840 - 1916) meldet das automatische Maschinengewehr als Patent an.


Abb.: Konstruktionszeichnung aus der Patentschrift


Abb.: Maxim-Maschinengewehr, Schweiz 1894
[Bildquelle: Hmaag / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1883-07-23

Kopenhagen (Dänemark): Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird von Hans Majestæt Kong Christian IX (1818 - 1906), af Guds Nåde Konge til Danmark, de Venders og Gothers, Hertug til Slesvig, Holsten, Stormarn, Ditmarsken, Lauenborg og Oldenborg, als Gesandter akkreditiert.

 
Abb.: Hans Majestæt Kong Christian IX, af Guds Nåde Konge til Danmark, de Venders og Gothers, Hertug til Slesvig, Holsten, Stormarn, Ditmarsken, Lauenborg og Oldenborg, im Kreise seiner Verwandten
[Bildquelle: Laurits Tuxen (1853 – 1927) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1883-07-25

Kopenhagen (Dänemark): Unterzeichnung des Abkommens über den Import und die Besteuerung von Alkohol.

1883-07-30 - 1883-11-29

Hiệp Hòa (協和; 1847 - 1883) ist Kaiser von Vietnam.


Abb.: Kaiser Hiệp Hòa (協和)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Kaiser Hiệp Hòa (Hán tự: 協和; * 1. November 1847 in Huế; † 30. November 1883 ebenda) war der sechste Kaiser der vietnamesischen Nguyễn-Dynastie (阮朝). Am 30. Juli 1883 wurde er als Kaiser inthronisiert und bekleidete dieses Amt bis zur Absetzung am Tag vor seiner Ermordung. Sein eigentlicher Name war Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật (阮福洪佚), auch Nguyễn Phúc Thăng (阮福昇); er hatte keine Ärabezeichnung gewählt, das stattdessen benutzte „Hiệp Hòa“ ist sein Beiname.

Biografie

Hiệp Hòa war der letzte und einzige im Sommer 1883 noch lebende Sohn Thiệu Trịs (紹治), des dritten, und ein Bruder Tự Đứcs (嗣德), des vierten Kaisers Vietnams. Vorher den Titel „Văn Lãng Quận Công“ (etwa: Herzog von Văn Lãng) tragend, wurde er gegen seinen Widerstand zum Nachfolger des nach drei Tagen im Amt abgesetzten Dục Đức gemacht.

Während seiner Amtszeit wurde das Land von zwei mächtigen Mandarinen kontrolliert, den Regenten Tôn Thất Thuyết (尊室説, 1839–1913) und Nguyễn Văn Tường (阮文祥, 1824–1886). Der eine kontrollierte die Armee, der andere die restlichen Mandarine. Beide lehnten Hiệp Hòa auf dem Thron ab.

Als im August 1883 der französische Admiral Courbet die Hauptstadt Huế unter Kanonenbeschuss nahm und die vietnamesische Armee nichts dagegen ausrichten konnte, unterzeichnete Hiệp Hòa den Vertrag, der Vietnam zum Protektorat Frankreichs machte. Somit übernahm die „Schutzmacht“ die Außenpolitik des Landes. Viele Mandarine, vor allem aber Tôn Thất Thuyết, der schon den Vorgänger Dục Đức zu Fall gebracht hatte, entrüsteten sich darüber. Nachdem Thuyết den Kotau vor Hiệp Hòa verweigerte, fürchtete dieser um sein Leben und wandte sich an die Schutzmacht. Als Thuyết dies am 28. November 1883 erfuhr, ließ er Hiệp Hòa am Folgetag verhaften, anklagen und absetzen, am Tag darauf wurde dieser gezwungen, sich selbst zu vergiften. Da der dritte Regent, Trần Tiễn Thành (1813–1883), diesem Verfahren nicht zustimmen wollte, wurde auch er umgebracht.

Diese chaotische Zeit wird in Vietnam auch „tứ nguyệt tam vương“ - „vier Monde, drei Könige“ genannt.

Familie

Hiệp Hòa hatte 11 Söhne und 6 Töchter."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-26]

1883-08-04

Brüssel (Belgien): Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird vom belgischen König Leopold II. Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor / Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor / Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor (1835 - 1909) als Gesandter akkreditiert.


Abb.: Leopold II. Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor / Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor / Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor , der Schlächter im Kongo
[Bildquelle: Thomas Theodor Heine (1867 - 1948). -- In: Simplicissimus <München>. -- 1904-05-03. -- Fair use]

Am gleichen Tag: Unterzeichnung des Abkommens über den Import und die Besteuerung von Alkohol.

1883-08-25

Kaiser Hiệp Hòa (協和; 1847 - 1883) von Vietnam wird gezwungen, einen Vertrag, in dem er die französische Schutzherrschaft (Protektorat) anerkennt, zu unterzeichnen. Frankreich ist nun für die Außenpolitik Annams zuständig und hat freie Hand in Tonkin. Annam und Tonkin bleiben faktisch bis 1954 französisches Protektorat.


Abb.: Karte von Tonkin, 1885
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Beginn der Kolonialherrschaft

Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts hatten die europäischen Mächte nur wenig Interesse an Indochina, denn durch die Armut der Bevölkerung erschienen ihnen die Handelsmöglichkeiten nur sehr gering. Im 19. Jahrhundert wuchs jedoch die Bedeutung Indochinas als Landweg und für die Sicherung des Seeweges nach China, das sich inzwischen fremdem Handel geöffnet hatte.

Die französische Kolonialherrschaft in Vietnam begann mit dem Erscheinen eines Flottengeschwaders vor der zentralvietnamesischen Hafenstadt Tourane am 31. August 1858. Die Franzosen forderten den Mandaringouverneur auf, die Stadt zu übergeben. Als dieser sich weigerte, besetzten die Soldaten Napoleons III. gewaltsam die Forts der Bucht. Erklärtes Ziel der Expedition war es, die vietnamesische Regierung in Huế einzuschüchtern und damit den französischen Missionaren Schutz zu gewähren. Mindestens ebenso bedeutend war jedoch die Errichtung eines Stützpunktes in Indochina, um die französischen Handelsinteressen in China besser durchsetzen zu können.

Das Unternehmen schlug jedoch fehl. Huế weigerte sich, unter Zwang zu verhandeln, und die vietnamesische Armee leistete erfolgreich Widerstand, so dass sich die Franzosen im März 1860 aus Tourane zurückziehen mussten. Währenddessen war es ihnen jedoch gelungen, Saigon zu erobern, von wo aus sie im folgenden Jahr weitere Gebiete unter ihre Kontrolle brachten und mit dem Aufbau einer dauerhaften politischen Verwaltung begannen. Angesichts der militärischen Erfolge der Franzosen und dem Wiederaufflammen von Bauernunruhen in Tongking sah sich die Regierung in Hue gezwungen, im Juni 1862 mit Frankreich einen Vertrag zu unterzeichnen, in dem sie drei nördliche Provinzen Cochinchinas an Frankreich abtrat. Außerdem verpflichtete sie sich zur Zahlung von Reparationen und sicherte den Franzosen das Recht zur Missionierung, der Schifffahrt auf dem Mekong und des Handels in einigen Hafenstädten zu.

Erste Auswirkungen

Bedingt durch den Anspruch, dass sich die neue Kolonie selbst finanzieren sollte, erhöhte die Kolonialverwaltung kontinuierlich die Steuern. Bis 1879 hatte sich dadurch die Steuerlast der Bevölkerung Cochinchinas verzehnfacht. Eine weitere Einnahmequelle der Franzosen war der Reisexport, den die ehemalige Mandarinregierung aus Angst vor Hungersnöten untersagt hatte. Er trieb die Preise in die Höhe und machte es den Bauern unmöglich, Vorräte für den Notfall anzulegen. Auf Grund eines Mangels an Arbeitskräften wurden die Bauern außerdem zur schlecht bezahlten Zwangsarbeit, der sogenannten „großen Fron“, verpflichtet.

Es war also nicht verwunderlich, dass die Bauern den Franzosen feindlich gegenüber standen. Auch Mandarine und Gelehrte weigerten sich entschlossen, dem neuen Regime zu dienen. Die immer wieder losbrechenden Aufstände wurden von den Franzosen durch grausame Strafexpeditionen niedergeschlagen. Um die Rebellen von jeder Unterstützung abzuschneiden, besetzte und annektierte die französische Marine im Juni 1867 gewaltsam auch die übrigen Provinzen Cochinchinas.

Ausweitung der französischen Herrschaft

Nachdem die Franzosen erkannt hatten, dass nicht der Mekong, sondern der Rote Fluss den Landweg nach China eröffnete, besetzten sie 1872 ebenfalls Teile Tongkings. Im Vertrag vom 15. März 1874 verpflichtete sich Frankreich zwar, Tongking wieder zu räumen, dafür musste Vietnam jedoch die Annexion der 1867 besetzten Gebiete anerkennen sowie weitere Häfen und den Roten Fluss für den französischen Handel öffnen. Außerdem verpflichtete sich die vietnamesische Regierung, ihre Außenpolitik mit der Frankreichs abzustimmen und gestand Frankreich ferner das Recht zu, bei der Aufrechterhaltung der inneren Ordnung und der Landesverteidigung Hilfe zu leisten.

Diese weitgehenden Beschränkungen der Souveränität Vietnams lösten in Tongking einen Aufstand aus. Frankreich nutzte diese Situation, um weitere Truppen nach Tongking zu entsenden und nach der Niederschlagung des Aufstandes die Regierung in Huế durch die Androhung militärischer Gewalt am 25. August 1883 zur Unterzeichnung eines vorläufigen und am 6. Juni 1884 dann des endgültigen Protektoratsvertrages zu zwingen. Damit verlor Vietnam seine Souveränität. Die Regierung in Paris sah in diesem Vertrag jedoch nur eine Zwischenstufe auf dem Weg zur vollständigen Annexion Vietnams.

Mit dem Einverständnis des Marineministeriums provozierte General de Courcy Anfang Juli 1885 eine gewaltsame Auseinandersetzung zwischen vietnamesischen und französischen Truppen, woraufhin die Regierung Vietnams zum allgemeinen Widerstand gegen die Franzosen aufrief. In ganz Vietnam brachen Aufstände aus, die von kaisertreuen konfuzianischen Gelehrten geleitet und von großen Teilen der Bevölkerung unterstützt wurden.

Auch in den folgenden Jahrzehnten erhielten die einzelnen Guerillagruppen immer neuen Zulauf von bewaffneten Trupps vietnamesischer Bauern. Die Ursachen dafür lagen im Kolonialregime selbst, denn die Bevölkerung litt sowohl unter der drückenden Steuerlast, der Zwangsarbeit und den hemmungslosen Zwangsenteignungen als auch unter den gewaltsamen Übergriffen der französischen Soldateska. Dennoch gelang es den französischen Truppen, nach und nach das ganze Land zu unterwerfen. Die Widerstandsbewegung scheiterte an den grausamen Unterdrückungsmaßnahmen der Franzosen (Exekutionen ohne richterliches Urteil waren an der Tagesordnung) und an ihrer inneren Zersplitterung.

Bereits 1885 hatten die Franzosen begonnen, in Tongking und Annam ähnlich wie in Cochinchina eine direkte französische Verwaltung aufzubauen und ein straffes System der politischen Kontrolle zu installieren. Im Widerspruch zum Protektoratsvertrag wurde der vietnamesische Kaiser 1887 sogar gezwungen, seine Herrscherrechte an einen Vizekönig abzutreten, der praktisch unmittelbar der französischen Verwaltung unterstand. Damit verlor die vietnamesische Regierung jede wirkliche Gewalt. Als koloniale Hilfstruppe wurde die Garde indigène geschaffen.

Herrschaft und Verwaltung

Einer der ersten Generalgouverneure der Indochinesischen Union, Paul Doumer, zentralisierte in den fünf Jahren seiner Regentschaft von 1897 bis 1902 den kolonialen Repressionsapparat energisch und machte ihn zugleich zu einer lukrativen Pfründe ganzer Generationen von karrierebesessenen Kolonialbeamten. Er schuf damit ein funktionsfähiges System der finanziellen Ausbeutung und der politischen Herrschaft, das bis zum Jahre 1945 fast unverändert erhalten bleiben sollte.

Verschärfte Repressionen und Widerstand nach 1900

Um 1905 war der bewaffnete antifranzösische Widerstand, der durch adlige und bäuerliche Kräfte bestimmt worden war, praktisch beendet. An seine Stelle trat eine neue politische Bewegung des vietnamesischen Bürgertums. Die stürmische industrielle Entwicklung in Japan und seine militärischen Siege über Russland blieben in den französischen Kolonien nicht ohne Resonanz.

Bürgerliche Geheimgesellschaften und kleine Elitegruppen entstanden, die in der Wiederherstellung der Unabhängigkeit Vietnams eine Vorbedingung für ihren eigenen wirtschaftlichen und politischen Aufstieg sahen. Sie riefen in zahlreichen Flugschriften zu Reformen auf und unterstützten ihre Forderungen durch Terrorakte gegen Franzosen. Die Kolonialverwaltung antwortete darauf mit gewohnter Härte. Das im Jahre 1904 verschärfte Eingeborenenregime erlaubte es dem Generalgouverneur, praktisch unbegrenzt Internierungsstrafen und Enteignungen zu verhängen.

Unter dem Eindruck der Oktoberrevolution von 1917 entstanden nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg zahlreiche revolutionäre und kommunistische Organisationen, denen sich sowohl bürgerliche Intellektuelle als auch Bergleute, Fabrikarbeiter und Bauern anschlossen. Die bekannteste war die kommunistisch strukturierte, aber ideologisch konfuzianisch geprägte Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD). Die VNQDD wurde zeitgleich mit dem Aufblühen der Kommunistischen Partei in Indochina, nach der Yen Bay Meuterei von der französischen Kolonialmacht zerschlagen. 1930 schlossen sich einige dieser Gruppen zur Kommunistischen Partei Indochinas unter der Führung des kommunistischen Nationalisten Ho Chi Minh zusammen.

Da das Kolonialregime den Einheimischen jedoch jede legale Möglichkeit der verantwortungsvollen politischen Arbeit verwehrte und sich das Elend der Bevölkerung durch die Folgen der Wirtschaftskrise weiter verstärkte, kam es auch in den folgenden Jahren immer wieder zu Aufständen, die von den Franzosen blutig niedergeschlagen wurden.

Literatur
  • Charles Fourniau: Vietnam. Domination coloniale et résistance nationale (1858 - 1914). Les Indes Savantes, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-84654-015-2.
  • Gail P. Kelly: French colonial education. Essays on Vietnam and West Africa. AMS Press, New York 2000, ISBN 0-404-61680-1.
  • Truong Buu Lam: Colonialism Experienced. Vietnamese Writings on Colonialism, 1900-1931. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. 2000, ISBN 0-472-06712-5.
  • Pham Hông Tung: Die Politisierung der Massen in Vietnam. 1925 - 1939. Logos-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89722-932-3 (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Hamburg 2002).
  • The Quyen Vu: Die vietnamesische Gesellschaft im Wandel. Kolonialismus und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung in Vietnam. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1978, ISBN 3-515-02821-8 (Sinologica Coloniesia; 8).
  • Peter Zinoman: The Colonial Bastille. A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862-1940. University of California Press, Berkeley, Cal. 2001, ISBN 0-520-22412-4."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_unter_franz%C3%B6sischer_Kolonialherrschaft. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-20]

1883-08-26/27

Explosion der Vulkan-Insel Krakatau. Die Aschenwolke verdunkelt lange Zeit weite Teile der Welt.


Abb.: Lage von Krakatau
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Karte der Ausbreitung der Tsunami-Welle durch die Explosion von Krakatau 1883: in der Sundastraße ist die Welle 30 m hoch und tötet ca. 36.000 Menschen
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Die Explosionsgeräusche, die diesen Ausbruch begleiteten, gehörten zu den lautesten der Menschheitsgeschichte. Sie waren sowohl im 3100 Kilometer entfernten Perth als auch auf der etwa 4800 Kilometer entfernt liegenden Insel Rodrigues nahe Mauritius zu hören. Die Folge waren atmosphärische Schockwellen, die rund um die Erde registriert wurden. Die Luftdruckwelle der Explosion war so gewaltig, dass sie auch noch nach fünf Tagen und sieben Erdumläufen messbar war.[5]

Die Flutwelle wurde auch noch in Europa registriert. An Pegeln im Golf von Biskaya, 17.000 Kilometer von ihrem Ursprung entfernt, und entlang des Ärmelkanals wurde sie als Ausschlag von 2 cm aufgezeichnet.

Größere Partikel, wie zum Beispiel Bimsstein, der nach zeitgenössischen Berichten europäischer Seefahrer große Meeresflächen im Umkreis bedeckte, gingen in einem Gebiet von beinahe 4 Millionen km² nieder – einem Areal von der doppelten Größe des gesamten indonesischen Archipels. Die feine Vulkanasche (Aerosol) stieg in die obere Atmosphäre auf und verteilte sich dort in wenigen Tagen weltweit in über 70 % dieser Luftschicht.

Überall rund um die Erde wurden aufgrund der Partikel in der Atmosphäre, an denen es zu Lichtbrechungen kam, spektakuläre Sonnenuntergänge beobachtet. So soll einer Untersuchung amerikanischer Wissenschaftler zufolge die auffallende rötliche Färbung des Himmels in Edvard Munchs berühmtem Gemälde „Der Schrei“ auf die nach der Eruption weltweit veränderte Färbung des Himmels zurückzuführen sein. Munch schrieb in seinem Tagebuch: „Plötzlich färbte sich der Himmel blutrot, die Wolken aus Blut und Flammen hingen über dem blau-schwarzen Fjord und der Stadt“.[6]

Ein Astronom berichtete über die totale Mondfinsternis am 4. Oktober 1884 an „Nature“, dass … die Verdunkelung des Mondes weit über den Grad hinausgeht, den man bei Finsternissen der letzten Zeit gesehen hat.

Es dauerte einige Jahre, bis diese Partikel wieder aus der Atmosphäre abgesunken waren. Unter anderem durch die Reflexion der Sonnenstrahlen zurück ins All sank vor allem auf der Nordhalbkugel die Durchschnittstemperatur um 0,5 bis 0,8 °C.

Der Ausbruch des Krakatau im Jahre 1883 wird in der Medienwissenschaft als eines der frühesten Beispiele für das globale Dorf angeführt. Ohne die telegraphischen Berichte nach Europa wäre beispielsweise die Flutwelle nicht erkannt worden."

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatau. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-28]

1883-09-03

Treaty between H. M. the King of Siam and H. M. the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for the prevention of crime in the territories of Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่], Lakon [Lampang - ลำปาง], and Lampoonchi [Lamphun - ลำพูน], and for the promotion of commerce between British Burmah and the Teritories aforesaid.

Der Vertrag entzieht britischen Staatsbürgern in Nordthailand, d. h. vor allem Teakholz-Händler, der siamesischen Gerichtsbarkeit und unterstellt sie der britischen Gerichtsbarkeit (Extraterritorialität).

Treaty between Her Majesty and His Majesty the King of Siam for the Prevention of Crime in the Territories of Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่], Lakon [Lampang - ลำปาง], and Lampoonchi [Lamphun - ลำพูน], and for the Promotion of Commerce between British Burmah and the Territories aforesaid.

Signed at Bangkok, 3rd September 1883.

[Ratifications exchanged 7th May 1884.]

Whereas the relations of Peace, Commerce, and Friendship happily subsisting between Great Britain and Siam are regulated by a Treaty bearing date the 18th April 1855, and a Supplementary Agreement dated 13th May 1856; and, as regards the territories of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi, by a special Treaty between the Government of India and the Government of His Majesty the King of Siam, bearing date the 14th January 1874;

And whereas Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, and His Majesty the King of Siam, Sovereign of Laos, Malays, Kareans, etc., etc., etc., with a view to the more effectual prevention of crime in the territories of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi, belonging to Siam, and to the promotion of commercial intercourse between British Burmah and the territories aforesaid, have agreed to abrogate the said Treaty Special concluded on the 14th January 1874, and to substitute therefore a new Treaty, and have named their respective Plenipotentiaries for this purpose, that is to say—

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India,

  • William Henry Newman, Esq., Her Majesty's Acting Agent and Consul-General in Siam;

And His Majesty the King of Siam, Sovereign of Laos, Malays, Kareans, etc.,

  • His Excellency Chow Pyha Bhanwongse Maha Kosa Thibodi [Chao Phraya Bhanuwongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) - เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี (ท้วม บุนนาค), 1830 - 1913), Grand Cross of the Most Hon'ble Order of the Crown of Siam [ประถมาภรณ์มงกุฎไทย], Grand Cross of the Most Noble Order of the Chula Chom Klao [ปฐมจุลจอมเกล้า], Grand Officer of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant [ทวีติยาภรณ์ช้างเผือก], Member of the Privy Council [คณะองคมนตรี], Minister for Foreign Affairs ;
  • Phya Charon Raj Maitri [พระยาเจริญราชไมตรี], Grand Officer of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant [ทวีติยาภรณ์ช้างเผือก], Knight Commander of the Most Noble Order of the Chula Chom Klao [ทุติยจุลจอมเกล้าวิเศษ], Member of the Privy Council [คณะองคมนตรี], Chief Judge of the International Court;
  • and Phya Thep Prachun [พระยาเทพพระจันทร์ ?], Grand Cross of the Most Hon’ble Order of the Crown of Siam [ประถมาภรณ์มงกุฎไทย], Knight Commander of the Most Noble Order of the Chula Chom Klao [ทุติยจุลจอมเกล้าวิเศษ], Grand Officer of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant [ทวีติยาภรณ์ช้างเผือก], Member of the Privy Council [คณะองคมนตรี], Under-Secretary of State of the War Department,

The said Plenipotentiaries, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles; -

Article 1.

The Treaty between the Government of India and the Government of His Majesty the King of Siam, bearing date the 14th January 1874, shall be and is hereby abrogated.

Article 2.

The Siamese authorities in Chiangmi  [เชียงใหม่], Lakon [Lampang - ลำปาง], and Lampoonchi [Lamphun - ลำพูน] will afford due assistance and protection to British subjects carrying on trade or business in' any of those territories; and the British Government in India will afford similar assistance and protection to Siamese subjects from Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi carrying on trade or business in the British territory.

Article 3.

British subjects entering Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi must provide themselves with passports from the Chief Commissioner of British Burmah, or such officer as he appoints in this behalf, stating their names, calling, and the weapons they carry, and description. Such passports must be renewed for each journey, and must be shown to the Siamese officers at the frontier stations, or in the interior of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi on demand. Persons provided with passports and not carrying any articles prohibited under the Treaty of the 18th April 1855, or the Supplementary Agreement of the 13th May 1856, shall be allowed to proceed on their journey without interference ; persons unprovided with passports may be turned back to the frontier, but shall not be subjected to further interference.

Passports may also be granted by Her Majesty's Consul-General at Bangkok and by Her Majesty's Consul or Vice-Consul at Chiangmai, in case of the loss of the original passport or of the expiration of the term for which it may have been granted, and other analogous cases.
British subjects travelling in the Siamese territory must be provided with passports from the Siamese authorities.

Siamese subjects going from Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi into British Burmah must provide themselves with passports from the authorities of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi respectively, stating their name, calling, description, and the weapons they carry. Such passports must be renewed for each journey, and must be shown to the British officer at the frontier stations or in the interior of British Burmah on demand.
Persons provided with passports and not carrying any prohibited article shall be allowed to proceed on their journey without interference. Persons unprovided with passports may be turned back at the frontier, but shall not be subjected to further interference.

Article 4.

British subjects entering Siamese territory from British Burmah must, according to custom and the regulations of the country, pay the duties lawfully prescribed on goods liable to such duty.

Siamese subjects entering British territory will be liable, according to the regulations of the British Government, to pay the duties lawfully prescribed on goods liable to such duty.

Tables of such duties shall be published for general information.

Article 6.

His Majesty the King of Siam will cause the Prince of Chiangmai to establish and maintain guard stations, under proper officers, on the Siamese bank of the Salween River [သံလွင်မြစ်], which forms the boundary of Chiangmai belonging to Siam, and to maintain a sufficient police force for the prevention of murder, robbery, dacoity, and other crimes of violence.

Article 6.

If any persons accused or convicted of murder, robbery, dacoity, or other heinous crime in any of the territories of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi escape into British territory, the British authorities and police shall use their best endeavours to apprehend them. Such persons when apprehended shall, if Siamese subjects, or subjects of any third Power, according to the Extradition Law for the time being in force in British India, be delivered over to the Siamese authorities at Chiangmai ; if British subjects, they shall either be delivered over to the Siamese authorities, or shall be dealt with by the British authorities as the Chief Commissioner of British Burmah, or any officer duly authorized by him in this behalf, may decide.

If any persons accused or convicted of murder, robbery, dacoity, or other heinous crime in British territory, escape into Chiangmai, Lakon, or Lampoonchi, the Siamese authorities and police shall use their best endeavours to apprehend them. Such persons when apprehended shall, if British subjects, be delivered over to the British authorities according to the Extradition Law for the time being in force in Siam; if Siamese subjects, or subjects of any third Power not having Treaty relations with Siam, they shall either be delivered over to the British authorities, or shall be dealt with by the Siamese authorities, as the latter may decide, after consultation with the Consul or Vice-Consul.

Article 7.

The interests of all British subjects coming to Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi shall be placed under the regulations and control of a British Consul or Vice-Consul, who will be appointed to reside at Chiangmai, with power to exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of Article 2 of the Supplementary Agreement of the 13th May 1856, subject to Article 8 of the present Treaty.

Article 8.

His Majesty the King of Siam will appoint a proper person or proper persons to be a Commissioner end Judge, or Commissioners and Judges, in Chiangmai, for the purposes hereinafter mentioned. Such Judge or Judges shall, subject to the limitations and provisions contained in the present Treaty, exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases arising in Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi between British subjects, or in which British subjects may be parties as complainants, accused, plaintiffs, or defendants, according to Siamese law; provided always, that in all such cases the Consul or Vice-Consul shall be entitled to be present at the trial, and to be furnished with copies of the proceedings which, when the defendant or accused is a British subject, shall be supplied free of charge, and to make any suggestions to the Judge or Judges which be may think proper in the interests of justice: provided also, that the Consul or Vice-Consul shall have power at any time, before judgment, if he shall think proper in the interests of justice, by a written requisition under his hand, directed to the Judge or Judges, to signify his desire that any case in which both parties are British subjects, or in which the accused or defendant is a British subject, be transferred for adjudication to the British Consular Court at Chiangmai, and the case shall thereupon be transferred to such last-mentioned Court accordingly, and be disposed of by the Consul or Vice-Consul, as provided by Article 2 of the Supplementary Agreement of 13th May 1856.

The Consul or Vice-Consul shall have access, at all reasonable times, to any British subject who may be imprisoned under a sentence or order of the said Judge or Judges, and, if he shall think fit, may require that the prisoner be removed to the Consular prison, there to undergo the residue of his term of imprisonment.

The Tariff of Court-fees shall be published, and shall be equally binding on all parties concerned, whether British, or Siamese.

Article 9.

In civil and criminal cases in which British subjects may be parties, and which shall be tried before the said Judge or Judges, either party shall be entitled to appeal to Bangkok; if a British subject, with the sanction and consent of the British Consul or Vice-Consul, and in other cases by leave of the presiding Judge or Judges.

In all such cases a transcript of the evidence, together with a report from the presiding Judge or Judges, shall be forwarded to Bangkok, and the appeal shall be disposed of there by the Siamese authorities and Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul-General in consultation.

Provided always that in all cases where the defendants or secured are Siamese subjects the final decision on appeal shall rest with the Siamese authorities; and that in all other cases in which British subjects are parties the final decision on appeal shall rest with, her Britannic Majesty's Consul-General.

Pending the result of the appeal, the judgment of the Court at Chiangmai shall be suspended on such terms and conditions (if any) as shall be agreed upon between the said Judge or Judges and the Consul or Vice-Consul.

In such cases of appeal, as above set forth, the appeal must be entered in the Court of Chiangmai within a month of the original verdict, and must be presented at Bangkok within a reasonable time, to be determined by the Court at Chiangmai, failing which the appeal will be thrown out of Court.

Article 10.

The British authorities in the frontier districts of British Burmah, and the Siamese authorities in Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi, will at all times use their best endeavours to procure and furnish such evidence and witnesses as may be required for the determination of civil and criminal cases pending in the Consular and Siamese Courts at Bangkok and in Chiangmai respectively, when the importance of the affair may render it necessary.

Article 11.

British subjects desiring to purchase, cut, or girdle timber in the forests of Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi must enter into a written agreement for a definite period with the owner of the forests, The agreement must be executed in duplicate, each party retaining a copy, and each copy must be sealed by the British Consul or Vice-Consul and a Siamese Judge and Commissioner at Chiangmai, appointed under Article 8 of this Convention, and be countersigned by a competent local authority, and every such agreement shall be duly registered in the British Consulate and in the Siamese Court at Chiangmai. Any British subject cutting or girdling trees in a forest without the consent of the owner of the forest obtained as aforesaid, or after the expiration of the agreement relating to it, shall be liable to pay such compensation to the owner of the forest as the British Consular Officer at Chiangmai shall adjudge.

Transfers of agreements shall be subject to the same formalities.

The charges for sealing, countersigning, and registration shall be fixed at a moderate scale, and published for general information.

Article 18.

The Siamese Judges and Commissioners at Chiangmai appointed under Article 8 shall, in conjunction with the local authorities, endeavour to prevent the owners of forests from executing agreements with more than one party for the same timber or forests, and to prevent any person from illegally marking or effacing the marks on timber which has been lawfully cut or marked by another person, and they shall give such facilities as are in their power to the purchasers and fellers of timber to identify their property. Should the owners of forests hinder the cutting, girdling, or removing of timber under agreements duly executed in accordance with Article 11 of this Convention the Siamese Judges and Commissioners of Chiangmai and the local authorities shall enforce the agreement, and the owners of each forests acting as aforesaid shall be liable to pay each compensation to the persons with whom they have entered into such agreements as the Siamese Judges and Commissioners at Chiangmai shall determine, in accordance with Siamese law.

Article 13.

Except as and to the extent specially provided, nothing in this Treaty shall be taken to affect the provisions of the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty and the Kings of Siam of the 18th April 1855, and the Agreement supplementary thereto of the 18th May 1856.

Article 14.

This Treaty has been executed in English and Siamese, both versions having the same meaning; but it is hereby agreed that in the event of any question arising as to the construction thereof, the English text shall be accepted as conveying its true meaning and intention.

Article 15.

This Treaty shall come into operation immediately after the exchange of the ratifications thereof, and shall continue in force for seven years from that date, unless either of the two Contracting Parties shall give notice of their desire that it should terminate before that date. In such case, or in the event of notice not being given before the expiration of the said period of seven years, it shall remain in force until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of the High Contracting Parties shall have given such notice. The High Contracting Parties, however, reserve to themselves the power of making, by common consent, any modifications in these Articles which experience of their working may show to be desirable.

Article 16.

This Treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged at Bangkok as soon as possible.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same in duplicate, and have affixed thereto their respective seals.
Done at Bangkok, the third day of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three of the Christian era, corresponding to the second day of the waxing moon of the tenth month of the year of the Goat, one thousand two hundred and forty-five of the Siamese era.

(L. S ) W. H. Newman.
(L. S. )
(L. S.)
(L. S. ) (Signatures of the Siamese Plenipotentiaries.)

Annex.
List of heinous crimes appended to the Treaty made between Great Britain and Siam with regard to Chiangmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi, this 3rd day of September 1833, in connection with the provisions of Article 6 of that Treaty with regard to the extradition of offenders

  • Murder.
  • Culpable homicide.
  • Dacoity.
  • Robbery.
  • Theft.
  • Forgery.
  • Counterfeiting coin or Government stamps.
  • Kidnapping.
  • Rape.
  • Mischief by fire or by any explosive substance.

(L. S ) W. H. Newman.
(L. S. )
(L. S.)
(L. S. ) (Signatures of the Siamese Plenipotentiaries.)"

[Quelle: A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries / compiled by C. U. Aitchison. -- Vol 1. -- Calcutta, 1892. -- S. 527 - 533]

1883-09-19

Prinz Nares Varariddhi (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระ: นเรศวรฤทธิ์, 1855 - 1925) kommt mit einem Gefolge von 29 Personen in Marseille auf dem Dampfer Sindh an. Er soll neuer Gesandter Siams in den Ländern Europas sowie den USA werden.


Abb.: Prinz Nares Varariddhi (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระ: นเรศวรฤทธิ์)
[Fair use]

1883-09-23

Charles Thomson (1845 - ), französischer Commandant en chef von Indochina, zwingt Kambodscha ein Übereinkommen auf, nach welchem

1883-09-25

Den Haag (Niederlande): Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird von Willem III. Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk (1817 - 1890), Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Koning der Nederlanden, Groothertog van Luxemburg, als Gesandter akkreditiert.


Abb.: Willem III. Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk (1817 - 1890), Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Koning der Nederlanden, Groothertog van Luxemburg, 1887
[Bildquelle: Pieter de Josselin de Jong (1861 - 1906) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1883-10

Die Hamburger Firma Götte baut in Saigon (französisch Cochinchina) zwei Dampfer und nimmt den Küstendienst auf.

1883-10-10

Eröffnung des Royal Siamese Post Office. Die Post ins Ausland geht noch über das British Consular Post Office, das 1858 startete.


Abb.: Briefmarke, Siam 1883-08-04
[Bildquelle: Lerdsuwa / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Postkarte, Siam 1883-08-04
[Bildquelle: Lerdsuwa / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Postbote, Siam, o. J.
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain] 

1883-11


Abb.: Lage von Lopburi [ลพบุรี]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"In Novemer 1883 Rama V traveled by royal boat to Lopburi [ลพบุรี]. Local people who lived in the vicinity of Wat Mani Cholakhan [วัดมณีชลขัณฑ์] in Phrommat subdistrict [พรหมมาสตร์] worshipped Metteyya [พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย]. Knowing that the king was coming to visit, they placed a statue upon the altar. When the king arrived he offered robes to the ten monks who held honorific titles. After the monks put on the new robes and the king turned to the altar to light candles, he saw that the only image present was that of Metteyya. The king immediately ordered an image of the Buddha to be brought to the altar so that he could perform his prostrations before the monks began chanting their blessing. According to the Record, the king said to the monks,

"People should not take refuge in Metteyya. Metteyya is not part of the Triple Gem: the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha. The king donated money to restore this Metteyya statue and came to celebrate the festival with local people, but not because he shares their foolish belief in the coming of Metteyya."

The Record also reported that the king turned to Phra Yanrakkhit, the monk with the highest title, and asked him, "Do you prostrate yourself before the Metteyya image?" The Dhammayut monk [ธรรมยุติกนิกาย] replied, "No, I do not.""

[Quelle: Kamala Tiyavanich [กมลา ติยะวนิช] <1948 - >: The Buddha in the jungle. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 2003. -- 380 S. ; Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-9575-27-X. -- S. 298f. -- Faire use]

1883-11-10

Den Haag (Niederlande: Unterzeichnung des Abkommens über den Import und die Besteuerung von Alkohol.

Laut Vertrag darf der Zoll für alkoholische Getränke 10% nicht übersteigen. Die anderen Nationen folgen dieser Bestimmung mit Ausnahme Frankreichs, das nur 8% Zoll auf Alkohol zulässt. Bisher war die Einfuhr von alkoholischen Getränken aus allen Ländern - auch China - zollfrei. Chinesischer giftiger Alkohol war zum besonderen problem geworden.

1883-11-23 + 1883-12-07

Aus Singapur wurde ein neues Glücksspiel eingeführt. Die Spielsuch bringt viele in finanziellen Ruin und Schuldsklaverei. Die Regierung verbietet das Spiel. Es kommt zum Konflikt mit dem britischen geschäftsführenden Konsul W. Newman.

"The government took action and passed a new law to forbid the game. Chao Phya Bhanuwongse, the Foreign Minister, therefore wrote a circular to the consuls informing them of the new law and requested their cooperation in preventing their subjects from setting up gambling stalls lest the police should arrest them.

The thought that this new edict would affect British subjects, a number of whom were the stall proprietors, brought Mr. Newman, the acting British Consul, to oppose it. Without hesitation, he wrote to the Foreign Minister on 26 th November 1883 to warn the police not to touch British subjects without his permission. As to the new law, he must first of all consider whether ring throwing would rightly be termed gambling and whether he could agree with the Thai Government in forbidding such a game. He went on saying:

".... I cannot undertake to take the steps you  request with regard to British subjects until I have had time to enquire into this matter. In the meantime I suggest that the police may be warned not to interfere with British subjects’ establishments until they have the sanction of the Agency for so doing."

In reply, the Foreign Minister protested that the Consul’s letter showed that the consular protection was tantamount to allowing British subjects to commit offences against the law of the country which of course he could not possibly allow since none of the clause in the Treaty with Great Britain specified that British subjects were permitted to do so. Therefore, the acting Consul was told, the Thai Government would notify their Minister in London to take the matter up with the British Government.

Seeing that the Thai Government was going to bypass him and that his recalcitrant attitude would be exposed to his own Government, the Consul immediately softened his stand and wrote to Chao Phya Bhanuwongse [Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) - เจ้าพระยาภาณุวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี - ท้วม บุนนาค, 1830 - 1913] on 7th December 1883 that the Foreign Minister was under a misapprehension that he would protect British subjects and reserve the right for them to open gambling stalls in defiance of the law. If such misunderstanding did occur he must beg to withdraw the letter as he had no such intention since gambling was also illegal in England. He wrote:

“.... You appear to be under the impression that I claim for British subjects the right to keep gambling houses and that I decline or hesitate to have such houses closed.

I find nothing in my despatches referred to justifying this impression, but as it appears to exist, I hasten to remove it, I hope entirely, by stating that I do not claim nor should think of claiming any such right for British subjects, gambling being entirely illegal by British law. ”"

[Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 106ff. -- Fair use]]

1883-12-23

Gespräch zwischen dem Gesandten Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) und Herrn Clavéry vom französischen Außenministerium:

"Interview at Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris 23 December 1883, 5 p. m. between H. H. Prince Prisdang and Monsieur Clavéry, Mr. W. H. Wyke present.

Prince Prisdang: I have called upon you, M. Clavéry, with reference to the exchange of ratification of the Spirits Convention entered into between Siam and France, and I shall be glad to hear when you think it probable that the exchange of ratification may take place.

M. Clavéry: I am sorry to tell Your Highness that we are not in a position just at present to enter into the question of the exchange of ratification, because before doing so, it will be necessary to discuss several other matters, especially so the subject of the telegraph from Bangkok to Saigon.

Prince Prisdang: I am very much surprised to find and indeed I am sure that my government will be deeply pained to hear that France should now be seeking to impose conditions upon the ratification of a Treaty, which it was well understood at the time, was signed by France purely out of goodwill for Siam and by way of sympathy for that country with a view that a check might be put upon the immorality and crime which was manifesting itself so rapidly in consequence of the importation and the sale of bad spirits. I was always given to understand (hat the Spirits Convention was to be considered in itself an act separate and distinct from all other considerations between the two countries.

M. Clavéry: Oh no. I assure you at the interview which took place between us and at which M. Billot and M. George Louis were present, it was specifically mentioned that other matters would have to be taken into account before France could agree to allow the Convention to come into force.

Prince Prisdang: I never was given to understand anything of the kind. Mr. Windsor and M. Routier were present at the interview and so we were there on each side, and consequently it is with the greatest surprise that now for the first time I hear your statement, which however, I cannot receive officially. I always intimated that my government looked upon the Convention as an act of sympathy for Siam on the part of France and I always expressed the fact that my government would, when the time comes to enter into other treaties with France, so deal with that country in the remembrance of what France had done for her in this matter.

M. Clavéry: Have you power to treat with us on the telegraph question?

Prince Prisdang: No, I have not because I have no knowledge of the subject of your wishes, nor can I know what it is your wish to treat upon. It is necessary that I should be provided with a definition of the views of France before I can apply to my government for powers to treat.

M. Clavéry: It will be necessary that we should discuss the matter.

Prince Prisdang: But I cannot understand what there is to discuss. I thought that the Convention would be ratified as soon as possible. It was so stated in the text and nothing was ever said about these other matters.

M. Clavéry: Oh yes. At the interview we mentioned that there would be other matters to consider: it is true that we made no mention of them in the letter, because we did not wish to appear at all unpleasant in the matter. This Convention, besides doing a moral good for Siam, will also tend to benefit her revenue very considerably, materially - her finances I mean.

Prince Prisdang: Well, but that cannot be avoided, it will of course follow as a consequence. You have delayed the exchange of ratifications for a long time. The Convention was signed last May, that is seven months ago.

M. Clavéry: Yes, that is so, but during that time the Chambers have had three months vacations and there had been so many other matters requiring attention. This Convention has to be submitted to the Chambers for approval, and before we submit we should like to discuss the matters with you.

Prince Prisdang: But I cannot see why you should wish to discuss other matters, when, as I have already stated, I always understood the Convention to be a separate and distinct matter.

M. Clavéry: But we must discuss other matters, because when we submit the Convention to the Chambers, we must be prepared to make some statement when we are asked, as is sure to be the case, what in the nature of a Quid pro Quo we are to get for this Convention with Siam. There are other matters besides the telegraph from Bangkok to Saigon: there is the question of the exploitation of the line from Battambang to Bangkok. But even with regard to the Spirits Convention itself, it is not certain that we shall be altogether free from trouble ourselves. It appears that difficulties may arise regarding the distillation of rice in Cochin China.

Prince Prisdang: As to the question of a Quid pro Quo Siam could not entertain any such view of the matter. Had Siam given France to understand that a consideration or a Quid pro Quo would be given´in return for the Convention, then all other nations who have entered into this Convention with Siam (... would follow with the same. ) Siam could never give her consent, seeing that the Convention is a purely moral one from all points of view.

M. Clavéry: We had expected to see you here in Paris some time ago, in order to enter into these questions with you,

Prince Prisdang: I have had many matters to attend to, and have been very busily engaged. I am accredited to twelve different Powers and it is very difficult for me to be in Paris as often as I could desire. But I am now establishing a Legation in Paris, and shall come to Paris to take up my permanent residence on the 1st of the New Year.

M. Clavéry: Then I shall hope to see you again then and during the first week in January we can talk over this question of exchange of ratifications."

[Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 201 - 207]

1883-12-27

James McCarthy, Director of Survey, meldet Prinz Devawongse Varopakar (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรม พระยา เทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923), dass der Deutsche J. E. Rastmann in Kampaeng Phet (กำแพงเพชร) eine eine antike Shiva-Statue für das Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin gestohlen hat.


Abb.: Oberteil der Statue
[Bildquelle: Döhring, Karl <1879 - 1941>: Indische Kunst, 1925, Tafel 191]

Der Gesandte Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) bringt via Frederick William Verney (1846 – 1913), English Secretary and Counsellor to the legation in London of Siam, den Fall vor Rudolf Lindau (1829 - 1910), wirklicher Legationsrat im Außenministerium des Deutschen Reichs.


Abb.: Lage von Kampaeng Phet (กำแพงเพชร)
[Bildquelle CIA. -- Public domain]

"Fortunately, Dr. Lindau [Rudolf Lindau, 1829 - 1910] was in charge of both Thai affairs at the Ministry and archeological matters. Initially surprised not to have heard of the affair, he was immediately sympathetic towards the Thai Government s official stand that it had a duty to protect all religions in the realm. The statement of the German Consul in Bangkok to the effect that the statue's removal was beneficial to Buddhism was therefore overruled. Meanwhile, the King had let it be known that had the object been without any religious significance, he would have considered the request otherwise.

The matter was amicably concluded and the German Government accordingly arranged for the statue to be returned to Siam through her Consul in Bangkok. The King, however, did not want to hurt the feeling of the German Government and ordered an exact replica to be cast in bronze, and presented it to the German Museum, Of this case, Prince Prisdang wrote to thank Dr. Lindau as follows:

"Legation de Siam, Paris — May 16, 1884.

Dear Dr. Lindau,

You will recollect having had an interview with Mr. Verney [William Verney, 1846 – 1913] on the subject of a statue found in the north of Siam by Herr J.E. Rastmann, Surveyor of the Imperial Ethnological Museum of Berlin, the removal of which was objected to by my Government, and concerning which I also had an interview with Professor Bastian [Adolf Bastian, 1826 - 1905, Direktor des Museums für Völkerkunde in Berlin] when I was in Berlin. I am now very glad to learn from my Government that the parts of the said statue which were removed by Herr Rastmann have (presumably in accordance with instructions received from the German Government) been restored to the Government of Siam by the German Consul at Bangkok.

This exhibition of friendly feeling on the part of the German Government towards Siam has given great satisfaction to His Majesty s Government as well as to the King personally, and in order to mark His Majesty s high appreciation of the friendly feeling thus shown to Siam and his readiness to promote the interests of an institution so beneficial to the study of ethnology, His Majesty has been pleased to order a cast model in bronze of the statue, to be made as a present to the German Government for the Ethnological Museum.

I trust that this will meet with the appreciation of the German Government, and that you will be as satisfied as I am that the interviews between us have brought the matter to this issue.

I am, Dear Dr. Lindau, Yours Very Faithfully, Prisdang"

[Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 233ff.]


Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm


Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867-1943>: Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896. -- London : Murray, 1898. -- 2 Bde. : Ill ; cm.

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Lavery, Brian: Schiffe : 5000 Jahre Seefahrt. -- London [u. a.] : DK, 2005. -- S. 184. -- Originaltitel: Ship : 5000 years of marine adventure (2004)


Zu Chronik 1884 (Rama V.)