Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1954 / B. E. 2497

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1954 / B. E. 2497. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-23. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1954.htm

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-04-29

Überarbeitungen: 2017-03-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-12-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-08-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-03-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-11-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-10-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-07 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-04-26 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-04-06 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-02-10 [Ergänzungen] ;  2014-12-31 [Ergänzungen] ;  2014-10-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-08-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-19 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2497 / 1954 undatiert

1954

Erste Serie der Amulette des südthailändischen Luang Pu Thuat (หลวงปู่ทวด, 1582 - 1682). Die große Nachfrage bedingt immer neue Produktionen.

Abb.: Prospekt einer Prägung 2009
[Fair use]

1954 - 1967

Es erscheint das Jahrbuch

วชิราวุธ อนุสรณ์ [Zur Erinnerung an Vajiravudh (Rama VI)]

1954

Lied "Thai friends" (เพื่อนไทย) aus dem Schauspiel: "The prowess of Phokhun Ramkhamhaeng" (อานุภาพพ่อขุนรามคำแหง) von Luang Wichitwathakan (หลวงวิจิตรวาทการ, 1998 - 1962):

(สร้อย) เพื่อนไทยมานึกน้อมพร้อมใจ ช่วยไทยด้วยนึกถึงความเป็นไทย เพื่อนไทยก้าวเดินเจริญสุกใส ชาติไทยที่รักของเรา ตัวฉันเกิดมาใต้เมืองไทย ชีวิตจิตใจฉันเป็นไทยทั้งสิ้น ฉันนึกถึงชาติทุกทิวา มุ่งหวังตั้งหน้าทำมาหากิน โดยสุจริตอยู่เป็นนิจสิน เพื่อให้แผ่นดินไทยคงอยู่เป็นไทย (สร้อย) ถึงยามคับขันที่ชาติต้องการ เราก็ใจกล้าหาญช่วยงานของไทย เรามีมานะยอมสละชีวิต ทุกอย่างเราอุทิศเพื่อชาติเราได้ ด้วยน้ำใจรักด้วยสมัครเป็นไทย เทิดทูนชาติไว้เหนือชีวิตของเรา

"Thai friends, hurry and let us together think of helping Thais. Think of our Thai-ness so that the Thai can go forward in bright prosperity. The Thai nation, our beloved, I was born underneath the Thai sky, my life and thought are Thai. I think of the nation everyday, hoping to work honestly and habitually so that Thai soil would remain Thai. During crises, when the nation is in need, we would be brave and help do Thai work. We have conviction, we can sacrifice our lives, we can give up everything for our nation. With a loving heart, wanting to be Thai, we would uphold the nation above our hearts." [Übersetzung: Thai politics (1978), S. 791]

1954

Civil Service Act regelt das Beamtentum.

"Civil servants officially work 35 hours a week. Official hours of work are 8:30 to 12 and 1 to 4:30. Saturday and Sunday are holidays. Other official holidays usually total about 14 days per year. An additional ten days are permitted for summer vacation. Because of the nature of their work, such civil servants as police officials, teaching officials and customs officials usually have different working schedules from ordinary civil servants. A civil servant is regarded as possessing civil service status at all time and being on call twenty-four hours a day. He is expected to work at any time he is ordered to, regardless of holidays or overtime. Civil servants are permitted to take sick leave up to 120 days a year, although in the case of certain contagious and dangerous diseases contracted through performance of duty this may be extended to 270 days. A civil servant is entitled to 45 days’ annual leave except in his first year of service when it is limited to 15 days. Leave to go to foreign countries may be given for personal, business or vacation reasons. An additional 30 days may be granted for a visit to neighbouring countries and an additional 120 days to Europe or America. A maximum of 120 days’ leave is permitted once only to male officials who desire to enter the Buddhist monkhood. Officials who wish to take leave to further their education, either within the country or abroad, may be permitted leave with full pay for a period of time fixed by the minister or under-secretary in charge. Officials assigned to duty in Europe and America may receive 180 days’ home leave after five years of service. In the case of other areas, the amount of leave is limited to 120 days. Official leaves of all types cannot be accumulated or added to leave earned in previous years." [Quelle: Thailand official yearbook 1964. -- S. 69]

1954

Draft Act regelt die Wehrpflicht.

1954

Gründung des Geheimdienstes Affairs Collation Department (später: DSI, ab 1985: National Intelligence Agency - NIA - สำนักข่าวกรองแห่งชาติ).

Abb.: ®Logo

1954

Gründung der Free Labor Association of Thailand unter dem Patronat von Polizeigeneral Phao Sriyanond (เผ่า ศรียานนท์, 1910 - 1960)

1954

Der US-Linguist William J. Gedney (1915 - 1999) verlässt aufgrund von politischem Druck Thailand. Er war hier seit 1947 als Forschungsstipendiat der Cornell University. 1953 beauftragte ihn US-Botschafter William Joseph Donovan mit der Übersetzung des Kommunistischen Manifests (1848) von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels ins Thai. Die US-Botschaft bezahlt ihm einen Assistenten. Gedney wählt das spätere Idol der linken Studenten, Jit Phumisak (จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์, 1930 - 1966).

1954

Die USA trennen Technical Cooperation und Defense Support für Thailand. Dies führt dazu, dass die Militärhilfe zulasten der technischen Zusammenarbeit erwaitert wird.

1954

Gemeinsames US-Thai Programm zur Ausbildung von Personen aus Drittländern in Thailand. Bis 1962 werden 825 Personen aus Afghanistan, Kambodscha, Ceylon, Indien, Indonesien, Iran, Japan, Südkorea, Laos, Pakistan, Philippinen, Sudan, Taiwan und Südvietnam in Thailand aus- bzw. weitergebildet.

Abb.: Länder, aus denen Personen in Thailand aus- bzw. weitergebildet werden
[Bildquelle: Ionut Cojocaru / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1954

Die französischen katholischen Priester Joseph Seguinotte und Paolo Fogini, Societas Presbyterorum Sacratissimi Cordis Iesu de Bétharram, gründen in Chom Thong (จอมทอง) ein Missionszentrum zur Missionierung der Karen. 1955 verlegen sie das Zentrum nach Mae Pon  (แม่ปอน) bei Chom Thong.

Abb.: Lage von Chom Thong (จอมทอง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954

Als erster Film in CinemaScope (Breitbild) wird in Thailand der US-Bibel-Monumentalfilm "The robe" (US-Premiere: 1953-09-16) von Henry Koster (1905 - 1988) aufgeführt.

Abb.: Filmplakat
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1954 - 1956

Gemeinsame Radiostationen in Taiwan und Thailand zum Austausch von geheimdienstlichen Erkenntnissen über kommunistische Aktivitäten. In Wirklichkeit werden die Rundfunkstationen von der korrupten Polizei als lukratives privates kommerzielles internationales Kommunikationssystem genutzt. Nachdem Presseberichte den Korruptionsskandal aufdecken, wird Vorhaben beendet.

1954

Kompositionen König Bhumibols 1954:

• I Never Dream - เมื่อโสมส่อง (in der Schweiz geschrieben)
  • englischer Text von Prinz Chakrabandh Pensiri (พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าจักรพันธ์เพ็ญศิริ, 1909 - 1993)

  • Thai Text von Thanpuying Somroj Swasdikul (ท่านผู้หญิงสมโรจน์ สวัสดิกุล ณ อยุธยา, 1913 - 2007)

• Love in Spring - ลมหนาว: Hymne der Old England Students Association
  • englischer Text von Prinz Chakrabandh Pensiri (พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าจักรพันธ์เพ็ญศิริ, 1909 - 1993)

  • Thai Text von Thanpuying Somroj Swasdikul (ท่านผู้หญิงสมโรจน์ สวัสดิกุล ณ อยุธยา, 1913 - 2007)

• Friday Night Rag - ศุกร์สัญลักษณ์: Hymne der königlichen Jazzband วงลายคราม (The Vintage Band)
  • englischer und Thai Text von M. R. Seni Pramoj (หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 - 1997)

1954

Abb.: Whisky-Reklame, 1954
[Fair use]

1954

USIS [United States Information Service] gründet die Zeitschrift เสรีภาพ ("Freiheit")

Abb.: Titelblatt 18. Jhrg. Nr. 4. (1972)

1954

Es erscheint

คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช [Kukrit Pramoj] <1911 - 1995>: ไผ่แดง [Roter Bambus]

Vorbild ist wohl „Mondo piccolo: Don Camillo“ (dt.: Don Camillo und Peppone) (1958) von Giovannino Oliviero Giuseppe Guareschi (1908 - 1968). Der antikommunistische Roman wird durch USIS [United States Information Service] in 18 Sprachen übersetzt.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1954

Es erscheint

คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช [Kukrit Pramoj] <1911 - 1995>: หลายชีวิต [Many lives]. -- Vorbild ist: The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927) von Thornton Wilder (1897 – 1975)

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer späteren Ausgabe

Abb.: Einbandtitel der englischen Übersetzung 1999

1954

Es erscheint der sozialkritische Roman:

ศรีรัตน์ สถาปนวัฒน์ [Sirat Sathapanawat] <1918 - 1980?>: เมืองทาส [Land der Sklaven]

"... Lebensweg und schriftstellerischer Werdegang Sirat Sathapanawats [ศรีรัตน์ สถาปนวัฒน์] (1918-1980?) auf. Sohn eines Polizeioffiziers, übte er nach Abschluss der Schule und einem abgebrochenen Universitätsstudium eine Reihe verschiedenartiger Berufe und Tätigkeiten aus (so in der Polizeibehörde, im Forstwesen und als Lehrer), ehe er sich schließlich in der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg auf Dauer der journalistischen Arbeit zuwandte. In diesem Zeitraum setzte auch - nach vereinzelten Veröffentlichungen in früheren Jahren - seine schriftstellerische Arbeit als Autor von Romanen und Kurzgeschichten in vollem Umfang ein. Dieses Schaffen stand bis zum Jahre 1957 ganz im Zeichen der 'Literatur für das Leben' und führte unter anderem zur Veröffentlichung der beiden sozialkritischen Romane 'Wem gehört dieses Land?' [แผ่นดินนี้ของใคร] (1951) und 'Das Land der Sklaven' [เมืองทาส] (1954). Die sozialengagierte Periode in Sirat Sathapanawats literarischem Schaffen endete abrupt mit dem Beginn der Sarit-Diktatur [สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963]. Die zahlreichen Romane, die er nach dem Jahr 1958 noch schrieb, gehörten ausnahmslos der Gattung der trivialen Unterhaltungsliteratur an. In ihm sehen wir mithin einen Autor vor uns, dessen Gesellschaftskritik von den Sanktionsdrohungen der Militärdiktatur zum Schweigen gebracht wurde." [Quelle: Rosenberg, Klaus <1943 - 1988>: Sozialkritische Literatur in Thailand : Protest und Anklage in Romanen und Kurzgeschichten eines Landes der Dritten Welt. -- Hamburg : Ges. für Natur- u. Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1986. -- 360 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg ; Bd. 101). -- S. 44]

1954

Es erscheint der Roman ทุ่งมหาราช von มาลัย ชูพินิจ (1906 - 1963)

Abb.: Einbandtitel

Englische Übersetzung: Malai Choophinit [มาลัย ชูพินิจ] <1906 - 1963>: The field of the great. -- [Übers.: Marcel Barang]. --  Internet edition [for Kindle]. --  2009. -- (Thai modern classics). -- ISBN 97 8611 7107 061. -- Originaltitel: ทุ่งมหาราช (1954)

1954

In der Zeitschrift Piyamit (ปิยะมิตร) erscheint

Engels, Friedrich <1820 - 1895>: กำเนิดครอบครัวของมนุษยชาติ und ระเบียบสังคมของมนุษย์ / [aus dem Englischen übersetzt von] กุหลาบ สายประดิษฐ์ [Kulap Saipradit, 1905 - 1974. -- Originaltitel: Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats. Im Anschluss an Lewis H. Morgan's Forschungen (1884). Englisch: The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan (1902)

Kulap hat die Übersetzung während seiner Zeit als politischer Gefangener gemacht.

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer Buchausgabe von 1981
[Fair use]

Abb.: Titelblatt der Erstausgabe 1884

Abb.: Einbandtitel der ersten englischsprachigen Übersetzung 1902

1954

Es erscheint der Song:

ไพบูลย์ บุตรขัน [Phaibun Butkan] <1916 - 1972>: ลิเกชีวิต [Kommödie des Lebens] / gesungen von Pricha Bunyakiat [ปรีชา บุณยเกียรติ] und Siri Khumyu [ศิริ คุ้มอยู่]

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:4X54xzYwFwkzr5y1OkBWCr
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/4X54xzYwFwkzr5y1OkBWCr

1954

Es erscheint die 78-UpM Schallplatte:

พยงค์ มุกดา [Phayong Mukda, 1926 - 2010]: A-Seite: เกลียดใจขี้หึง [Ich hasse eifersüchtige Herzen] [cha-cha-cha] ; B-Seite: คาลิปโซ่มาแล้ว [Calypso ist gekommen]

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:7zaOSY35MnHEa6WnwETyZx
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/7zaOSY35MnHEa6WnwETyZx

1954

Es erscheinen folgende Songs von Chaloemchai Sriruecha (เฉลิมชัย ศรีฤาชา, 1927 - 1987)

• ลาวจ้ำใจ (Lao mit gebrochenem Herzen)

• สาวริมโขง (Das Mädchen am Ufer des Mekong)

1954

In Japan erscheint der Song:

春日八郎 [Hachiro Kasuga] <1924 - 1991>: お富さん [Otomi-san = Fräulein Otomi]

Abb.: Plattenülle
[Fair use]

Die  Melodie wird später adaptiert von:

เลิศ ประสมทรัพย์ [Loet Prasomsap] <1923 - 1991>: สาวงามในโตเกียว [Schönes Mädchen in Tokyo]

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:61UhLqBdfpshZfQ1dcAzHH
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/61UhLqBdfpshZfQ1dcAzHH

1954

Es erscheint:

Thai instrumental music / Carol Skinner ; Kamon Ketusiri ; Lauriston Sharp. -- Ithaca : Cornell Southeast Asia Program, [1954]. -- 2 Langspielplatten

1954

Im 1952 gegründeten Atlanta Hotel in Bangkok wird der erste Hotel-Swimmingpool Thailands gebaut. Besitzer des Atlanta Hotels ist der deutsche Emigrant Max Henn (1906 - 2002). Das Atlanta beherbergt vorwiegend US-Militärpersonal.

Abb.: Lage des Atlanta Hotel
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Swimmingpool des Hotel Atlanta, 2011
[Bildquelle: lynda irawaty. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/36009908@N00/5481261168. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-04. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

Abb.: Lobby des Hotels Atlanta aus der Anfangszeit, 2011
[Bildquelle: lynda irawaty. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/36009908@N00/5480657455. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-04. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1954

"The Eisenhower Administration went to the brink in 1954 but then decided against United States military intervention. The decision against intervention was taken largely on the advice of General Matthew Ridgway, then Army Chief of Staff. In his memoirs published in 1956 General Ridgway relates how he concluded, on the basis of a report by a team of Army experts, that it would be disastrous for the United States to intervene with ground forces in Indochina. General Ridgway wrote: "We could have fought in Indochina. We could have won, if we had been willing to pay the tremendous cost in men and money that such intervention would have required—a cost that in my opinion would have eventually been as great as, or greater than, that we paid in Korea. In Korea, we had learned that air and naval power alone cannot win a war and that inadequate ground forces cannot win one either. It was incredible to me that we had forgotten that bitter lesson so soon—that we were on the verge of making that same tragic error. That error, thank God, was not repeated."  [Ridgway, Matthew B. (Matthew Bunker) <1895 - 1993>: Soldier : the memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway, as told to Harold H. Martin. -- New York : Harper, 1956. -- S. 277. -- Fair use]" [Quelle: Fulbright, J. William (James William) <1905 - 1995>: The arrogance of power. -- New York : Random, 1966. -- S. 116. -- Fair use]

1954

Der indische Physiker Narinder Singh Kapany (ਨਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ) begründet am Imperial College in London die Lichtleiteroptik. Sie ist die Grundlage der im Internetzeitalter so wichtigen Glasfasertechnik.

1954

Die US-Amerikaner Dee Horton und Lew Hewitt erfinden die automatische Schiebetüre.

1954

Die japanische Firma Toyota bringt den Geländewagen Toyota Land Cruiser auf den internationalen Markt.

Abb.: Alter Toyota Land Cruiser, Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/18684820@N00/370922177. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1954

Die US-Firma Lewis bringt ausgebleichte (faded) Blue Jeans auf den Markt.

Abb.: Ausgebleichte Jeans, Thailand, 2008
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/18684820@N00/3475582294. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-17. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

2497 / 1954 datiert

1954-01/02

Abgeordnete des kambodschanischen Nationalistenführer Son Ngoc Thanh (Sơn Ngọc Thành / សឺង ង៉ុកថាញ់ /山玉成), 1908 – 1977) treffen sich mit dem US-Militärttaché in Thailand. Dabei wird eine geheime Finanzierung der antikommunistischen Nationalisten durch die USA vereinbart. Die Finanzierung geschieht via Polizeigeneral Pao Siyanon (เผ่า ศรียานนท์, - 1910 - 1960) und den CIA.

1954-01-04

Beginn der Weltkarriere des Musikers Elvis Presley (1935 - 1977)

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:artist:43ZHCT0cAZBISjO8DG9PnE
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/43ZHCT0cAZBISjO8DG9PnE

Abb.: Elvis Presley, 1957
[Bildquelle: LoC / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1954-01-19

Die nationale Polizei (ตำรวจแห่งชาติ, Bestand 42.000 Polizisten) wird ausgebaut.  Polizeichef Pol. Lt. Gen. Phao Sriyanond (เผ่า ศรียานนท์, 1910 - 1960) will die USA besuchen, um technische und finanzielle Hilfe für die Polizei zu erhalten.

1954-01-21

Gesetz zur Errichtung eines Social Security Office, einer freiwilligen Sozialversicherung.

1954-01-28

91 Landbesitzer werden enteignet, um Platz für die zentrale Busstation Mor Chit (หมอชิต) zu schaffen.

Abb.: Lage von  Mor Chit (หมอชิต)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-02-01

"President Eisenhower, The National Security Council, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, other agencies of the government and a special committee under the chairmanship of W. [Walter] Bedell Smith [1895 - 1961] had studied the Indochina situation in terms of what course the U.S. should follow. They had considered the use of U.S. ground air and naval forces in Indochina and also reviewed the old theory that Indochina was the key to Southeast Asia, weighed alternative plans, like the strengthening of Thailand." [Quelel: Pentagon Papers. -- http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Vietnam_Relations,_1945%E2%80%931967:_A_Study_Prepared_by_the_Department_of_Defense/IV._A._4._U.S._Training_of_Vietnamese_National_Army,_1954%E2%80%9359. -- Zugriff am 2013-12-03]

1954-02-04

Das Parlament verabschiedet den Volunteer Defence Corps Act (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน). Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC) sind paramilitärische Heimwehren, die aus Freiwilligen derselben Amphoe gebildet werden. 1966 werden sie in die Village Security Teams (VST) integriert.

1954-02-19

Der König unterzeichnet den Volunteer Defence Corps (Or Sor) Act. Dieser Tag wird als Gründungstag des Or Sor (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน) jährlich gefeiert.

Abb.: Siegel des Volunteer Defence Corps (Or Sor) (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"The Volunteer Defence Corps has the following responsibilities : Assist in the alleviation of distress following natural calamities, or the action of the enemy. Assist the police and administrative authorities in the performance of their duties. Protect important installations and communications. Defend against espionage. Obtain and report information. Give assistance directed by the military. Harass the enemy and help destroy his forces. Serve as a reserve unit of the military when it is absolutely necessary. Under martial law, the Volunteer Defence Corps will come under the command and control of the military commanders in their areas." [Quelle: Thailand official year book 1964. -- S. 178]

 

1954-02-19

Es erscheint das erste Thai Comic-Buch: Ban Tukta (ตุ๊กตา) von Pimol Kalasee (พิมล กาฬสีห์). Es ist sofort ein Erfolg. Weitere Geschichten folgen.

Abb.: หนูหน่อย und หนูแจ๋ว, zwei Hauptfiguren

Abb.: Ein späterer Band von Tukta (ตุ๊กตา)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1954-02-29

In Bangkok verkauft ein Mann seine 38jährige Mia Noy (Geliebte) an seinen 27jährigen Sohn. Kaufpreis: 400 Baht.

1954-02-26

Ministerpräsident Phibun fordert die Polizei auf, gegen Liebespärchen im Lumphini Park (สวนลุมพินี) vorzugehen. Deren Verhalten gäbe Kindern ein schlechtes Vorbild.

Abb.: Lage des Lumphini Park (สวนลุมพินี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Schlechtes Vorbild für Kinder: Lumphini Park (สวนลุมพินี)
[Bildquelle: eric molina. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/iamagenious/4310177381/. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

1954-02-20

Brandstiftung wird zur "kommunistischen Tätigkeit" erklärt. Dadurch sind drastische Strafen möglich.

1954-03

Auf Einladung von Ministerpräsident Phibun treffen in Bangkok Vertreter der Karen und Mon Aufständischenarmeen Burmas in Bangkok zu Gesprächen mit hohen Militärs und Polizisten ein. Den Aufständischen wird erlaubt, an der Thai-Grenze Militärlager zu errichten. Die Familien der Aufständischen wird Aufenthalt in Thailand zugesagt. Die Aufständischen erhalten die Erlaubnis, in Thailand Waffen und Munition zu kaufen. Eine direkte Unterstützung der Aufständischen wird abgelehnt.

1954-03-08

Es stirbt Luang Pradit Pairoh (หลวงประดิษฐไพเราะ, 1881 - 1954) (Sorn Silpanleng - ศร ศิลปบรรเลง), Hof-Musiker auf Gong und Xylophon und Komponist von über 300 Musikstücken. Er adaptierte viele westliche Melodien für Thai-Musik. Sein Leben dient als Grundlage zum Film (2005): โหมโรง - The Overture

Abb.: Filmplakat, 2005
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

"The Overture (Thai: โหมโรง or Hom rong) is a 2004 Thai musical-drama film. A fictionalised account based on the life story of Thai palace musician Luang Pradit Phairoh (Sorn Silapabanleng), it follows the life of a Thai classical musician from the late 19th century to the 1940s. The film was the winner of several awards in Thailand and was the country's official selection for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. It was directed by Ittisoontorn Vichailak and producers included Nonzee Nimibutr and Chatrichalerm Yukol. The film was also credited with a revival in the popularity of piphat – Thai classical music. Plot Starting out in the 1940s, the story finds the elder Sorn bed-ridden. To an old friend, he recalls his childhood growing up in 1880s Siam, during the reign of King Chulalongkorn and the action flashes back to that time. Sorn's brother was a gifted classical musician, so gifted in fact that it caused a rivalry with other musicians that ended in Sorn's brother's death. Because of that, Sorn's father bars the boy from taking up the ranad-ek (Thai xylophone). However, Sorn, who has shown a talent for the instrument since an early age, defies his father and sneaks off to practice playing in an abandoned temple in the jungle. Eventually, he becomes so skilled at the instrument that his father lets him play after he speaks to a monk who advises him that he should not deny him the right to play ranad-ek. Sorn excels in his studies to the point where he is noticed by other bands. They ask for his presence to complete. He becomes arrogant and misses practice telling his father that his faith isn't misplaced. His father teaches his place by putting him on the Kong-wong. At the competition, the competitor scares his uncle (the substitute on ranad-ek) and becomes clear that the competitor has superior skill. As their playing, the judge realises that Sorn isn't playing on the ranad-ek and calls the teacher out on the fact that if they have a good player, might as well bring out the good material because then you can lose with dignity. The band starts over and plays the same song, but it is obvious that Sorn is skilled. He wins every competition as a boy. So One day, in a local village, Sorn and his ensemble are set up to perform in a courtyard. Across the courtyard is another ensemble, led by a fierce-looking bearded ranad-ek player dressed in black. As the rival player starts to perform, a storm whips up adding to the ominous mood of the setting. Sorn is disturbed by his fiery ability to play and wants to learn like him. But Sorn's talent does not go unnoticed and he is soon chosen to play for a local nobleman and is sent to the palace for more formal music training. There he meets an older man that he thinks is a palace caretaker, or some type of lowly person that does not know about music. However, later, when Sorn is to meet his new teacher, Master Tian, it is revealed to be the old man he met earlier. Tian turns out to be a strict teacher and instructs Sorn on all the instruments of the Thai classical music ensemble. At one point, Sorn is punished for being too flashy a player and is made to relinquish the ranad-ek to an inferior player, much to the dismay of other members in his ensemble, as well as a high palace official watching the performance. So when it comes time for the kingdom's musical competition, it is Sorn who is again the lead player. However, Sorn must overcome his fear at the competition, because he must again face the fierce, bearded ranad-ek performer. The story flashes back forward to the 1940s again, showing Sorn as a respected teacher. One day Sorn's son has a piano moved into his father's studio. The expectation is that his father will be furious at having a newfangled Western instrument brought into his house. But instead of being mad, he instructs his son to play a tune on the piano. The elder Sorn then takes up his ranad-ek mallets and improvises with his son, blending Thai and Western music. This is during the rule of the dictator, Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram, whose government called for the accelerated modernisation of Thailand. As a result, performances of traditional Thai music, dance and theatre were frowned upon. In Sorn's neighbourhood, the orders are enforced by Lieutenant-Colonel Veera. Sorn teaches the Lieutenant a nation can only withstand outside forces if their nation is strong. For that to happen, they must believe in themselves. No matter what, they must protect their heritage and honor it regardless of what they are to become. Sorn plays not only to defy the rules, but to teach a lesson about culture and heritage. [...]  Reception After a poor showing at the box office on opening weekend, The Overture was pulled from many theaters. However, after word of mouth spread and discussions flourished on Internet forums such as Pantip.com, the film was brought back and become a sensation that won numerous awards and sparked renewed interest in Thai classical music. Captivated by the film's nationalistic, historical and cultural themes, the film was embraced by Royal Family and the Thai government, which used it as a promotional tool. It was one of the most popular Thai films of 2004.[2][3] [...]  Soundtrack The original score was composed by Chatchai Pongprapaphan, with Thai classical music performed by Chaibhuk Bhutrachinda, the Korphai Ensemble and Narongrit Tosa-nga.[1] Narongrit, who portrayed Khun-In in the film, is a professional musician and a gifted player of the ranad-ek (Thai xylophone) and actually performed his own ranad-ek parts in the film.[5] The Overture won Best Music at the Star Entertainment Awards 2004[6] and Bangkok Critics Assembly Awards.[7] A soundtrack album was jointly released in 2004 by Gimmick Film, Cinemasia, Prommitr Production and Sahamongkol Film International, but has since gone out of print." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overture. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-02]

1954-03-12

Memorandum der US Joint Chiefs of Staff zu freien Wahlen in ganz Vietnam:

"Such factors as the prevalence of illiteracy, the lack of suitable educational media, and the absence of adequate communications in the outlying areas would render the holding of a truly representative plebiscite of doubtful feasibility. The Communists, by virtue of their superior capability in the field of propaganda, could readily pervert the issue as being a choice between national independence and French Colonial rule. Furthermore, it would be militarily infeasible to prevent widespread intimidation of voters by Communist partisans. While it is obviously impossible to make a dependable forecast as to the outcome of a free election, current intelligence leads the Joint Chiefs to the belief that a settlement based, upon free elections would be attended by almost certain loss of the Associated States to Communist control. Such factors as the prevalence of illiteracy, the lack of suitable educational media, and the absence of adequate communications in the outlying areas would render the holding of a truly representative plebiscite of doubtful feasibility. The Communists, by virtue of their superior capability in the field of propaganda, could readily pervert the issue as being a choice between national independence and French Colonial rule. Furthermore, it would be militarily infeasible to prevent widespread intimidation of voters by Communist partisans. While it is obviously impossible to make a dependable forecast as to the outcome of a free election, current intelligence leads the Joint Chiefs to the belief that a settlement based upon free elections would be attended by almost certain loss of the Associated States to Communist control." [Quelle: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part_III.djvu/12. -- Zugriff am 2016-09-19]

1954-03-21

Polizei ermordet und wirft in einen Fluss:

• Phorn Malitong (พร มะลิทอง), Abgeordneter der Naeo Ratthathammanoon Partei (พรรคแนวรัฐธรรมนูญ, Verfassungsfront), persönlicher Fein von Police General Phao Sriyanond (เผ่า ศรียานนท์, 1910 - 1960)
• Phong Suwannasin (สุวรรณศิลป์), Polizeispitzel

1954-03-27

An der Westgrenze Thailands gibt es in Burma starke Kämpfe, nachdem die Karen einen unabhängigen Staat (Kawthoolei) ausgerufen haben. Die  Karen National Liberation army (ကရင်အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော်) wird von Mons und Kuomintang (KMT) unterstützt.

Abb.: Wohngebiete der Karen (ကရင်လူမျိုး; กะเหรี่ยง)
[Bildquelle: Peter Ole Kvint / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Die Karen National Union (KNU) (ကရင် အမျိုးသား အစည်းအရုံး) ist eine politische Gruppierung, die im Grenzgebiet zwischen Thailand und Myanmar, dem ehemaligen Birma, operiert. Die KNU besitzt einen bewaffneten Arm, die Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). Seit 1948 kämpft die KNU gegen die birmanische Zentralregierung für einen unabhängigen Karen-Staat, der in der Sprache der Karen Kawthoolei genannt wird. Die KNU ist die größte Widerstandsgruppe der Karen in Myanmar. Die KNU operiert primär im heutigen Kayin-Staat. 2006 befand sich das Hauptquartier der KNU in Mu Aye Pu im Kayin-Staat an der thailändischen Grenze. Die KNU wurde am 5. Februar 1947 gegründet, nachdem Gespräche in London für einen unabhängigen Karen-Staat gescheitert waren. Der erste Vorsitzende der KNU war Saw Ba U Gyi, ein Karen-Politiker, der schon unter der britischen Kolonialregierung Ministerposten innehatte. Er wurde 1950 von birmanischen Soldaten ermordet. In den letzten 40 Jahren wurden die KNU und KNLA primär von einem Karen-Politiker mit Namen Bo Mya geführt, der Ende 2006 im Exil in der thailändischen Grenzstadt Mae Sot verstarb. Ebenfalls bei Mae Sot wurde am 14. Februar 2008 der KNU-Generalsekretär Mahn Sha Lar Phan ermordet; ohne dass die Verantwortlichkeit feststeht, wurde sofort die Militärregierung von Myanmar hinter dem Mord vermutet, da Mahn Shas Name dem Vernehmen nach auf einer einschlägigen Hitliste der Regierung enthalten war.[1] Am 20. Oktober 2008 wurde Zipporah Sein auf dem 14. Kongress der KNU zur neuen KNU General Sekretärin gewählt. [2] Über viele Jahre beherrschten KNU und KNLA die Grenzgebiete zwischen Thailand und Myanmar. Dadurch konnten sie große Einnahmen aus Zöllen aus dem Grenzverkehr erzielen. Aber seit dem Beginn der 1990er-Jahre wurde die KNLA von der myanmarischen Regierung immer mehr aus ihren Gebieten zurückgedrängt. Erschwerend kam hinzu, dass sich 1994 eine Gruppe buddhistischer Karen von der primär christlich geführten KNU abspaltete. Die Democratic Karen Buddhist Army entstand, die einen Waffenstillstand mit der myanmarischen Regierung, dem State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), vereinbarte. Durch diese Abspaltung ging der KNU ihr wichtiges Hauptquartier Manerplaw am Saluen-Fluss verloren. Aufgrund der Kenntnisse über die Verteidigungsstellungen und die Lage der Minenfelder konnten die myanmarischen Truppen Manerplaw erobern. Heute verfügt die KNLA über kein eigenes Territorium mehr und beschränkt sich auf Guerilla-Methoden. Im Jahre 2004 wurde ein informeller Waffenstillstand zwischen der KNLA und der myanmarischen Militärregierung geschlossen. Diese nahm den Waffenstillstand aber nie ernst. Im Gegenteil, seit dem Waffenstillstand versuchte sie, ihre Position im Karen-Gebiet durch den Bau von Straßen und Stützpunkten auszubauen. Der mündliche Waffenstillstand wurde von Bo Mya bei einer Reise in die damalige myanmarische Hauptstadt Rangun vereinbart. Seit Oktober 2006 fühlt sich die KNLA nicht mehr an diesen gebunden, da er von der Zentralregierung zu oft gebrochen wurde. Zur Zeit versucht die 7. KNLA-Brigade einen eigenen Separatwaffenstillstand mit der myanmarischen Regierung zu verhandeln. Heute leben die meisten Führer der KNU und KNLA in Flüchtlingslagern in Thailand oder in den thailändischen Grenzstädten Mae Sot, Mae Sariang und Mae Hong Son. Zirka 150.000 Karen leben in Flüchtlingslagern in Thailand, primär in der thailändischen Provinz Tak, und die KNU versucht diese über verschiedene Unterorganisationen zu betreuen. Es gibt insgesamt zirka sechs bis sieben Millionen Karen, primär in Myanmar, aber auch in Thailand. Der Karen-Konflikt ist der am längsten anhaltende Bürgerkrieg in der heutigen Zeit. Er wird vom myanmarischen Militär, Tatmadaw genannt, mit unbeschreiblicher Härte geführt. Neben den Flüchtlingen in Thailand gibt es Hunderttausende von internen Flüchtlingen in Myanmar, auch IDPs genannt. Über die Stärke der KNLA gibt es die widersprüchlichsten Aussagen. Einige Quellen reden von 20.000 bewaffneten Anhängern, andere Quellen reden von 4000 bis 5000 Mann. Beim 57. "Karen Revolution Day" war sogar von 50.000 Mann die Rede, die aber bei weitem nicht bewaffnet werden könnten. Die KNLA gliedert sich in sieben Brigaden: Brigade KNU/KNLA myanmarische Regierung 1. Brigade Du Tha Htu-Distrikt Thaton-Distrikt 2. Brigade Tha Ow-Distrikt Toungoo-Distrikt 3. Brigade Kler Lwee Htuu-Distrikt Nyaunglebin-Distrikt 4. Brigade Mergui Tavoy-Distrikt Tavoy-Distrikt 5. Brigade MuThraw-Distrikt Papun-Distrikt 6. Brigade Duplaya-Distrikt Kya In Seik Kyi-Distrikt 7. Brigade Pa-An-Distrikt Pa-An-Distrikt Anmerkung: Die 4. Brigade operiert nicht im Kayin-Staat, sondern im nördlichen Mon-Staat. Am 30. Januar 2007 splitterte sich die 7. Brigade in zwei Gruppen. Rebellen aus der 7. Brigade unter Brigadegeneral Htain Maung gründeten das KNLA/Peace Council. Er hatte ohne Zustimmung der KNU-Führung Friedensverhandlungen mit dem SPDC geführt.[3] Quellen  Al Jazeera: “Myanmar's Karen mourn leader”, 23. Februar 2008 (englisch)  KNU Appoints Karen Woman General-Secretary. Irrawaddy.org. Abgerufen am 12. Juli 2010.  BURMA NACHRICHTEN 3/2007, 20. Februar. Asienhaus.de (20. Februar 2007). Abgerufen am 12. Juli 2010" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_National_Union. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-02]

1954-04

Die Polizei untersucht Geldtransfer-Vergehen der beiden chinesischen Direktoren der Union Bank. Der eine  Direktor hat gute Beziehungen zu General Sarit Thanarat (สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963) und kommt ungeschoren davon. Der andere Direktor hat keine Beziehungen und muss darum bitter büßen.

1954-04-04

US Präsident Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969) an den britischen Ministerpräsidenten Winston Churchill (1874 - 1965):

“Dear Winston: “I am sure that like me you are following with the deepest interest and anxiety the daily reports of the gallant fight being put up by the French at Dien Bien Phu. Today, the situation there does not seem hopeless. “But regardless of the outcome of this particular battle, I fear that the French cannot alone see the thing through, this despite the very substantial assistance in money and matériel that we are giving them. It is no solution simply to urge the French to intensify their efforts, and if they do not see it through, and Indochina passes into the hands of the Communists, the ultimate effect on our and your global strategic position with the consequent shift in the power ratio throughout Asia and the Pacific could be disastrous and, I know, unacceptable to you and me. It is difficult to see how Thailand, Burma and Indonesia could be kept out of Communist hands. This we cannot afford. The threat to Malaya, Australia and New Zealand would be direct. The offshore island chain would be broken. The economic pressures on Japan which would be deprived of non-Communist markets and sources of food and raw materials would be such, over a period of time, that it is difficult to see how Japan could be prevented from reaching an accommodation with the Communist world which would combine the manpower and natural resources of Asia with the industrial potential of Japan. This has led us to the hard conclusion that the situation in Southeast Asia requires us urgently to take serious and far-reaching decisions. “Geneva is less than four weeks away. There the possibility of the Communists driving a wedge between us will, given the state of mind in France, be infinitely greater than at Berlin. I can understand the very natural desire of the French to seek an end to this war which has been bleeding them for eight years. But our painstaking search for a way out of the impasse has reluctantly forced us to the conclusion that there is no negotiated solution of the Indochina problem which in its essence would not be either a face-saving device to cover a French surrender or a face-saving device to cover a Communist retirement. The first alternative is too serious in its broad strategic implications for us and for you to be acceptable. Apart from its effects in Southeast Asia itself, where you and the Commonwealth have direct and vital interests, it would have the most serious repercussions in North Africa, in Europe and elsewhere. Here at home it would cause a widespread loss of confidence in the cooperative system. I think it is not too much to say that the future of France as a great power would be fatally affected. Perhaps France will never again be the great power it was, but a sudden vacuum wherever French power is, would be difficult for us to cope with. “Somehow we must contrive to bring about the second alternative. The preliminary lines of our thinking were sketched out by Foster in his speech last Monday night when he said that under the conditions of today the imposition on Southeast Asia of the political system of Communist Russia and its Chinese Communist ally, by whatever means, would be a grave threat to the whole free community, and that in our view this possibility should now be met by united action and not passively accepted. He has also talked intimately with Roger Makins. “I believe that the best way to put teeth in this concept and to bring greater moral and material resources to the support of the French effort is through the establishment of a new, ad hoc grouping or coalition composed of nations which have a vital concern in the checking of Communist expansion in the area. I have in mind in addition to our two countries, France, the Associated States, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines. The United States Government would expect to play its full part in such a coalition. The coalition we have in mind would not be directed against Communist China. But if, contrary to our belief, our efforts to save Indochina and the British Commonwealth position to the south should in any way increase the jeopardy to Hong Kong, we would expect to be with you there. I suppose that the United Nations should somewhere be recognized, but I am not confident that, given the Soviet veto, it could act with needed speed and vigor. “I would contemplate no role for Formosa or the Republic of Korea in the political construction of this coalition. “The important thing is that the coalition must be strong and it must be willing to join the fight if necessary. I do not envisage the need of any appreciable ground forces on your or our part. If the members of the alliance are sufficiently resolute it should be able to make clear to the Chinese Communists that the continuation of their material support to the Viet Minh will inevitably lead to the growing power of the forces arrayed against them. “My colleagues and I are deeply aware of the risks which this proposal may involve but in the situation which confronts us there is no course of action or inaction devoid of dangers and I know no man who has firmly grasped more nettles than you. If we grasp this one together I believe that we will enormously increase our chances of bringing the Chinese to believe that their interests lie in the direction of a discreet disengagement. In such a contingency we could approach the Geneva conference with the position of the free world not only unimpaired but strengthened. “Today we face the hard situation of contemplating a disaster brought on by French weakness and the necessity of dealing with it before it develops. This means frank talk with the French. In many ways the situation corresponds to that which you describe so brilliantly in the second chapter of ‘Their Finest Hour’, when history made clear that the French strategy and dispositions before the 1940 breakthrough should have been challenged before the blow fell. “I regret adding to your problems. But in fact it is not I, but our enemies who add to them. I have faith that by another act of fellowship in the face of peril we shall find a spiritual vigor which will prevent our slipping into the quagmire of distrust. “If I may refer again to history, we failed to halt Hirohito, Mussolini and Hitler by not acting in unity and in time. That marked the beginning of many years of stark tragedy and desperate peril. May it not be that our nations have learned something from that lesson? “So profoundly do I believe that the effectiveness of the coalition principle is at stake that I am prepared to send Foster or Bedell to visit you this week, at the earliest date convenient to you. Whoever [Page 1241]comes would spend a day in Paris to avoid French pique, the cover would be preparation for Geneva. “With warm regard “Ike.” [Quelle: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v13p1/d692. -- Zugriff am 2016-08-27]

1954-04-07

US-Präsident Eisenhower prägt den Begriff Domino Theory (falling domino principle):

"Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences." [Zitiert in: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory, -- Zugriff am 2013-10-30

Diese Vorstellung wird zentral für das kriegerische Engagement der USA in Südostasien:

Abb.: Dominotheorie angewandt auf Asien: Ein Land nach dem anderen fällt dem Kommunismus zum Opfer
[Bildquelle: Nyenyec / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1954-04-17

König Bhumibol enthüllt auf dem Wongwian Yai (วงเวียนใหญ่) in Thonburi (ธนบุรี) die Reiterstatue von König Taksin (ตากสินมหาราช, 1734 - 1782 (hingerichtet)). Bildhauer der Statue ist Silpa Bhirasri (ศิลป์ พีระศรี, = Corrado Feroci (1892 – 1962). Kosten: 400.000 Baht.

Der König sagt bei der Enthüllung: "Lass dies ein Denkmal sein für Gegenwart und Zukunft, das uns das Herz und die Kraft gibt, die Freiheit zu erhalten und zu verteidigen, die König Taksin für uns wiedererworben hat!"

Abb.: Lage des Wongwian Yai (วงเวียนใหญ่)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Reiterstatue von König Taksin
[Bildquelle: 2T / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1954-04-18

Burma bringt gefangene Kuomintang-Soldaten (中國國民黨) per Flug von Mandalay (မန္တလေး) nach Lampang (ลำปาง), von dort werden sie nach Taiwan (臺灣) gebracht.

1954-04-21/22

Burma bringt chinesische Flüchtlinge von Meiktila (မိတ္ထီလာမြို့) ) nach Lampang (ลำปาง), von dort werden sie nach Taiwan (臺灣) gebracht.

Abb.: Lage von Mandalay (မန္တလေး), Meiktila (မိတ္ထီလာမြို့) ) und Lampang (ลำปาง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-04-25

Einweihung der St Michael's Church (วัดอัครเทวดามีคาแอล) in Songyae (บ้านหนองซ่งแย้), Provinz Yasothon (ยโสธร).

Abb.: Lage von Songyae (บ้านหนองซ่งแย้)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: St Michael's Church (วัดอัครเทวดามีคาแอล), Songyae (บ้านหนองซ่งแย้), Provinz Yasothon (ยโสธร)

"St Michael's Church, Songyae (Thai: วัดอัครเทวดามีคาแอล ณ บ้านหนองซ่งแย้ Wat Akhan Thewada Mikha-el na Ban Nong Songyae) is a Roman Catholic parish church in the northeastern Thai village of Ban Nong Songyae, subdistrict Kham Toei, Thai Charoen district, Yasothon Province (บ้านหนองซ่งแย้ ต.คำเตย อ.ไทยเจริญ จ.ยโสธร.) Nong หนอง indicates a fen; swampy or marshy land; Song ซ่ง is dialect for a group; yae ตัวแย้ is the Beauty or Common Butterfly Lizard, Liolepis belliana. Background According to the brochure published by the church, the Reverend Bishop Baye collected the history proper from congregational recollections, together with information from the Reverend Desaval's memoir. The first five families to settle in Ban Nong-Song-Yae arrived in 1908, some of them having been accused in their former homes of being possessed by ghosts. News of a Catholic priest in Ban-Sae-Song (บ้านเซซ่ง) reached the villagers, and four of them met the Reverends Desaval and Ambrosio. The two began to taking turns making monthly visits, staying four or five days to teach the catholic faith. They soon asked that a temporary shelter be built for them, and in 1909 this shelter became the first chapel in Ban Nong-Song-Yae. In 1913 the village and congregation increased to fifteen families. In 1914 war between Germany and France resulted in about ten French missionaries being recalled to serve in the army. The reverend Gantang was left responsible for a large area, assisted by the Catechist Nai Siang Tan who was responsible for Ban Nong-Song-Yae. I By 1919 the congregation had increased to 400. A second church was built that was used for only three or four years before it proved too small. The third, built like a big terrace house with a wooden roof, bamboo walls, and six rooms, was located near Nong-Kai-Pig. Fire damaged four of the rooms, after which the congregation repaired and enlarged it, and located a priest's residence nearby.  Resettlement In 1925 some Catholics from Ban-Dong-Ma-Fai joined the community at Song-Yae. In 1933 – 34, six catholic families resettled in Ban-Phon-Sung in Udonthani province. In 1938, the reverend Degueir lead ten villagers to resettle at Ban-Khok-Khi-Nak, Nong Phok, Roi Et province. In 1955 – 56 some families resettled in Ban San-Ti-Suk, Petchaboon Province. Some Song-Yae families moved a mere 10 kilometers to Ban Nong-Kae. As of 2006, there were about 200 Catholics in the community with a small chapel and St. Anthony, that remain under the pastoral care of the parish priest of St. Michael.  Fourth construction The Reverence Deguir's memoir says the villagers supplied the reverend Alazard with 60 cartloads of wood in 1936 for the construction of a new building, but the wood was confiscated by authorities. In 1947 under the direction of the reverence Montree, plans were laid for a church made of timber 57 meters long and 16 meters wide. The wooden, Thai-style church building was completed by skilled carpenters in 1953. On Sunday, 25 April 1954, the Reverend Bishop Chaudius Baye presided over and celebrated the inauguration and consecration of the fourth wooden church of St. Michael.  First restoration In 1981, pastor Buppha Salupshua with a budget of 200,000 Baht donated by Mrs. Thanom of Bangkok, had the old wooden roof replaced with corrugated iron sheets.  Second restoration In 1994, pastor Boonlert Promsena presided over extensive repairs of termite damage, necessitating the replacement of 124 of 227 poles, new planks for the platforms, elevation of doors and windows, and complete painting, inside and out.  Third restoration The third restoration was a project begun in 2006 to prepare the church for its centennial celebration in 2008. The stated objectives were (English version): “ 1. To conserve this largest wooden church as traditional patrimony and heritage for traditional society with regards to its worth of culture and faith. 2. To provide a round spiritual preparation for the Catholics of Ban-Nong-Song-Yae for the first centenary celebration in A.D.2008 on this soil. 3. To make a well-planned restoration of the church and its surroundings as a place for peaceful serenity and for tourism visit. ”  Architecture The main sanctuary is constructed of timber in a classic Thai style, and is billed as the largest wooden church in Thailand. It has been designated by the Tourism Authority of Thailand as a site Unseen in Thailand.   Modern times The Church is still active today. The third restoration for the 2008 centennial was followed in 2009 by the opening of a museum dedicated to the memory of the church's founder, the Reverend Desaval.  School The church grounds of approximately 100 rai (16 hectares; 40 acres) also host a fully accredited school, Songyae Wittaya (โรงเรียนซ่งแย้วิทยา) for children in kindergarten (อนุบาล) through senior high school (มัธยมสาม) with a total enrollment of 960 students in 2010.  Heritage designation The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has designated the church as a unique cultural heritage site of the sort Unseen in Thailand." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Songyae. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-14]

1954-05

Loyalitätsmission der Chinese Chamber of Commerce nach Nationalchina (Taiwan).

1954-05-01 - 19954-05-17

Letzte Phase der Evakuierung von Kuomintang-Soldaten (中國國民黨) aus Burma via Thailand nach Taiwan (臺灣). Danach bleiben noch ca. 5.000 Kuomintang-Soldaten in Burma als Guerillas und Opium-Händler.

1954-05-01 - 1954-05-19

Second Asian Games in Manila (Philippinen). Thailand nimmt mit 23 Sportlern und 8 Funktionären teil.

Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia]

Abb.: Lage von Manila
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-05-02

National Stadium, Bangkok: der australische Bantamgewicht-Box-Weltmeister James "Jimmy" William Carruthers (1929 - 1990) besiegt Chamroen Songkitrat (จำเริญ ทรงกิตรัตน์ = พ.ต.ต. สำเริง ศรีมาดี, 1928 - 2003). 70.000 Zuschauer.

Abb.: James "Jimmy" William Carruthers und Chamroen Songkitrat (จำเริญ ทรงกิตรัตน์ = พ.ต.ต. สำเริง ศรีมาดี)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1954-05-05

In den Bergen von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่), Chiang Rai (เชียงราย) und Mao Lek (Grenze zwischen Saraburi und Nakhon Ratchasima) soll je eine experimentelle Landwirtschaftsstation ausgebaut werden, die den Bergvölkern die Umstellung von Opiumanbau zu anderen Pflanzen erleichtern soll.

1954-05-07

Vernichtende Niederlage der französischen Legionäre bei Điện Biên Phủ.

Abb.: Schlagzeile: "Dien-Bien-Phu ist gefallen."

Abb.: Lage von Điện Biên Phủ
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Die Schlacht von Điện Biên Phủ gilt als die entscheidende Schlacht während des ersten Indochinakrieges zwischen der französischen Armee und den Truppen der vietnamesischen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Việt Minh. Der Kampf um die französische Festung im Kreis Điện Biện nahe der damaligen Kreisstadt Điện Biên Phủ zwischen Him Lam im Norden und Mường Thanh im Süden begann am 13. März 1954 und endete am 7. Mai mit einer vernichtenden Niederlage der Franzosen. Dieser Misserfolg beendete die französische Kolonialherrschaft in Südostasien. Eine Reihe von Fehlentscheidungen der französischen Generalität, vor allem aber die Unterschätzung des Gegners trugen zur Niederlage bei. Die Entscheidung, die Festung in einem Tal anzusiedeln, stellte sich als besonders schwerwiegend heraus. Sie fiel in der leichtfertigen Annahme, dass es den Việt Minh nicht möglich sei, Artillerie und andere schwere Waffen in den umliegenden Bergen in Stellung zu bringen sowie mit Nachschub zu versorgen. Der vietnamesische General Võ Nguyên Giáp nutzte die taktischen Vorteile, die das hügelige Gelände rings um die Festung bot, geschickt aus und führte die Truppen der Việt Minh zum Sieg. Vor allem gelang es den Việt Minh, die Besatzung der Festung vom Nachschub abzuschneiden. Nach der Niederlage Frankreichs wurde das Genfer Indochinaabkommen geschlossen, welches einen Waffenstillstand und die Trennung der Konfliktparteien durch Umgruppierung (die Việt Minh nördlich, die Franzosen südlich des 17. Breitengrads) sowie freie Wahlen bis Ende 1956 vorsah. Die USA unterschrieben dieses Abkommen nicht. Durch die Installierung einer US-freundlichen Regierung unter Ngô Đình Diệm nach den Scheinwahlen vom 23. Oktober 1955 wurde das Land am 17. Breitengrad in die Staaten Demokratische Republik Vietnam („Nordvietnam“) und Republik Vietnam („Südvietnam“) geteilt. Die fortgesetzten Verfolgungen von echten und vermeintlichen Regimegegnern durch das Regime Ngô Đình Diệm führten zu bewaffnetem Widerstand über die vom Norden unterstützte Gründung der FNL und dem militärischen Eingreifen der USA ab 1961 zum zweiten Indochinakrieg, der als „eigentlicher“ Vietnamkrieg bekannt wurde." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-02]

Abb.: Entwicklung der Truppenstärke der französischen Kolonialtruppe Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO 1945 - 1953
[Datenquelle: Heimann, Bernhard: Krieg in Vietnam 1946 - 1954 : die Aggression des französischen Imperialismus in Indochina. -- Berlin : Militärverl. d. Dt. Demokrat. Republik, 1987. -- ISBN 3-327-00288-6. -- S. 104.]

Abb.: Die militärische Lage in Vietnam nach der Schlacht von Dien Bien Phu
[Bildquelle: Heimann, Bernhard: Krieg in Vietnam 1946 - 1954 : die Aggression des französischen Imperialismus in Indochina. -- Berlin : Militärverl. d. Dt. Demokrat. Republik, 1987. -- 108 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 3-327-00288-6. -- Rückeneinband innen. -- Fair use]

1954-05-17

Der Oberste Gerichtshof der USA erklärt die Rassentrennung an öffentlichen Schulen für verfassungswidrig. Beginn der Aufhebung der Rassentrennung in den USA.

Abb.: Rassentrennung, Leland, Mississippi, 1937
[Bildquelle: Dorothea Lange (1895 - 1965) / USGOV / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Rassentrennung, Oklahoma City, 1939
[Bildquelle: Russell Lee / LoC / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1954-05-19

Als erster Thai-Film auf einem internationalen Filmfestival wird Santi-Veena (สันติ-วีณา) auf dem Asia-Pacific Film Festival in Tokyo (東京, Japan) gezeigt. Der Produzent, Rattana Pestonji  (รัตน์ เปสตันยี, 1908 - 1970) muss 1000 Baht Strafe zahlen, da der Film nicht der Zensur vorgelegt worden war, bevor er nach Japan gesendet wurde. Den Film bekommt später kaum jemand zu sehen, da das Negativ im National Archive unreparierbar vergammelte.

Abb.: Filmplakat
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Faire use]

Abb.: Lage von Tokyo (東京)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-05-20

New York (USA): es erscheint die Single Rock around the clock in der Interpretation von Bill Haley and His Comets. "Dieser Song wurde nicht nur zur Marseillaise einer weltweiten Teenager-Revolution (Lillian Roxon), er katalysierte das musikalische Zeitalter des Rock 'n' Roll und markiert damit die Geburtsstunde der modernen Popmusik." (Wikipedia)

Der Song auf Spotify:
URI: spotify:track:7hLOIb9E7VKmsVelNq6YZK
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/7hLOIb9E7VKmsVelNq6YZK

Abb.: Plattentitel
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Rock-Musiker, Chatuchak Weekend Market (ตลาดนัดสวนจตุจักร), Bangkok, 2007
[Bildquelle: Timo Kozlowski. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/7705028@N02/515502137. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-03. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1954-05-29

In Laos sind Thai-Produkte "in", z.B. Bücher, Zeitungen, Filme ...

1954-05-31 - 1957-08-31

Sir Donald Charles MacGillivray (1906 - 1966) ist der letzte British High Commissioner in Malaya

1954-06

Santitham Hall (ศาลาสันดิธรรม), das neue Gebäude für die UNO in Bangkok ist fertiggestellt. U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) wird darin einziehen.

Abb.: Santitham Hall (ศาลาสันดิธรรม), Bangkok, 1954-06
[Bildquelle: UN Photo. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/3311543319/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: Abb.: Konferenzsaal, Santitham Hall (ศาลาสันดิธรรม), Bangkok, o. J.

1954-06

Mit Beihilfe der Thai Patrol Border Police (ตำรวจตระเวนชายแดน) greifen in Thailand lebende laotische Rebellen zusammen mit Mitgliedern des französischen Batallon d'Infanterie Laotienne Armée ein Trainingslager der National Laotienne in Chinaimo (Laos) an. Ein französischer Berater wird getötet, 24 Personen verletzt.

Abb.: Lage von Chinaimo
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-06

Nationalchina sendet Liu Yuanlin (柳元麟) nach Burma, um die Guerilla-Organisation Yunnan People’s Anticommunist Volunteer Army (YAVA) aufzubauen.

"After the communist revolution in China, some surviving nationalist forces withdrew to Burma and continued to fight. Under international pressure, the Nationalist government in Taiwan withdrew the surviving force in the China-Burma border totalling over 6,500 in May 1954. However, many ardent nationalists refused to retreat to Taiwan and decided to stay in Burma and carry on the anticommunist struggle. To better lead these troops, the Nationalist government sent the original deputy commander-in-chief, Liu Yuanlin (柳元麟) back to Burma to form Yunnan People’s Anticommunist Volunteer Army in June 1954. By the early 1960s, the nationalist force in northern Burma had reached its peak, totalling near ten thousand troops. Because there were much higher proportion of officers among the nationalist force in the China-Burma border, the structure of nationalist forces in northern Burma was different than ordinary military structure: Yunnan People’s Anticommunist Volunteer Army was organized into five armies, each consisting of two to three divisions, and each of these divisions, in turn, was directly consisted of two to three regiments, while the brigades level structure was eliminated. The size of each regiment of Yunnan People’s Anticommunist Volunteer Army various greatly in size, from two dozen troops to over a thousand troops. The nationalist force controlled an area that was 300 km long along the China-Burma border, and 100 km deep. The nationalist area of control was typical mountainous jungle regions, with raining season lasting six months, and the area was covered by fog for most of the time. It was extremely difficult to navigate in the region where there were few roads and trails, and the natural environment was extremely harsh." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border. -- Zugriff am 2016-08-21]

1954-06-15

Jinhae (진해구, Südkorea): Gründung der Asian People's Anti-Communist League (APACL, heute: Asian-Pacific League for Freedom and Democracy).

"Die Asian People's Anti-Communist League (APACL, heute als Asian-Pacific League for Freedom and Democracy bekannt) hatte ihre Wurzeln in der China-Lobby, einer Gruppe mit dem Ziel, eine offizielle internationale Anerkennung der chinesischen kommunistischen Regierung zu stoppen. Die China-Lobby hatte Verbindungen zur US-Regierung und CIA, deren Agent Ray Cline die Gruppe bei der Schaffung der Taiwanese Political Warfare Cadres Academy in den späten 1950er Jahren unterstützte.[1] Die Gründer der APACL waren Mitglieder der Regierungen von Taiwan und Korea, darunter Park Chung Hee (박정희, 1917 - 1979), später Präsident von Korea, Kodama Yoshio (児玉 誉士夫, 1911 - 1984), später als Mitglied der organisierten Kriminalität in Japan identifiziert, Ryoichi Sasakawa (笹川 良, 1899 - 1995), ein japanischer Milliardär und Krimineller, der als Kriegsverbrecher nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ins Gefängnis kam, Osami Kuboki, sowie andere Anhänger von Reverend Sun Myung Moon (문선명, 1920 - 2012), damaliger Kopf der Unification Church (세계평화통일가정연합). Elpidio Quirino (1890 - 1956), vormaliger Präsident der Republik der Philippinen (1948-53), und Syngman Rhee (이승만, 1875 - 1965)aus Südkorea waren ebenfalls unter den Gründern der APACL, die schließlich am 15. Juni 1954 in Jinhae (진해구), Hauptstadt von Südkorea während der Kriegszeit, etabliert wurde. Die erste Generalkonferenz fand ebenfalls in Jinhae statt, an der sich Vertreter einer Vielzahl von Staaten beteiligte, darunter aus Vietnam, Thailand, Okinawa, Hongkong und Macao. Im Jahr 1966 hatte sich die Zahl der Mitgliedsländer der APACL in Asien, Australien und Afrika auf 27 erhöht. Auf ihrer 12. Konferenz in Seoul am 3. November 1966 wurde ein fünfzehnköpfiger Ausschuss gebildet, um den Ausbau der Organisation zu diskutieren. Der Ausschuss entschied sich schließlich dafür, eine neue anti-kommunistische Organisation einschließlich der APACL, regionale Organisationen, und eine internationale antikommunistische Organisation zu etablieren. Am 7. November 1966 haben die Delegierten die "Charter of the World Anti-Communist League" in einer Plenarsitzung adoptiert. Es wurde ebenfalls beschlossen, dass Tawain für die Organisation der ersten Generalkonferenz sein sollte. Die Charta der World Anti-Communist League (WACL), untergliedert in 8 Abschnitte und 32 Paragraphen, trat am 1. April 1967 in Kraft und definierte die Aufteilung der WACL in sechs regionale Organisationen: Asien (heute Asian Pacific League for Freedom and Democracy), Naher Osten (heute Middle East Solidarity Council), Afrika (heute African Organization for Freedom and Democracy), Europa (heute European Council for World Freedom), Nord-Amerika (heute North American Federation for Freedom and Democracy) und Lateinamerika (heute Federation of Latin American Democratic Organization). Die Vertreter asiatischer Regionen innerhalb der Organisation waren die Hauptantriebskraft, die Missionen der WACL auf den Weg zu bringen." [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Communist_League. -- Zugriff am 2016-05-09]

1954-06-18

Als Folge der Niederlage von Điện Biên Phủ tritt der französische Ministerpräsident Joseph Laniel zurück. Die Nationalversammlung wählt den Radikal-Sozialisten Pierre Mendès-France (1907 - 1982) zu seinem Nachfolger. Mendès-France verspricht den schnellen Abschluss eines Waffenstillstands in Indochina, um die noch im Kampfgebiet verbliebenen französischen Truppen zu retten sowie einen ehrenvollen Friedensabschluss zu ermöglichen.

1954-06-21

21 Personen, darunter ein ehemaliger Vizeminister, werden angeklagt, eine Trennung des Nordostens (Isan - อีสาน) geplant zu haben. Die Angeklagten werden beschuldigt der Free Laos Bewegung anzugehören. Als Anführer gilt der frühere Abgeordnete für Ubon Ratchathani (อุบลราชธานี), Fong Sitthitham.

Abb.: Lage von Ubon Ratchathani (อุบลราชธานี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-06-21

Thailand teilt den USA mit, dass Thailand unter bestimmten Umständen die Präsenz von US-Truppen in Thailand begrüßen würde.

1954-06-23 - 1963-12-08

Field Marshal Sarit Dhanarajata (จอมพล สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963) ist Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army (ผู้บัญชาการทหารบก)

Abb.: Sarit Dhanarajata (จอมพล สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์), Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น), 2009
[Bildquelle: Xiengyod / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1954-06-24

Der König nimmt die erste Parade des  Volunteer Defence Corps (Or Sor) (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน) ab. Er ruft sie auf, die Gemeinschaft vor Gefahren zu beschützen.

1954-06-24

Bangkok Bank (ธนาคารกรุงเทพ) eröffnet ihre erste ausländische Filiale in Hongkong (香港, britische Kronkolonie).

Abb.: Lage von Hong Kong (香港)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-07-05

In den USA startet der Prototyp des Langstreckenbombers Boeing B-52 Stratofortres zu seinem ersten Flug. Der B 52 wird später zur Bombardierung Vietnams, auch von einer Luftbase in Thailand aus, eingesetzt werden.

Abb.: Ein Air Force Boeing B-52F-70-BW Stratofortress bombardiert Vietnam, 1965/66
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1954-07-13

Die USA geben bekannt, dass Sie Thailand zusätzliche militärische und technische Hilfe gewähren werden.

1954-07-15

Jungferflug des Prototyps des Passagierflugzeugs Boeing 707. Dieser Flugzeugtyp ist wesentlich für die Entwicklung des zivilen Düsenflugzeug-Zeitalters (insgesamt werden 1010 Boeing 707 in verschiedenen zivilen und militärischen Versionen ausgeliefert).

Abb.: Boeing 707, 1954-05-14
[Bildquelle: Smithsonian Air and Space Museum / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1954-07-21

Abb.: Lage von Genf (Schweiz)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Die seit dem 26. April tagende Genfer Indochinakonferenz beendet den französischen Imperialismus in Indochina.

Ergebnisse der Konferenz (Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference on the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indo-China):

• Vietnam wird entlang des 17. Breitengrades geteilt.
• Nordvietnam (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) wird dem kommunistischen Việt Minh als Einflusszone übergeben
• Südvietnam bleibt unter dem bisher von Frankreich gestützten "Staat Vietnam" (Quốc gia Việt Nam)
• das Königreich Kambodscha (ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា) wird unabhängig und verpflichtet sich zur Neutralität
• das Königreich Laos (ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກລາວ) wird unabhängig und verpflichtet sich zur Neutralität

Teilnehmer an der Indochinakonferenz waren Frankreich, der Việt Minh. Volksrepublik China, USA, Großbritannien, Sowjetunion, Staat Vietnam, Laos, Kambodscha.

Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika unterzeichneten dieses Abkommen nicht.

Abb.: Indochina
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Abzug der letzten französischen Truppen aus Vietnam, 1954

"FINAL DECLARATION, dated the 21st July, 1954, of the Geneva Conference on the problem of restoring peace in Indo-China, in which the representatives of Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam, France, Laos, the People's Republic of China, the State of Viet-Nam, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America took part. The Conference takes note of the agreements ending hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam and organizing international control and the supervision of the execution of the provisions of these agreements. The Conference expresses satisfaction at the ending of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam; the Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the agreements on the cessation of hostilities will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam henceforth to play their part, in full independence and sovereignty, in the peaceful community of nations. The Conference takes note of the declarations made by the Governments of Cambodia (2) and of Laos (3) of their intention to adopt measures permitting all citizens to take their place in the national community, in particular by participating in the next general elections, which, in conformity with the constitution of each of these countries, shall take place in the course of the year 1955, by secret ballot and in conditions of respect for fundamental freedoms. The Conference takes note of the clauses in the agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Viet-Nam prohibiting the introduction into Viet-Nam of foreign troops and military personnel as well as of all kinds of arms and munitions. The Conference also takes note of the declarations made by the Governments of Cambodia (4) and Laos (5) of their resolution not to request foreign aid, whether in war material, in personnel or in instructors except for the purpose of the effective defence of their territory and, in the case of Laos, to the extent defined by the agreements on the cessation of hostilities in Laos. The Conference takes note of the clauses in the agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Viet-Nam to the effect that no military base under the control of a foreign State may be established in the regrouping zones of the two parties, the latter having the obligation to see that the zones allotted to them shall not constitute part of any military alliance and shall not be utilized for the resumption of hostilities or in the service of an aggressive policy. The Conference also takes note of the declarations of the Governments of Cambodia (6) and Laos (7) to the effect that they will not join in any agreement with other States if this agreement includes the obligation to participate in a military alliance not in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations or, in the case of Laos, with the principles of the agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Laos or, so long as their security is not threatened, the obligation to establish bases on Cambodian or Laotian territory for the military forces of foreign Powers. The Conference recognizes that the essential purpose of the agreement relating to Viet-Nam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary. The Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the agreement on the cessation of hostilities creates the necessary basis for the achievement in the near future of a political settlement in Viet-Nam. The Conference declares that, so far as Viet-Nam is concerned. the settlement of political problems, effected on the basis of respect for the principles of independence, unity and territorial integrity, shall permit the Viet-Namese people to enjoy the fundamental freedoms, guaranteed by democratic institutions established as a result of free general elections by secret ballot. In order to ensure that sufficient progress in the restoration of peace has been made, and that all the necessary conditions obtain for free expression of the national will, general elections shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of an international commission composed of representatives of the Member States of the International Supervisory Commission,(8) referred to in the agreement on the cessation of hostilities. Consultations will be held on this subject between the competent representative authorities of the two zones from 20 July 1955 onwards. The provisions of the agreements on the cessation of hostilities intended to ensure the protection of individuals and of property must be most strictly applied and must, in particular, allow everyone in Viet-Nam to decide freely in which zone he wishes to live. The competent representative authorities of the Northern and Southern zones of Viet-Nam, as well as the authorities of Laos and Cambodia, must not permit any individual or collective reprisals against persons who have collaborated in any way with one of the parties during the war, or against members of such persons' families. The Conference takes note of the declaration of the Government of the French Republic (9) to the effect that it is ready to withdraw its troops from the territory of Cambodia, Intros and Viet-Nam, at the request of the governments concerned and within periods which shall be fixed by agreement between the parties except in the cases where, by agreement between the two parties, a certain number of French troops shall remain at specified points and for a specified time. The Conference takes note of the declaration of the French Government (10) to the effect that for the settlement of all the problems connected with the re-establishment and consolidation of peace in Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam, the French Government will proceed from the principle of respect for the independence and sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam. In their relations with Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam, each member of the Geneva Conference undertakes to respect the sovereignty, the independence, the unity and the territorial integrity of the above-mentioned states, and to refrain from any interference in their internal affairs. The members of the Conference agree to consult one another on any question which may be referred to them by the International Supervisory Commission, in order to study such measures as may prove necessary to ensure that the agreements on the cessation of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam are respected." [Quelle: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/inch005.asp. -- Zugriff am 2015-08-11]

STATEMENT BY THE UNDER SEC'RETATRY OF STATE AT THE CONCLUDING PLENARY SESSION OF THE GENEVA CONFERENCE, JULY 21, 1954 As I stated on July 18, my Government is not prepared to join in a declaration by the Conference such as is submitted. However, the United States makes this unilateral declaration of its position in these matters: Declaration The Government of the United States being resolved to devote its efforts to the strengthening of peace in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations takes note of the agreements concluded at Geneva on July 20 and 21,1954 between the Franco-Laotian Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam; the Royal Khmer Army Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam; Franco-Vietnamese Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam and of paragraphs 1 to 12 inclusive of the declaration presented to the Geneva Conference on July 21,1954 declares with regard to the aforesaid agreements and paragraphs that it will refrain from the threat or the use of force to disturb them, in accordance with Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United nations dealing with the obligation of members to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force; and it would view any renewal of the aggression in violation of the aforesaid agreements with grave concern and as seriously threatening international peace and security. In connection with the statement in the declaration concerning free elections in Viet-Nam my Government wishes to make clear its position which it has expressed in a declaration made in Washington on June 29,1954, as follows: In the case of nations now divided against their will, we shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly. With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Viet-Nam, the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in an arrangement which would hinder this. Nothing in its declaration just made is intended to or does indicate any departure from this traditional position. We share the hope that the agreements will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam to play their part, in full independence and sovereignty, in the peaceful community of nations, and will enable the peoples of that area to determine their own future." [Quelle: http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/Content/PDFs/1954_Geneva_Declaration_Indochina.pdf. -- Zugriff am 2015-09-07]

"When the Geneva Conference convened in 1954, American representatives took a special interest in the Catholic minority. They insisted on and received a three-hundred-day period of free movement between the North and the South. During this period more than six hundred thousand Catholics traveled south of the demarcation line. Many were undoubtedly motivated by the message contained in leaflets dropped by American planes: "The Virgin Mary is moving south."" [Quelle: Setting the stage / by Edward Doyle [u.a.]. -- Boston : Boston Publ. Comp., 1981. -- 191 S. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- (The Vietnam experience). -- ISBN 0-939526-00-X. -- S. 77. -- Fair use]

In der Folge der Teilung des Landes fliehen ca. 1 Million Nordvietnamesen nach Süden. Die USA stellt Schiffe zur Flucht zur Verfügung und versorgt die Flüchtlinge in Südvietnam mit Nahrung, Kleidung und medizinischer Versorgung. Die USA rechnen damit, dass die Flüchtlinge stramme Antikommunisten sind.

Abb.: Willkommens-Plakat für Flüchtlinge an Bord von USS Bayfield auf der Strecke Haiphong - Saigon, 1954-09
[Bildquelle: US National Archives. -- Public domain]

"Operation Passage to Freedom was a term used by the United States Navy to describe its assistance in transporting in 1954–55 310,000 Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French Army from communist North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to South Vietnam (the State of Vietnam, later to become the Republic of Vietnam). The French and other countries may have transported a further 500,000.[1][2][3] In the wake of the French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the Geneva Accords of 1954 decided the fate of French Indochina after eight years of war between French Union forces and the Viet Minh, which sought Vietnamese independence. The accords resulted in the partition of Vietnam of Vietnam at the 17th parallel north, with Ho Chi Minh's communist Viet Minh in control of the north and the French-backed State of Vietnam in the south. The agreements allowed a 300-day period of grace, ending on May 18, 1955, in which people could move freely between the two Vietnams before the border was sealed. The partition was intended to be temporary, pending elections in 1956 to reunify the country under a national government. Between 600,000 and one million northerners moved south, including more than 200,000 French citizens and soldiers in the French army [4] while between 14,000 - 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction.[1][5][6] The mass emigration of northerners was facilitated primarily by the French Air Force and Navy. American naval vessels supplemented the French in evacuating northerners to Saigon, the southern capital. The operation was accompanied by a large humanitarian relief effort, bankrolled in the main by the United States government in an attempt to absorb a large tent city of refugees that had sprung up outside Saigon. For the US, the migration was a public relations coup, generating wide coverage of the flight of Vietnamese from the perceived oppression of communism to the "free world" in the southern dictatorship under American auspices. The period was marked by a Central Intelligence Agency-backed propaganda campaign on behalf of South Vietnam's Roman Catholic Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem (1901 - 1963). The campaign exhorted Catholics to flee impending religious persecution under communism, and around 60% of the north's 1 million Catholics obliged.[6][7] [...] Propaganda campaign Abb.: Propagandaplakat mit Aufruf zur Flucht nach Südvietnam, 1954-08-05 [Bildquelle: USIA / Wikimedia. -- Public domain] The US ran a propaganda campaign through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to enhance the size of the southward exodus. The program was directed by Colonel Edward Lansdale (1908 - 1987), who masqueraded as the assistant US air attaché in Saigon while leading a covert group that specialised in psychological warfare. Lansdale had advised Diem that it was imperative to maximise the population in the south in preparation for the national reunification elections. When Diem noted the limited ability of the south to absorb refugees, Lansdale assured him that the US would bear the burden. Diem thus authorised Lansdale to launch the propaganda campaign. According to the historian Seth Jacobs, the campaign "ranked with the most audacious enterprises in the history of covert action".[43] Lansdale recollected that "U.S. officials wanted to make sure that as many persons as possible, particularly the strongly anti-communist Catholics, relocated in the South".[44] While many Diem supporters claimed that the mass exodus was proof of the popularity of Diem and the people's hatred of communism, the CIA operative Chester Cooper said "the vast movement of Catholics to South Vietnam was not spontaneous".[45] However, while Lansdale is often credited by historians—usually those critical of his influence—with the large exodus of refugees due to superstition, he rejected the notion that his campaign had much effect on popular sentiment, saying in later years: "People don’t just pull up their roots and transplant themselves because of slogans. They honestly feared what might happen to them, and their emotion was strong enough to overcome their attachment to their land, their homes, and their ancestral graves. So the initiative was very much theirs—and we mainly made the transportation possible."[46] Some northerners who stayed behind and were interviewed half a century later said that they had not come across any pro-migration propaganda and said that their decisions were based on discussions with fellow locals.[39] They said that concerns over the possible effects of communist rule were discussed among themselves independent of outside information.[39] Lansdale employed a variety of stunts to encourage more northerners to move south. South Vietnamese soldiers in civilian clothing infiltrated the north, spreading rumours of impending doom. One story was that the communists had a deal with Vietnam's traditional enemy China, allowing two communist Chinese divisions to invade the north. The story reported that the Chinese were raping and pillaging with the tacit approval of the communists. Lansdale hired counterfeiters to produce bogus Viet Minh leaflets on how to behave under communist rule, advising them to create a list of their material possessions so that the communists would be able to confiscate them more easily, thereby fomenting peasant discontent.[43] Lansdale's men forged documents allegedly issued by the Vietminh that promised to seize all private property. He claimed that "The day following distribution of these leatlets, refugee registration tripled".[44] The Central Evacuation Committee in Haiphong, an American-funded group, issued pamphlets claiming that in South Vietnam, "the cost of living is three times less",[44] and that there would be welfare payments and free ricelands, the latter two of which were false.[44] It said that "By remaining in the North you will experience famine and will damn your souls. Set out now, brothers and sisters!"[44] Lansdale's campaign focused on northern Catholics, who were known for their strongly anti-communist tendencies. His staff printed tens of thousands of pamphlets with slogans such as "Christ has gone south" and "the Virgin Mary has departed from the North",[47] alleging anti-Catholic persecution under Ho Chi Minh. Posters depicting communists closing a cathedral and forcing the congregation to pray in front of Ho, adorned with a caption "make your choice", were pasted around Hanoi and Haiphong.[47] Diem himself went to Hanoi several times in 1954 while the French were still garrisoned there to encourage Catholics to move, portraying himself as a savior of Catholics.[48] The campaign resonated with northern Catholic priests, who told their disciples that Ho would end freedom of worship, that sacraments would no longer be given and that anyone who stayed behind would endanger their souls.[47] A survey of refugees some five decades later confirmed that they felt their interests would be best served under a Catholic leader and that Diem had substantial personal appeal due to his religion.[48] Some have argued that the Catholics would have left regardless of Lansdale's activities, as they had first-hand experiences of their priests and co-religionists being captured and executed for resisting the communist revolution.[49] Regardless of the impact of the propaganda campaigns, the Catholic immigrants helped to strengthen Diem's support base. Before the partition, most of Vietnam's Catholic population lived in the north. After the borders were sealed, the majority were now under Diem's rule. The Catholics implicitly trusted Diem due to their common faith and were a source of loyal political support. One of Diem's main objections to the Geneva Accords—which the State of Vietnam refused to sign—was that it deprived him of the Catholic regions of North Vietnam,[42] and he had unsuccessfully called for Bui Chu and Phat Diem to be omitted from the communist zone.[50] With entire Catholic provinces moving south en masse, in 1956 the Diocese of Saigon had more Catholics than Paris and Rome. Of Vietnam's 1.45 million Catholics, over a million lived in the south, 55% of whom were northern refugees.[42] Prior to this, only 520,000 Catholics lived in the Dioceses of Saigon and Huế combined.[51] Apart from anti-communist campaigning, economics was another factor in moving south. The US gave handouts of US$89 ($784 as of 2016) for each refugee who moved; the per capita income in Vietnam at the time was only $85 per year ($749 per year as of 2016).[44] Others have pointed to natural geographic factors unrelated to and uncontrollable by political regimes. They point to the fact that the land in the south was seen as being more productive, and memories of the Great Vietnamese Famine of 1945, which killed millions in the north, as reasons independent of politics that motivated migrants.[39] In the mid-1950s, northern Vietnam again suffered food shortages, and some migrants have cited food security as motive for relocation.[48] Adding to this was a general perception that Saigon was a more modern city with more economic vibrancy.[48] Earlier in the 20th century, there had also been instances of campaigns by Catholics to encourage southerly migration to exploit underdeveloped land in the south, so it was not a new concept for them.[39] The Viet Minh engaged in counter-propaganda campaigns in an attempt to deter the exodus from the north.[52] They moved through the neighbourhoods of Hanoi and Haiphong on a daily basis, passing out their pamphlets.[53] Evacuees reported being ridiculed by the Viet Minh, who claimed that they would be sadistically tortured before being killed by the French and American authorities in Haiphong. The communists depicted the personnel of Task Force 90 as cannibals who would eat their babies, predicting disaster in the jungles, beaches and mountains of South Vietnam.[52] They further said that the Americans would throw them overboard to drown in the ocean.[53] The Viet Minh boasted to the emigrants that it was a high and futile risk, asserting that the 1956 reunification elections would result in a decisive communist victory.[52] The communist efforts were helped by the fact that many French or State of Vietnam offices in the north evacuated their personnel and sold or otherwise left behind their printing facilities, many of which fell into Viet Minh hands." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom. -- Zugriff am 2016-04-07]

Die Durchführung der Genfer Beschlüsse soll eine International Control Commission (ICC) überprüfen. Der Commission gehören Vertreter von Kanada, Polen und Indien an.

Über das Nichtfunktionieren der ICC in Laos schreibt der laotische Politiker Sisouk na Champassak [ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ]:  

"When the Commission did arrive, the three delegations settled in Vientiane [ວຽງຈັນ], although there was nothing there to supervise or control. It soon became evident that the Commission’s concern for proper implementation of the Geneva agreement was giving way to considerations of personal comfort and easy living. Almost at once they began living like ambassadors extraordinary, with constant dinners and parties, and receptions where champagne flowed like water. The people of Vientiane watched with curiosity the countless secretaries, translators, interpreters, bodyguards, and orderlies who staffed each delegation and whose usefulness was not apparent. All these people, supposedly typing reports to be sent to London, New Delhi, and Moscow—reports on what? The few night clubs in Vientiane, which the delegates attended assiduously, seemed to be virtually the only subject they could discuss with competence. The monthly expenditures of the ICC amounted to some $200, 000. However, the government finally became aroused over these abuses. Protests reached London, and the delegates were forced to start to work on the mission for which they had come: the supervision and control of the Geneva agreements. But the Pathet Lao [ປະເທດລາວ], to whom strict supervision would have been extremely embarrassing, immediately set themselves to the task of rendering the ICC teams completely inoperative. Secretly warned in advance by the Polish delegate whenever an inspection mission was planned, the Viet Minh guerrillas among the Pathet Lao disappeared into the jungle long before its arrival. When the delegates reached the village to be inspected, they found a scene of the most idyllic peacefulness, with well-briefed peasants who had apparently never seen a Viet Minh in their lives. And yet, no matter how discreet they were, the rebel agents could not prevent some of their methods from being exposed. Multi-copied instructions for the peasants in villages to be inspected made their way eventually to Vientiane. The following is a sample of one of these sets of question-and-answer instructions. It illustrates the typically Communist concern to leave nothing to chance—in this case to provide for any possible question from a determined interrogator. Question: Are there any Pathet Lao Combat Units in the Sam Neua District [ຊຳເຫນືອ]? Answer: No, there are only [Lao] Issara [ລາວອິດສະຫຼະ]. Question: Have the Issara recruited new forces since the ceasefire? Answer: Never, there are only volunteers. Question: Are the Issara requisitioning rice? Answer: No, the residents give it voluntarily. Question: Have you seen the Royal Laotian Army since the liberation of the Sam Neua District? Answer: No, we have seen only pirates. Question: Are there many Issara in the Sam Neua District? Answer: Many, but we do not know their number. Question: Have the Issara killed many people? Answer: No, except in battle. Question: Have the Issara taken prisoners? Answer: Yes, but they turned them all loose. Question: Did the Issara kill Chao Khoueng [Provincial Governor] [ເຈົ້າແຂວງ] Kham Phan? Answer: No, it was the people who demanded his death. And yet it is impossible to foresee everything. However regularly the Pathet Lao were informed by their good friends in Vientiane of the movements of ICC teams, sometimes one of the teams arrived unexpectedly in a village. The Pathet Lao who were occupying the village did not hesitate: they fell upon the delegates, bound them hand and foot, and tied them to stakes where they were kept for several hours, time enough for the rebels to complete their orderly "withdrawal" into the jungle, hiding their Viet Minh masters and deserting the village. Then the village chief himself would come to free the delegates, apologizing for the "misunderstanding." The delegates had been mistaken for "rebel agents," he would say." [Quelle: Sisouk na Champassak [ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ] <1928 - 1985>: Storm over Laos : a contemporary history. -- New York : Praeger, 1961. -- 202 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. S. 37f. -- Fair use]

1954-07-30

Die rotchinesische Zeitung Rénmín Rìbào (人民日报) berichtet, dass der ehemalige Ministerpräsident Pridi Phanomyong (ปรีดี พนมยงค์, 1900 - 1983) aus seinem chinesischen Exil zum Umsturz gegen die Thai-Regierung aufgerufen habe. Nationalchinesische Quellen behaupten, dass in China 10.000 Thai, Rotchinesen und Vietminh zum Kampf gegen Thailand ausgerüstet werden.

Radio Peking hat im Juli einen Artikel Pridis gegen die reaktionäre Phibun-Regierung und US-Imperialismus gesendet.

Ehemalige Pridi-Anhänger wie Direk Jayanama (ดิเรก ชัยนาม, 1905 - 1965), Thongyen Lilamian (ทองเย็น หลีละเมียร / หลวงอรรถสารประสิทธิ์) und Vichitr Lulitanond (วิจิตร ลุลิตานนท์, 1906 - 1987 ) bezeichnen daraufhin Pridi als "gedankenlosen Roten"

1954-08

Das Goethe-Institut beginnt, Deutschlehrer nach Thailand zu entsenden. Sie unterrichten an Oberschulen, ab 1955 auch an der Chulalongkorn University (จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย).

1954-08-20

US National Security Council Policy Statement (NSC 5429/2)

Richtlinien für Thailand:

"Provide military assistance sufficient to increase the strength of indigenous forces, thereby helping to control local subversion, and to make easier clear identification of instances of overt aggression. Provide economic assistance conducive to the maintenance and strength of a non-communist regime. Concentrate efforts on developing Thailand as a support of U. S. objectives in the area and as the focal point of U. S. covert and psychological operations in Southeast Asia." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 19]

1954-08-23

Erstflug des Transportflugzeugs Loockheed C-130. Auslieferung ab 1956. Die Royal Thai Airforce wird solche Flugzeuge in Dienst nehmen.

Abb.: Lockheed C-130H Hercules der Royal Thai Airforce, 2009
[Bildquelle: Jakkrit Prasertwit / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1954-08-24

USA: Communist Control Act

"Sec. 2. The Congress hereby finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States. It constitutes an authoritarian dictatorship within a republic, demanding for itself the rights and privileges accorded to political parties, but denying to all others the liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. Unlike political parties, which evolve their policies and programs through public means, by the reconciliation of a wide variety of individual views, and submit those policies and programs to the electorate at large for approval or disapproval, the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders of the world Communist movement. Its members have no part in determining its goals, and are not permitted to voice dissent to party objectives. Unlike members of political parties, members of the Communist Party are recruited for indoctrination with respect to its objectives and methods, and are organized, instructed, and disciplined to carry into action slavishly the assignments given them by their hierarchical chieftains. Unlike political parties, the Communist Party acknowledges no constitutional or statutory limitations upon its conduct or upon that of its members. The Communist Party is relatively small numerically, and gives scant indication of capacity ever to attain its ends by lawful political means. The peril inherent in its operation arises not from its numbers, but from its failure to acknowledge any limitation as to the nature of its activities, and its dedication to the proposition that the present constitutional Government of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available means, including resort to force and violence. Holding that doctrine, its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means whereby individuals are seduced into the service of the world Communist movement, trained to do its bidding, and directed and controlled in the conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services. Therefore, the Communist Party should be outlawed. "

1954-09-02

Rotchinesische Truppen beginnen von Amoy (廈門市) aus mit der Beschießung der nationalchinesischen Insel Quemoy (金門).

Abb.: Lage von Amoy (廈門市) und Quemoy (金門)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-09-02

SPD-Pressedienst: "Siam das Sorgenkind der SEATO"

Abb.: "Siam das Sorgenkind der SEATO". -- In: SPD-Pressedienst, 1954-09-02

1954-09-08

In Manila (Philippinen) wird die SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) gegründet.

Abb.: Lage von Manila
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Mitgliedsstaaten der SEATO
[Bildquelle: Roke / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Die SEATO (engl. Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation) war eine im Jahr 1977 aufgelöste Internationale Organisation. Nach der Genfer Konferenz von 1954, die die Niederlage Frankreichs gegen das kommunistische Nordvietnam im Indochinakrieg besiegelte, wurde die SEATO am 8. September 1954 in Manila unter Leitung der USA als „asiatische Version“ der NATO gegründet. Ihr Ziel war es, die Ausbreitung des Kommunismus in Südostasien zu stoppen, weshalb Laos, Südvietnam und Kambodscha als Interessenssphäre der SEATO galt. Sitz der SEATO war Bangkok. Mitglieder waren Australien, die USA, Frankreich (bis 1974), Großbritannien, Neuseeland, Pakistan (bis 1972), die Philippinen und Thailand (bis 1975). Im Gegensatz zur NATO verpflichtete der Gründungsvertrag die Mitglieder nicht auf gegenseitigen Beistand im Fall militärischer Bedrohung. Die Allianz unterstützte zwar formal die USA im Vietnamkrieg, nahm aber selbst nicht daran teil. Das Bündnis erfüllte die von den USA gehegten Erwartungen kaum, da nur Thailand die amerikanische Intervention in Indochina im gewünschten Ausmaß unterstützte.[1] Nach dem amerikanischen Rückzug aus Vietnam (1973) wurde die SEATO als überflüssig angesehen und im gegenseitigen Einvernehmen zum 30. Juni 1977 aufgelöst. Generalsekretäre 1957–1963 Pote Sarasin [พจน์ สารสิน, 1905 - 2000] (Thailand) 1963–1964 William Worth (Australien) 1964–1965 Konthi Suphamongkhon [กนต์ธีร์ ศุภมงคล, 1916 - 2011] (Thailand) 1965–1972 Jesus Vargas (Philippinen) 1972–1977 Sunthorn Hongladarom [สุนทร หงส์ลดารมภ์, 1912 - 2005] (Thailand)" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEATO. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-02]

The Pacific Charter:

"The Delegates of Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Republic of the Philippines, the Kingdom of Thailand, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America; DESIRING to establish a firm basis for common action to maintain peace and security in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific; CONVINCED that common action to this end, in order to be worthy and effective, must be inspired by the highest principles of justice and liberty; Do HEREBY PROCLAIM: First, in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter, they uphold the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples and they will earnestly strive by every peaceful means to promote self-government and to secure the independence of all countries whose peoples desire it and are able to undertake its responsibilities;   Second, they are each prepared to continue taking effective practical measures to ensure conditions favorable to the orderly achievement of the foregoing purposes in accordance with their constitutional processes;   Third, they will continue to cooperate in the economic, social and cultural fields in order to promote higher living standards, economic progress and social well-being in this region;   Fourth, as declared in the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, they are determined to prevent or counter by appropriate means any attempt in the treaty area to subvert their freedom or to destroy their sovereignty or territorial integrity. PROCLAIMED at Manila, this eighth day of September, 1954." [Quelle: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/usmu005.asp. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-23]

1954-09-09

Ein Feuer im Zentrum von Ban Pong (บ้านโป่ง), Ratchaburi (ราชบุรี) zerstört über 1000 Häuser. Das Feuer wütet sechs Stunden lang. Sachschaden: 100 Millionen Baht.

Abb.: Lage von Ban Pong (บ้านโป่ง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-09-15 - 1955-08-12

John E. Peurifoy (1907 - 1955-08-12) ist US-Botschafter (Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary) in Thailand.

Abb.: John Emil Peurifoy
[Bildquelle: Harris & Ewing. -- http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/hec.21765/. -- Zugriff am 2013-04-21. --  "No known restrictions on publication"]

1954-09-16

Die Gattin von Haji Sulong Abdul Qadir (1893 - 1954) meldet der Bangkok Post, dass ihr Mann, sein 15jähriger Sohn und zwei weitere seit dem 13. August spurlos verschwunden sind.

Abb.: Lage von Pattani (ปัตตานี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Hadschi bzw. Haji Sulong Abdul Qadir, eigentlich[1] Sulong bin Abdul Kadir bin Mohammed el Patani (* 1893 Pattani, Thailand; † 13. August 1954) war ein malaiischer Imam und Politiker aus Südthailand. Im Alter von 12 Jahren ging er nach Mekka, wo er bis 1924 studierte. Er wurde zum Hauptvertreter der Jawi-schreibenden Elite muslimischer Malaien zum Vorsitzenden des Islamischen Religionsrats für die Provinz Pattani (ปัตตานี).[2] 1946 hatte er zunächst vergeblich auf den Anschluss Pattanis an die Malaiische Union bzw. deren Nachfolger, die Föderation Malaya gehofft, 1947 nahm er auch Kontakt zu Indonesiens Führer Sukarno auf, der für einen einheitlichen Gesamtstaat aller Indonesier und Malaien unter Einschluss Pattanis eintrat. Als realistischere Alternative schlug er 1947 eine Autonomie Pattanis innerhalb Thailands vor: Er forderte die Vereinigung der drei Provinzen Pattani, Yala und Narathiwat unter einen aus dem Süden stammenden und vor Ort gewählten Gouverneur sowie einen dem malaiischen Bevölkerungsanteil entsprechenden Anteil von 80% an den Verwaltungsposten[2], malaiischen Schulunterricht und die Wiedereinführung der Scharia. Dafür wurde Haji Sulong Anfang 1948 verhaftet und wegen Hochverrats verurteilt. Zwar musste er nach anhaltenden Massenprotesten 1952 wieder freigelassen werden, doch "verschwand" er 1954 zusammen mit seinem ältesten Sohn Ahmad Tomina (nach anderen Angaben als Wan Mohammed bezeichnet[3]) und wurde wahrscheinlich auf Befehl von Polizeigeneral Phao Sriyanond (เผ่า ศรียานนท์) ermordet.[1][4] Einigen Muslimen gilt er als seitdem entrückter bzw. verborgener Imam, den meisten Malaien nachfolgender Generationen zumindest als Märtyrer und Symbol des Widerstands gegen die Thaiifizierung. Sein jüngster Sohn, Amin Dato Minal, wurde 1957 als Abgeordneter Pattanis ins Parlament nach Bangkok gewählt, obwohl mehrere seiner Mitarbeiter während der Wahlkampagne ermordet worden waren. In Bangkok versuchte er 1958 (vergeblich), ein früheres Buch seines Vaters über Unabhängigkeit (Gugusan Chahaya Keselamatan) herauszugeben.[3] Einzelnachweise  Human Rights Watch Report 2007: A brief history of insurgency in the South  Dennis P. Walker: Conflict Between the Thai and Islamic Cultures in Southern Thailand (Patani) 1948-2005  Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Teil 8, Nummer 1 (März 1977), Seiten 85-105: The Problem of the Thai-Muslims in the Four Southern Provinces of Thailand (Teil 2) Mark Teufel: Die Krise der Demokratie, Kapitel 5: Der Krieg im Süden Thailands, Seite 373 epuli-Verlag 2009" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Sulong_Abdul_Qadir. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-02]

1954

USA: das erste kommerzielle Transistorradio, Regency TR-1, kommt auf den Markt. Es ist sofort ein großer Verkaufserfolg.

Abb.: Regency TR-1
[Bildquelle: Cmglee / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1954-10

Es erscheint:

Stanton; Edwin F. [US-Botschafter 1946 - 1953]  <1901 - >: Spotlight on Thailand. -- In: Foreign Affairs 33. -- 1954-10. -- S. 72 - 75

"Because of her geographical and strategical location Thailand, or Land of the Free (still known to many Westerners as Siam), is the heart and citadel of the region. . . . What are the possibilities of saving the rest of Southeast Asia? A defensive alliance supported by an adequate defensive system is a commonsense approach to the situation.. . . Such a defensive system for Southeast Asia can best function if it is based on Thailand, which is wholly free from the taint of colonialism. Thailand’s assent to that is, of course, absolutely essential; and it is equally necessary for the United States and the members of any Southeast Asian alliance that may be formed to undertake to defend Thailand. Thailand would rightly expect such a guarantee. ... If Thailand’s freedom and independence can be preserved, the heart and much of the body of Southeast Asia will have been saved." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 26]

 

1954-10-04

Die Grenzen Bangkoks werden verschoben, sodass ca. 14.000 Häuser und 90.000 Einwohner zu Bangkok hinzukommen. Die Einwohnerzahl Bangkoks ist damit erstmals über 1 Million.

1954-10-05

Thailand wird als Mitglied des Colombo-Plans aufgenommen. Im Rahmen des Colombo-Plans werden bis 1962 über 2000 Thai-Techniker im Ausland weitergebildet.

Abb.: Mitgliedsländer des Colombo-Plans
[Bildquelle: NerdyNSK / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"The Colombo Plan is a regional organization that embodies the concept of collective inter-governmental effort to strengthen economic and social development of member countries in the Asia-Pacific Region. The primary focus of all Colombo Plan activities is on human resources development. History The organization was born out of a Commonwealth Conference of Foreign Ministers, held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in January 1950. At this meeting, a organization was established to provide a framework within which international cooperation efforts could be promoted to raise then standards of people in the region. Originally conceived as lasting for a period of six years, the Colombo Plan was extended several times until 1980, when it was extended indefinitely. Initially it was called the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia. It has grown from a group of seven Commonwealth nations - Australia, Britain, Canada, Ceylon, India, New Zealand and Pakistan - into an international organization of 26, including non-Commonwealth countries. When it adopted a new constitution in 1977, its name was changed to "The Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific" to reflect the expanded composition of its enhanced membership and the scope of its activities. In the early years, Colombo Plan assistance from developed to developing countries comprised both transfer of physical capital and technology as well as a strong component of skills development. Hence, while infrastructure by way of airports, roads, railways, dams, hospitals, fertilizer plants, cement factories, universities, and steel mills were constructed in member countries through Colombo Plan assistance, a large number of people were simultaneously trained to manage such infrastructure and the growing economies." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Plan. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-03]

1954-10-13

Nachdem der oberste Gerichtshof ihre Berufung verworfen hat, werden

• Chaleo Patoomros (เฉลียว ปทุมรส, geb. 1902), Privatsekretär des Verstorbenen
• Chit Singhaseni (ชิต สิงหเสนี), Kammerdiener
• Butr Pathamasarin (บุศย์ ปัทมศริน, geb. 1900), Kammerdiener

wegen angeblicher Beteiligung an der angeblichen Ermordung König Ananda Mahidols zum Tode verurteilt. Die Hinrichtung erfolgt 1955-02-17. Der eigentliche "Mörder" wurde nie identifiziert.

Eine Begnadigung durch König Bhumibol erfolgte nicht.

Abb.: Die drei zum Tode Verurteilten
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1954-10-15

In Bangkok sehen Massen eine "fliegende Untertasse". Experten vermuten, dass es sich um den Planeten Jupiter handelte.

Abb.: Fliegende Untertasse?: Mond, Jupiter und Venus über Bangkok, 2008-12-02
[Bildquelle: Paul Campy. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/paulcampy/3098031124/. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielel Nutzung, share alike)]

1954-10-24

Einweihung der Holy Redeemer Church (วัดพระมหาไถ่) in Bangkok. Architekt: Acinelli

Abb.: วัดพระมหาไถ่ - Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok, 2013
[Bildquelle: Iloilo Wanderer / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage der Holy Redeemer Church (วัดพระมหาไถ่)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1954-10-25 - 1956-03-21

 Katay Don Sasorith (ກະຕ່າຍ ໂດນສະໂສລິດ, 1904 – 1959) ist Ministerpräsident von Laos

1954-10-27

Der Innenminister hat keine Einwände gegen die Teilnahme von Chinesen Thailands an einer overseas Chinese infantry division in Nationalchina (Taiwan).

1954-10-29

Thailand will seine Grenzen zu Burma, Laos und Kambodscha wieder öffnen. Thailand gewährt Laos und Kambodscha auch Wirtschaftshilfe, um "für Thailand einen Zaun gegen Kommunismus" aufzubauen.

Abb.: Burma, Laos, Kambodscha
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1954-11-05

Treaty of peace between the Union of Burma and Japan.

Agreement on economic and technical co-operation (with Protocol concerning the Union of Burma's claim based on article V, paragraph 1 (a) (III) of the Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Union of Burma, signed at Rangoon on 5 November 1954, and with agreed minutes and exchange of notes relating to the Agreement). Signed at Rangoon, on 29 March 1963

Die Reparationszahlungen kommen vor allem korrupten Politikern und Militärs zugute.

1954-11-30

Land Code Promulgating Act, B.E. 2497 (พระราชบัญญัติประมวลกฎหมายที่ดิน ๒๔๙๗)

1954-12-01

Nachdem König Bhumibol monatelang seine Unterschrift verweigert hatte, unterzeichnet er nun doch das Gesetz zur Umverteilung von Landbesitz. Das Gesetz war auf großen Widerstand der Großgrundbesitzer gestoßen. Das Gesetz wurde nie richtig verwirklicht und 1957 wieder aufgehoben.

1954-12-08

Unter US-Präsident Eisenhower's International Trade Fair Programm nehmen die USA an der Constitution Fair in Bangkok teil. Die Ausstellung wird von König Bhumbol und dem kambodschanischem König Sihanouk (នរោត្តម សីហនុ; 1922 – 2012) samt ihren Gattinnen sowie dem US-Botschafter John Emil "Jack" Peurifoy, 1907 - 1955) eröffnet. Die USA demonstrieren u.a. das Breitwand-Filmformat Cinerama und die neuesten Automodelle: von Ford den Thunderbird und von Chevrolet den Corvette. Der Corvette wird nach der Ausstellung von Botschafter Peurifoy Ministerpräsident Phibul geschenkt. Den Thunderbird kauft Frau Peurifoy für ihren Mann, der bald darauf (1955-08-12) damit tödlich verunfallt.

Abb.: Cinerama-Verfahren
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Ford Thunderbird 1955
[Bildquelle: Nminow / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Chevrolet Corvette (1953 - 1956), 1977
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1954-12-08

76 junge Bodybuilder konkurrieren im Lumphini Park (สวนลุมพินี) um den Titel "Mister Thailand".

1954-12-15

Im Rahmen seines "königlichen Kreuzzugs" kommt König Norodom Sihanuk (នរោត្ដម សីហនុ, 1922 - ) von Kambodscha auf Staatsbesuch nach Thailand.

Abb.: Norodom Sihanuk - នរោត្ដម សីហនុ
[Bildquelle: km.Wikipedia]

1954-12-20

Das US National Security Council erhöht seinen Beitrag zum Volunteer Defence Corps (or Sor) (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน). Vorgesehen sind 25.000 Paramilitärs.

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm