Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1884 (Rama V.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1884 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2017-01-27. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1884.htm    

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-09-11

Überarbeitungen: 2017-01-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-08-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-02-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-27 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

1884 undatiert

1884 - 1893

Der offizielle siamesische Name für Lan Na (ล้านนา) ist Monthon Lao Chiang (มณฑลลาว เชียง).

1884

Tod von Chao Thep Kraison (เจ้าเทพไกรสร / เจ้าทิพเกสร / เจ้าทิพเกษร, 1841 - 1884). Sie war die treibende und vorwiegend regierende Kraft hinter Inthawichayanon (พระเจ้าอินทวิชยานนท์, - 1897), dem König von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)

Abb.: Chao Thep Kraison (เจ้าเทพไกรสร / เจ้าทิพเกสร / เจ้าทิพเกษร)
[Bildquelel: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1884

Prinz Phichit Prichakon (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากร, 1855 - 1909) führt in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) ein neues Regierungssystem ein

"In 1881, ten years after the establishment of a commissionership in the Principality, one of King Chulalongkorn's half-brothers, Prince Phichit Prichakon [พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากร, 1855 - 1909], devised a new system of government for Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่], which was called 'the royal government and the six ministers' or the khao sanam luang lae sena hok tamnaeng [เคาสนามหลวง และเสนาหกตำแหนง]. At first glance, it seemed that the central government was increasing the power of the ruler and maintaining the autonomy of the Principality, but, at closer inspection, it became clear that it was undermining the lesser princes' power, and was making more direct the relationship between itself and the Prince of Chiangmai. The commissioner obtained the co-operation of the Prince by helping him to create his own organisation for the taxation of liquor-brewing and pig-slaughter. The Prince was then willing to accept a new system of government, whereby he, advised by the commissioner and the latter's second-in-command, started to govern the Principality through six ministers, whose functions were strictly differentiated. Since the Prince theoretically controlled the appointments, he was supposed to fill the most important post, the Ministry of Finance, with his own nominee. The holders of the other five ministries, the Metropolis, Palace, Agriculture, Justice, and Defence, having been deprived of the financial basis of their power, were then presumed to be subservient to the Prince, the commissioner, and ultimately to the central government in Bangkok. Although the princes of Chiangmai realized that their position was being undermined, they, not daring to oppose openly the new system of government, confined themselves to somewhat ineffective gestures against it. They employed mediums to say that the imposition of the liquor-brewing an pig-slaughter taxes at the instigation of 'the southerners' (the Siamese from the central plain) had caused the death of one of the senior princes. Prince Phichit Prichakon, who was in Chiangmai to supervise the introduction of the constitution, silenced the rumour with another of the same Kind. He said that another medium had prophesied that the spirit of 'the southerners' would demand a human sacrifice should it be further maligned. The princes soon accepted the new system of government and furthermore quickly learned to manipulate it to their own advantage. Having been shown the way by the representatives of the central government, the government of Chiangmai levied so many new taxes that there was a rising against the collection of one of them, the areca-palm [Areca catechu L.] tax, in 1889. The rising was a failure, and its leader, a minor nobleman called Phya Phap [พญาผาบ], fled to the British Shan States. The government must have regarded this event as a purely internal affair, which did not detract any merit from the new system of government, for it planned to introduce it into Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ] in 1890. After the loss of Luang Prabang to the French in 1893, the government gradually introduced it into the other northern Principalities of Lampang [ลำปาง], Lamphun [ลำพูน], Phrae [แพร่] and Nan [น่าน]. It was to maintain this relationship with its northern tributary states until 1900." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 105 - 108. -- Faire use]

1884

Auf Wunsch des Königs übernimmt Mönchs-Prinz Vajirañāṇavarorasa (วชิรญาณวโรรส, 1880 - 1921) die Aufsicht über vier Söhne des Königs, die im Wat Boworn [วัดบวรนิเวศวิหารราชวรวิหาร] zu Novizen ordiniert werden. Der König befürchtet, dass die flegelhaften Buben den Abt, Somdet Phra Maha Samana Chao Krom Phraya Pavares Variyalongkorn [สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระยาปวเรศวริยาลงกรณ์, 1809 -1892], ärgern könnten, und dass Abt sie aus Höflichkeit nicht disziplinieren würde.

1884

Muang Thaeng (เมืองแถง / Điện Biên Phủ / 奠邊府) wird Protektorat des Königreichs  Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ). So kann Muang Thaeng gegenüber Muang Lai (เมืองลาย / Lai Châu) unabhängig bleiben.

Abb.: Lage von Muang Thaeng (เมืองแถง / Điện Biên Phủ / 奠邊府) und Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ)

1884

Rama V. über seine Zeit als minderjähriger König:

"Denn als wir Minderjährig waren, bot sich eine höchst günstige Gelegenheit, die Macht gänzlich vom König abzuziehen. Unsere Macht war vergleichbar mit einem Drachen, der fliegen gelassen wurde, bis die Schnur am Ende war. Uns blieb nur übrig, unsere kindlichen Kräfte abzuschätzen. Sie reichten nur dazu, den Drachen zu halten und dabei nicht hinzustürzen oder den Drachen wegfliegen zu lassen. Es war unser Glück, dass wir mit unserer kindlichen Kraft in der Lage waren, die Schnur an einen Pfahl zu binden, so dass er nicht mehr entweichen konnte. Damals konnten wir nicht mehr tun, als an der Schnur zu ziehen und den Drachen heranzuholen. Wenn es unsere Kräfte überstieg, so mussten wir davon ablassen. Wenn wir genug Kräfte gesammelt hatten, um zu ziehen, so holten wir den Drachen etwas heran und banden ihn wieder fest. Wer von diesen früheren Dingen weiß, wird unsere Schwierigkeiten und Mühsal abschätzen können." [Übersetzung: Skrobanek, Walter <1941 - 2006>: Buddhistische Politik in Thailand : mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des heterodoxen Messianismus. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1976. -- 315 S. ; 24 cm. -- (Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; 23). -- ISBN 3-515-02390-9. -- Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1972. -- S. 43. -- Mit Erlaubnis des inzwischen verstorbenen Autors]

1884

Abb.: Carte générale de la Cochinchine Francaise, du Royaume de Cambodge et d'une partie des Royaumes de Siam et d'Annam / par Ch. Lemire >1839 - 1912>, 1884
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1884

Von den 20.000 Bewohnern (3000 Haushalte) von Pattani (ปัตตานี / ڤتنا) sind

• 19.200 Malaien
• 600 Chinesen
• 200 Thai

Abb.: Lage von Pattani (ปัตตานี / ڤتنا)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1884

Chiang Mai: erste Flussbrücke Siams, über den Ping Fluss (แม่น้ำปิง) nahe dem Ton Lamyai Markt (ตลาดต้นลำใย). Fachwerkbrücke, erbaut aus Teakholz durch die Sägerei von Dr. Cheek, einem ehemaligen Missionar. 1935 stürzt die Brücke ein.

1884

Telegraphenverbindung Bangkok - Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า) - Penang, sowie Singgora (Songkhla - สงขลา) - Kedah (‏قدح‎). Die teuren Telegrafenlinien werden von ungelernten Beamten bedient mit dem daraus resultierenden schlechten Zustand der Verbindungen.

Abb.: Bangkok - Takua Pa (ตะกั่วป่า) - Penang
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Singgora (Songkhla - สงขลา) - Kedah (‏قدح‎)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"The lines were expensive to maintain because of frequent storms, which made them deteriorate rapidly, and because of the damage done to the poles by elephants. Moreover, the whole organization was extremely inefficient. Materials were taken to the place assigned, only to be left there to become rusted or to be stolen. The lack of competent linesmen and the want of care, in addition to natural hazards, made the few wires that were set up useless for half the year. Businessmen complained bitterly about the repeated and lengthy interruptions, especially on the line to the teak capital, Chiengmai; and they were further exasperated when the rates were doubled in 1906." [Quelle: Thompson, Virginia <1903 - 1990>: Thailand the new Siam. -- New York : Macmillan, 1941. -- S. 530]

1884

Rama V. besucht Tun Timong, den Sultan von Patani (كراجأن ڤتاني; Kerajaan Patani), der sich - wie meistens - bei der Familie seiner Frau in Kelantan (كلنتن) aufhält.

Abb.: Lage von  Patani (كراجأن ڤتاني; Kerajaan Patani) und Kelantan (كلنتن)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1884

Siam beauftragt den britischen Kartographen James MacCarthy das Mekong-Gebiet Siams zu kartographieren. Damit sollen Siams Gebietsansprüche dokumentiert werden. Eine erste Karte erscheint 1888-03 in den Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Eine weitere Karte erscheint 1900 in seinem Buch

MacCarthy, James: Surveying and Exploring in Siam. -- London : Murray, 1900. -- 215 S.

Abb.: Ausschnitt aus MacCarthy's Karte 1900

1884

Siam hat einen bezahlten Konsul in Paris und Honorarkonsule in:

• Hamburg
• London
• Bordeaux
• Madrid
• Lissabon
• Porto
• Wien
• Rom
• Stockholm
• Brüssel
• Antwerpen
• Den Hag
• Amsterdam
• Kopenhagen
• Malta
• Gibraltar

Der bezahlte Konsul in Paris verdient £400 pro Jahr.

Abb.: Konsulate Siams, 1884
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Europe. -- London, 1910]

Der Konsul und die Honorarkonsule sollen nach Siam berichten:

1. alle Vorgänge bei den europäischen Königshäusern
2. Regierungen und ihre Varänderungen
3. Stand und Entwicklung des Handels mit Siam
4. Statistiken, Informationen und Berichte, die für Siam nützlich sind
5. alles, wovon dei Konsulke glauben, dass es für Siam von Interesse ist

1884

Siam eröffnet ein Konsulat in Berlin

1884 - 1894

Es erscheint die Wochenzeitung

วชิรญาณ พิเศษ [Wachirayan wiset]. -- 1884 - 1894

1884 (?)

Der deutsche Indologe Oskar Frankfurter (1852 - 1922) tritt für ein Jahresgehalt von £150 in den Staatsdienst Siams ein.

Abb.: Oskar Frankfurter
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908.]

"Oskar Frankfurter (auch Oscar Frankfurter; * 23. Februar 1852 in Hamburg; † 1. Oktober 1922 ebendort) war ein deutscher Sprachwissenschaftler und Thaiist. Oskar Frankfurter studierte an den Universitäten Berlin und Göttingen Sanskrit und wurde 1874 promoviert. Oskar Frankfurter wurde nach Thailand, dem seinerzeiten Siam, entsandt, um am Hofe von König Chulalongkorn (Rama V., 1868–1910) als Übersetzer für deutsch-thailändische Projekte zu arbeiten. Er hatte sich zuvor als Kenner des Pali ausgezeichnet und für die Universität Oxford zusammen mit Robert Childers (1838 - 1876) einen Katalog von Pali-Manuskripten erstellt.[1] Sein Handbook of Pali wird immer noch aufgelegt.[2] In Bangkok erhielt er zwar nur 20 US-Dollar im Monat, doch war er mehr an der Möglichkeit interessiert, seine wissenschaftlichen Studien fortzusetzen.[3] 1895 holte ihn der belgische Berater von König Rama V. (Chulalongkorn), Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns (1835 - 1902),  als Berater und Generalsekretär. 1901 trat Jacquemyns zurück, Frankfurter wurde ins siamesische Innenministerium berufen. Frankfurter war seit Oktober 1905 Oberbibliothekar der Nationalbibliothek Thailands in Bangkok [4], wo er für die zentrale Aufbewahrung von Inschriften des Landes sorgte. Es gelang ihm, aus der bis dahin vernachlässigten Institution eine ansehnliche Bibliothek zu formen, die neben ausländischer Literatur über das Land auch siamesische Werke sammelte. Nachdem Siam 1917 im Zuge des Ersten Weltkriegs an die Seite der Alliierten getreten war, wurde er als deutscher Staatsangehöriger 1918 nach Indien deportiert. Sein Nachfolger wurde George Coedès (1886–1969). Frankfurter war auch Gründungsmitglied der Siam Society, die sich die Bewahrung und Erforschung der thailändischen Geschichte, Kultur und Natur zum Ziel gesetzt hat. Bei der Gründung wurde er ehrenamtlicher Schriftführer, 1906 wurde er zum zweiten Präsidenten gewählt und blieb dies zu seiner Ausweisung 1918, die ihn zusammen mit den anderen im Lande lebenden deutschen Bürgern in ein britisches Internierungslager nach Indien führte. Im Frühjahr 1920 wurde Frankfurter nach Deutschland repatriiert Er starb am 1. Oktober 1922 in Hamburg." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Frankfurter. -- Zugriff am 2015-03-12]

1884 - 1887

Ernest Satow (1843 - 1929) ist britischer Minister Resident and Consul-General.

Abb.: Ernest Satow, 1889
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1884

Ernest Satow (1843 - 1929), britischer Minister Resident and Consul-General, an das Parlament in London:

Abb.: Anteil Großbritanniens an Siams Wirtschaft 1884 (in Prozenz)
[Datenquelle: Satow, a.a.O.]

'The commercial interests of Great Britain in Siam as compared with the rest of the world are consequently: In fixed capital, as 2 to 1 ; in steamers, as 8 to 1 ; in exports, as 9 to 2; in imports, as 2 to l.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 47]

1884

Eröffnung des britischen Vizekonsulats in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่). Es ist für ganz Nordsiam bis Nakhon Sawan (นครสวรรค์) zuständig. Erster Vizekonsul ist Edward Blencowe Gould (1847 - 1916).

1884

Der britische Konsularbeamte Edward Blencowe Gould (1847 - 1916) bringt seiner Schwester Lilian Jane Gould (ab 1895: Veley, 1860 - ) nach Großbritannien ein Paar Siamkatzen (วิเชียรมาศ). Frau Veley gründet 1901 den Siamese Cat Club. Die Katzen werden 1885 im Crystal Palace gezeigt.

Abb.: Siamkatzen (nicht die von Gould), 1900/1920
[Bildquelle: Christiaan Benjamin Nieuwenhuis (1863–1922) / Tropenmuseum of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) / Wikimedia. -- CC-BY-SA]

1884

Abb.: Carte politique du Nord de l'Indo-Chine, de la Birmanie et du Sud de la Chine en 1884 d'aprés les théories anglaises
[Bildquelle: Reinach, Lucien de <1864 - 1909>: Le Laos. -- Paris : Charles. -- Bd. 1. -- 1901. -- Pl. I]

Abb.: Carte politique du Nord de l'Indo-Chine, de la Birmanie et du Sud de la Chine en 1884 d'aprés les théories siamoises
[Bildquelle: Reinach, Lucien de <1864 - 1909>: Le Laos. -- Paris : Charles. -- Bd. 1. -- 1901. -- Pl. II]

Abb.: Carte politique du Nord de l'Indo-Chine, de la Birmanie et du Sud de la Chine en 1884 d'aprés les théories birmanes
[Bildquelle: Reinach, Lucien de <1864 - 1909>: Le Laos. -- Paris : Charles. -- Bd. 1. -- 1901. -- Pl. III]

1884

Es erscheint:

Bock, Carl <1849 - 1932>: Templer og elefanter : eller beretnig om en underøgelsesreise gjennem Siam og Lao. -- Kristiania : Mallings, 1884. -- Ill.

"Carl Alfred Bock (* 17. September 1849 in Kopenhagen; † 1932) war ein norwegischer Naturforscher und Entdeckungsreisender. Bock zog 1868 nach England wo er Naturwissenschaften studierte und anfänglich eine Ausbildung beim schwedisch-norwegischen Konsulat in Grimsby erhielt. Ab 1875 lebte er in London wo er von Lord Arthur Hay (Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale; 1824–1878) Unterstützung für eine Forschungsreise nach Südostasien erhielt. Bock besuchte erst Sumatra und erhielt später den Chefposten einer niederländisch-indischen Expedition nach Borneo. Er folgte ab 1878/79 dem Fluss Mahakam von der Mündung an der Ostküste ins Innere der Insel und erforschte diese Region bis er 5 Monate später bei Banjarmasin die Südküste erreichte. 1881 zog er mit Unterstützung des Königs von Siam, der unter anderem ein Dampfschiff beisteuerte, durch das heutige Thailand und Laos. Nach einem kurzen Aufenthalt in Norwegen (ab 1883) wurde Bock 1886 zum norwegisch-schwedischen Vizekonsul, und 1893 zum Generalkonsul in Shanghai berufen. Diesen Posten hatte er bis 1902 inne. Bocks ethnografische Sammlung ging an Museen in London und Oslo. Er schrieb eine Reihe von Reisebeschreibungen, die teilweise von japanischen Künstlern illustriert wurden. Veröffentlichungen The Head-Hunters of Borneo. 1881, (auch in Holländisch). Temples and Elephants - with an introduction to the 1985 edition by H.K. Kuloy. 1884, 1985. ISBN 978-974-8299-90-7." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Alfred_Bock. -- Zugriff am 2013-01-29]

Abb.: Titelblatt

Abb.: Initiale
[a.a.O., S. 1]

Abb.: Königliches Betelgeschirr aus Gold
[a.a.O., S. 22]

Abb.: Siamesin
[a.a.O., S. 34]

Abb.: Unterwegs nach Lakon (เวียงละกอน = Lampang - ลำปาง)
[a.a.O., nach S. 48]

Abb.: Lage von Lakon (เวียงละกอน = Lampang - ลำปาง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Wat Phrathat Lampang Luang (วัดพระธาตุลำปางหลวง)
[a.a.O.]

Abb.: Lage von Wat Phrathat Lampang Luang (วัดพระธาตุลำปางหลวง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Haus in Muang Fang (ฝาง / ᨺᩣ᩠ᨦ)
[a.a.O., S. 234]

Abb.: Lage von Muang Fang (ฝาง / ᨺᩣ᩠ᨦ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Buddha in Muang Fang (ฝาง / ᨺᩣ᩠ᨦ)
[a.a.O., S. 240]

Abb.: Herrschaftshaus, Chiang Rai (เชียงราย / ᨩᩭᨦᩁᩣᩭ)
[a.a.O., S. 262]

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Rai (เชียงราย / ᨩᩭᨦᩁᩣᩭ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Karen (กะเหรี่ยง), Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
[a.a.O., S. 80]

Abb.: Lage von Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Karenfrau (กะเหรี่ยง), Distrikt Lakon (เวียงละกอน = Lampang - ลำปาง)
[a.a.O., S. 151]

Abb.: Karenmann (กะเหรี่ยง), Distrikt Lakon (เวียงละกอน = Lampang - ลำปาง)
[a.a.O., S. 152]

Abb.: Laoten beim Reiskochen
[a.a.O., S. 166]

Abb.: Laote
[a.a.O., S. 279]

Abb.: Laote
[a.a.O., S. 137]

Abb.: Tätowierung eines Laoten
[a.a.O., S. 149]

Abb.: Laote bei 10 °C
[a.a.O., S. 281]

Abb.: Prinzessin bei der Toilette
[a.a.O., S. 264]

Abb.: Herrscher von Nan (น่าน)
[a.a.O., S. 306]

Abb.: Lage von Nan (น่าน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Tätowierter Birmane
[a.a.O:, S. 315]

Abb.: Händler aus Yunnan (雲南)
[a.a.O., S. 164]

Abb.: Lage von Yunnan (雲南)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Das Weltbild der Laoten
[a.a.O., S. 172]

Abb.: Devatā (เทวดา)
[a.a.O., nach S. 212]

Abb.:
[a.a.O., nach S. 58]

Abb.:
[a.a.O., S. 43]

Abb.: Talisman
[a.a.O., S. 230]

"There are six Lao states directly tributary to Siam, all entirely independent of each other, but with several minor states dependent upon these larger ones. The rulers in all these states, even the smaller ones, are autocratic in their authority. Their chiefs hold office for life, but their places are not hereditary, being filled nominally by the King of Siam, but really on the election and recommendation of the people, who send notice to Bangkok on the decease of a chief, with a private intimation of their views as to a successor. Tribute is paid triennially, and takes the form of gold and silver betel-boxes, vases, and necklaces, each enriched with four rubies of the size of a lotus-seed, and a hundred of the size of a grain of Indian corn. Besides these are curious representations of trees in gold and silver, about eight feet high, each with four branches, from which again depend four twigs, with a single leaf at the end of each. The gold trees are valued at 1,080 ticals (£135) each, and the silver ones at 120 ticals (£15) each. Of all Laosians, those living in the extreme north are the most backward, and from what has been said it will be gathered that the instincts of the people generally are not of a very high order. They are mean to a degree ; liberality and generosity are words they do not understand ; they are devoid of ordinary human sympathy, being eaten up by an absorbing desire to keep themselves—each man for himself— out of the clutches of the spirits. Their highest earthly ambition is to hoard up money, vessels and ornaments of gold and silver, and anything else of value ; as to the means adopted for obtaining which they are not over-scrupulous. They are extremely untruthful and wonderfully apt at making excuses, and think no more of being discovered in a lie than of being seen smoking. I give them credit, however, of being, generally speaking, moral in their domestic relations. If a man’s face is an index to his feelings, then the Laosians must be bereft of all capacity to appreciate any variety of mental emotions. It is the rarest phenomenon to see any change in their countenance or deportment, except—there is always one exception to every rule—when they are aroused to anger. This statement is more particularly true of the men, but even the women—demonstrative as the sex usually are—are seldom moved to either laughter or tears. Whatever news a Laosian may receive, whether of disaster or of joy, he hears it with a philosophic indifference depicted on his calm, stoical countenance that a European diplomatist would give a fortune to be able to imitate. But when any sudden feeling of anger or any latent resentment is aroused, then the passion begins to display itself, if not in any great change of facial expression, at any rate in general demeanor and in quick, restless movements of impatience and irritation.” [Übersetzt in: Siam : the land of the white elephant, as it was and is : early first-hand accounts and descriptions of Siam and the Siamese / by J.B. Pallegoix ... [et al.] ; compiled by George B. Bacon [1836 - 1876] ; revised by Frederick Wells Williams [1857 - 1928]. Reprint der ed New York 1893. -- Bangkok : Orchid, 2000. -- 296 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- (Itineraria Asiatica ; Thailand ; vol. 8). -- ISBN 9748304744. -- S. 220f.]

1884

Es erscheint:

Siam and Laos : as seen by our American missionaries. -- Philadelphia : Prebyterian Board of Publication, 1884. -- 552 S. : Ill. -- Motto: "Siam has not been disciplined by English and French guns, like China, but the country has been opened by missionaries" - Remark of His Grace the late Ex-Regent of Siam.

Abb.: Titelblatt

Abb.: Floating stores at Bangkok
[a.a.O., S. 89]

Abb.: Missionary-boat for touring in Siam
[a.a.O., S. 97]

Abb.: House at Petchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
[a.a.O., S. 113]

Abb.: Lage von Petchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.; Musikerin
[a.a.O.,  S. 111]

Abb.: House of a rich Chinaman
[a.a.O., S. 146]

Abb.: Chinese boat-people
[a.a.O., S. 151]

Abb.: Chinese cemetery
[a.a.O., S. 152]

Abb.: Paper prayers
[a.a.O., S. 155]

Abb.: Parlor of Chinese house
[a.a.O., S. 156]

Abb.: A Chinese street show
[a.a.O., S. 191]

Abb.: Coronation of a Laos King
[a.a.O., S. 421]

Abb.: A Laos funeral
[a.a.O., S. 429]

"Chapter XXIV. Recollections of Chaung Mai / Miss Emelie McGilvary, Chiang Mai "My friends often say to me, “Tell us something about Laos, where you lived when a child.” Listen, then, to a few of the things I remember about Cheung Mai, the people who live in it and some of their customs. [...] The houses in the city are built far enough apart to afford space for the cultivation of flowers, for which the Laos have a great fondness. If the space is not large enough, they must still have flowers, so they cultivate house-plants. As temples are built of brick, it would “offend the spirits” to use brick for dwelling-houses, and teak-wood or bamboo is used instead. The bamboo houses of the Laos peasantry are roofed with thatch, the walls are made of bamboo matting and the floor of bamboo reeds, cut open so as to lie flat on the sills. Not a nail is used in such a house, but everything is secured with bamboo or ratan withes. Teak is the most durable wood we have, the houses built of it being the most substantial. These houses are covered with burnt tiles, and are more securely and closely built than the bamboo houses. All houses are built on posts several feet from the ground, and the teak houses have verandas, while the bamboo houses have open courts. The king has, however, built a new palace, and as it is a distant imitation of foreign houses which he has seen in Bangkok, it is in great advance of all others in Cheung Mai. If a stranger should enter the eastern gate in the morning, his attention would be attracted by a large concourse of women, who seem to be dressed alike, as all wear skirts with horizontal stripes and have their shining black hair combed straight back and looped into a beautiful knot, which needs no pin to secure it. In this market very few men are to be seen; the women dress as do the Siamese men. Each market-woman carries everything in two large neat baskets, which are suspended from each end of a long, flat, flexible bamboo stick which lies on her shoulder. Some of these women are seated on mats, with market-baskets at their sides, while others are hurrying hither and thither. On the right side of the street is a woman in whose baskets are vegetables, for which she wishes salt in exchange. Over on the other side of the street is a woman with rice to sell, but she prefers silver. Silver is superseding salt as a medium of exchange. By her side is another woman with bouquets of flowers, for which she finds a ready sale; the purchasers carefully wrap them in banana-leaves, and after sprinkling a little water over them deposit them in a cool place until evening. Late in the afternoon the owner, if a lady, will appear with the flowers tastefully arranged in her hair, while a gentleman would wear his blossom in a hole in the lobe of his ear. Unless the market-women have been successful in their business they do not leave the market until the increasing heat of the sun reminds them that it is time to retrace their steps homeward. Should you wish to accompany one of these women home, she would make you heartily welcome. On reaching the house you would first ascend several steps to the front veranda, which is usually, but not always, covered. From this veranda you would enter the front room or open court, where the daughter of the house spreads a clean mat on the floor for you and gives you a large three-cornered pillow on which you may rest one of your elbows. As a mark of hospitality a tray or box of betel-nut and seri-leaf will be set before you, and the invitation given to help yourself. Though you decline, you will be interested in watching those who may be seated beside you preparing their quid. The seri- or betel-leaf is taken first, and its tip overlaid with a minute quantity of slaked lime; then a pinch of finely-cut tobacco, a piece of cutch the size of a pea and the fourth of a dried areca-nut are wrapped in the seri-leaf, completing the mixture, which is chewed with evident enjoyment. To foreigners this is a very offensive custom, but so universal is it among both old and young that a box of these ingredients is carried with them in a bag suspended from the shoulders. Should a member of the family be sick, you might be invited nominally to see her, but you may be assured that you would have more occasion to use your ears than your eyes, for the only window in the room is a round hole about three inches in diameter and several feet from the floor. The mattress is placed on the floor and surrounded by thick mosquito-netting, through which you would think it scarcely possible to breathe. In the kitchen the stove consists of a wooden frame about four feet square and six inches high, filled with earth or sand. On this are placed three stones or bricks as rests for the pots, and between them the fire is kindled. As there is neither pipe nor chimney, the smoke is suffered to make its escape through openings as best it may, and if it is a bamboo house there is little difficulty. In the dry season cooking is often done in the yard. Setting the table is not a laborious process. The table is round, about a foot and a half in diameter and six inches high. When meal-time arrives the table is taken down from its shelf and placed on the floor, and by it the tall, slender basket of steamed glutinous rice. On the table is a bowl of curry, hot with pepper and other spices, a dish of pickled fish and some vegetables and fruit. Every member of the family dips his rice into the common bowl of curry; but if any is very fastidious he may have a dish of his own, but when he has finished his meal, in order to avoid being considered extremely lazy, he must wash his own dish. The women are not kept in bondage, as in China or India, but are a great power in the land; and the present queen has virtually the reins of government in her own hands, although her husband is the nominal head. She and her husband have always been friendly to the mission, and although the last persecution occurred since they came to the throne, it was carried on through the influence and power of the second king. As the queen walks out a maid walks behind, carrying over Her Majesty a large lined and fringed silk umbrella with silvered handle, which may be about six or eight feet long. Behind this maid is another, carrying a gold betel-nut box, while dozens of others follow her, all walking in single file, for two persons are never seen walking side by side. The queen has several times visited the missionaries in their homes. While she and the first maids-of-honor are quietly talking in a lady-like manner in the parlor, her more inquisitive servants are making a thorough examination of the house and what are, to them, its curious and strange contents. This annoyance does not arise from ignorance or lack of refinement of feeling among the people, but because there are about this court, as well as about every other court, undesirable satellites. Considering their disadvantages, the Laos are a remarkably refined race, as is shown by many of their customs. Should a person be telling another of the stream which he had crossed, and wished to say it was ankle-deep, as he would feel a delicacy in referring to his person, his expression would be, “I beg your pardon, but the water was ankle-deep.” If one wished to reach anything above another’s head, he would beg the latter's pardon before raising his hand. A great and passionate love for flowers and music also indicates a delicacy of feeling. Although, before missionaries went there, the women did not know how to read, they were always trained to be useful in their homes, and a Laos girl who does not know how to weave her own dress is considered as ignorant as a girl in this country who does not know how to read. During the season of rice-planting and harvesting every member of the family works in the fields, and the baby is left at home under the care of the next oldest child. The children are thus early taught self-dependence, and a boy who here would be thought scarcely able to care for himself is expected, after the planting season, to take care of the buffaloes in the fields all day long. The Laos use buffaloes for ploughing, oxen for carrying rice, elephants for bearing other burdens and ponies for pleasure riding; in which latter only the gentlemen indulge, the ladies being debarred that pleasure. The motion of the elephant, which is the chief beast of burden, is a swaying one, but there is as much difference in the gait of elephants as in the gait of horses, and those with an easy gait always command very high prices. The top of a howdah, or elephant’s saddle, is very much like that of a buggy, and the seat is not unlike the buggy-seat; the difference being that there is a railing in front which extends a third of the way across from each side, leaving an opening in the centre. The person who is so fortunate as to secure the middle seat is as comfortable as though seated in a chair, having the elephant’s back as a footstool, but those sitting on either side have to assume the position taken when seated on the floor. The howdahs for carrying burdens have no coverings. It is exceedingly interesting to watch the elephants when drawing logs from the river. The teak logs are floated down from the forests, and the elephants haul them on to land. An elephant is chained to a log, which he drags to its destination, and after he is unchained he quietly picks up his chain and walks to the river again. After bringing up the logs he is very careful that they shall lie entirely even, and if any end projects he pushes it with his tusks until his trained eye can see no fault. The air with which he moves back and forth from the river is very amusing; he seems to say, “I understand my business.” The baby-elephant is a most mischievous creature, and is the horror of market-women, because he often insists upon meddling with the contents of their baskets. The holiday which most interests the missionaries’ children is the New Year, when all, and especially the young, give themselves up to a peculiar form of merry-making consisting in giving every one a shower. Armed with buckets of water and bamboo reeds, by which they can squirt the water some distance, these people place themselves at the doors and gates and on the streets, ready to give any passer-by a drenching, marking out as special victims those who are foolish enough to wear good clothes on such a day. It is most amusing to watch them, after exhausting their supply of water, hasten to the river or well and run back, fearing the loss of one opportunity. Sometimes several torrents are directed to one poor individual; then, after the drenching, shouts of laughter fill the air. On this day the king and his court, with a long retinue of slaves, go to the river. Some of the attendants carry silver or brass basins filled with water perfumed with some scented shrub or flower. When the king reaches the river’s brink he goes a few steps into the water, where he takes his stand, while the princes and nobles surround him. The perfumed water is then poured on the king’s head, afterward on the heads of the nobles, and they plunge into the river with noisy splashings and laughter. The custom is also observed in families. A basin of water is poured on the head of the father, mother and grandparents by the eldest son or by some respected member of the family. This ceremony has some religious significance, being symbolical of blessings and felicity; a formula of prayer accompanies the ceremony in each case. There is a mountain about five miles from Cheung Mai on whose summit is said to be a large footprint of Buddha; hence it is sacred ground, and over it has been built a temple. Into the room over that sacred spot none but priests are allowed to enter. When passing on the streets, it is sad to hear the priests repeating their prayers, which are literally “ vain repetitions,” “ for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.” Besides the worship of Buddha, and in seeming opposition to it, are the worship of evil spirits and the belief in witchcraft. If a person is sick it must be ascertained who is the person in whom resides the spirit that caused the sickness. When found, he and his family are banished to a distant province and his house and goods burned. This is a sure method of wreaking vengeance on an enemy; if the sick has no grudge against any one, and is averse to accusing his neighbors, he is beaten until the spirit within him permits him to reveal the secret. A widow and two sons, thus accused, sought the protection of the mission, and were allowed to remain on the mission-compound. They have since become Christians, and the two boys are in school expecting to study for the ministry. This experiment has since been tried several times by the missionaries, and always with success, as the natives do not now dare to meddle with those under the protection of foreign residents. Has not evil in this case been turned into a means of good ? These people are thus brought into daily contact with the missionaries and constantly hear the gospel preached. So great is the Laos superstition that after one of the missionaries had taken with him one of these boys to a village on a missionary-tour, the request came from the villagers that next time the boy be left at home, because he caused sickness in the village. The answer was given that he had been with the missionaries a long time and had done no harm. “ Oh, well,” said they, “ the spirits are afraid of you foreigners, and when the boys go into your yard the spirits climb up the tamarind trees by your gate and wait until they again leave your yard, when the spirits enter them again.”" [a.a.O., S.  477 - 490]

1884

Es erscheint:

Neïs, Paul <1852 - 1907>: Exploration du Laos et du Haut-Mekong : du Cambodge à Luang-Prabang. -- In: Bulletin de la Société de géographie. -- 3 (1884). -- S. 40 -55

1884 - 1885-10

Es erscheinen:

Ellis, Alexander John <1840 - 1890>:  Tonometrical observations on some existing non-harmonic scales. -- In: Proceedings of the Society of Arts. -- 1884. -- S. 368 - 385

Ellis, Alexander John <1840 - 1890>:  On the musical scales of various nations. -- In: Journal of the Society of Arts. -- XXXIII (1885-03-25). -- S. 485 - 527

"X. - SIAM. The Ranat [ระนาด] in the South Kensington Museum is another wooden harmonicon with 19 bars, which Engel (p. 316) says form the diatonic scale of G, but this is far from being the case. We measured 10 bars from the 6th to the 15th. The 13th was unfortunately of a different kind of wood from the rest, and had been put in as a substitute for the Octave of bar 6. Vib. 323   348   379   433   491   504   585   666   VI 129 VII 148 VIII 231 IX 218 X 45 XI 258 XII 225 XIII Cents 0   129   277   508   726   771   1029   1254 Tempered 0   150   250   500   700   800   1000   1200   Vib. 666   748   794     XIII* 201 XIV 103 XV Cents 0   201   304   Tempered 0   200   300   This scale is quite enigmatical. The second Octave, of which only the beginning was measured, quite disagrees with the first. The interval, 45 cents, is also unintelligible. In tempering I have therefore supposed X to be too sharp, and XI too flat, but the tempering is hazardous. Let us hope that the Siamese musicians who are to come to the Inventions Exhibition of this year, will give a better notion of Siamese music than this Ranat affords. If I can obtain any information, I will communicate it to the Society of Arts. " [a.a.O.]

Ellis, Alexander John <1840 - 1890>: Appendix to Mr. Alexander J. Ellis Paper on 'The musical scales of various nations' read 1885-03-25. -- In: Journal of the Society of Arts. -- XXXIII (1885-10-30). -- S. 485 - 527

In diesen Nachrichten gibt Ellis die Ergebnisse von Messungen der Stimmung von siamesischen Instrumenten wieder, die sich in London befinden. Im letzten Aufsatz verwertet er die Auskünfte des siamesischen Orchesters bei der International Inventions Exhibition London (1885-05-04) und Messungen an den mitgebrachten Instrumenten.

 

"Alexander John Ellis, FRS (14 June 1814 – 28 October 1890) was an English mathematician and philologist, who also influenced the field of musicology. He changed his name from his father's name Sharpe to his mother's maiden name Ellis in 1825, as a condition of receiving significant financial support from a relative on his mother's side.[1] He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London. Biography He was born Alexander John Sharpe in Hoxton, Middlesex to a wealthy family. His father James Birch Sharpe was a notable artist and physician, who was later appointed Esquire of Windlesham. His mother Ann Ellis was from a noble background, but it is not known how her family made its fortune. Alexander's brother James Birch Sharpe junior, died at the Battle of Inkerman, during the Crimean War. His other brother William Henry Sharpe served with the Lancashire Fusiliers after moving north with his family to Cumberland, due to military work. Alexander was educated at Shrewsbury School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge (BA 1837). Initially trained in mathematics and the classics, he became a well-known phonetician of his time. Through his work in phonetics, he also became interested in vocal pitch and by extension, in musical pitch as well as speech and song. Ellis is noted for translating and extensively annotating Hermann von Helmholtz's On the Sensations of Tone. The second edition of this translation, published in 1885, contains an appendix which summarises Ellis' own work on related matters. In his writings on musical pitch and scales,[2] Ellis elaborates his notion and notation of cents for musical intervals. This concept became especially influential in Comparative musicology, a predecessor of ethnomusicology. Analyzing the scales (tone systems) of various European musical traditions, Ellis also showed that the diversity of tone systems cannot be explained by a single physical law, as had been argued by earlier scholars. In part V of his work On Early English Pronunciation, he applied the Dialect Test across Britain. He distinguished forty-two different dialects in England and the Scottish Lowlands.[3] He was acknowledged by George Bernard Shaw as the prototype of Professor Henry Higgins of Pygmalion (adapted as the musical My Fair Lady).[4] He was elected in June 1864 as a Fellow of the Royal Society.[5] Ellis's son Tristram James Ellis trained as an engineer, but later became a noted painter of the Middle East.[6] Phonetic alphabets Ellis developed two phonetic alphabets, phonotype, which used many new letters, and palæotype, which replaced many of these with turned letters (such as ⟨ə⟩, ⟨ɔ⟩), small caps (such as ⟨ɪ⟩), and italics. Two of his novel letters survived: ⟨ʃ⟩ and ⟨ʒ⟩ were passed on to Sweet's Romic alphabet and from there to the International Phonetic Alphabet." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis. -- Zugriff am 2016-01-05]

1884

Der französische Chemiker Paul Vieille entwickelt Poudre B, das erste raucharme Schießpulver.

1884

Der deutschjüdische Internist Arthur Nicolaier (1862 - 1942) entdeckt den Erreger des Wundstarrkrampfes (Tetanus): Clostridium tetani

Abb.: Opisthotonus bei Wundstarrkrampf (Tetanus), 1809
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1884

Das erste Kühlschiff der Welt, "Elderslie", bringt gefrorenes Fleisch von Neuseeland nach Großbritannien.

1884

Der US-Ingenieur George Westinghouse stößt bei einer Bohrung auf seinem Grundstück in 500 m Tiefe auf Erdgas. Beginn der Erdgasbohrungen.

Abb.: Erdgasbohrung, USA, ca. 1885
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1884

In Japan wird Soft Tennis (ソフトテニス) erfunden. Es wird eine in ganz Asien beliebte Sportart werden.

Abb.: Plakat 1996

1884 datiert

1884-01-01

In Bangkok eröffnet der Departement Store Harry A. Badman & Co. Er wird ein beliebtes Einkaufsziel für das Königshaus.

Abb.: Harry A. Badman & Co.
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 272]

1884-01-01

Eröffnung des Gesandtschaftsgebäudes Siams in Paris. Paul Pickenpack ( - 1903), der Konsul Siams in Hamburg, schickt seine Tochter Stella Pauline Jenni Pickenpack (gest. 1941) nach Paris als Haushälterin für den Gesandten.

Die Gesandtschaftssekretäre verdienen £200 pro Jahr, der Gesandte (für ganz Europa und USA £2000.

1884-01-23

Brief des Außenministers Siams - Phra Klang (พระคลัง) Chao Phya Bhanawongse Maha Kosa Thibodi an Her Majesty's Agent and Consul General in Bangkok, W. Newman. Inhalt: unberechtigte Gebietsansprüche von Perak [ڤيرق]:

Abb.: Lage von Perak
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Perak [ڤيرق] is claiming more than 2,300 square miles of territory now under the rule of Siam, some of the villages of which are inhabited by Siamese and others by Siamese Malays, but none by Malays of Perak descent, and which is defined by boundary marks declared by local traditions to have been fixed about three centuries ago, and which so far as His Majesty’s Commissioner could learn has never been under the rule of Perak. The important size of the territory now coveted by Perak is such that its transfer would deprive the Rajah of Raman of two thirds of his state and would aggrandize Perak by about a third of its present territory. The present boundary marks are very clear and appropriate. Chief of them is the mountain Gunong [Gunung] Emas 7000 feet high said to have been agreed on as a boundary in the year 1030 of the Hegera [Hijra - هِجْرَة] (AD 1651) by Datoh Purapoh of Patani [كراجأن ڤتتاني], Datoh Limang of Kedah [قدح] and Datoh Perala of Perak [ڤيرق] and the rapids Jagang Panjang or Batu Parala Inyo at the mountain gorge where the Balem river breaks through a chain of mountains and becomes the Perak river [Sungai Perak]." [Zitiert in: Ghosts of the past in Southern Thailand : essays on the history and historiography of Patani / ed. by Patrick Jory. -- v, 2013. -- 336 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-9971-69-635-1. -- S. 179.]

1884-02-01

Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird vom deutschen Kaiser, Wilhelm I. Friedrich Ludwig von Preußen (1797 - 1888) als Gesandter akkreditiert.

Am folgfenden Tag macht Prisdang dem Kronprinzen und seiner Gattin die Aufwartung.

Prinz Prisdang nimmt auch Beziehungen zur Waffenfabrik Krupp in Essen auf.

Abb.: Wilhelm I. Friedrich Ludwig von Preußen, 1898
[Bildquelle: Michel Lock (1848 - 1898) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Ansprache des Kaisers:

"Prinz. Ich nehme mit Befriedigung das Schreiben entgegen, durch welches Sie als außerordentlicher Gesandter und Bevollmächtigter Minister Sr. Majestät des Königs von Siam bei Mir beglaubigt werden und bin erfreut, dass Ihr König gerade Sie, mein Prinz, für diesen Posten ausersehen hat, indem Ich Mich gern erinnere, Sie bereits zu zweien Malen an Meinem Hoflager empfangen zu haben. Auch Mir gereicht es zu besonderer Genugtuung, dass die freundschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Siam sich zum gegenseitigen Nutzen stets inniger entfaltet haben, und dass Sie, Herr Gesandter, es sich angelegen sein lassen wollen, dieselben zu fördern und zu befestigen, wozu Ihnen meine Regierung jederzeit die Hand bieten wird. Zugleich ersuche Ich Sie, Ihrem hohen Souveränen den erneuten Ausdruck Meiner aufrichtigen Freundschaft sowie der guten Wünsche zu übermitteln, von denen Ich für Sein dauerndes Wohl und für das Gedeihen Seines Reiches erfüllt bin." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 157f.]

1884-03-21

Eröffnung der Telegrafenlinie Bangkok-Tavoy (ထားဝယ်မြို့). Ein Wort nach Europa (via Türkei) kostet 1 Baht 3 Atts (อัฐ), nach Indien kostet ein Wort ½ Baht.

Später in deisem Jahr wird eine Telegrafenlinie nach Raheng (ระแหง = Tak - ตาก) mit Abschluss nach Burma gebaut.

Abb.: Bangkok-Tavoy (ထားဝယ်မြို့) und Bangkok- Raheng (ระแหง = Tak - ตาก)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1886]

1884-04

 Frankreich fordert von König Norodom I ( ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម) (1834 – 1904) von Kambodscha, dass Frankreich die Kontrolle über das gesamte Zollwesen Kambodschas erhält.

1884-04-23

Der britische Maschinenbauer Charles Algernon Pasons (1854 - 1931) meldet die Dampfturbine (rotary motor) als Patent an.

Abb.: Konstruktionszeichnung aus der Patentschrift

1884-05-04

Auf seiner Reise nach seiner Residenz in London überbringt Prinz Nares Varariddhi (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระ: นเรศวรฤทธิ์, 1855 - 1925), designierter Gesandter Siams für Europa und USA, US-Präsident Chester A. Arthur (1829 - 1886) seine Akkreditierungsurkunde. Er ist der erste in den USA akkreditierte Gesandte Siams. Die Delegation Siams weilt 41 Tage in den USA.

Abb.: Chester A. Arthur
[Bildquelle: Puck, 1881]

1884-05-14

Prinz Phichit Prichakon (พิชิตปรีชากร, 1855 - 1909) an Rama V. über die Zustände in Lampang (ลำปาง):

Abb.: Lage von Lampang (ลำปาง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"All the children and relations of the Prince are wicked, for all of them have full power to rob and to kill whomever they like... When the murdered man does not belong to the Prince's family, the case is not brought to court." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 63. -- Faire use]

1884-05-19

New York: Anna Harriette Leonowens <1831 - 1915> trifft Prinz Nares Varariddhi (พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระ: นเรศวรฤทธิ์, 1855 - 1925), den Sohn ihrer Freundin Lady Sonklin (เจ้าจอมมารดากลิ่น / เจ้าจอมมารดาซ่อนกลิ่น / ချာချွမ်မန်ဒါဆွန်စလင်, 1835 - 1925)

"After Anna delivered her manuscript in May 1884, she did not return straight home, because she had learned that Prince Krita [กฤษดาภินิหาร], Sonklin’s son, now Prince Nares and minister of foreign affairs, was about to visit New York. Anna wrote Avis [Annie Leonowens Fyshe, 1854 – 1902, Annas Tochter] a glowing account of the reunion in a Fifth Avenue hotel on May 19. They had not seen each other for seventeen years. Krita "embraced me just as he used to do when a little boy. I was quite overcome with joy." Anna was thrilled that her dear old friend’s son was doing so well. Krita told her a great deal about his mother and also about Louis [Leonowens, 1856 – 1919, Annas Sohn], whom he said was "doing good work and making himself useful to the King in every way" and was now fluent in reading as well as speaking Siamese. He also told her that Siam was much changed, modernized, with "prostration, slavery, imprisonment of wife or child for the husband or father’s debts" all abolished. It was a wonderful and loving moment for them both, invoking for Anna the best feelings of her time in Siam and reminding her that her years there had provided warm memories for others as well as for herself." [Quelle: Morgan, Susan <1943 - >: Bombay Anna : the real story and remarkable adventures of the King and I governess. -- Berkeley [u.a.] : Univ. of California Press, 2008. -- 274 S. : Ill.  ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-520-26163-1. -- S.  195. -- Fair use]

1884-05-21

Paris (Frankreich): Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps (1805 - 1894), der Erbauer des Sueskanals (1854 - 1869) erhält den Orden Knight Commander (ทวีติยาภรณ์มงกุฎไทย) des The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand (เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันมีเกียรติยศยิ่งมงกุฎไทย)

Abb.: Knight Commander (ทวีติยาภรณ์มงกุฎไทย) des The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand

Abb.: Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps
[Bildquelle: Achille Lemot (1846 - 1909). -- In: Le Monde pour rire. -- 1868-07-17. -- Public domain]

1884-05-28

Einwohner von Keng Tung (ၵဵင်းတုင် / เชียงตุง) bitten Siam um Protektorat. Zuvor waren 276 Familien nach Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน) übersiedelt.

Abb.: Lage von Keng Tung (ၵဵင်းတုင် / เชียงตุง) und Mae Hong Son (แม่ฮ่องสอน)
[Bildquelle: Crosthwaite, Charles Haukes Todd <1835 - 1915>: The pacification of Burma, 1912. -- Vor S. 209]

1884-06 - 1886-04

Tonkin-Krieg zwischen Frankreich und China: Im Vertrag von Tientsin (1884-05-11) verzichtet China zugunsten von Frankreich auf Tonkin (Nord-Vietnam). Vertrag von Huế (1884-08-06) zwischen Franzosen und Vietnamesen setzt das französische Protektorat ein und regelt die Stationierung von Truppen und Repräsentanten in den größeren Städten. Da die französischen Truppen zu schnell vorrücken, kommt es zum Zusammenstoss mit chinesischen Truppen. Dies führt zum Tonkin-Krieg.

Abb.: Tonkinesen machen vor vorbeiziehenden französischen Soldaten Kotau (叩頭), 1884
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Die Tonkin-Kampagne (frz. Campagne du Tonkin) war ein bewaffneter Konflikt, der etwa vom Juni 1883 bis zum April 1886 andauerte und in dem Frankreich abwechselnd gegen die Armeen der Schwarzen Flaggen (黑旗军), Vietnams und Chinas um die Vorherrschaft in Tonkin und damit verbunden auch Annam kämpfte. Die Lage der Franzosen wurde im August 1884 durch den Ausbruch des Chinesisch-Französischen Krieges und im Juli 1885 durch den Aufstand der Cần Vương (勤王) in Annam zusätzlich noch erschwert. Die Hauptlast der Kämpfe wurde auf französischer Seite vom Expeditionskorps Tonkin und der Tonkinflotille getragen. Besonders im Chinesisch-Französischen Krieg griff jedoch auch das französische Fernostgeschwader in den Konflikt ein. Das offizielle Ende der Kampagne kam im April 1886, als das Expeditionskorps Tonkin bedeutend verkleinert und in eine Besatzungstruppe umgewandelt wurde. Das Gebiet Tonkins konnte jedoch bis in das Jahr 1896 hinein nicht als befriedet gelten, da es immer wieder zu Erhebungen der einheimischen Bevölkerung kam." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin-Kampagne. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-28]

"Alles in allem kann man nicht sagen, dass man [in Frankreich] bei der Errichtung der Kolonien »imperialistische« Ziele im Auge gehabt hatte, dass also hierbei einem inneren Bedürfnis des Kapitalismus nach Expansion entsprochen wurde, der den Schrecken seiner Widersprüche ausgeliefert war. Die »kommerziell interessierten Kreise« verbanden mit der Intervention in Afrika und Tongking nicht die Forderung nach Eroberung neuer Gebiete, sondern wollten ihre Handelsverbindungen gesichert sehen wie im Fall Lyons, das auf den Handel mit China angewiesen war. Diese Kreise spielten sicher eine wichtige Rolle, wesentlich aber war, dass der hartnäckige Wunsch einiger Militärs mit dem Wunsch nach patriotischer Regeneration bei einigen Staatsmännern zusammentraf, namentlich bei [Léon] Gambetta, [Jules] Ferry und Paul Bert. Für sie bedeutete die Selbstbeschränkung auf das eigene Land eine Selbstverleugnung, die sie ablehnten. Wesentlich war auch, dass man im politischen Spiel der Weltmächte riskierte, seine Karte nicht mehr ausspielen zu können, wenn man sie nicht im geeigneten Moment ausspielte, wie Bismarck einmal bemerkte." [Quelle: Caron, François <1931 - >: Frankreich im Zeitalter des Imperialismus 1851 - 1918. -- Stuttgart : DVA, 1991. -- (Geschichte Frankreichs ; Bd. 5). -- ISBN 3-421-06455-5. -- Originaltitel: La France des patriotes de 1851 à 1918 (1985). -- S. 392.]

"Seitdem glaubte man an den Gedanken einer französischen Überlegenheit, die Frankreichs Vorherrschaft zu rechtfertigen schien. Es war das Erbe des christlich-missionarischen und des zivilisatorisch-republikanischen, aber auch anthropologisch-ethnologischen Denkens, das mit einer hierarchischen Vorstellung von Rassen und Kulturen operierte. Diese Hierarchie basierte auf dem Begriff der »primitiven Kultur«; dies war auch der Titel eines Buches von Tylor, das 1877 ins Französische übersetzt worden war und dem Begriff »eingeboren« seine eigentliche Bedeutung verlieh. Diese irrige Denkweise war nicht nur kennzeichnend für die Kolonialideologie, man begegnete ihr auch in antideutschen oder antisemitischen Argumentationen. Doch handelte es sich hierbei eher um Randerscheinungen, denn seit dieser Zeit setzte sich mehr und mehr die Vorstellung von der Kolonialisierung als Erziehungsaufgabe durch. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt war sie durchaus vergleichbar mit der »Mission« der Verstaatlichung der Schulen. In der Vorstellungswelt der populären oder für Kinder verfassten Kolonialromane wurde Frankreich als das einzige Volk dargestellt, das fähig war, die Aufgabe der geistigen und moralischen Entwicklung der überseeischen Völker zu erfüllen; dieses Mehr an Humanität und dieses pädagogische Bemühen galt als eine Besonderheit der französischen Kolonialpolitik. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen war die Schwächung der antikolonialistischen Partei verständlich; sie gab aber nicht auf, sondern bekam einen zunehmend revolutionären Anstrich, der sie in Misskredit brachte. Die feindlichen Stimmen im konservativen Lager wie die Albert de Broglies verschafften sich zunehmend weniger Gehör. Das Kolonial- und das Außenministerium konnten den Vormarsch an der Kolonialfront mühelos organisieren." [Quelle: Caron, François <1931 - >: Frankreich im Zeitalter des Imperialismus 1851 - 1918. -- Stuttgart : DVA, 1991. -- (Geschichte Frankreichs ; Bd. 5). -- ISBN 3-421-06455-5. -- Originaltitel: La France des patriotes de 1851 à 1918 (1985). -- S. 460.]

1884-06

Erstmals werden Frauen zum Tennisturnier Wimbledon Championships zugelassen.

Abb.: Gemischtes Doppel Mr. W. Renshaw and Miss Bingley, Wimbledon 1886
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Wimbledon
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1884-06-06

Traité de Hué (1884) macht Annam zum französischen Protektorat

Abb.: Lage von Annam
[Bildquelle: Furfur / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"« Art 1. L’Annam reconnaît et accepte le Protectorat de la France. La France représentera Annam dans toutes ses relations extérieures. Les Annamites à l’étranger seront placés sous la protection de la France. » « Art. 2. Une force militaire française occupera Thuan-An d’une façon permanente. Tous les forts et ouvrages militaires de la rivière de Hué seront rasés. » « Art. 3. Les fonctionnaires annamites, depuis la frontière de la Cochinchine jusqu’à la frontière de la province de Ninh-Binh, continueront à administrer les provinces comprises dans ces limites, sauf en ce qui concerne les douanes, les travaux publics et, en général, les services qui exigent une direction unique ou l’emploi d’ingénieurs ou d’agents européens. » « Art. 4. Dans les limites ci-dessus indiquées, le Gouvernement annamite déclarera ouverts au commerce de toutes les nations, outre le port de Qui-Nhon, ceux de Tourane et de Xuan-Day. D’autres ports pourront être ultérieurement ouverts après une entente préalable. Le Gouvernement français y entretiendra des agents placés sous les ordres de son Résident à Hué. » « Art. 5. Un Résident général, représentant du Gouvernement français, présidera aux relations extérieures de l’Annam et assurera l’exercice régulier du protectorat, sans s’immiscer dans l’administration locale des provinces comprises dans les limites fixées par l’article 3. Il résidera dans la citadelle de Hué avec une escorte militaire. Le Résident général aura droit d’audience privée et personnelle auprès de Sa Majesté le Roi d’Annam. » « Art. 6. Au Tonkin des Résidents ou Résidents-adjoints seront placés par le Gouvernement de la République dans les chefs-lieux où leur présence sera jugée utile. Ils seront sous les ordres du Résident général. Ils habiteront dans la citadelle, et, en tout cas, dans l’enceinte même réservée au mandarin; il leur sera donné, s’il y a lieu, une escorte française ou indigène. » « Art. 7. Les Résidents éviteront de s’occuper des détails de l’administration des provinces. Les fonctionnaires indigènes de tout ordre continueront à gouverner et à administrer sous leur contrôle; mais ils devront être révoqués sur la demande des autorités françaises. » « Art. 8. Les fonctionnaires et employés français de toute catégorie ne communiqueront avec les autorités annamites que par l’intermédiaire des Résidents. » « Art. 9. Une ligne télégraphique sera établie de Saïgon à Hanoï et exploitée par des employés français. Une partie des taxes sera attribuée au Gouvernement annamite qui concédera, en retour, le terrain nécessaire aux stations. » « Art. 10. En Annam et au Tonkin, les étrangers de toute nationalité seront placés sous la juridiction française. L’autorité française statuera sur les contestations de quelque nature qu’elles soient qui s’élèveront entre Annamites et étrangers, de même qu’entre étrangers. » « Art. 11. Dans l’Annam proprement dit, les Quan-Bo percevront l’impôt ancien sans le contrôle des fonctionnaires français et pour compte de la Cour de Hué. Au Tonkin, les Résidents centraliseront avec le concours des Quan-Bo le service du même impôt, dont ils surveilleront la perception et l’emploi. Une commission composée de commissaires français et annamites déterminera les sommes qui devront être affectées aux diverses branches de l’administration et aux services publics. Le reliquat sera versé dans les caisses de la Cour de Hué. » « Art. 12. Dans tout le royaume, les douanes réorganisées seront entièrement confiées à des administrateurs français. Il n’y aura que des douanes maritimes et de frontières placées partout où le besoin se fera sentir. Aucune réclamation ne sera admise en matières de douanes, au sujet dés mesures prises jusqu’à ce jour par les autorités militaires. Les lois et les règlements concernant les contributions indirectes, le régime et le tarif des douanes, et le régime sanitaire de la Cochinchine seront applicables aux territoires de l’Annam et du Tonkin. » « Art. 13. Les citoyens ou protégés français pourront, dans toute l’étendue du Tonkin et dans les ports ouverts de l’Annam, circuler librement, faire le commerce, acquérir des biens meubles et immeubles et en disposer. S. M. le Roi d’Annam confirme expressément les garanties stipulées par le traité du 15 mars 1874 en faveur des missionnaires et des chrétiens. » « Art. 14. Les personnes qui voudront voyager dans l’intérieur de l’Annam ne pourront en obtenir l’autorisation que par l’intermédiaire du Résident général à Hué ou du Gouverneur de la Cochinchine. Ces autorités leur délivreront des passeports qui seront présentés au visa du Gouvernement annamite. » « Art. 15. La France s’engage à garantir désormais l’intégrité des États de S. M. le Roi d’Annam, à défendre ce Souverain contre les agressions du dehors, et contre les rébellions du dedans. À cet effet, l’autorité française pourra faire occuper militairement sur le territoire de l’Annam et du Tonkin les points qu’elle jugera nécessaires pour assurer l’exercice du protectorat. » « Art. 16. S. M. le Roi d’Annam continuera, comme par le passé, à diriger l’administration intérieure de ses États, sauf les restrictions qui résultent de la présente convention. » « Art. 17. Les dettes actuelles de l’Annam vis-à-vis de la France seront acquittées au moyen de paiements dont le mode sera ultérieurement déterminé. S. M. le Roi d’Annam s’interdit de contracter aucun emprunt à l’étranger sans l’autorisation du Gouvernement français. » « Art. 18. Des conférences régleront les limites des ports ouverts et des concessions françaises dans chacun de ces ports, l’établissement des phares sur les côtes de l’Annam et du Tonkin, le régime et l’exploitation des mines, le régime monétaire, la quotité à attribuer au Gouvernement annamite sur les produits des douanes, des règles, des taxes télégraphiques et autres revenus non visés dans l’article 11 du présent traité. La présente convention sera soumise à l’approbation du Gouvernement de la République française et de S. M. le Roi d’Annam, et les ratifications en seront échangées aussitôt que possible. » « Art. 19. Le présent traité remplacera les conventions des 15 mars, 31 août et 23 novembre 1874. » « En cas de contestation le texte français fera seul foi. »"

1884-06-13 - 1884-06-17

Charles Thomson (1845 - ), französischer Commandant en chef von Indochina, zwingt König Norodom I ( ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម) (1834 – 1904) von Kambodscha einen Knebelvertrag auf:

"After the inconclusive exchanges of 5 and 7 June, Thomson [Charles Thomson (1845 - ), französischer Commandant en chef von Indochina] again endeavored to see Norodom [König Norodom I ( ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម) (1834 – 1904) von Kambodscha]. The king refused to see him, stating that he was unwell. This Thomson did not believe. As a precaution against public disorders, he summoned troop reinforcements and three gunboats from Saigon on 13 June. Acting on his own initiative, the governor decided that since Norodom persisted in his refusal to accept the proposed customs convention [siehe oben], he would now impose a much more stringent convention that would revolutionize the administration of the kingdom. Moreover, Thomson was ready to do what had so often been discussed before: remove Norodom from the throne. By 16 June there was an atmosphere of high excitement among the Frenchmen in Phnom Penh [ភ្នំពេញ] and a state of apprehension in the royal court. The new French troops had arrived from downriver. At one o’clock in the morning on 17 June, Thomson completed dictating a dispatch summarizing the developments that had already taken place and noted that in five hours he would proceed to the palace and demand satisfaction from Norodom. If this was not given, he intended to dethrone Norodom and set Sisowath [ព្រះបាទស៊ីសុវតិ្ថ (1840 – 1927), Norodoms Halbbruder] in his place. If by any chance Sisowath failed to behave in the way which Thomson expected, the governor noted that he would arrange for a council of officials to rule the country until the question of succession to the throne was resolved. The events that took place when Thomson proceeded to the palace have become one of the best known tableaux in nineteenth- century Cambodian history. Thomson took a detachment of troops with him, which remained under arms throughout the tense interview with Norodom. The gunboats stood by in clear view just off the palace. The exchanges between Norodom and Thomson have become the basis of legends that, though certainly rendering the spirit of the confrontation, are not confirmed by documentary sources written at the time. The best-known version of the scene, repeated in modern Cambodian reconstructions, is provided by Collard [Collard, Paul Maria Alexandre <1861 -  >: Cambodge et Cambodgiens. -- Paris : Société d'éditions géofraphiqeues, maritimes et coloniales, 1925] . He was not an eyewitness, but his service in Cambodia began shortly after, in 1885, and he heard of the events from the participants. Reveillere [Paul-Émile-Marie Réveillère (1829-1908)], writing under his pseudonym Paul Branda [Ça et là : Cochinchine et Cambodge L'Ame khmère. Ang-Kor. -- Paris : Fischbacher, 1886], also described the events of 17 June after talking with the participants. But, again, there is no documentary confirmation of the dramatic words that he attributes to Thomson and Norodom. According to Collard’s "authorized" version, Thomson penetrated to the king’s chamber in a brusque display of lèse-majesté, wakening the king with the noise of his entry. He then read aloud to Norodom the text of a new, far-reaching convention that transformed Cambodia from a protectorate into something very close to a colony. Hearing the terms of the new convention, the king’s secretary and interpreter, Col de Monteiro, is said to have cried, "Sire, this is not a convention that is proposed to your majesty, this is an abdication." De Monteiro was hurried from the room under guard. Norodom, left alone, had no choice but to sign. Thomson commented, "Gentlemen, here is a page of history." Brandas account provides dramatic dialogue to supplement the picture presented by Collard. He quotes Thomson as telling Norodom, after the king’s initial refusal to sign, that if he did not do so, he would be confined aboard one of the gunboats lying off the palace. "What will you do with me aboard the AlouetteF’ Norodom is supposed to have asked. "That is my secret," was Thomson’s reported reply. Although the official accounts of the events in the early morning of 17 June 1884 lack the verbal drama of later reconstructions, there is still a sense of excitement to the scene that they describe. Accompanied by a detachment of troops, Thomson marched to see Norodom, determined to impose a new convention. Norodom insisted that his earlier refusal to see the governor had been the result of genuine ill health. Faced with Thomson’s show of force, he now indicated his willingness to sign the controversial customs agreement. But Thomson now wanted to exact the much higher price of complete administrative reorganization in recompense for the affront Norodom had given him. He told the king that he must either sign the new convention or abdicate. Faced with this choice, Norodom signed. At some stage, during this encounter Col de Monteiro was accused of falsely translating some of the exchanges between the king and the governor. It was for this act, rather than the ringing declaration that Collard quotes, that he was removed under guard. As Thomson talked with Norodom, Sisowath [Sisowath (ព្រះបាទស៊ីសុវតិ្ថ) (1840 – 1927), Halbbruder Norodoms] waited in the wings. Before Norodom had to face the governor, Sisowath had already told Thomson that he was at the disposal of the French authorities. During the night of 17 June, after the convention had been concluded, he spoke with. Thomson, congratulating him on the developments of the day and again indicating his readiness to serve the French cause. Thomson s estimation that it would only be with the greatest difficulty that Norodom would be able to bring himself to pardon Sisowath is not surprising. The cost to Norodom of the convention that Thomson extorted was high indeed. Under the terms of the first article of the convention, the king was obliged to "accept all the administrative, judicial, financial, and commercial reforms which, in the future, the Government of the Republic will judge it useful to introduce in order to facilitate the accomplishment of its Protectorate." Instead of a protectorate, directed by a representative in Phnom Penh with scant interest in affairs outside the capital, Thomson now proposed appointing French residents to provincial regions to control the administration of Cambodian officials. The number of provinces was to be drastically reduced, and the duties of the Cambodian officials within those provinces were to be "assimilated" to those of officials within the arrondissements of Cochinchina. Since there was no institution within Cambodia approximating the Vietnamese commune, Thomson proposed that a similar institution should be created, complete with a "mayor" and a council of notables, to ease the administrative task of the French. The business of the kingdom was left in the hands of the council of ministers, but its action was to be clearly subordinate to the resident general, who would have in addition the right to private audiences with the king. French residents in provincial centers were to exercise a strict control over the administration of justice. In order to assist in the economic development of Cambodia, the right to real property would be estabished. And slavery, long the bane of liberal critics of the Cambodian state, was to be definitively abolished. [...] ... Norodom’s confining himself to a written protest, addressed to the president of the French Republic. In this letter, Norodom denounced the new convention and the manner in which it was forced upon him. His illness, which had prevented his seeing Thomson and led to the governor’s wrath, had been genuine, not feigned. He protested further against Col de Monteiro’s removal from the discussions of 17 June; this had prevented his secretary from speaking to him at a difficult moment in the interview. The authorities in France showed no inclination to take account of Norodom’s protest, and Thomson worked diligently to implement the reforms listed in the convention." [Quelle: Osborne, Milton E.: The French presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia : rule and response (1859-1905). -- Bangkok : white Lotus, 1997. -- 379 S. : Ill. ; 20 cm. -- ISBN 974-8434-00-1. -- "First published by Cornell Univ. in 1969". -- S. 209 ff. -- Fair use]

1884-06-26

Rom (Italien): Prinz Prisdang Jumsai (พระอง์คเจ้า ปฤษฎาง์ค ชุมสาย, 1851 - 1932) wird vom italienischen König, Umberto Rainerio Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia (1844 - 1900) als Gesandter akkreditiert.

Abb.: Umberto Rainerio Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia, Re d'Italia
[Bildquelle: Fratelli D'Alessandri (- 18893) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

In Rom hat Prinz Prisdang eine 20minütige Privataudienz bei Papst Leo XIII. (geb. Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci, 1810 - 1903), Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Iesu Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput Universalis Ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus, Patriarcha Occidentis, Primas Italiae, Archiepiscopus et metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Servus Servorum Dei.

Abb.: Leo XIII., Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Iesu Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput Universalis Ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus, Patriarcha Occidentis, Primas Italiae, Archiepiscopus et metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Servus Servorum Dei
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Leo XIII., Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Iesu Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput Universalis Ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus, Patriarcha Occidentis, Primas Italiae, Archiepiscopus et metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Servus Servorum Dei, 1888

"The Pope enquired after the Prince’s education in Europe and what he saw in Rome. He then said that he was extremely pleased to meet the Prince who had come from a distant land where Catholic missionaries had always enjoyed royal protection. He asked the Thai Minister to thank His Majesty the King of Siam for the friendly disposition towards them. In reply, the Minister said that the missionaries’ sole purpose was to propagate teligion and knowledge, and that they had nothing to do with politics. Causing difficulties to no one and being always peaceful, they were, as the result, never treated as enemy and were in fact given the same protection as Thais. Agreeing with the Prince, His Holiness reaffirmed that the missionaries presence was indeed motivated by religion and virtue, and that their duty was to abide by the law of the country they lived in. Nevertheless, His Holiness enquired whether there had been any misbehaviour or complaints against them, for they should then he reported to him. Reassuring His Holiness that no such case existed, and having nothing but praises for them, the Prince went on to extol the long-time resident of Siam, Bishop Pallegoix, who had set himself the task of studying the Thai language and custom, and who had become a great friend of the King. The Prince added that Catholic missionaries had been living happily in Siam ever since they first came during the Ayudhya Period. In conclusion, the Pope commended the missionaries to His Majesty so that they may continue to enjoy the King s good grace and protection, and once more asked the Prince to convey gratitude to His Majesty for his kindness to the Catholics. The audience had lasted some twenty minutes when the Pope asked whether the Thai Minister had any secretaries with him. With the affirmative reply, the secretaries were then allowed in to be presented to him." [Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 172f.]

Anschließend an die Papstaudienz wird Prinz Prisdang von Ludovico Kardinal Jacobini (1832 - 1887), dem päpstlichen Staatssekretär (Secretarius Status) empfangen.

Abb.: Ludovico Kardinal Jacobini
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Rom und Turin
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Europe. -- London, 1910]

Anschließend reist Prinz Prisdang nach Turin, um Tommaso Alberto Vittorio di Savoia-Genova (1854–1931), Duca di Genua, das Hochzeitsgeschenk von Rama V. zur Heirat (1883-04-14) mit Marie Isabella Luise Amalie Elvira Blanche Eleonore (1863 - 1924), Prinzessin von Bayern, zu überbringen.

Abb.: Tommaso Alberto Vittorio di Savoia-Genova, Duca di Genua, mit Marie Isabella Luise Amalie Elvira Blanche Eleonore, Prinzessin von Bayern

1884-07-06

Deutsches Reich: Unfallversicherungsgesetz

1884-07-24

Ernest Satow (1843 - 1929), britischer Minister Resident and Consul-General, an Außenminister Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2. Earl Granville (1815 - 1891):

"There is only one way to safeguard Siam so that it makes progress as an independent kingdom. ... thorough organization of the country on the European model." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 266]

1884-08-28

Ernest Satow (1843 - 1929), britischer Minister Resident and Consul-General, an Philip Henry Wodehouse Currie, 1st Baron Currie (1834 – 1906), Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs:

"I am no less convinced that in strengthening the king and the throne lies the only hope for the future of Siam and its possible utility to ourselves." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 269]

1884-08-29

Contreras, spanischer Konsul von Saigon (Cochinchina), an den spanischen Botschafter in Paris: Es wäre für Spanien gut, ein Geheimabkommen zu schließen für einen eventuellen neuerlichen Krieg zwischen Frankreich und Deutschland: nach diesem Abkommen solle Deutschland im Falle eines Siegs Cochinchina bekommen und Kambodscha soll spanisches Protektorat werden.

1884-07-07

Aus einem Brief von König Norodom I ( ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម) (1834 – 1904) von Kambodscha  an Charles Thomson (1845 - ), französischer Commandant en chef von Indochina:

"In the beginning I concluded a treaty of alliance and friendship with the French government and the high French officials; I was directed to observe this treaty faithfully. Now the Cambodian government sees that this new affair [the customs convention] [siehe oben] is going to diminish the prestige of Cambodian authority. ... The Cambodian government and the Cambodian people are not accustomed to giving up their ancient ways in order to adopt new ones. It will be thought that the king has lost all authority over his subjects." [Übersetzt in: Osborne, Milton E.: The French presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia : rule and response (1859-1905). -- Bangkok : white Lotus, 1997. -- 379 S. : Ill. ; 20 cm. -- ISBN 974-8434-00-1. -- "First published by Cornell Univ. in 1969". -- S.]

1884-07-18

Eröffnung des Gebäudes des Kriegsministeriums (Verteidigungsministeriums - กระทรวงกลาโหม) in Bangkok.

Abb.: Lage des Verteidigungsministeriums (กระทรวงกลาโหม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Verteidigungsministerium (กระทรวงกลาโหม), 2012
[Bildquelle: tobiwei. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/29981253@N03/8597955491. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-03. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1884-08-08

George Eastman (1854 - 1932) und William H. Walker melden den Rollfilm auf Papierbasis (Stripping Film) als Patent an. Ab 1891 wird er durch den American Film, einen Zelluloidfilm ersetzt.

Abb.: Eastman Camera und Rollfilm, Patent von 1888
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1884-08-23 - 1884-08-26

Seeschlacht von Fuzhou (福州) (Combat naval de Fou-Tchéou, 馬江海戰) zwischen Frankreich und China. Frankreichs escadre de l'Extrême-Orient zerstört innert einer Stunde neun der 11 Schiffe der chinesischen Fujian-Flotte (福建水師), eine der vier Regionalflotten Chinas.

Abb.: Lage von Fuzhou (福州)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Chinesische Darstellung der Seeschlacht von Fuzhou (福州) (Combat naval de Fou-Tchéou, 馬江海戰)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Französische Schiffe des escadre de l'Extrême-Orient:

Abb.: Triomphante
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: La Galissonnierre. 1885
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Duguay-Trouin
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Le Volta
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Torpedoboote Nr. 45 und 46
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1884-09-21

In seiner Geburtstagsrede beansprucht der König für Siam das ganze Gebiet westlich des Mekong (មេគង្គ / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง) von Kambodscha bis zur Wasserscheide des Black River (sông Đà)

Abb.: Mekong (មេគង្គ / ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง) und Black River (sông Đà)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Aus der Geburtstagsrede Ramas V.:

"....Concerning the raid of the Haws [ฮ่อ / 回族 / خُوِذُو] which We last year spoke of sending an expedition against, it is now ascertained that these are different hordes of lawless people. Two small forces have been despatched to be stationed at Luang Phra Bang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ] and Nongkai [Nong Khai - หนองคาย], and one Survey Expedition under an experienced and trusted European Chief with Our Siamese Commissioner attached to it has gone through the unexplored Country of Puen, and the adjacent localities where those bandits have been in the habit of making their incursions; but this expedition came into actual contact with none of them, it would therefore appear that they flee before the advance of any expeditionary force. The object of this expedition is to survey those unexplored districts within the mountain ridge of the valley of Mekhong River [ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง], the limits of which are the proper and recognized boundaries of Our dominions in that quarter, and to examine their nature, resources, and communications, in order that steps may be taken to facilitate their opening to general commerce, on which to a large extent, the prosperity of the country depends. The expedition has, daring a few months work succeeded so far to Our entire satisfaction, but to Our deep regret when the rainy season set in, the expedition suffered severely from sickness and so much so that few men in the force entirely escaped, and We lost a most promising young European officer, and were compelled to recall the expedition. "The Surveying Expedition will again proceed on the approach of the dry season to resume the work originally held in view, much of which is yet unfinished, it will return to the Capital before the setting in of the rainy season." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 80ff.]

"To preserve peace and order and to maintain territorial integrity", the king and his close advisors decided that it was essential to reform the old military system "In harmony with the necessities of modern arms and discipline." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 247]

1884-10

Hiram Stevens Maxim (1814 - 1916) führt den Prototyp des Maxim Gun, des ersten vollautomatischen Maschinengewehrs vor.

Abb.: Maxim-Maschinengewehr der Schweizer Armee 1894
[Bildquelle: TheBernFiles / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Aus der Patentschrift 1885-05-05

1884-10-04

Protestschreiben des geschäftsführenden französischen Konsul, Édouard Lorgeou, gegen die Geburtstagsrede Ramas V. vom 1884-09-21 (s. oben):

"Monsieur le Ministre- "His Majesty the King, in his speech on the 21 st September, has expressed in the following manner on the subject of territories on the North-Eastern limit of Siamese possessions: "'This geographic expedition has as its principal aim to make a survey and draw the map of territories which are still unexplored in the valley of the Mekhong River, up to the line of watershed, which forms on this side the limit of possessions, where our authority must be respected, and which forms a suitable and really natural frontier.' "Your Excellency will not forget, that in these badly known regions Annam has the right of claims to several tributary States, "In the presence of the publicity given to His Majesty s intentions, I am forced, while assuring Your Excellency of the conciliatory spirit of the Government of the French Republic, to reserve, in the most formal manner, the rights of the Empire of Vietnam and of France, concerning the limits to be determined between the Annamite and Siamese territories. — "E. Lorgeou." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 83f.]

Bei einer anderen Gelegenheit protestiert der geschäftsführende französischen Konsul, Édouard Lorgeou, gegen den Titel Ramas V. "...King of Siam both North and South and of all the neighbouring territories such as Lao Chieng [ลาวเชียง], Lao Kao [ลาวเกา], etc" :

"The King must know that the word Lao [ລາວ / ลาว] was such a broad and general term and that the King could hot have owned all the Lao lands as France had claims to some of them and on account of the wars in Tongking, France still had no time to come to exact terms and agreement with Siam but she reserved her rights to the territories in question." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: Prince Prisdang's files on his diplomatic activities in Europe, 1880-1886. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1977. -- 267 S. : Ill. ; 19 cm. -- S. 83f.]

1884-10-14

Die Internationale Meridian-Konferenz in Washington, (International conference for the purpose of fixing a prime meridian and a universal day) D.C. (USA) mit Vertretern aus 25 Nationen führt den durch Greenwich führenden Meridian als Nullmeridian ein. Damit wird die Einteilung der Welt in einheitliche Zeitzonen ermöglicht.

Abb.: Null-Meridian am Greenwich-Observatorium mit Laserstrahl, 2006
[Bildquelle: Markhamilton / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage des Null-Meridians
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1884-11

Eröffnung der öffentlichen Schule in Wat Prayurawong [วัดประยูรวงศ์], Thonburi [ธนบุรี]. Sie ist eine Stiftung von Phraya Phatsakorawong (Phon Bunnag) [พระยาภาสกรวงศ์ (พรบุนนาค), 1849–1920].

Abb.: Lage von Wat Prayurawong [วัดประยูรวงศ์]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Kurz zuvor war eine öffentliche Schule in einem neuen Gebäude in Wat Mahannapharam [วัดมหรรณพารามวรวิหาร] eröffnet worden.

Abb.: Lage von Wat Mahannapharam [วัดมหรรณพารามวรวิหาร]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1884-11-01

Siam hat den Briten James Fitzroy McCarthy (พระวิภาคภูวดล) beauftragt, eine Karte Siams zu erstellen, um die Grenzen gegenüber den französischen Besitzungen festgelegt werden können. Mc Carthy schreibt an Prinz Ditsawarakuman Damrong Rajanubhab (พระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร ดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 - 1943):

Abb.: Hinterindien
[Bildquelle: Meyer 1890]

'’To H.R.H. Prince Diss [Ditsawarakuman Damrong Rajanubhab - พระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร ดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 - 1943], Commandant of the Royal Body Guard, Director General of Surveys. Bangkok, 1st November 1884 Sir — I beg to submit for Your Royal Highness consideration, the following points in connection with the coming expedition. The French Chamber has voted upwards of ten millions of francs for the war in Tonquin [Tonkin]. The French troops in Tonquin have received order to be on. the move in October. The Haws [ฮ่อ / 回族 / خُوِذُو] will be beaten back into Siamese  territory. The common talk in Tonquin is that the army will march on Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ]. At present there are no troops of any kind on the frontier, and the French will therefore feel justified in settling in Siamese territory. Siam must assert her claims in a material manner. It is recognized that Siam has just claims to the territories just now more or less overrun by the Haws [ฮ่อ / 回族 / خُوِذُو]. If these claims are not asserted they will be repudiated and claims on more Siamese territory set up in their stead. The survey is a very subordinate consideration. The survey party merely makes a reconnaissance of the positions of affairs, in fact as scouts. The rectification of the frontier will be demanded by France four or five years hence when they have settled down in Annam and Tonquin. France's difficulties are Siam s advantages. Siam's action to be put off for another year will be too late to reap any advantages. The Haws [ฮ่อ / 回族 / خُوِذُو] will be ready to submit to Siamese rule. The cooperation of Luang Prabang is lukewarm. The appointment of a Prince in charge of all operations will be a great compliment to them. Three or four hundred soldiers sent up will show them practically that His Majesty has their interest at heart. The troops are to be under strict discipline and prevented from helping themselves to the people's fowls and produce. All things are to be paid for. The expense of the expedition are to be hereafter adjusted and paid for by Luang Prabang. The numerous questions involved cannot be settled in Bangkok but must be settled on the spot, being more or less controlled by local circumstances. By vigorous action, there will be a satisfactory conclusion to everything without the necessity of firing a shot. I wish Your Highness to understand that I put forward these points, not that they are absolutely necessary for consideration, but rather that they may be worth a thought. Whatever happens I will do my utmost for the throrough carrying out of His Majesty's interests.... James McCarthy. พระวิภาคภูวดล"

1884-11-15 - 1885-20-26

Berlin: Kongokonferenz (Westafrika-Konferenz). Ihre Schlussakte bildet die Grundlage für die Aufteilung Afrikas in Kolonien.

Abb.: Die Aufteilung Afrikas in Kolonien, 1914
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1884-11-17

Der französische Chemiker Louis-Marie Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet (1839 - 1924) trägt vor der französischen Akademie der Wissenschaften seine Erfindung der Kunstseide "Rayonne" vor.

 
Abb.: Rayon-Kleid, 1926
[Bildquelle: Black Country Museums. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/blackcountrymuseums/4840582915/. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1884-12-13 - 1888-12-10

Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin (1826 - 1902) ist Governor-General and Viceroy of India

Abb.: "An exceptional Irishman": Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 4th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye / von Alfred Thompson
[Bildquelle: Vanity Fair 1870-04-09 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867-1943>: Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896. -- London : Murray, 1898. -- 2 Bde. : Ill ; cm.

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Lavery, Brian: Schiffe : 5000 Jahre Seefahrt. -- London [u. a.] : DK, 2005. -- S. 184. -- Originaltitel: Ship : 5000 years of marine adventure (2004)

Zu Chronik 1885 (Rama V.)