Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1888 (Rama V.)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1888 (Rama V.). -- Fassung vom 2017-01-27. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1888.htm    

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-09-23

Überarbeitungen: 2017-01-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2017-01-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-03-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-12-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-15 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit z2013-12-13 [Ergänzungen] ; ur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

1888 undatiert

1888 - 1895

Chao Luang Hemphinphaichit (เจ้าหลวงเหมพินธุไพจิตร) ist Fürst von Lamphun (ลำพูน)

Abb.: Chao Luang Hemphinphaichit (เจ้าหลวงเหมพินธุไพจิตร)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Lamphun (ลำพูน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1888

Der König reformiert die Ministerien und führt informell ein Kabinett ein.

"King Chulalongkorn started to experiment with a functionally differentiated cabinet-government in 1888. The King's major aim  was, 'to divide the work so that each ministry is responsible for that which it is capable of doing.' The traditional arrangement, whereby there were two Prime Ministers [อัครมหาเสนาบดี], Four Supporting Ministers [สนาบดีจตุสดมภ์], and six Councillors [มนตรี], was discarded. It was replaced by a cabinet of twelve ministers of equal rank whose functions were strictly differentiated. The Prime Ministerships for the civil and the military administration which were also the Ministries for the North and the South, the Mahatthai [มหาดไทย] and the Kalahom [กลาโหม], were relieved of all but their territorial responsibilities. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Krommatha [กรมท่า], was relieved of its territories and left with only its diplomatic responsibilities. While three of the 'Four Supporting Ministries' were shorn of their extraneous activities, the fourth, the Ministry of Finance, was enlarged and given the entire financial administration of the government. Three new ministries were brought into being, the Ministries of Defence, Justice, and Public Works. The Department of Education, which was one year old, and the age-old Department of the Royal Scribes, were both promoted to ministerial status, the latter of which was given a new title, the Ministry of the Royal Secretariat. The reform of the central government was not enacted into law immediately, because time was needed for all the adjustments which had to be made. The loyalty of the men whom King Chulalongkorn had designated as the new ministers did not make up for either their youth or their lack of experience. When the experimental cabinet began to have meetings in 1888, if the Ministers of the North and the South, who were mere figure-heads, were not counted, the average age of the ministers, who included two of the King's brothers, seven of his half-brothers, and a commoner, was just over thirty two. The youngest of the ministers, Prince Damrong Rachanuphap [ดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943] and Prince Narissaranuwattiwong [นริศรานุวัดติวงศ์, 1863 - 1974], who were both only twenty-six years old, were entrusted with the Ministries of Education and Public Works, the former of which was only one year old, and the latter or which was a completely new foundation. The others were more fortunate in being given ministries which had some traditional foundations, They had, however, to solve the problem of the transfer of departments between each others' ministries so that functional differentiation could be strictly observed. The difficulties did not terminate with the creation of ministries and the transfer of departments, for the success of the new system ultimately depended on the officials' reaction to the new administration. A completely new civil service mentality had to be acquired. Men, who had lived off a share of the judicial fees and the country's taxes, had to adjust themselves to the idea that they were becoming servants of the State, who were expected to work fixed hours and to receive regular salaries. In spite of all these difficulties, the shift in political power had, however, swept the opposition aside, and when King Chulalongkorn's policy was enacted into law in 1892, the government was enabled to start to mobilize all available resources in order to defend the Kingdom's territorial integrity and to reform the provincial administration." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 96 - 99. -- Faire use]

1888

Abb.: Plan von Bangkok in: Map of the Kingdom of Siam and its dependencies. -- London : Royal Geographical Society, 1888.

1888

Abb.: Bangkok: auf dem Chao Phraya (แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา), 1888

ca. 1888

Abb.: Herrscher von Nong Khai (หนองคาย), ca. 1888

Abb.: Lage von Nong Khai (หนองคาย)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1888

Abb.: Siamesische Soldaten in Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ), 1888

Abb.: Lage von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1888

Es erscheint:

จุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, พระบาทสมเด็จพระฯ [Chulalongkorn] <1853 - 1910>:  พระราชพิธีสิบสองเดือน [Die königlichen Zeremonien im Lauf der zwölf Monate]. -- 700 S. -- Genaue, sachliche Darstellung der Feste am Hof und von deren zeremoniellem Ablauf.

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer modernen Ausgabe

Inhalt:

"เดือน 1 พระราชพิธีไล่เรือ เดือน 2 พระราชพิธีบุษยาภิเษก พระราชพิธีตรียัมพวาย (ตรีปวาย) เดือน 3 พิธีธานยเทาะห์ พิธีศิวาราตรี เดือน 4 พิธีรดเจตร พระราชพิธีสัมพัจฉรฉินท์ เดือน 5 พระราชพิธีศรีสัจจปานกาล (ถือน้ำ) พระราชพิธีคเชนทรัศวสนาน พิธีทอดเชือก พิธีสงกรานต์ เดือน 6 พระราชพิธีพืชมงคล พระราชพิธีจรดพระนังคัลแรกนาขวัญ พระราชพิธีวิสาขบูชา เดือน 7 พระราชพิธีเคณฑะทิ้งข่าง พระราชพิธีทูลน้ำล้างพระบาท เดือน 8 พระราชพิธีเข้าพรรษา เดือน 9 พิธีตุลาภาร พระราชพิธีพรุณศาสตร์ เดือน 10 พระราชพิธีสารท พิธีกวนข้าวทิพย์ พระราชพิธีเฉลิมพระชนมพรรษา เดือน 11 พระราชพิธีแข่งเรือ เดือน 12 พระราชพิธีจองเปรียงการพระราชพิธีเดือน 12 ซึ่งมีมาในกฎมนเทียรบาลว่าพิธีจองเปรียง ลดชุดลอยโคม ตรวจดูในความพิสดารในกฎหมายนั้นเองก็ไม่มีข้อความใดกล่าวถึงเสาโคมและการจุด โคมอย่างหนึ่งอย่างใดชัดเจน หรือจะเป็นด้วยเป็นการจืด ผู้ที่แต่งถือว่าใครๆก็เห็นตัวอย่างอยู่แล้ว ไม่ต้องกล่าว มีความแปลกออกไปนิดเดียว แต่การที่ว่าการพิธีจองเปรียงลดชุดลอยโคม และเติม “ลงน้ำ” เข้าอีกคำหนึ่ง คำที่ว่า “ลงน้ำ” นี้จะแปลว่ากระไรก็สันนิษฐานยาก จะเข้าใจว่าเอาโคมที่เป็นโครงไม้ไผ่หุ้ม ผ้าที่ชักอยู่บนเสามาแต่ต้นเดือนลดลงแล้วไปทิ้งลงน้ำ ก็ดูเคอาะไม่ได้การเลย หรืออีกอย่างหนึ่งจะเป็นพิธีที่ว่าเมื่อลดโคมแล้ว ลอยกระทง สมมติว่าเอาโคมนั้นลอยไปตามลัทธิพราหมณ์ ที่พอใจลอยอะไรๆจัดอยู่ เช่นกับลอยบาปล้างบาป จะถือว่าเป็นลอนเคราะห์ลอนโศกอย่างใดไปได้หลอกกระมัง การก็ตรงกับลอยกระทง ลางทีจะสมมุติว่าลอยโคม ข้อความตามกฎมนเทียรบาลมีอยู่แต่เท่านี้" [Quelle: http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/พระราชพิธีสิบสองเดือน. -- Zugriff am 2015-05-20]

1888 (?)

Im Erziehungsdepartment wird das Textbook Bureau geschaffen. Es besteht aus 5 Textbuchverfassern und zwei Sekretären. Leiter: Khun Prasoet Aksonnit (คุณ ประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์). Das Bureau arbeitet an

• Grammatik des Thai

• Lehrbuch der Arithmetik nach westlicher Art

• Englisch-Thai Wörterbuch

• Kurzfassung der Königschroniken

• Übersetzung eienr Universal Geography aus dem Englischen

• Übersetzung mehrerer Pali-Werke ins Thai

• แบบเรียนเร็ว  [Schnell-Lehrbuch] (siehe unten)

Bis 1891 sind all diese Bücher - mit Ausnahme des Wörterbuchs - im Druck erschienen.

In der Folgezeit kommen weitere Schulbücher hinzu:

• Lesen

• Schreiben

• Arithmetik

• Poesie

• Geschichte

• Naturwissenschaften

Abb.: Prasoet Aksonnit (ประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์)

1888

Es kommt im Schulbetrieb in Umlauf

ดำรงราชานุภาพ <สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา> [Damrong Rajanubhab] < 1862 - 1943>: แบบเรียนเร็ว  [Schnell-Lehrbuch]. -- เล่ม ๑, ๒, ๓ [Bd. 1, 2, 3]

Ziel ist, dass Kinder in 1 bis 1½Jahren Thai lesen und schreiben können. Diese Schulbücher finden bis 1892 keine große Verbreitung. Prinz Damrong hat die Schulbücher experimentell an der Schule von Wat Niwetthammaprawat (วัดนิเวศธรรมประวัติ) in Bang Pa-in (บางปะอิน) entwickelt.

Abb.: Einbandtitel und Titelblatt einer späteren Ausgabe

1888

Baboo Ramsamy Pultar, ein Brahmane aus Kalkutta [কলকাতা] gründet die staatliche Ban Chin Yaem Schule [บ้านจีนแย้ม] (später: "New School") in Bangkok. Dort kann man ab 1889 auch Chinesisch lernen. Die Schüler sind vorwiegend Chinesen.

1888

Gründung einer Unteroffiziersschule mit ca. 100 Jugendlichen. Leiter: der Däne Gustav Schau (กุสตาฟ เชา aka. Phraya Vasuthep - พระยาวาสุเทพ, 1850 - 1919)

1888

Erlass: der Export von Stieren ist nur mit Exportpapieren erlaubt. 25.000 leere Formulare finden ihren illegalen Weg direkt aus der Staatsdruckerei zu Viehzüchtern. In der Folge blüht der illegale Viehexport.

1888

Major Luang Pitak Narin hebt in Champassak Soldaten aus und errichtet Militärposten in

• Champasak (ຈໍາປາສັກ)

• Ubon Ratchathani ( อุบลราชธานี)

• Songkhone (ເມືອງສອງຄອນ)

• Muong Nong (ເມືອງນອງ)

• Muong Pong

• Puong Pan

• Sepone (ເມືອງເຊໂປນ)

• Lamnao Nongprue

Damit greift die Zentralregierung direkt -- ohne Zwischenschaltung des lokalen Adels -- auf die einfache Bevölkerung zu.

Abb.: Lage von Champasak (ຈໍາປາສັກ) und Ubon Ratchathani ( อุบลราชธานี)
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1886]

1888

Gründung der Siam Canals, Land and Irrigation Company. Die Gesellschaft hat für 25 Jahre die Konzession, Rangsit (รังสิต) landwirtschaftlich zu erschließen. dazu darf sie alle staatlichen Kanäle (Khlong) benutzen.

Abb.: Lage von Rangsit (รังสิต)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Kanalsystem von Rangsit (รังสิต)
[Bildquelle: Heinrich Damm / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"The area that the company developed came to be called Rangsit.4 The company dug a series of canals and opened a new area to settlement During the 1890's the area was rapidly settled and the land was eagerly purchased by many of the Bangkok elite. Several disputes, which arose from highly profitable land speculation, focused the attention of the government on the problem of developing an adequate property-rights system for land. Most of the early surveying efforts were made in this area. As will become apparent later, much of the land at Rangsit was owned by absentee landlords, many of whom were powerful officials in Bangkok.3 Among the original developers of Rangsit was Sai Sanitwongse [พลเรือโท พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าสายสนิทวงศ์, 1846 - 1912], King Chulalongkorn's personal physician and the son of a younger half-brother of King Mongkut (Johnston [1975] and Battye [1974]). Sai also held posts in the Thai Navy and served as a Privy Councillor (Battye [1974]). Sai's son, Suaphan [พันตรี หม่อมราชวงศ์สุวพันธุ์ สนิทวงศ์, 1863 - 1926], was an active agriculturalist and helped to manage the company. His brother, Sathaan, was the Minister of Agriculture from 1909-10 to 1912-13, before becoming the Minister of Communications, and later returned to the post of Minister of Agriculture from 1932-33 to 1933-34 (see Johnston [1975] and Ministry of Agriculture [1967]). Sathaan [มหาอำมาตย์เอก พลเอก เจ้าพระยาวงษานุประพัทธ์ aka หม่อมราชวงศ์สท้าน สนิทวงศ์, 1866 -  1940] had also been an official in the Ministry of Justice. A cousin, Tat, was an official in both the agriculture and justice ministries and actively participated in the business of the company (Johnston [1975]). Other Sanitwongse [สนิทวงศ์] family members served in the Canals Department and Farming Department and held important posts within the Ministry- of Agriculture (see Ministry of Agriculture [1967]). Thus while a number of members of the Sanitwongse family held influential positions in the national government, other family members pursued the land development project at Rangsit This pattern was not exceptional. The land at Rangsit had been sold to speculators, many of whom were nobles or members of the royal family (Graham [1924], 2:15), including King Chulalongkom (Siamwalla [1972], p. 28). Rice farming in the Rangsit area was heavily commercialized and characterized by larger farm size, the use of more hired labour, and a higher degree of tenancy than in other Central Plain rice fanning areas." [Quelle: Feeny, David <1948 - >: The political economy of productivity : Thai agricultural development 1880 - 1975. -- Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press, 1982. -- (Asian studies monographs ; 3). -- Zugl.: Diss. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. -- 238 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 61f.]

1888

Bau des Khlong Poh Yom (คลองพ่อยม ; heute: Khlong Sathorn - คลองสาทร).

Abb.: Lage des Khlong Poh Yom (คลองพ่อยม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Dieser Kanal wurde im Jahre 1888 von einem chinesischen Unternehmer namens Poh Yom (‚Herr Yom‘) (พ่อยม / เจ้าสัวยม) als Verbindung vom Mae Nam Chao Phraya zum ehemaligen Khlong Hua Lamphong angelegt. Zu jener Zeit hieß der Kanal nach seinem Erbauer noch Khlong Poh Yom. Erst als König Chulalongkorn ihm den Titel Luang Sathon Rachayuk (หลวงสาทรราชายุกต์) verlieh, wurde auch der Khlong entsprechend umbenannt und bekam seinen heutigen Namen. Zunächst standen an seinem Ufer Schatten spendende Bäume, von denen man heute kaum noch etwas ahnen kann, nachdem die Thanon Sathon zu beiden Seiten des Kanals betoniert wurde." [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathon. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-19]

1888

Rama V. beauftragt die britische Firma Messrs Punchard, Mactaggart & Lowther mit den Vermessungsarbeiten für Eine Eisenbahnstrecke von Bangkok nach Ayuthaya und weiter nach Khorat. Das Vermessungsteam steht unter der Leitung von William Galway (1833 - 1891). Dem Team gehört auch als Assistenzingenieur an der kanadischen Eisenbahningenieurs Henry Gittins (1858 - 1937). Dieser hat ein Monatsgehalt von monatlich  £26 (ab 1890-08 £40). Die Vermessungsarbeiten dauern drei Jahre.

1888

Protestantische Missionare gründen die Phra Racha Chaya (พระราชชายา) Girls' School (heute: Dara Academy - โรงเรียนดาราวิทยาลัย) in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่ - ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ ).

Abb.: Lage der Dara Academy (โรงเรียนดาราวิทยาลัย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1888

Rev. Daniel McGilvary (1828 - 1911) von der American Presbyterian Mission gründet in Chiang Mai das Thailand Theological Seminary.

1888

Um sich von den Katholiken zu unterscheiden, beschließen die protestantischen Missionen, an ihre Gläubigen weder Geld zu verleihen noch ihnen bei gerichtlichen Auseinandersetzungen beizustehen.

1888

Es erscheint eine Ausgabe der Texte zur Rezitation der Mönche:

หนังสือสวดมนต์ : รวมพระสูตร แลพระปริตต่าง ๆ. -- 1249 [= 1888]. Auflage: 3000 Exemplare

Abb.: Titelblatt

1888

Abb.: Rama V., Königin Saovabha (เสาวภาผ่องศรี, 1864 - 1919) und Kinder in Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี), 1888

Abb.: Lage von Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1888

Der Däne Aage Westenholtz eröffnet auf der Charoen Krung Road (ถนนเจริญกรุง) eine Pferde-Straßenbahn. 300 Pferde sind im Einsatz.

Abb.: Pferdestraßenbahn, Charoen Krung Road (ถนนเจริญกรุง), Bangkok

1888

Siam kommt mit Truppen unter Prinz Sonapandit British India zur Hilfe bei der Unterdrückung eines Aufstands der Östlichen Karenni  (ကယားလူမျိုး) unter ihrem Chef Sawlapaw. Sawlapaw kapituliert vior den Briten 1888-03-27. Die Briten fordern dann die siamesischen Truppen zum Rückzug aus dem Karenni-Gebiet auf. Siam weigert sich, da dies siamesisches Gebiet sei. Dies führt zu Grenzstreitigkeiten bezüglich der Trans-Salween-Staaten und zur Bildung einer Anglo-Siamesischen Grenzkommission, die sich 1888-12 in Mong Pan (မိုင်းပန်မြို့) trifft, um die Ansprüche Siams und British Indias auf dei fünf Trans-Salween-Shan-Staaten

• Muang Tuen / Möng Tung
• Muang Hang / Möng Hang
• Muang Chuat / Möng Kyawt
• Muang Tha / Möng Hta
• Muang Sat / Möng Hsat

zu prüfen.

Die Kommission kann zu keiner Einigung kommen und beschließt, die Angelegenheit den jeweiligen Regierungen zum Entscheid vorzulegen. Interimistisch sol Muang Sat / Möng Sat von British India verwaltet werden, die restlichen Staaten von Siam.

Abb.: Lage des Karenni-Staats und von Chiang Mai
[Bildquelel: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1886]

Abb.: Lage von Mong Pan (မိုင်းပန်မြို့)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage der Trans-Salween-Staaten
[Bildquelle: Constable's Hand atlas of India, 1893]

1888

Es erscheint der britische Geheimdienstbericht:

Younghusband, G. J. (George John) <1859-1944>: The trans-Salwin Shān State of Kiang Tung : from information collected during his journes through the Shān states in 1887. -- Calcutta : Government Printing, 1888. -- 71 S. : Ill. -- Nachdruck: Chiang Mai : Silkworm Books, 2005.

Abb.: Titelblatt

Daraus folgende Auszüge:

Abb.: Lage von Kengtung (ၵဵင်းတုင်) und Chiang Mai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Karte III [a.a.O.], Ausschnitt; markiert sind Kiang Tung [Kengtung - ၵဵင်းတုင်], Kianghai [Chiang Rai - ᩮᨾᩥᩬᨦᨩᩭᨦᩁᩣᩭ], Kiang Khong [Chiang Khong - เชียงของ]

Abb.: Boote auf dem Ping-Fluss
[a.a.O., nach S. 26]

Abb.: Haus eines Dorf-Chefs
[a.a.O., nach S. 28]

 

"With the Laos, the Shāns [တႆး] of Kiang Tung [Kengtung - ၵဵင်းတုင်] are on anything but friendly terms, and the feeling is reciprocated. The Zimmé [Chiang Mai - ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵] Prince would not give me a letter of introduction to the Prince of Kiang Tung, or in any way countenance my crossing the border, as he said that the latter was not his friend. No doubt he was afraid that if mischief befell us whilst bearing a friendly letter from him, that not only would his own prestige suffer in the eyes of both nations, but that he might get into trouble with the British authorities for aiding and abetting my entering a dangerous and hostile country. Anyhow it was quite apparent, both at Kiang Tung and at Zimmé, that there was no love lost between the two States, and the friendship which existed at the time of the friendly campaign, which is described elsewhere, has died out." [a.a.O., S. 23.]

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Rai (ᩮᨾᩥᩬᨦᨩᩭᨦᩁᩣᩭ), Chiang Saen (เชียงแสน), Chiang Khong (เชียงของ)
[Bildquelle: Hdamm / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"KIANGHAI [Chiang Rai - ᩮᨾᩥᩬᨦᨩᩭᨦᩁᩣᩭ]. Kianghai, the old frontier town between Siam and the Shān State of Kiang Tung [Kengtung - ၵဵင်းတုင်], is situated on the right bank of the Me Khok [Mae Kok - แม่น้ำกก] river. It is described as the "old" frontier town because, though the Kiang Tung Shāns still claim the country north of the Me Khok river, yet the Siamese occupation extends to Me Tsai [Mae Sai - แม่สาย] on the Me Tsai river, a point about 45 miles due north of Kianghai. The town is 1,600 yards long by 750 yards wide, of an irregular oblong shape, surrounded by a stout brick-wall and parapet; also the work of Along Paiah [Alaungpaya - အလောင်းဘုရား, 1714 - 1760], the Burman General who built the Zimmé [Chiang Mai - ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵] wall. The interior is covered with detached houses, more or less thickly scattered amongst trees. The population does not exceed 1,500 inhabitants. The main road down the centre is broad and good, but not metalled. A road divides the town breadthways, and another runs from the centre road to the second river-gate; both of these are broad enough for guns. A above-mentioned, the town is surrounded by a wall. This wall is from 6 feet to 4 feet high, and 4 feet thick; built of solid burnt brick, and standing on an earth parapet from 8 feet to 15 feet high. It is loopholed throughout at 4 feet intervals. Though in a bad state of disrepair in many parts, it is capable of affording very good protection to the defenders, and in a fortnight could be put into a thoroughly efficient state of defence. The top of the wall is roughly castellated, as at Zimmé [Chiang Mai]. At the north-east corner there is no wall, but a high mound, along which earth-works were originally made, fills in this portion, and makes it the strongest corner of the town. All round the interior face of the parapet runs a path capable of being broadened into a gun road. The ditch is shallow, and, in most parts, dry, and need be considered no obstacle. Round the outside of the ditch a small path runs round the town, and outside this on all sides, except towards the river, is a thick belt of bamboo clumps and trees with scattered huts in it. The chief water-supply is introduced by a cutting from the river entering at the north-west face. There are also wells near all the principal houses. The Me Khok [Mae Kok - แม่น้ำกก] river flows past the north-east face of the town, about 100 yards from the walls. There is no regular garrison, but, as at Zimmé [Chiang Mai], each householder is supposed to possess some sort of fire-arm. Probably there are not more than 200 serviceable muzzle-loaders in the place. There is a so-called arsenal which contains a collection of rubbish in the shape of jingals and old flint-locks. As it stands at present, the wall on the three land sides can be approached under good cover to within 100 yards, there being a thick belt of trees round those faces. The town is not commanded by higher ground in any direction, and the only position from which guns could bombard it by direct fire would be from across the river. A daily market on a small scale is held at the cross-roads in the middle of the town. The market women sell fish, tobacco, betel-nut, chillies, and the like. There are no butchers, and meat is not often procurable. Large supplies of meat (beef and pork), rice, tobacco, and sugar could be collected from the surrounding country. Kianghai [Chiang Rai] is a dead-alive decayed old place, which has seen better days; but which might, even now, regain its former importance if it would bestir itself. It lies on the chief trading route between China and Burma, and on that between Burma and the Eastern Laos States, situated on a fine water-way, and in the midst of a fertile and well-cultivated country. There appears to be no local market for European goods, and no local trade, the only shops being temporary ones opened by caravans for a day or two en route. It speaks well for the prospects of English trade that English goods, making the long land journey to Kianghai, and then being conveyed in boats down the Me Khok and Cambodia rivers, can compete favourably with French goods as far down the latter river as Luang Prabāng [ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ]. As far as I was able to judge from the few days I was at Kianghai, it appeared to me that the English trade towards Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen - เชียงแสน], Kiang Khong [Chiang Khong - เชียงของ], and generally down the Cambodia river [Mekong - ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ] was much more considerable than the trade to the Shan State of Kiang Tung [Kengtung - ၵဵင်းတုင်] and thence on to Yunnan [云南]. In February the Me Khok [Mae Kok] river at Kianghai [Chiang Rai] is about 300 feet broad, but in flood time nearly twice that breadth. Its depth varies a good deal, but there are two fords close to the town which are practicable during the dry season. The first of these is exactly opposite the north-east face of the town; it crosses at right angles, and is 3 feet deep; current strong. Loaded mules can cross, but their loads are apt to get wet. The near bank is low and sloping, with a sandy beach; the far bank perpendicular and 8 feet high; below the ford the water is deep. It would be necessary to stake it out and also to ramp the opposite bank to make it safe and passable for troops. It is commanded from the town wall. At 300 yards range the second ford is about ¼ of a mile down-stream, and is out of sight of the town. It is a more complicated ford than the upper one, but shallower. The ford runs for the first 30 yards at right angles to the bank, then turns down-stream for 50 yards, then crosses direct to the opposite bank (vide diagram, page 40). The near bank is perpendicular and 10 feet high; the far bank is low and sloping. The ford requires careful staking, and the near bank would have to be ramped for the passage of troops. In the rainy season both these fords are impassable for anything but elephants. There are no boats that can be depended upon, but bamboo rafts for the conveyance of troops could be easily and quickly constructed. Abb.: Shape of the ford Me Khok River [Mae Kok] From Kianghai [Chiang Rai], the Me Khok [Mae Kok] river takes a north-easterly course and joins the Me Khong [Mekong] or Cambodia river at Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen]. It is navigable for river boats from Kianghai [Chiang Rai] downwards, and is used as the main trading route between Moulmein [မော်လမြိုင်မြို့] and the towns on the Cambodia river [Mekong] as far as Luang Prabang. Extensive camping grounds on all sides." [a.a.O., S. 31 - 33]

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Saen (เชียงแสน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"KIANG TSEN [Chiang Saen - เชียงแสน]. (From information furnished by E. B. Gould, Esq.) N.B.—A few alterations in spelling have been made, as it was thought advisable to avoid the confusion which would arise from having the same towns spelt in different ways, in different parts of the same book—G. J. Y. About one hundred years ago this place, Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen], was one of the most populous and thriving of the Laos towns, and was at that time tributary to Burma. It was, however, (about 1789 A.D.) attacked by the Siamese forces and was captured. The Siamese did not attempt to govern the conquered district, but carried off, as prisoners of war, the whole surviving population of the town and district. The once famous city, with its broad surrounding rice fields, was thus left entirely deserted, and rapidly reverted to jungle. The extent of the ruins alone now attest the former wealth of the place. For a long period the fertile plain in which the city stood was left without human inhabitants. Gradually the people of the neighbouring State of Kiang Tung [Kentung - ၵဵင်းတုင်] began to re-settle in the country, and the process went quietly on until much of the land down to the Me Hok [Mae Hok - แม่ฮวก]  was again dotted with villages and cultivated lands. The plain immediately around Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] and the city itself would also soon have been occupied by Kiang Tung [Kengtung] subjects; but the Siamese Government, having apparently become in some degree aware of the value of the place, determined to re-settle it themselves. Accordingly, nine years ago, a Chao Luang [เจ้าหลวง], or head chief, was appointed to take up his residence in Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] and to administer the country as a sub-province under Chiengmai [Chiang Mai], and a number of families, generally the descendants of the original people of Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen], carried off as above stated, were compelled to go and settle in the city and the surrounding country. The Kiang Tung [Kengtung] people protested, claiming the country as belonging to Burma and threatened hostilities, but took no actual measures against the re-occupation of the city and the surrounding district by the Siamese. No effort was made to disturb the Kiang Tung [Kengtung] people north of the Me Hok [Mae Hok] and the Siamese contented themselves with the still remaining unoccupied tracts south of that river. The Siamese re-settlement, however, went on very slowly, and fresh settlements of Kiang Tung [Kengtung] Shāns began to creep down the main road running through the Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] plains. Consequently, a short time ago Prince Bigit [Phichit Prichakorn - พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าคัคณางคยุคล กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากร, 1855 - 1909], on behalf of the Siamese Government, ordered the building of a stockade on the bank of the river Me Tsai [Mae Sai - แม่สาย], and all persons coming from the north were required to stop at this stockade and receive a Siamese passport, before they were allowed to proceed further. This step was intended to be an assertion of ownership, and was, I now think after a personal inspection of the district, a necessary measure if Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] was to be retained at all. The Kiang Tung [Kengtung] settlements north of the Me Hok [Mae Hok} have not been interfered with as yet by the authorities of new Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen], and the Kiang Tung [Kengtung] people would undoubtedly resist any such interference by force of arms. At present the Siamese subjects and the people of Kiang Tung [Kengtung] in the border districts are good friends, and a good deal of intermarriage takes place. Unless, therefore, the respective governments of Kiang Tung [Kengtung] and Chiengmai [Chiang Mai] force matters, no quarrel is likely to arise, that is on the Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] part of the Siamese border. Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] is situated on the right bank of the Me Kong [Mekong], or Cambodia river, which here is already a great river as broad and deep as the river Me Nam [Maenam Chao Phraya] at Bangkok. Immediately behind the city there stretches a magnificent plain bordered to the west by a semi-circular sweep of mountains, from whose fantastic gorges issue numerous perennial streams which intersect at almost regular intervals the open country, and afford the means of rice cultivation in perfection. Here were the rich fields of the former inhabitants of the city, whose canals, now choked by vegetation, still remain, possibly to be again cleared and utilised by new settlers in the talked-of regeneration of Kiangtsen [Chiang Saen] by the Siamese. The few new settlers who have already here and there re-cleared and planted rice have been repaid by immense crops; and with the certainty of protection from war and oppression, the process of re-settlement would go on apace. Already the big game which ten years ago was to be found in abundance throughout this plain has retired before the sounds of human labour. Rhinoceri and wild cattle, which lately could be met with close to the walls of the city, have now disappeared. Herds of deer may, however, still be seen by the traveller as he crosses the sea of long grass, which, sparsely dotted with trees, now covers the flat country around the city. The city itself is surrounded on the land side by a double rampart and moat of imposing dimensions. The water-face at present has no wall, but the river-bank is high and steep, and the stream swift and deep below. These natural defences may have enabled the former inhabitants to dispense with a wall on this side. I am inclined, however, to think that there was a river-wall also, but that the stream has eaten the bank away, and with it the wall. The space enclosed between the ramparts and the river is now mainly jungle and forest-buried, in which are to be found numerous ruins of temples, the brick masonry of which, however, has, as usual, entirely succumbed to the action of the elements and of the huge creepers which in Siam so soon destroy the ill-cemented brick-work which forms the usual architecture of the country. The prachadees [Phra Chedi - พระเจดีย์], or pagodas, often, however, remain nearly intact, and still rising above the underwood serve to guide the stranger to heaps of bricks which mark the sites of the old temples, and there, amid the shapeless desolation, may be found here and there a great sitting figure of Buddha in imperishable bronze, and around the central figure, which by its weight and size has retained its original position, are to be seen great numbers of smaller images of Buddha, generally of bronze also, but sometimes of white stone, which have been picked up in the jungle around and placed by the pious Buddhist finders within the precincts of the ancient temple. These bronze images are many of them of excellent workmanship, and bear inscriptions some in old Siamese, and some in Shān characters, the latter identical with those now in use among the Northern Shāns." [a.a.O., S. 33 - 35]

"Throughout Siam, as far as we have seen 1000 miles or so, there are no made roads at all. The most important towns are connected only by mere footpaths, worn by pack animals and passengers. These paths are never straight for fifty yards together, and in forest land wind very much. This of course makes the distances between places much greater than need be. You never see two men walking side by side, but always one behind the other, though they may be traversing a plain five miles wide, where they might walk 500 abreast. Beyond felling a tree across it, or pulling a couple of bamboos for foot passengers, no attempt is made at bridging the numerous streams and swamps. Occasionally in the middle of a village a rude bridge is thrown across, but is seldom safe for pack animals." [a.a.O., S. 85f.]

1888

Es erscheint:

Younghusband, G. J. (George John) <1859-1944>: Eighteen hundred miles on a Burmese tat : through Burmah, Siam, and the Eastern Shan states. -- London : Allen, 1888. -- 162 S. : Ill. ; 20 cm. -- Über eine sechsmonatige Erkundungsreise 1887. In typisch britischer Überheblichkeit geschrieben.

"I am sure that most princes in Siam would be only too delighted to get the same income as they do now as prisoners of war, and thereby be saved the trouble of screwing their salaries out of the pockets of their subjects. One of the numerous ways in which the screw is applied came under our notice at Zimmé [Chiang Mai / เชียงใหม่] During the floods in the previous year a large portion of the wooden bridge which spans the Me Ping River at this point was washed away, and one of the Princes was entrusted with the task· of having it repaired. Our Royal Highness, instead of seeing anything derogatory to his birth and calling in doing this job, at once perceived an opening for making a little pocket-money, and accepted the duty with alacrity. Don’t please suppose that his Royal Highness meant to cheat in a vulgar way over contracts and such like; that he left to lower mortals. No, he was a cut above that; his mode of making money was as follows. Having first built a comfortable little bamboo hut for himself near the scene of his future labours, he sent off his myrmidons to all the surrounding villages to collect labourers, every village being obliged to supply free labour for any government works in hand. Having collected a goodly number, our Prince sat tight and did nothing for two or three months. He then suddenly ordered a muster parade, and of course found that the majority of the labourers, thinking their services were not immediately required, had gone to their own homes. This was all his Royal Highness had been waiting for, and he immediately sent round and fined all the absentees heavily, thereby making a good lump sum for his own private expenditure. Mending bridges is evidently, from this example, a very paying business in Siam. When I passed through Zimmé, the above-mentioned illustrious person had managed to make a very handsome income out of the job, for the space of ten months, without even commencing the work of repair." [a.a.O., S. 33f.]

1888

Es erscheint:

Gauthier, Camille: Une exploration commerciale au Laos. -- In Bulletin de la société de géographie commerciale de Paris. -- 11 (1888 - 1889). -- S. 1 -71

Darin behauptet der Autor, der potentielle Handel Frankreichs mit Laos betrage pro jahr 25 Mio. Francs. Laos sei die Kornkammer Indochinas und beherberge unzählige Reichtümer.

1888

Es erscheint das Jugendbuch

Butterworth, Hezekiah <1839 - 1905>: Zigzag journeys in the Antipodes. -- Boston : Dana Estes, 1888. -- 320 S. : Ill. -- (Zigzag series ; 10)

Abb.: Einbandtitel

Die Zigzag-Bücher sind Bestseller.

Abb.: Vorsatzblatt

"PREFACE. THIS tenth volume of the "Zigzag" series of books has a double purpose: To make young people better acquainted with Siam and the islands of the Indian Ocean, and so to aid the teacher in his work; and to illustrate the fact that kindness to harmless and tamable animals, as exemplified in Buddhist countries, adds to the general happiness of mankind. In preparing the "Zigzag" series of books, I have had many helps from experienced travellers; and in this one I am indebted to Mrs. A. H. Leonowens, author of "The English Governess at the Siamese Court," who was once employed as a governess in the royal court of Siam, for a large part of the matter in the ninth chapter, and to Dr. C. A. Stephens for the plan and a part of the work in the chapter on Sumatra. These chapters, in part, originally appeared in the "Youth’s Companion," as also the story of the Siamese twins. I have, moreover, received helps from American missionaries in Siam and Burmah." [a.a.O., S. VII]

Abb.: "For, you know, the Buddhists believe that men are reborn according to merit."
[a.a.O., S. 56]

Abb.: The city of Xieng Mai (Chiang Mai - เชียงใหม่) in Upper Laos
[a.a.O., S. 297]

1888

Der US-Bürger Marion Alonzo Cheek (1853 - 1895 oder 1850 - 1899), Schwiegersohn des amerikanischen Baptistenmissionars Dan Beach Bradley (1804 - 1873), ersucht die siamesischen Regierung um finanzielle Unterstützung, da das Kapital für seine Teakholz-Gesellschaft aufgebraucht ist. Siam ist interessiert, dass die Teakholzindustrie in Nordsiam nicht nur in britischen Händen ist und hilft ihm aus. Cheek kann aber 1890 und 1892 die Zinsen nicht bezahlen, darum will Siam seine Konzession aufheben. Cheek ergreift dagegen aber rechtliche Mittel. Kurz nach seinem Tod spricht ein Schiedsgericht Cheek die Verlängerung seiner Konzession zu.

1888 - 1911

Henry Nicholas Ridley (1855 - 1956) ist Direktor des Singapore Botanic Gardens. Er führt Kautschuksamen (Hevea braziliensis ) aus Ceylon ein und begründet die Kautschukanpflanzungen auf der malaiischen Halbinsel inklusive Südthailand.

Abb.: Henry Nicholas Ridley mit einem angezapften Kautschukbaum, 1900
[Public domain]

1888 datiert

1888-01

Der polnisch-britische Kapitän Autor Joseph Conrad (Józef Teodor Nałęcz Konrad Korzeniowski, 1857 -  1924) weilt in Bangkok. Er wird Kapitän des britischen Schiffs Otago.

Abb.: “The three-masted barque 'Otago', built in 1869 and owned by Grierson & Company of Adelaide. This was the only vessel commanded by Józef Korzeniowski, who later became famous as the writer Joseph Conrad. Korzeniowski took command of the 'Otago' in Bangkok in January 1888. He sailed her back to Sydney and then made a return trip to Mauritius before relinquishing his post in March 1889.”
[Bildquelle: National Maritime Museum, London / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1888-02

Totenfeierlichkeiten (Kremation von) für drei hochrangige, in jungem Alter verstorbene Kinder Rama's V.

Abb.: Totengeleit für drei früh verstorbene Kinder Rama's V.

1888-02

Khun Worakan Koson (Thapthim Bunyaratthaphan) [วรกานต์โกศล] ist sechs Wochen in Japan. Er sammelt im Auftrag von Prinz Damrong (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943) Informationen zum japanischen Unterrichtswesen.

"In addition to Edwin McFarland’s [1864 - 1895] study of American education, the department [of education] made two other studies of education abroad. Late in 1887, not long after the founding of the expanded Education Department, the king requested that the department make a detailed study of education in Japan. To carry out this task, Prince Damrong sent one of his officials, Khun Worakan Koson [วรกานต์โกศล] (Thapthim Bunyaratthaphan), to Japan for six weeks in February-March of 1888, under very detailed instructions in the form of specific questions to be answered. Khun Worakan was to investigate the entire educational system, from kindergarten to university, but he was asked to pay special attention to primary education, its organization, curriculum, statistics, the problem of coeducation, the timing of examinations, financing, and costs. He was also to heed some general questions, such as how many foreigners were employed as teachers, and how much teaching was done in the medium of Japanese as opposed to other languages, and he was asked to bring back to Bangkok samples of teaching materials, books, pictures, and translations used in the schools. Prince Damrong [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 -1943] asked him to be free with his comments and opinions, to compare what he found with his knowledge of Thai education, to discuss problems, and to recommend steps the Thai government might take. Khun Worakan’s three reports, dealing with primary and secondary, higher, and teacher and vocational education, were extremely detailed, straightforward accounts of what he had seen and been told, presenting a simple description of the Japanese education system of 1888 with almost none of the comment and opinion Prince Damrong had requested. Because of their nature, and because of the fact that there appears to be absolutely no mention made of the reports either in the department’s correspondence or in the considerable printed literature concerning this period, it is difficult to assess the influence they may have had. No innovations can be traced to these reports, and they appear to have gone unnoticed." [Quelle: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. 137f.]

1888-02-01

Beginn des täglichen Postverkehrs zwischen Bangkok und Ayutthaya (ยุธยา).

Abb.: Lage von Ayutthaya (ยุธยา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]
 

1888-02-02

In Richmond VA (USA) nimmt die von Frank Julian Sprague (1857 - 1934) erfundenen Straßenbahn mit Oberleitung den Betrieb auf.

Abb.: Feierliche Eröffnung der elektrischen Straßenbahn Bangkok, 1894-05-24

1888-03-09 - 1888-06-15

Friedrich III. (1831 - 1888) ist 99 Tage lang Deutscher Kaiser.

"Wir Friedrich von Gottes Gnaden König von Preußen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, Souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Großherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Mörs, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohenstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr von Frankfurt."

Abb.: Friedrich III. mit Gemahlin, 1888
[Bildquelle: Die Gartenlaube / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1888-03-11

Der italienische Ingenieur Galileo Ferraris (1847 - 1897) veröffentlicht seine Untersuchungen über das elektromagnetische Drehfeld und legt die Grundlage für den Wechselstrommotor.

1888-03-17

Großbritannien erklärt Sarawak, das von dem weißen Rajah Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke 1829 – 1917) beherrscht wird,  zum Protektorat.

Abb.: Lage von Sarawak
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

1888-03-17

Bangkok Times: "Siamese historians : a want":

"We know nothing [about the Siamese] except in the vaguest possible way, through a distorting myth and fable." [Zitiert in: Wyatt, David K. <1937 - 2006>: The politics of reform in Thailand : education in the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- New Haven : Yale UP, 1969. -- 425 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Yale Southeast Asia studies ; 4). -- SBN 300-01156-3. -- S. VIII]

1888-03-30

Der US-Unternehmer George Eastman (1854 - 1932) meldet die Rollfilmkamera als Patent an.

Abb.: Konstruktionszeichnung aus der Patentschrift

R. E. 106 / 1888-04-06 - 1889-04-05 undatiert

1881 - 1896

Export von Rindern für Europäer in Singapur:

Abb.: Export von Rindern nach Singapur, 1881 - 1896
[Datenquelle: Smyth (1898). -- Bd. II, S. 285]

1888

Presbyterianische Missionare gründen in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) das American Mission Hospital mit 8 Betten (heute: McCormick Hospital -  โรงพยาบาลแมคคอร์มิค)

1888

Es erscheint die Frauenzeitschrift นารีรมย์ [Narirom = "Frauen-Vergnügen"]. Sie ist in Versen abgefasst und bringt vor allem Nachrichten vom königlichen Hof.

1888

Rama V. besucht erstmals den Than Sadet Wasserfall (ป่า น้ำตก ธาร เสด็จ) auf Ko Pha-Ngan (เกาะพะงัน). Er wird ihn noch 14mal besuchen.

Abb.: Lage von Ko Pha-Ngan (เกาะพะงัน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Than Sadet Wasserfall (ป่า น้ำตก ธาร เสด็จ), Ko Pha-Ngan (เกาะพะงัน), 2008
[Bildquelle: Matthew Dryden. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/thejollynomad/2477769813/. -- Zugriff am 2012-05-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1888

AEG: Der polnische Ingenieur Michail Ossipowitsch Doliwo-Dobrowolski (Michał Doliwo-Dobrowolski, 1862 - 1919) erfindet den ersten brauchbaren Drehstrommotor (Asynchronmotor).

Abb.: Drehstrommotor, Lauffen am Neckar, 1891
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Asynchronmotor
[Quelle des animated gif: BurnsBurnsBurns / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

R. E. 106 / 1888-04-06 - 1889-04-05 datiert

1888-04-01

Auf Wunsch Siams wird das deutsche Berufskonsulat in eine Ministerresidentur umgewandelt, mit der ein Generalkonsulat verbunden ist.

Peter Franz Kempermann (1845 - 1900) ist 1888 - 1897 deutscher Ministerresident in Siam.

1888-04-26

Eröffnung des Siriraj Hospital (โรงพยาบาลศิริราช). Beginn des Medizinunterrichts: Professor für siamesische Medizin: Mom Chao Ciak; Professor für Chirurgie und westliche Medizin: Dr. George Bradley McFarland (1866 - 1942).

"Since Bangkok became the capital of Siam the country has been visited by several severe epidemics of small-pox, cholera, plague and influenza. In such cases the earlier Kings of the Dynasty used to have temporary hospitals erected as centres to dispense medicine and to give nursing care to the people afflicted, only male attendants being employed. After each epidemic these hospitals were dismantled. That was the custom. The last occasion on which temporary hospitals were built was in 1882, when there was a severe epidemic of cholera and 48 hospitals had to be arranged to cope with the outbreak. This made His Majesty King Chulalongkorn see the advisability of building permanent hospitals. A Committee of nine to manage the first permanent hospital was appointed in 1887. This Committee chose Wang Lang Palace (วังหลัง) as the site of this first hospital. Subscriptions were invited to defray the cost of the building; and the foreign residents helped by presenting the Victoria Ward as a memorial of Queen Victoria’s Jubilee. Somdej Chao Fa Siriraj [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าศิริราชกกุธภัณฑ์], a son of King Chulalongkorn, had died and in 1888 the crematorium for the disposal of that Prince’s remains was erected near the Hospital, which thereby came to be called after the boy Prince. The Siriraj Hospital was opened to the public on the 26th April 1888, under His late Royal Highness Prince Sri Saovabhang as director of the newly formed Hospital Department. After the first start other Government hospitals were established such as the Burabha Hospital [โรงพยาบาลบูรพา], the Debsirindra Hospital [โรงพยาบาลเทพศิรินทร], the Lunatic Asylum, the Bangrak Hospital [โรงพยาบาลบางรัก], etc. There were besides several privately owned hospitals, subsidised by the Government. The first Committee put forward the idea of training doctors solely for the hospital, but the idea did not materialize until 1889 when a medical school was started in Siriraj Hospital. This School had two branches, the European or modern and the Siamese or old-style. In the former the teaching was given by doctors with foreign degrees, and these included: Dr. P. [Peter] Gowan [1847 - 1902], who also looked after patients outside the hospital Dr. T. Heyward Hays Dr. Geo. B. [George Bradley] McFarland [1866 - 1942], also the resident physician of the hospital Dr. Hans Adamsen; and the late Phya Sarasin [พญาสารสิน] (Dr. Tien-Hee, M. D., America). Siamese medicine was taught by H. H. Prince Chiuk Tinakorn. There were also two lying-in wards, one following modern methods, and the other in which the mothers were made to lie before a fire, being conducted on old Siamese lines. The nursing in Siriraj and all the other hospitals, was all done by men servants for the men patients and women servants for the women patients. In 1893 when the Siamese Red Cross Society was first started, Siam had a difference with the French. The sick and wounded army men were tended by the Red Cross officials at various places arranged as Red Cross Hospitals. The biggest of these was in Wat Mahadhadu [วัดมหาธาตุ]. The nurses were all men ; and the lady members of the Red Cross Committee acted as supervisers— visiting the patients, looking into the management of the hospital, and helping to get in supplies ; they did not do any nursing work." [Quelle: Siam : general and medical features / by the Executive Committee of the 8th Congress of Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1930. -- 332 S. : Ill ; 25 cm. -- S. 291f.]

"Before there were any hospitals, sick people were treated at home or wherever they could find care. Long after the first hospital was opened, anyone going there was looked upon as being in desperate straits with no relatives to care for him. It was assumed he had to go to hospital to die. For a woman dangerously ill, a hospital was still more impossible. The hospital had a very bad name. But since the opening of the Red Cross Society [สภาอุณาโลมแดง] hospital, royalty and nobles have been among the in-patients and have thereby set a good example to the people. Indeed the old belief is changed and now several thousands of people come for treatment at the Hospital yearly." [Quelle: Siam : general and medical features / by the Executive Committee of the 8th Congress of Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Times, 1930. -- 332 S. : Ill ; 25 cm. -- S. 293f.]

"Siriraj Hospital is the oldest hospital in Thailand, located in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. Description With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and more than one million outpatient visits per year, Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Thailand. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Due to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.  History The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month old son, Prince Siriraj Kakuttaphan, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890. Siriraj has been the residence of the King of Thailand, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, since the 82 year old monarch was admitted in September 2009, for treatment of a respiratory condition.  Museum The hospital also houses the Siriraj Medical Museum, which is open to the public. The museum contains six separate permanent exhibits and includes a temporary exhibit. The permanent exhibits include sections on anatomy, pathology, congenital disorders, toxicology, techniques of Thai traditional medicine, and forensic pathology. In 2008, the temporary exhibit featured the role of Siriraj Hospital faculty during the 2004 tsunami that devastated the coasts of Thailand and other countries ." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-13]

"The medical school in Bangkok dates back to 1880-81 when King Chulalongkorn was the reigning monarch. A terrible cholera epidemic struck Bangkok, taking about 30,000 lives. Temporary hospitals were put up in 48 districts. When the rainy season came the disease abated, and the hospitals were abandoned. His Majesty expressed a desire to establish a permanent hospital. Five of the leading men of the country were appointed a committee to consider the erection of a hospital. One of the five was H.R.H. Prince Damrong Rajanubhap [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ, 1862 - 1942]. Civil officials and foreigners were invited to subscribe to the hospital project. In 1886-87 cremation ceremony of Chao Phya Jaya Siriraja [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าศิริราชกกุธภัณฑ์, 1885 - 1887] was held. It was customary for the king to give liberally to such a cremation. On this occasion he determined to make the gift something of permanent value. He ordered that all the temporary houses required for the cremation ceremony be made of good timber. When the ceremony was over, the buildings were re- -erected in the form of a hospital on a selected site. This was the beginning of the modern Siriraja Hospital. After a year of experiment the new Department of Hospitals was put under the Ministry of Education, which was administered by Prince Damrong. At that time Siriraja Hospital consisted of: Two wooden buildings with attap roofs, each with beds for ten people. Two wooden buildings with attap roofs, each with beds for eight people. A two-storey home for the resident physician. An out-patient ward for storing medicine and treating outpatients. Four wooden buildings for in-patients. Two well-built buildings for patients of high rank. The staff consisted of one doctor and his assistant, three dispensary men, and five coolies." [Quelle: Landon, Kenneth Perry <1903 - 1993>: Siam in transition : a brief survey of cultural trends in the five years since the revolution of 1932. -- Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press, 1939. -- 328 S. ; 24 cm. -- S. 117]

Abb.: Chao Phya Jaya Siriraja (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าศิริราชกกุธภัณฑ์)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1888-05-12

Großbritannien erklärt Nord-Borneo zum Protektorat.

Abb.: Lage von Nord-Borneo
[Bildquelle: Bartholomew, J. G. <1860 - 1920>: A literary & historical atlas of Asia. -- London, o. J.]

1888-05-14

Eröffnung einer Dampf-Fähre in Bangkok.

1888-05-29

Andrew Clarke (1824 - 1902), ehemaliger Governor der Straits Settlements:

"Those who do most harm in Siam are the young Siamese who come to be educated in England and go back with a sort of feeling against England. This is so with Prince Svasti [สวัสดิโสภณ กรมพระสวัสดิวัดนวิศิษฎ์, 1865 - 1935] and Prince Pritsdang  [ปฤษฎางค์, 1851 - 1935] and others. But they hate the French more than they hate us. The great object is to keep the French out of Siam." [Zitiert in: Morant, Robert Laurie <1863 - 1920> ; Pritsdang [ปฤษฎางค์] <1851 - 1935>: Two views of Siam on the eve of the Chakri reformation : comments by Robert Laurie Morant and Prince Pritsdang / edited and introduced by Nigel Brailey. -- Whiting Bay : Kiscadale, 1989. -- 163 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 1-870-838-25-4. -- S. 135f., Anm. 73]

1888-06-01

Beginn der Paketpost in Siam.

1888-06-02

Feuer im Chinesenviertel Sampeng (สำแพ้ง), Bangkok. Schaden: $185.000.

Abb.: Lage von Sampeng (สำแพ้ง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1888-06-03

 

Charles David de Mayréna (1842-1890) erklärt sich unter dem Namen Marie I^er´zum König von Sedang (Royaume des Sedang).

Abb. Wohngebiete der Bahnar, Rongao und Sedang, 1975
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

"Das Königreich Sedang (französisch Royaume des Sedangs; vietn. Vương quốc Sedang; gelegentlich auch Königreich der Sedang genannt) war ein kurzlebiges Staatsgebilde, das am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts vom französischen Abenteurer Charles-Marie David de Mayréna in einem abgelegenen Teil des heutigen Vietnam gegründet wurde. Geschichte Mayréna, ein ehemaliger französischer Verwaltungsbeamter mit zwielichtiger Vergangenheit, der wegen angeblicher Unterschlagungen seine Heimat verlassen hatte, war 1888 Eigentümer einer Plantage in Französisch-Indochina. Als der König von Siam Ansprüche auf Gebiete in der Nachbarschaft französischer Territorien stellte, überredete Mayréna den besorgten Statthalter der französischen Kolonie, ihn mit der Leitung einer Expedition ins Landesinnere zu betrauen, um mit den lokalen Stammesführern Protektoratsverträge abzuschließen. Entgegen seinem ursprünglichen Auftrag überzeugte Mayréna nach seiner Ankunft im gebirgigen Hinterland Annams (heute Provinz Kon Tum) die Stammesführer der „Sedang“ (korrekte Schreibweise Xơ đăng), dass sie keine Vasallen des Kaisers von Annam seien, sondern das Recht auf einen eigenen Staat besäßen. Mayréna wurde von den Stammesführern zum König gewählt und errichtete seine Residenz in Kon Gung (auch als Pelei Agna bezeichnet). Am 3. Juni 1888 nahm er den Namen und Titel Marie der Erste, König der Sedang an. Der Staat umfasste das Gebiet der Stämme Bahnar, Rengao und Sedang mit 44 Dörfern. Nachdem Mayréna einige Monate in Kon Gung residiert hatte, kehrte er nach Saigon zurück. Er bot dem französischen Statthalter an, sein Königreich unter das Protektorat Frankreichs zu stellen, wenn ihm im Gegenzug ein Handelsmonopol eingeräumt würde. Da die französische Regierung ihm keine positive Antwort erteilte, reiste er zunächst nach Hongkong und nahm Verhandlungen mit den Briten auf. Auch dort zeigte man wenig Interesse, so dass er nach Paris reiste, um weiter mit der französischen Regierung zu verhandeln, wobei er darauf hinwies, dass auch das Deutsche Reich an seinem Königreich interessiert sei. Er wurde des Landes verwiesen und wich nach Belgien aus, wo ihm 1889 ein Kapitalgeber mit Namen Somsy Geld und Waffen im Austausch für Bergbaurechte in Sedang zusicherte. Mayrénas Rückkehr nach Sedang wurde von der französischen Marine verhindert, die vietnamesische Häfen blockierte und die seine Waffen als Kontrebande in Singapur beschlagnahmen ließ. Während seiner Reisen durch Südostasien und Europa verlieh Mayréna dutzendweise Adelstitel, Orden und Auszeichnungen an seine Unterstützer. Das Königreich Sedang ging mit dem Tod seines Regenten unter. König Marie der Erste, der zum Islam konvertiert und mehrere einheimische Frauen geheiratet hatte, starb unter nicht mehr zu klärenden Umständen (verschiedene Berichte nennen eine Vergiftung, einen Schlangenbiss oder ein Duell als Ursache) am 11. November 1890 auf Tioman vor der malaiischen Halbinsel." [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedang. -- Zugriff am 2017-01-03]

1888-06-15 - 1918-11-09

Wilhelm II. (1859 - 1941) ist Deutscher Kaiser.

"Wir Wilhelm von Gottes Gnaden König von Preußen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, Souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Großherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Mörs, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohenstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr von Frankfurt."

 

Abb.: Wilhelm II., 1902
[Bildquelle: Postkarte. -- Public domain]

1888-07

Der belgische Sozialist Pierre Chretien Degeyter (1848 - 1932) komponiert die Melodie zum Text von "Die Internationale" des französischen Kommunisten Eugène Pottier (1816 - 1887)

Debout, les damnés de la terre Debout, les forçats de la faim La raison tonne en son cratère C'est l'éruption de la fin Du passé faisons table rase Foule esclave, debout, debout Le monde va changer de base Nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout  |: C'est la lutte finale   Groupons-nous, et demain   L'Internationale   Sera le genre humain :|

Stand up, damned of the Earth Stand up, prisoners of starvation Reason thunders in its volcano This is the eruption of the end. Of the past let us make a clean slate Enslaved masses, stand up, stand up. The world is about to change its foundation We are nothing, let us be all.  |: This is the final struggle   Let us group together, and tomorrow   The Internationale   Will be the human race. :|

ตื่นเถิด พี่น้องผองทาสผู้ทุกข์ระทม ลุกขึ้นเถิด มวลชนผู้ยากไร้ทั่วหล้า เลือดริน ปรี่ล้นทุกข์ทนเรื่อยมา สองมือคว้า ไขว่หายุติธรรม ล้างโลกเก่า ฟาดมันให้แหลกยับไป ผองทาสทั้งหลาย ลุกขึ้นสามัคคี อย่าคิด ว่าเรานั้นยากไร้ซึ่งทุกสิ่ง ในความเป็นจริงโลกนี้เป็นของเรา |: นี้เป็นการต่อสู้ครั้งสุดท้าย สามัคคีให้ถึงวันพรุ่ง แองเตอร์นาซิอองนาล จะต้องปรากฏเป็นจริง:|

Die Internationale, auf Thai gesungen von by The Wheel Band (Gong Lor - กงล้อ)
[Quelle der mp3-Datei: http://media.vad1.com/temporary_url_20070929kldcg/internationale-th-gong_lor.mp3. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-09. -- Fair use]

1888-07-10

Rebellion von Twet Nga Lu mit Leuten aus den südlichen Shan-Staaten Muang Tuen / Möng Tung und Muang Hang / Möng Hang und Besetzung von Moné / Möng Nai / မိုးနဲမြို့ / เมืองนาย. British India nimmt das zum Anlass, die südlichen Trans-Salween-Shan-Staaten unter britisches Protektorat zu stellen:

Abb.: Lage von Moné / Möng Nai
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage der Trans-Salween-Staaten
[Bildquelle: Crosthwaite, Charles Haukes Todd <1835 - 1915>: The pacification of Burma, 1912. -- Vor S. 209]

"HM's Government having determined to place the five Trans-Salween States — Maingtun / Muang Tuen / Möng Tung Muang Han / Muang Hang / Möng Hang Muang Sat / Muang Sat / Möng Hsat Muang Ta / Muang Tha / Möng Hta Muang That / Muang Chuat / Möng Kyawt under British protection, the provisional agreement [s. oben] entered into at Muang Pan [Mong Pan - မိုင်းပန်မြို့] by the Anglo-Siamese Commissioners for the administration of these states has lapsed and need no longer be discussed." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 291]

1888-07-23

Der schottische Erfinder John Boyd Dunlop (1840 - 1921) meldet den Luftreifen als Patent an. Schon 1845 hatte der Engländer William Thomson einen luftgefüllten Reifen hergestellt.

Abb.: "Pneu Dunlop": Plakat 1898 / von Jean de Paleologue (1855 - )
[Bildquelle: Michael Neubert. -- http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2009632709/. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-02. -- "No known restrictions on publication in the U.S."]

1888-07-25

Bangkok Times über die neue Militärkaserne in Bangkok (heute: Sitz des Verteidigungsministeriums):

"A standing example of what really can be done when real honesty of purpose and patriotic zeal exists." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 238]

Der von Gioachino Grassi (1850 - 1890) entworfene und 1885 vollendete Bau kostete 400.000 Baht.

Abb.: Kaserne
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage der Kaserne
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

 

1888-09

Der französische Résident Général  in Kambodscha, Officier de Marine Louis Eugène Palasne de Champeaux (1840 - 1889)  in seinem Trimesterbericht über  König Norodom I (ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម) von Kambodscha (1834 – 1904):

Abb.: König Norodom I (ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម) von Kambodscha
[Bildquelle: Die Katholischen Missionen : illustrierte Monatschrift im Anschluss an die Lyoner Wochenschrift des Vereins der Glaubensverbreitung <Freiburg, Br. >. -- 1903-11. -- S. 48 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"We will be wrong to believe (with the great majority of French publicists ) that Norodom is a king in the African style, easy to amuse and distracted from his hereditary rights with necklaces of glass beads and music boxes. Norodom was born and raised in the Court of Siam, where he gained a great sense of Asian politics and a very high appreciation of the nobility of his race. One may say, without deceiving oneself, that he is the first Cambodian of his kingdom, if he is not the only one." [Übersetzt in: Osborne, Milton E.: The French presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia : rule and response (1859-1905). -- Bangkok : white Lotus, 1997. -- 379 S. : Ill. ; 20 cm. -- ISBN 974-8434-00-1. -- "First published by Cornell Univ. in 1969". -- S. 178]

1888-09-17

Das Sultanat Brunei (بروني) wird britisches Protektorat.

Abb.: Lage des Sultanats Brunei (بروني)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1888-09-19

"Im belgischen Heilbad Spa findet der erste europäische Schönheitswettbewerb statt. 21 der insgesamt 350 Bewerberinnen erreichen das Finale, wo eine ausschließlich männliche Jury sie unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit „begutachtet“. Zur schönsten Frau wird die 18-jährige Bertha Soucaret aus Guadeloupe gekürt; als Preis erhält sie 5000 Francs." (Wikipedia)

Abb.: Schönheitswettbewerb, Spa 1888
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Einer der unzähligen Schönheitswettbewerbe in Thailand, Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle: Christian Haugen. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/34073237@N04/3343938192. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]
 

1888-10-14

Der französische Chemiker Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (1842 - 1890) dreht den ersten Film: Une scène au jardin de Roundhay

[Quelle der webm-Datei: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Roundhay_Garden_Scene.ogg/Roundhay_Garden_Scene.ogg.360p.webm. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-15. -- Public domain]

1888-10-27

Bangkok Times über die neu gegründete Unteroffiziersschule

"The Siamese, if properly taught and drilled, are capable of being turned into as smart soldiers as our own little Gourkas [गोर्खा] in India." [Zitiert in: Battye, Noel Alfred <1935 - >: The military, government, and society in Siam, 1868-1910 : politics and military reform during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. -- 1974. -- 575 S. -- Diss., Cornell Univ. -- S. 296]

1888-11-01

Eröffnung der Filiale der Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Ltd. in Bangkok.

Abb.: Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Ltd., Bangkok
[Bildquelle: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 119]

"HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION, LTD. The growth of European business in Siam led to the opening of a branch of this famous Eastern banking corporation in 1888. The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank has thus the distinction of being the pioneer bank of Siam, for prior to that date there was no institution of the kind, either European or native, in Bangkok. The first manager of the branch was Mr. J. M. R. Smith, now chief manager for the corporation at Hongkong, and under his charge it soon began to make its influence felt in Siamese business circles. Until some years ago the bank issued its own notes for the convenience of traders, but these have now been withdrawn in favour of the Government note issue. The bank premises are situated on the east bank of the Menam river, close to the centre of the business portion of the town. The bank's agent in Bangkok is Mr. A. H. Barlow, who has been connected with the corporation in various parts of the East for several years past." [Quelle: W. J. F. Williamson in: Twentieth century impressions of Siam : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources / ed. in chief: Arnold Wright. -- London [etc.] : Lloyds, 1908. -- S. 119f.]

"The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited is a prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire. It is the founding member of the HSBC Group and since 1990 is now a wholly owned subsidiary of HSBC Holdings plc. The company's business ranges from the traditional High Street roles of personal finance and commercial banking, to corporate and investment banking, private banking and global banking. It is the largest bank in Hong Kong with branches and offices throughout the Asia Pacific region including other countries around the world. HSBC is one of the oldest banking groups in the modern world. The bank is known locally simply as "The Bank", "Hongkong Bank" and "Lion Bank". History Foundation After the British established Hong Kong as a colony in the aftermath of the First Opium War, local merchants felt the need for a bank to finance the growing trade between China and Europe (with traded products including opium).[2][3] They established the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company Limited in Hong Kong (March 1865) and Shanghai (one month later). The founder, a Scotsman named Thomas Sutherland wanted a bank operating on "sound Scottish banking principles." Still, the original location of the bank was considered crucial and the founders chose Wardley House in Hong Kong since the construction was based on some of the best feng shui in Colonial Hong Kong.[4] The bank initially leased its premises for HK$500 a month in 1864. After raising a capital stock of HK$5 million, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company Ltd. opened its doors on 3 March 1865. It opened a branch in Shanghai during April of that year, and started issuing locally-denominated banknotes in both the Crown Colony and Shanghai soon afterwards. The bank was incorporated in Hong Kong by special dispensation from the British Treasury in 1866, and under the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Ordinance 1866,[5] a new branch in Japan was also established. The bank handled the first public loan in China in 1874, thereafter issuing most public loans.  Business development Sir Thomas Jackson became chief manager in 1876. During his twenty-six year tenure, the Bank became a leader in Asia. Notable events included being the first bank established in Thailand, in 1888, where it printed the country's first banknotes; acting as banker for the Hong Kong government from the 1880s; and participating in the management of British colonial government accounts in China, Japan, Penang and Singapore. A period of expansion followed, with new branch offices opening in Bangkok (1921), Manila (1922) and Shanghai (1923), and a new head office building in Hong Kong in 1935.  Second World War In anticipation of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941, the Bank's head office moved to London. During the period 1941-1943 the chief manager Vandeleur Grayburn, and his successor David C Edmondston, both died while interned by the Japanese. Arthur Morse was appointed Chief Manager in 1943 and led the bank after the war. The head office moved back to Hong Kong in 1946. During the Japanese occupation the Bank's head office building was occupied as the headquarters of the Hong Kong Japanese military government.  International expansion Michael Turner became Chief Manager in 1953 and set about diversifying the business. His tenure came to an end in 1962 having established The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation of California 1955 and having acquired The British Bank of the Middle East and the Mercantile Bank (based in India) in Aug 1959. Turner was succeeded in 1962 by Jake Saunders. In 1964 the Chief Managership was superseded as the top executive role in the bank by an Executive Chairmanship.[6] Saunders took this role until retirement in 1972 and was succeeded as Chief Manager in 1964 by H.J. Shen, the managing director of Maysun Trading Co. and the former head of the Central Trust of China, who became the first ethnic Chinese to be appointed to the position of Chief Manager of the bank. Under Saunders' tenure the bank continued to expand. 1965 saw the bank purchase a controlling interest in Hang Seng Bank of Hong Kong, and 1972 the formation of a merchant banking arm, Wardley Limited. In 1980, the Bank launched a hostile takeover bid for the Royal Bank of Scotland, although the bid was blocked by the British government.  The creation of the HSBC Group In 1980, the Bank, now under the chairmanship of Michael Sandberg, acquired a 51% stake in Marine Midland Bank, of the United States of America, and continued its expansion with the establishment of Hongkong Bank of Canada in 1981 and Hongkong Bank of Australia Limited in 1986. 1987, under the Chairmanship of William Purves, saw the bank's ownership of Marine Midland Bank increased to 100% and the acquisition of a 14.9% share in Midland Bank in the United Kingdom. The present building in Hong Kong was designed by Sir Norman Foster and was held as one of the most expensive and technologically advanced buildings in the world in 1986, costing HK$5.3 billion.[4] In 1991 HSBC Holdings plc was established to act as a parent company to the group; shares are currently traded on the London, Hong Kong, Paris, New York and Bermuda stock exchanges. [...]  Headquarters HSBC's Hong Kong headquarters are at 1 Queen's Road Central in the Central area on Hong Kong Island.[9] The HSBC Hong Kong headquarters building was also home to HSBC Holdings plc's headquarters until the latter firm's move to 8 Canada Square, London to meet the requirements of the UK regulatory authorities after the acquisition of the Midland Bank in 1992. It was designed by British architect Lord Norman Foster, and was the most expensive building in the world based on usable floor area at the time it was built. needed] [...]  Asia Pacific operations The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation maintains a network of around 600 offices in 20 countries in Asia Pacific, as well as owning of a number of HSBC banks operating in various countries and holding the group's stakes in further lenders, particularly in mainland China. Operations of the group in the Asia Pacific are under this subsidiary, and it forms the regional headquarters for Asia Pacific. This means that it is responsible for entities such as HSBC Bank Australia Limited, Hang Seng Bank Limited, HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, HSBC Bank Malaysia Berhad (since 2009), HSBC Bank (Vietnam) Limited, HSBC Bank (Taiwan) Limited and HSBC Insurance (Asia-Pacific) Holdings Limited, and the management of stakes in Bank of Communications (19.9%), Barrowgate Limited (24.64%) and Industrial Bank. But excluding the majority of the HSBC’s Private Banking business in Asia Pacific.  [...] Thailand HSBC initially opened for business in Thailand in 1888, becoming the first commercial bank in the country. HSBC has made significant contributions to the establishment of solid foundations for Thailand’s financial and banking sectors. For example, in 1889 HSBC issued the first banknotes in Thailand. HSBC also issued the first foreign loan to the Thai government for its railroad construction project. HSBC's main branch office in Thailand is situated in Bangkok on Rama IV Road opposite Lumpini Park. In 2011, Phase 2 of the new Financial Sector Master Plan allowed foreign banks to open up to two branches in the Kingdom of Thailand in preparation for full retail operations. Accordingly, a second branch was opened on Thonglor (Sukhumvit 55) in early 2011." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-27]

1888-11-15 - 1888-11-26

In Paknam (ปากน้ำ) ankert die österreichische Kriegskorvette S.M.S. Fasana. Sie kommt von Saigon und fährt weiter nach Singapur. Reisezweck: Missionsreise mit Seekadetten.

Abb.: S.M.S. Fasana

1888-11-19 - 1889-01-29

Der französische Außenminister René Goblet (1828 - 1905) und der französische Botschafter in London, William Henry Waddington (1826 - 1894) erarbeiten den Goblet-Waddington-Plan. Danach soll Frankreich auf alle Ansprüche am oberen Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ) (Luang Prabang - ຫຼວງພະບາງ) verzichten und Großbritannien auf alle Ansprüche auf die Shan-Staaten. Siam soll alle Gebiete östlich des Mekong abtreten, dafür erhält es die Oberherrschaft über die Lao-Staaten und Shan-Staaten. So würde ein siamesischer Puffer zwischen den britischen und französischen Kolonien entstehen. Der Plan wird von Frankreich und Großbritannien abgelehnt.

Das India Office (London) wendet 1889-07-24 gegen diesen Plan ein:

'The danger of the French proposal is thaï we may be involved in supporting a line of frontier which the French may be trying to impose on the Siamese against their will. Our own frontier question is not likely to prove a serious one and we don't want French help to settle it.' [Zitiert in: Tuck, Patrick J. N.: The French wolf and the Siamese lamb : the French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. -- Bangkok : White Lotus, 1995. -- 434 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8496-28-7. -- S. 359, Anm. 35]

Abb.: Lage des siamesischen Puffers nach dem Goblet-Waddington-Plan
[Bildquelle: Scottish Geographical Magazine. -- 1886. -- Public domain]

Abb.: William Henry Waddington
[Bildquelle: Théobald Chartran (1849–1907). -- In: Vanity Fair. -- 1878-09-28. -- Public domain]

1888-12

Der französische Forschungsreisende, Diplomat und Spion Auguste Pavie (1847 - 1925) bewegt Phraya Surasak (Chao Muang Wai Woranat), eine Konfrontation mit den Franzosen in Thaeng (ແຖງ / แถง = Dien Bien Phu / Điện Biên Phủ / 奠邊府) zu vermeiden. Surasak überlässt die Sipsong Ch(a)u Thai  (สิบสองเจ้าไต / สิบสองจุไทย / ສິບສອງຈຸໄຕ / ສິບສອງເຈົ້າໄຕ) den Franzosen und zieht sich mit seinen Soldaten nach Hua Phan Thang Ha Thang Hok (หัวพันทั้งห้าทั้งหก / ຫົວພັນ) zurück.

Abb.: Lage der Sipsong Ch(a)u Thai (สิบสองเจ้าไต / สิบสองจุไทย / ສິບສອງຈຸໄຕ / ສິບສອງເຈົ້າໄຕ)
[Bildquelle: Kinodo2 / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]
 

Abb.: Lage von Dien Bien Phu (Điện Biên Phủ / 奠邊府) und Hua Phan Thang Ha Thang Hok (หัวพันทั้งห้าทั้งหก / ຫົວພັນ)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1888-12-10 - 1894-10-11

Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845 - 1927) ist Governor-General and Viceroy of India

Abb.: "Family": Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne / von Carlo Pellegrini (1839 - 1889)
[Bildquelle: Vanity Fair. -- 1874-04-04 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm

Phongpaichit, Pasuk <ผาสุก พงษ์ไพจิตร, 1946 - > ; Baker, Chris <1948 - >: Thailand : economy and politics. -- Selangor : Oxford Univ. Pr., 1995. -- 449 S. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 983-56-0024-4. -- Beste Geschichte des modernen Thailand.

Feeny, David <1948 - >: The political economy of productivity : Thai agricultural development 1880 - 1975. -- Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press, 1982. -- (Asian studies monographs ; 3). -- Zugl.: Diss. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. -- 238 S. ; 24 cm.

Ingram, James C.: Economic change in Thailand 1850 - 1870. -- Stanford : Stanford Univ. Pr., 1971. -- 352 S. ; 23 cm. -- "A new edition of Economic change in Thailand since 1850 with two new chapters on developments since 1950". --  Grundlegend.

Akira, Suehiro [末廣昭] <1951 - >: Capital accumulation in Thailand 1855 - 1985. -- Tokyo : Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, ©1989. -- 427 S. ; 23 cm.  -- ISBN 4896561058. -- Grundlegend.

Skinner, William <1925 - 2008>: Chinese society in Thailand : an analytical history. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univ. Press, 1957. -- 459 S. ; 24 cm. -- Grundlegend.

Mitchell, B. R. (Brian R.): International historical statistics : Africa and Asia. -- London : Macmillan, 1982.  -- 761 S. ; 28 cm.  -- ISBN 0-333-3163-0

Smyth, H. Warington (Herbert Warington) <1867-1943>: Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896. -- London : Murray, 1898.  -- 2  Bde. : Ill ; cm.

ศกดา ศิริพันธุ์ = Sakda Siripant: พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระบิดาแห่งการถ่ายภาพไทย = H.M. King Chulalongkorn : the father of Thai photography. --  กรุงเทพๆ : ด่านสุทธา, 2555 = 2012. -- 354 S. : Ill. ; 30 cm. -- ISBN 978-616-305-569-9

Donko, Wilhelm M.  <1960 - >: Auf den Spuren von Österreichs Marine in Siam (Thailand). -- Berlin : epubli, 2012. -- 540 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-3-8442-2504-4

Zu Chronik 1889 (Rama V.)