Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1966 / B. E. 2509

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1966 / B. E. 2509. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-17. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1966.htm

Erstmals publiziert: 2012-10-02

Überarbeitungen: 2017-03-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-12-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-12-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-09-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-08-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-07-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-05-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-03-27 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-02-20 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-01-20 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-12-29 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-11-17 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-09-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-20 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-07-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-04-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-03-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2012-10-10 [Ergänzungen]; 2012-10-09 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2509 / 1966 undatiert

1966 - 1971-12-18

Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana (Chuan Uṭṭhāyī) สมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (จวน อุฏฐายี) (1897 - 1971) ist Sangharaja (สังฆราช).

Abb.: Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana (Chuan Uṭṭhāyī) สมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (จวน อุฏฐายี)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966

Auf Einladung der Regierung von Laos werden thailändische Thammathut-Mönche [พระธรรมทูต - Botschafter der buddhistischen Lehre] in Laos als antikommunistische Maßnahme eingesetzt.

1966 - 1974

US Truppenpräsenz in Thailand

Abb.: US-Truppenpräsenz in Thailand 1966 - 1974: Thai und US Personal (in Tausend)
[Datenquelle: Thailand, roots of conflict / edited by Andrew Turton, Jonathan Fast, Malcolm Caldwell. -- Nottingham : Spokesman Books, 1978. -- 196 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 0851242383. -- S. 42]

1966

Die CIA-Tarnfirma Air America hat über 200 Flugzeuge und 30 Helikopter. Die Helikopter bringen jeden Morgen die CIA-Agenten aus Udon Thani (อุดรธานี) nach Laos, anschließend versorgen sie die Hmong-Stützpunkte.

"By 1966 the company [Air America] was moving an average of 6, 000 tons of cargo per month in Laos, predominantly in support of the Hmoung. Eventually, the tribespeople grew dependent on the air- line: a popular joke among Air America pilots had Hmoung children pointing to the sky when asked where rice came from." [Quelle: War in the shadows / by the editors of Boston Publishing Company. -- Boston : Boston Pub., 1988. -- 192 S. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- (The Vietnam experience). -- ISBN 0939526387. -- S. 124. -- Fair use]

1966 - 1968

Peer de Silva (1917-1978) ist CIA station chief in Bangkok.

1966

Aus dem Report 1966 der US JASON Defense Advisory Group:

"Increased government attention to such problems as counterinsurgency, insurrection, and infiltration led to the suggestion that Jason members might be able to provide fresh insights into problems that are not entirely in the realm of physical science. It is too soon to determine the long term value of this work, but present indications are that ... the undertaking is worthwhile and may broaden." [Zitiert in: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 51. -- Fair use]

1966

Bildung von Village Security Teams (Village Protection Units). Sie bestehen aus zwei bis drei Polizisten und 10 - 20 Angehörigen des (1954 gegründeten) Volunteer Defence Corps (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน).

1966 - 1977

Beiträge von Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา, 1932 - ) zur lokalen Entwicklung in seiner Heimatprovinz Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี)

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี)
Bildquelle: [Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Jahr	Monat	Beitrag von Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา)	Amphoe อำเภอ
1966	Januar	Geldspende an Chaophraya Yommarat Hospital โรงพยาบาลเจ้าพระยายมราช	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1969	Januar	Einweihung des Banharn-Jaemsai Ward, Chaophraya Yommarat Hospital อาคารบรรหาร-แจ่มใส, โรงพยาบาลเจ้าพระยายมราช	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	April	Grundsteinlegung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule I โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 1	Don Chedi (6) ดอนเจดีย์
	April	Geldspende zu Sonkran งกรานต์	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	Juli	Kleiderspende an Rotes Kreuz der Provinz กาชาด	Dan Chang (3) ด่านช้าง
	November	Rückgabe des Sangkhalok Almosentopf an Wat Suwannaphum บาตรสังคโลก, วัดสุวรรณภูมิ	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	Dezember	Bau des Sri Muang Hotel โรงแรมศรีเมือง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1970	Februar	Grundsteinlegung Wat Sai วัดไทรงาม	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	März	Umbau Tha Chang School  โรงเรียนท่าช้าง	Dan Chang (3) ด่านช้าง
	April	Einweihung der Banharn-Jamsai-Schule I โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 1	Don Chedi (6) ดอนเจดีย์
	Mai	Beginn des Baus eines mondop, Wat Phraroop พระมณฑป, วัดพระรูป	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	November	Spende von Kleidern und Decken an die christliche Pratheep Schule โรงเรียนประทีป	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1971	März	Aushändigung von Banharn-Jamsai-Stipendien, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule I โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 1	Don Chedi (6) ดอนเจดีย์
	April	Geldspende (Katastrophenhilfe) an landlose Bauern	Bang Pla Ma (4) บางปลาม้า
	Mai	Grundsteinlegung, Wat U-Thong วัดอู่ทอง	Bang Pla Ma (4) บางปลาม้า
	Juni	Renovierung der Haupthalle und des Krematoriums, Wat Prasat Thong วัดประสาททอง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	August	Grundsteinlegung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule II โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 2	Bang Pla Ma (4) บางปลาม้า
	November	Geldspende an Wat Sai วัดไทรงาม	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	November	Renovierung der Haupthalle und des Krematoriums, Wat Suan Taeng วัดสวนแตง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1972	März	Aushändigung von Banharn-Jamsai-Stipendien, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule I โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 1	Don Chedi (6) ดอนเจดีย์
	April	Einweihung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule II โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 2	Bang Pla Ma (4) บางปลาม้า
	Juni	Einweihung, Wat Prasat Thong วัดประสาททอง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1973	Februar	Grundsteinlegung, Wat Suan Taeng วัดสวนแตง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	April	Grundsteinlegung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule III โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 3	Dan Chang (3) ด่านช้าง
	Juni	Aushändigung von Schulkleidung und Heften an Schulkinder	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1974	November	Aushändigung von Stipendien, Prasat Thong Primarschule โรงเรียนวัดประสาททอง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	Dezember	Aushändigung von Stipendien, Sa-nguan Ying Sekundarschule โรงเรียนสงวนหญิง	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
1975	Juli	Einweihung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule III โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 3	Dan Chang (3) ด่านช้าง
	Juli	Theateraufführung von "Das Blut von Suphan" เลือดสุพรรณ	Bangkok กรุงเทพฯ
	August	Fernseh-Ausstrahlung von "Das Blut von Suphan" เลือดสุพรรณ	Bangkok กรุงเทพฯ
	August	Grundsteinlegung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule IV โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 4	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	August	Einweihung, Gemeindehalle / Wohnungen	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	September	Aushändigung von Stipendien, Wat Pa Lelai Schule โรงเรียนวัดป่าเลไลยก์วรวิหาร	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี
	November	Aushändigung von Banharn-Jamsai-Stipendien, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule I โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 1	Don Chedi (6) ดอนเจดีย์
	November	Thot Kathin (ทอดกฐิน), Wat U-Thong วัดอู่ทอง	Bang Pla Ma (4) บางปลาม้า
1976	März	Setzung der Bai Sema (ใบเสมา), Wat U-Thong วัดอู่ทอง	Bang Pla Ma (4) บางปลาม้า
1977	Februar	Einweihung, Banharn-Jamsai-Schule IV โรงเรียนบรรหารแจ่มใสวิทยา 4	Muang (1) เมืองสุพรรณบุรี

Ziffern in Klammer = Lokalisierung in untenstehender Karte

[Datenquelle: Nishizaki, Yoshinori [訳吉武好孝, 西崎一郎]: Political authority and provincial identity in Thailand : the making of Banharn-buri. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell, 2011. -- 254 S. :Ill. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 53). -- ISBN 978-0-8772-7753-8 . -- S. 76f.]

Abb.: Lage der genannten Amphoe (อำเภอ)
[Bildquelle Hdamm / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)

1966 - 2002

Teilnahme von Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา, 1932 - ) an "Development Ceremonies" in seiner Heimatprovinz Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี)

"Development ceremonies similarly serve as a vital means of political communication and symbolic integration in Suphanburi. Typically, such ceremonies are held to commemorate the laying of cornerstones for development projects and to celebrate the official opening of those projects. Banharn is invariably invited as the guest of honor for these ceremonies." [Quelle: Nishizaki, Yoshinori [訳吉武好孝, 西崎一郎]: Political authority and provincial identity in Thailand : the making of Banharn-buri. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell, 2011. -- 254 S. :Ill. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 53). -- ISBN 978-0-8772-7753-8 . -- S. 148]

Abb.: Anzahl  der "Development Ceremonies" in seiner Heimatprovinz Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี), an denen Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา, 1932 - ) teilnimmt, 1966 - 2002

[Datenquelle: Nishizaki, Yoshinori [訳吉武好孝, 西崎一郎]: Political authority and provincial identity in Thailand : the making of Banharn-buri. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell, 2011. -- 254 S. :Ill. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 53). -- ISBN 978-0-8772-7753-8 . -- S. 150f.]

1966 - 1980

Staatlicher Straßenbau

Abb.: Staatliche Ausgaben für Straßenbau 1966 - 1980 (in Milliarden Baht)

Abb.: Staatliche Ausgaben für Straßenbau in der Provinz  Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี)1966 - 1980 (in Millionen Baht)

Abb.: Prozentualer Anteil der Provinz Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี) an den staatlichen Ausgaben für Straßenbau in ganz Thailand, 1966 - 1980

[Datenquelle der drei Diagramme: Nishizaki, Yoshinori [訳吉武好孝, 西崎一郎]: Political authority and provincial identity in Thailand : the making of Banharn-buri. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell, 2011. -- 254 S. :Ill. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 53). -- ISBN 978-0-8772-7753-8 . -- S. 92]

1966

Organization and Management Division o0f the Bureau of Budget:

«The machinery for ministry-wide coordination is inadequate. In any large organization it is vitally important to establish and maintain the positive leadership role of senior officials. Leadership qualities and leadership potentialities may be found at all levels of an organization. Throughout the Ministry of Education, the extent to which individuals of ambition, integrity and potential leadership qualities have found their way into almost every area ot the ministry’s activities is impressive. But it is equally true that many of them appear to be frustrated by the roles which they have been assigned, confused with respect to the direction in which various parts of the ministry are going, uninformed about the exact limits of their responsibility and authority, and hampered by lack of communication between their units and all other parts of the organization. Clear cut delegations of authority are seldom found and almost nowhere are there any reliable and continuing arrangements for accountability. The quality of every segment of the ministry’s operations is too directly a product of the individual immediately in charge and each activity and each project tends to be an island unto itself. What is needed to mobilize the resources of human leadership, competence and drive, which exist rather generously within the Ministry of Education, is for senior officials at both the department and ministry level to assume, on behalf of the ministry as a whole, the authority and responsibility for executive leadership which their positions imply. Part of the difficulty seems to lie in a confusion about the role of executive management, particularly with respect to its responsibilities for coordination, direction, delegation and evaluation. Coordination is confused with cooperation, and the techniques for getting cooperation are being used ineffectively in an attempt to bring about coordination. Cooperation is the process of working together by voluntary consent to accomplish separate purposes which may not be related, but in which elements can be shared. It is best brought about by managers of equal status meeting in conference and mutually agreeing on those activities for which they will contribute resources and share results. Coordination, however, is a process of working together by direction from a common source of authority, which first assigns areas of responsibility in the accomplishment of common ends, and then defines how these roles shall be related in accomplishing these ends. It is best brought about by good organization planning on the part of the chief executive and clear cut delegations of authority and responsibility to the first line of managers in his organization. There is obviously room for conferences and discussions between the chief executive and his management team in arriving at sound organization and rational delegation in line with their respective interests and abilities. But final determination of who shall be responsible for what and how they shall coordinate their work is the absolute responsibility of the chief executive. The prevailing practice in such conferences fails to observe the principle that the chief executive should carry sole responsibility for decisions. There are several bad results from the practice of reaching decision by consensus or by a majority. First, there is frequently a long and harmful delay before any decision can be reached. The decisions that are reached are frequently poor decisions because many of the participants in the joint decision are not qualified by experience or training in the subject with which the decision is concerned. Political behaviour frequently becomes a part of such meetings and decisions are reached on the basis of friendship or exchange of favors. Finally, and most important, such meetings become a device for sharing, and hence escaping from, personal responsibility. The chief of a unit will bring to the meeting questions which should be his responsibility to decide. By bringing such matters to the meeting, he avoids his proper responsibility, and by sharing the decision with others, it becomes impossible to fix any personal responsibility. The result is an evasion of executive responsibility and an invitation to inaction, confusion and conflict among senior management officials. They must receive executive leadership in determining what their duties shall be and how they shall work as a team» «... at present they (the regular committee meetings of the Directors-General under the chairmanship of the Minister) are attempting to substitute consensus for executive decision making», «the use of departmental ‘coordinating’ committees in areas such as teacher education and supervision have been largely ineffective because they seek to do in lower echelons of the organization what can only be done at the top» [a.a.O., S. 35ff. -- Zitiert in: Boesch, Ernst <1916 - 2014>: Zwiespältige Eliten : Eine sozialpsychologische Untersuchung über administrative Eliten in Thailand. -- Bern : Huber, 1970. -- 333 S. ; 21 cm. -- S. 116f.]

1966 - 1970

Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) ist eine der 40 BC-40-Cameras-Stationen des Primary Newtork des Worldwide Geometric Satellite Triangulation Network.

Abb.: Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) innerhalb des Worldwide Geometric Satellite Triangulation Network
[Bildquelle: USGov / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1966

598 Thai-Muslime, die meisten aus Südthailand, sind als Islam-Lehrer oder zum Studium des Islam in Saudi Arabien (المملكة العربية السعودية):

• 5 lehren an offiziellen Islam-Schulen (madrasa - مدرسة‎)
• 192 lehren als Privatlehrer
• 401 sind Studenten

Abb.: Lage von Saudi Arabien (المملكة العربية السعودية)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

In Thailand sind schätzungsweise 500 bis 1.200 kommunistische Aufständische tätig. Von diesen wurden vermutlich ca. 300 in einer Guerilla-Training-Schule in Hoa Binh (Hòa Bình, Nordvietnam) ausgebildet.

Abb.: Lage von Hoa Binh (Hòa Bình)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1966

Start der von den USA unterstützten Mobile Medical Teams (MMT). Jedes Team hat anfangs folgende Zusammensetzung. Ab 1969-03 bestehen die Teams nur aus Thais. Der Mangel an geeignetem und einsatzwilligem Thai-Personal führt dazu, dass nur 33 MMT tätig sind. Sie behandeln innerhalb von 10 Jahren 5 Mio. Patienten in 19 Provinzen.

• 3 US Medizinassistenten
• 1 Thai Arzt
• 1 US Medical Corps officer als Verantwortlicher

Die USA stellen Helikopter und Fahrzeuge zum Transport sowie die Medikamente.

Captain Michael B. Kurtz von USOM (Uniteted States Operation Mission) fasst den Zweck so zusammen:

"a man will feel gratitude and a sense of obligation toward the person who heals his diseases and in turn to the institution which that healer represents." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 103]

1966

Offizielle Gründung der Thailand Bible Society (สมาคมพระคริสตธรรมไทย)

Abb.: ®Logo

"Thailand Bible Society (Thai: สมาคมพระคริสตธรรมไทย) is a non-denominational Christian organization dedicated to translating and distributing the Bible and selected books of the Bible in Thailand. The Thailand Bible Society is a member of the United Bible Societies Association. The Society was officially established in 1966, though its organised work began in 1828. In 2005, the Society distributed 43,740 copies of the Bible and 9,629 copies of the New Testament in the Thai language. Part of the Bible in Thai was first published in 1834 by Baptist missionary John Taylor Jones (1802 - 1851). The New Testament in Thai was printed for the first time in 1843. The first full Bible in Thai came out in 1893. The Thai Standard Version was published by the Thailand Bible Society in 1971, and later revised, updated, and republished in 2011." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_Bible_Society. -- Zugriff am 2014-11-08]

1950 - 1969

Neue Exportprodukte:

Abb.: Neue Exportprodukte in Mio. Baht, 1950 - 1969
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 314]

Abb.: Jutesäcke mit Reis, Ayutthaya (อยุธยา), 2004
[Bildquelle: IRRI. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/399417291/. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-26. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Getrocknete Shrimp, Bangkok, 2006
[Bildquelle: herve. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/madzoy/289594313/. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-26. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1957 - 1966

Zitrusfrüchte

Abb.: Produktion von Zitrusfrüchten (in Tausend Tonnen) 1957 - 1967
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 208]

Abb.: Pomelo's (ส้มโอ), Koh Chang (เกาะช้าง), 2005
[Bildquelle: Taro Taylor. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tjt195/8558447/. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-31. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

Abb.: Lage von Koh Chang (เกาะช้าง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

Medizinische Versorgung des ländlichen Raums:

Abb.: Rural Health Centre and Health Service Expansion Programme, Stand 1966
[Datenquelle: Thailand official year book 1968. -- S. 247]

1960 - 1966

Hotelzimmer in Bangkok mit internationalem Standard:

Abb.: Hotelzimmer in Bangkok mit internationalem Standard, 1960 - 1966
[Datenquelle: Thailand official year book 1968. -- S. 683 + Thailand official year book 1964. -- S. 667]

1966 sind in Bangkok 14 Luxushotels nach internationalem Standard im Bau. Sie bieten über 2.500 Zimmer.

1966

In Thailand gibt es folgende Vereinigungen und Gruppierungen von Chinesen:

1. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce
2. The Chinese Association in Thailand
3. Hakkas Association of Thailand
4. Fukien Chinese Association of Thailand
5. The Taiwan Association of Thailand
6. Teo Ann Association of Thailand
7. The Toiyio Association of Siam
8. The Kek Yang Association of Thailand
9. Thian Fa Hospital
10. Tenhai Association of Thailand
11. The Hua Kiaw Poh Teck Tung Foundation
12. The Rice Millers’ Association of Thailand
13. The Chinese Insurance Association of Thailand
14. The Hong Kong Singapore Swatow Association
15. The Chinese Textile Merchants of Thailand _}
16. The Lieng Hua eh Ngieb Association
17. The Chinese Printing Association of Thailand
18. The Thai Produce Exporters Association
19. The Tio Chiu Association
20. Kwong Siew Association
21. Hainan Association of Thailand
22. The Kung Jek Association of Thailand
23. Phow Leng Association of Thailand
24. The Poor Children’s Home
25. The Union Merit Assistance Foundation
26. Charity Foundation for the Promotion of Culture
27. United Charitable Welfare Association
28. Tong Hua Hospital
29. The Chinese Doctors’ Association of Thailand
30. Sing Sia Amateur Musical Association
31. The Local Produce Representatives’ Association of Thailand
32. Sawmill Association of Thailand
33. Ngon-Kim (Hardwares) Association of Thailand
34. The Rice Traders’ Association of Thailand
35. The Kong Pang Association of Thailand
36. Southern Merchants’ Association of Thailand
37. The Chinese Leather Merchants’ Association of Thailand
38. The Cosmetic Retailers’ Association of Thailand
39. The Chinese Jewellers’ Association of Thailand
40. The Chinese Tea Merchants’ Association of Thailand
41. The Chinease Newspaper Association of Thailand
42. The Liquor Merchants’ Association of Thailand
43. The Jute Bag Merchants’ Association
44. The Chinese Constructors’ Association of Thailand
45. The Weaving Association of Thailand
46. Overseas Chinese Labor Union of Thailand
47. The Tailors’ Association of Thailand
48. The Chiou Shyh Association (Family Name)—Social—Welfare
49. The Herb Association (Family Name)—Social—Welfare
50. The Chow Clansmen Association (Family Name)—Social—Welfare
51. Thai Nam-Lim Sri Swasdi Foundation
52. The Ton Association of Thailand (Family Name)—Social—Welfare
53. Lung Kong Association of Thailand (Family Name)—Social—Welfare
54. Hwang's Association of Thailand (Family Name)—Social—Welfare
55. Kang Heh Sua Chung Ung's Foundation—Social—Welfare
56. Long Hwa Buddhist Association
57. Thai-Chinese Buddhist Association of Thailand
58. Buddhist Kamala Associated of Thailand
59. Kwan Hua Buddhist Association
60. Foundation of Mengnai Buddha Association
61. Ngee Hua Buddhist Association
62. Ching Tek Buddhist Association
63. Po-Kung Teng Buddhist Association
64. Poh Keng Teng Buddhist Association
65. Buan Hua Buddhist Association
66. Chee Hong Buddhist Association of Thailand
67. Tai-Pu Association of Thailand (Name of District)
68. Hong-Sung Association of Thailand (Name of District)
69. Jiao-Peng Association of Thailand (Name of District)
70. The Tey Yoe Kang Phok (Name of District)
71. Ngek Hiab Koi Buay (Name of District)
72. Grang Sua Foundation (Name of District)
73. Tao Tek Siang Tung (Taoist Association of Thailand)
74. Aiw Tee Siang Tung (Religious Association)
75. Keng Tek Siang Tung (Religious Association)
76. Hua Kiaw Hu Jaw Tung (Religious Association)
77. Tong Hu Association of Thailand (Name of District)
78. Yin Tek Hu Jaw Tuang (Social Welfare)
79. Tiaw Hung Sa (Hakka Club)
80. Poaw Guan Association (Money, Exchange and Correspondence for Overseas Chinese)
81. The Association of Grocery Store Owners
82. The Sugar Merchants’ Association
83. Tai Guang Hud Ga Sia (Buddhist Association)
84. Buan Kim Hok Siew Tia Hud Sia (Buddhist Association)
85. Noi Pung Niam Hud Sia (Buddhist Association.)
86. Siew Guang Association (Buddhist Association)
87. Aiew Poh Teng Niam Hud Sia (Buddhist Association)

[Quelle: The Overseas Chinese in Thailand : a communications fact book / U.S. Information Agency, Research and Reference Service. -- 1966-04-19. -- Washington, D.C. : USIA, Research and Reference Service, 1966. -- S. 34-36.]

1966

Es erscheint:

สุวิทย์ ยิ่งวรพันธุ์  [Suvitya Yingvorapunt]: พัฒนาชนบทในประเทศไทย = Rural development in Thailand. -- กรุงเทพฯ : โรงพิมพ์อักษรสาสน์, 2512 [= 1966]. -- 710 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm.

"Das Buch von Yingvorapunt ist derart aufschlußreich, sowohl in der Zahl der angeführten Fakten wie auch in der darin ausgedrückten Einstellung, daß eine Übersetzung der Arbeit ins Deutsche oder Englische sicher zu empfehlen wäre." [Quelle: Boesch, Ernst <1916 - 2014>: Zwiespältige Eliten : Eine sozialpsychologische Untersuchung über administrative Eliten in Thailand. -- Bern : Huber, 1970. -- 333 S. ; 21 cm. -- S. 237, Anm. 1]

1966

Es erscheint:

นงเยาว์ ประภาสถิต [Nongyao Phrapasathit]: เก้าปีในปักกิ่ง [Neun Jahre in Peking]. -- พระนคร, 2509 [= 1966]. -- 576 S. ; 21 cm. -- Bericht über den Aufenthalt der Autorin im chinesichen Exil 1947 - 1956. -- Wegen der darin enthaltenen Kritik an Pridi Panomyong (ปรีดี พนมยงค์, 1900 - 1983) erhebt dessen Gattin, Poonsuk Banomyong (พูนศุข พนมยงค์, 1913 - 2007), in Thailand Klage gegen die Autorin wegen Verleumdung.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1966

Es erscheint:

Siffin, William J. <1922 - 1993>: The Thai bureaucracy: institutional change and development. -- Honolulu : East-West Center, 1966. -- 291 S. ; 24 cm

Beispiel einer Fourth-Class Competitive Examination für die Aufnahme in den öffentlichen Dienst:

"A Representative Fourth-Class Competitive Examination Examination schedule: First day: 9:30 -11:30—General knowledge 1:30 - 3:30—General knowledge Second day: 9:00 -12:00—Culture 1:30´- 3:30—Thai language Third day: 9:30-11:30—English language 11:30-12:00—Handwriting 1:30- 3:30—Correspondence and filing Fourth day: 9:30-11:30—Typing 1:00- 4:00—Interviews Examination content: General Knowledge Part 1. Answer the following 10 questions: What is the meaning of. the words "civil servant?" What are the classes and positions of civil servants? List the kinds of civil service discipline. List the penalties provided for breaches of discipline. Indicate the punishment appropriate for the following breaches: dishonesty in performance of duty; contempt of the public; divulging official secrets. State the organization and functions of the Civil Service Commission and the Civil Service Subcommission. What are the component parts of the sovereignty? What are the duties of the Constituent Assembly? What are the duties of the Thai people according to the Constitution? Why was the Constituent Assembly established? General Knowledge Part 2. Ten questions. A somewhat similar pattern, but with questions on history and geography as well as government organization and administration. Culture. Ten questions: What does "culture" mean? What are the sources of culture? What is the importance of culture to the individual and to the nation? What is meant by the "sense of duty and responsibility" of the public official? Explain: "The civil official is the public servant and not the public master. " Is this right or wrong? What is a "good citizen? " What are the disadvantages of taking drugs and liquors? Should officials indulge in these? What are the "four factors for success" (itti-pat-see [อิทธิบาทสี่])? If a citizen criticizes an order of the government, what would you tell him? What type of person would you make friends with? Thai Language. Write an essay of at least 25 lines on the topic, "Life as a woman is difficult, but life as a man is more difficult. " English Language. Translation of a simple paragraph into Thai. (One I have seen contained references to "snow" and "snow bank. ") Translation of several short statements from Thai into English. Correspondence. Write a letter conveying certain specified information. Indicate the abbreviations commonly used for certain government organizations. Indicate the proper headings and closes for certain specified types of official letters. State how long official documents must be kept, and which kind may not be destroyed. Handwriting. Write 200 words on a subject (such as "devotion to one’s duty"). Typing. Type a copy of an official letter. The third- and fourth-class examinations are only incidentally concerned with the assessment of functional competence." [a.a.O., S 182f. -- Fair use]

 

"A simple example: the starting pay for a third-class position filled by someone with a college diploma is 750 baht; but the base pay for an individual with a four-year degree from a Thai university— assuming, as one safely may, that he is assigned to a "technical" position—is 900 baht. If a position "requires" the holder to possess an M.A. degree from England, the United States, or the Thai Institute of Public Administration, the beginning salary will be 1,900 baht, and the post will be placed in the second class of the civil service. The pay goes with the position—but the amount will depend upon the educational qualifications of the individual." [a.a.O., S. 230f. -- Fair use]

"The Thai bureaucracy, like all large administrative systems, uses vast quantities of paper in its work. Part of this consists of documents which are instruments of action—licenses, permits, vouchers, receipts, and similar items. A considerable amount of the paper also consists of records made in order to evidence (or minimize) responsibility for particular occurrences and events. The ubiquitous police kiosk would be fundamentally unfurnished without its large journal into which someone is usually scribbling entries, and it exemplifies the fact that written records are made about practically everything recordable that concerns the operations of the bureaucracy. But such records do not serve as a basis for the systematic analysis of activities and the programing of work. The data of decision making are to an impressive degree personal rather than objective, and their significance tends to lie in their source more than their content. Administrative reports abound. But reporting does not have its primary pay-off in managerial decision making. For example, in the previously mentioned malaria control program, the zone chief and his assistant spend as much as 20 per cent of their time in preparing reports. These are concerned with spray inspection, finances, the pay, travel, and per diem of each employee in the zone, supplies on hand and disbursed, monthly progress, a quarterly narrative of activities, a monthly report on each vehicle operated within the zone, and three or four others. These reports are made by either the zone chief—a second-class officer equivalent in rank to section chief—or his assistant, who is usually a third-class officer. The papers flow from the zone to the region to Bangkok, along with additional sector reports. But what happens to all the data? To cite one suggestive example: The National Malaria Eradication Project headquarters has formulated work standards: ten houses to be sprayed per sprayman day and five house visits per house-visitor work day. Data generated in sector reports indicated that these general standards were quite inadequate. In densely populated areas workers met the standards in a few hours and quit. In other areas only about 50 per cent of the quotas could be met because of the time required to get from one house to another. But personnel and other resources continued to be allocated to sectors on the basis of the headquarters standard, and not on the basis of any analysis of data generated from reports on field operations. There is nothing stark or dramatic in this small incident, but it does seem to be a rather typical illustration of one aspect of the communications processes of the Thai bureaucracy. Significant communications come down from the top and not up from lower levels. And objective data are not used to challenge the soundness of orders issued by high-ranking officials. Perhaps because of its limited relevance, much of the "hard data" generated in the system tends to be unreliable anyhow, so that the personalized, subjective approach to decision making is supported by the dubiousness of the available alternatives. Personal inspections are a means by which higher-ranking officials seek information on the state of affairs within their jurisdictions. With all its utility, inspection has its limitations as a source of reliable knowledge of what is going on. In the Thai bureaucracy these limitations are enhanced by the effects of status. On inspections, one commonly sees the inspectors talking instead of listening; the posture of subordinates is usually deferential and protective. A truly masterful Thai administrator I have known made a success of his field visits by convincing most of his subordinates of his paternal pride and interest in their work and their particular problems, and by loosening their tongues with liquor. The dinners that went with his inspections became lively and uninhibited discussions. He stayed sober, listened, and always acted judiciously. But he was an uncommon leader. More often, inspection tends to be a formalism, unless some particular trouble has already occurred and needs to be set right. Inspection is supplemented by a gentle sort of espionage. Any special-class administrative official will have one or more trusted minions within his organization to keep tabs on matters. They report to him personally, often at his home in the evenings, bringing the gossip, the confidences, and the suspicions which will help protect the administrator against painful surprises. The identity of such reporters is seldom secret and the fact of their existence offers occasional opportunities for intrigue reminiscent of an earlier era in Thai government." [a.a.O., S. 236f. -- Fair use]

1966

Es erscheint:

Nairn, Ronald C.: International aid to Thailand: the new colonialism?. -- New Haven : Yale University Press, 1966. -- 228 S. ; 22 cm. -- (Yale studies in political science ; 19). -- Die Studie konzentriert sich auf zwei Projekte der UNESCO: Chachoengsao Educational Pilot Project und TUFEC (Thailand UNESCO Fundamental Educational Center)

"I intend to concentrate on two of the major United Nations field programs in Thailand, although other programs and aspects of the operau tions must also be drawn upon. One program, the Cha Cheong Sao [ฉะเชิงเทรา] Educational Pilot Project, was concerned with education in a formal sense and with the proliferation of new educational techniques and ideas throughout the kingdom. The other project, known as tufec (the Thailand UNECO Fundamental Educational Center), was nominally concerned with fundamental education but in fact became a full-scale community development enterprise, with all the inferences this type of activity has for a nation whose lifeways are based upon the peasant and small-scale agriculture. Although the sponsoring agency of both projects was the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), other United Nations agencies gave support in their respective fields: the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Technical Assistance Administration (TAA; after 1958 the Bureau of Technical Assistance Operations), and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The Technical Assistance Board (TAB) performed a coordinating function relative to general administration. Outside organizations also gave support. These included the United States Operations Mission (USOM; now the Agency for International Development but still officially called USOM in Thailand), and the Shell Oil Company. These projects, the most extensive United Nations activities in Thailand, had an organic life of up to nine years and employed some 63 foreign personnel actually in the field. These personnel were, of course, supported by relevant regional and zone offices, which coincidentally were located in Bangkok. Some specialist personnel from the offices gave their services to the projects on an ad hoc basis, and there was the usual round of visits and reports emanating from Headquarters. For comparative purposes it might be noted that in 1963, when United Nations activity in Thailand was at its maximum intensity, 100 foreign experts were employed. Their activity was highly fragmented, however, being spread over some 41 projects. All but two of these projects had a scheduled life of one year or less, and none absorbed more than two experts. Furthermore, the nature of many of these projects was such that it would be highly speculative to assess their impact in Thailand generally. Such activity fields as reactor physics, documentation center techniques, economic statistics, mineral survey, applied scientific research, rural migration, nuclear instrumentation, and electronics—to mention some—may be highly important at some future time, but in contemporary Thailand their impact is incipient or latent and the nature of many limits contact with the main stream of Thai life. Nevertheless, the two educational projects selected for concentration here had an importance extending well beyond that indicated by their purely quantitative extent relative to other United Nations activity." [a.a.O., S. 2f. -- Fair use]

"Military conscription plays an important role in introducing new values to an especially important segment of the population. Thailand’s military forces have become increasingly mechanized in their material configuration and Americanized in their functional conceptions, whether these be related to the treatment of a sick soldier or the control and management of a logistics system. On the grander economic scale the peasant has long been aware not only of market prices and their fluctuations but has reacted to them. Indeed he seems more conscious of this feature than probably any other external happening. When asked, he will accurately and perceptively discuss problems of falling prices for jute because of overproduction (both in Thailand and Pakistan), or the risks involved in capturing an early market with a crop of pineapples. Except in the remotest parts of Thailand it is rare to find a peasant who is not conscious of these things. Neither is this new. While detailed and comprehensive data are unavailable for earlier times, it must be remembered that Thailand’s extraordinary rise to eminence as one of the world’s premier rice exporters during the latter part of the nineteenth century was a peasant reaction to a cash economy. It may also be observed that since 1955 when agricultural data have been more specific, the volume of production of new crops has risen proportionately to availability of markets and increases in prices. This is graphically illustrated relative to sixteen "upland crops" which since the early 1950s have gained new and important status in the Thai economy. A growing Japanese demand for corn, for example, is reflected in a 250 per cent increase in the volume of corn exports between 1955 and i960. A like trend can be discerned in the fifteen remaining crops. Jute production increased spectacularly from approximately 4,000 tons export volume in 1955 to 63,000 tons export volume in i960. The means by which the peasant ascertains market demand and price changes are somewhat obscure and complex. Many diverse elements play a role. The response to world markets of individual trading agencies in Bangkok, mainly Chinese, is an obvious element. There is also an urban coterie comprised of bureaucrats and military officers, primarily the latter, who have relatively small land holdings as sideline enterprises but who keep a close watch on modern agricultural techniques as well as opportunities offered by the market. Then there is also a small but vital band of peasant entrepreneurs who seem to be well aware of the market, new crops, and what other groups in Thailand are doing. One factor, however, is quite clear. The Thai government is generally an accessory after the event. The government usually renders limited assistance but comprehensive taxation after the diverse individual elements have initiated agricultural growth. But the Thai government seems also to have been wise enough not to tax to the degree where production becomes profitless. In any case, direct taxation would apply almost exclusively to urban- based producers and middlemen. The peasant producing a surplus has not as yet been caught up in the direct taxation process." [Quelle: Nairn, Ronald C.: International aid to Thailand: the new colonialism?. -- New Haven : Yale University Press, 1966. -- 228 S. ; 22 cm. -- (Yale studies in political science ; 19). -- S. 26f. -- Fair use]

"General improvement of education now falls under the GED Project (General Educational Development), which is supported by USOM (United States Operations Mission). In this project, activity is spread over all twelve educational regions and the objects are to: improve education at all levels in rural areas; conduct in-service and pre-service training; and establish local supervisory centers and a general devolution of centralized control." [a.a.O., S. 46. -- Fair use]

"During September 1958, I was traveling between the village of Dansai [ด่านซ้าย] and the town of Loeie [Loei - เลย] in the northwest corner of the Northeast Region. Washed-out bridges and flooded trails frequently impeded the trip. Marooned at the tiny hamlet of Ban Muohy, I asked the headman why his village did not build a vehicular bridge so that some traffic might be maintained even when the monsoon was at its height. The only link this little village had with the outside world was a rickety bamboo catwalk crossing a water course which was a swift, treacherous torrent during the rainy season but was dry the remainder of the year. It was pointed out to the headman that there was ample heavy timber in the forest, the village had plenty of building skill as shown by their houses, and even had an elephant to do the heavy pulling. The headman’s reply was simple. He said that his village did not really need access for the three or four months of the monsoon. The village’s rice surplus went out before the rains came. The village was self-sufficient in the main essentials and in any case the ubiquitous peddler could always manage to get his wares across the catwalk." [a.a.O., S. 61. -- Fair use]

A distinguished Thai educator, commenting on what she called the "extraordinarily serious problem of language" at the Pilot Project, warned that one should not trust any Thai’s English: "The words being used are often grossly misunderstood by the users [i.e. the Thai], I learnt, as one example, that long after the Pilot Project was in being, the term ‘modern education’ connoted current education to most Thai and not a different concept of education."" [a.a.O., S. 80. -- Fair use]

"Even the seemingly mechanistic problem of inoculating water buffalo against rinderpest could not be divorced from local dynamics. The Thai farmer had been accustomed to seeing suspect animals slaughtered during rinderpest epidemics. When Thai and FAO officials appeared at the scene of one epidemic, even though they were bearing nothing more lethal than a hypodermic needle, the peasants hid animals which appeared to be sick, even borrowing healthy animals to replace them during the inspection. To the peasant the issue was critical. Disregarding the sentiment he had for his buffalo, the loss of its services just prior to the onset of the rains (the season also for rinderpest) was a calamity. For just a few weeks, when the earth has become sodden but before the water rises too high, the soil has to be plowed and worked into a muddy tilth. It was the buffaloes’ efforts during that critical and inflexible time period that made life possible for the peasant and his family for the following year. Any risk was justified to avoid having his buffalo’s throat cut. The problem facing fao with its newly developed rinderpest vaccine was therefore only indirectly that of rinderpest. The real problem was how to communicate with the peasant, to learn the grounds for his fears, and to reassure him accordingly. Later, when cash grants were given for buffalo to be slaughtered and the full impact of the new vaccine was explained, the peasant eagerly sought vaccination for his animals. But the problem of assessing the local situation was the key, and the ability to do so could come only through an intimate orientation to the local scene." [a.a.O., S. 85f. -- Fair use]

" There were, of course, personality clashes, inevitable where there is an arbitrary matching of alien people who have never met before. The factors mentioned by the ex-counterparts as most irritating and disruptive to general transference can be summarized as follows: The expert’s manner seemed rude and overbearing, especially when operating with his counterpart in front of other Thai. Counterparts did not understand the expert’s language (and almost invariably these complaints were loudest from Thai who worked with non-English speaking experts). The expert condescended to the Thai. The expert soon lost interest when he did not get his own way. The expert knew nothing about the Thai and would not learn. The "expert" was not really expert. The expert never listened to the Thai about anything, and when the subject matter was related to his profession, he would accept no advice. Before both parties could become adjusted, the expert went home. There is ample evidence to suggest that the complaints about language, tenure, and orientation voiced by Thai counterparts were just. The experts seemed unaware of the antipathy that existed. This not insignificant level of antipathy arose through failure to establish communication between expert and counterpart. To a large degree both expert and counterpart were victims of the lack of recognition of the problems involved in the operations; consequently, there was failure to investigate what steps might be taken to heal the communications breach." [a.a.O., S. 88. -- Fair use]

"There must be some matching of skills. It is said that in Laos, for example, the "UNESCO experts just sit about," because that nation simply does not have enough people with the minimum level of skills to understand the experts’ teaching. On the other hand: It is useless for the expert to be of too high a level. Let us be quite clear, we don’t want them at the Director level because here the foreigner is hopelessly out of touch with what goes on within our government organizations and in any case most of our Directors have a far better foreign education than the sort of people the United Nations send us. At the same time we don’t want a philosophy major out in the field. We have nobody out there who can talk to this sort of person. Hands and tools are about all we can use." [a.a.O., S. 89. -- Fair use]

"Based upon the views of 32 Thai counterparts, the United Nations personnel can be split into four main groups: Ex-colonial civil servants, out of work as a result of the demise of colonialism (note the timing of the commencement of TUFEC and the Pilot Project). Men who, caught up in the war, missed opportunities for extended education and the careers that they might legitimately have anticipated, and who found a substitute in the United Nations. Younger persons who were interested in working for the United Nations in order to undertake research. A tiny segment of idealists who wanted to serve their fellow men. Only 10 per cent of the personnel involved had actually been colonial civil servants. These people tended to hold more senior and administrative positions, and their presence may therefore have been felt to a greater degree than their numbers would indicate. One United Nations official sympathized with Thai antipathy toward the ex-colonialists, describing them as having a "congenital inability to mix . . . probably the worst type of person the United Nations could possibly have recruited and not nearly worth the administrative skills that they undoubtedly brought."24 Thai judgment relative to the other categories also had substance, although it must be noted that approximately 20 per cent of the personnel were women and could hardly have fallen under the category of those thwarted by World War II, at least not in any educational sense. The problem of recruitment has long been a concern of the United Nations at large. General personnel shortcomings have been assessed from time to time by the United Nations, and these were applicable to the Thailand situation. The point to be made, however, is that some of the persons were not compatible with either United Nations standards or the requirements of field work in Thailand." [a.a.O., S. 90. -- Fair use]

"In an endeavor to sum up the general relationships at working levels between Thai and foreign experts, I attempted to discover how the Thai assessed the empathy of the foreign experts. It seemed to me that if the experts were empathetic with the Thai, they should have been able to transfer their expertise to their counterparts. The term empathy, "the capacity to see oneself in the other fellow’s situation," has been used in one major study in assessing the way traditionally oriented people looked at the modern world. In the present study, however, the reverse approach has been used in order to see if the Thai thought the representatives of the modern world, the United Nations experts, attained empathy with the Thai milieu. Twelve Thai were consulted in regard to 29 foreigners working at TUFEC. Included within the foreign group were two people who, though not part of the United Nations program, did work for TUFEC from time to time. The reason for their inclusion was that they had special skills in language and knowledge of Thailand, both having undertaken area studies on Southeast Asia, and Thailand in particular. It is not presumed that this survey should serve as a model or that it has validity outside the fairly narrow parameters of its setting. The factors raised in the survey came up spontaneously during association with the Thai consultants concerned. Details of the survey can be found in Appendix V. In the minds of the Thai consulted, only four of the 29 foreign personnel were empathetic. Of these four, two were the area specialists already referred to, and one other was an elderly Doctor of Divinity who had spent 24 years in China specializing in community development work. The fourth person, in the minds of the Thai, was sanuk [สนุก], It was sanuk to work with him, it was sanuk to go to a party with him or to visit a village with him. His handling of international staff members was sanuk also. It is suspected that this individual was atypical, assessed more on his capacity relative to the wonderful world of sanuk than as a foreign expert. He had the sort of rapport which made the Thai feel he was one of them and could see their point of view." [a.a.O., S. 91f. -- Fair use]

"While the politically minded Westerner may see in rural development schemes generally a means of promoting democracy, it seems certain that the Thai elite saw something quite different. Amelioration of peasant problems was a means of preserving the status quo. After all, what better way was there of preserving the ancient Thai order of things than to have a happy contented peasantry, with good health, an improved agriculture through application of science and technology, a developing school system, and a slow but steady rise in per capita income? If at the same time, Thai values regarding religion and monarchy and concepts of social status could be preserved, what better way could there be to avoid the stresses and general disruptions of more radical courses? To some Western minds this may seem to be the antithesis of the sort of approach that should be employed in Southeast Asia, an area which so many regard as revolutionary. Thus the Thai elite advanced an argument, not generally accepted, for slow development coming from above. When members of the elite were challenged, they readily admitted this position and in turn challenged the skeptic to offer an alternative." [a.a.O., S. 101f. -- Fair use]

"The United Nations agencies perhaps thought in a rather vague way that they were promoting change. But in the eyes of the elite they were not. Every fresh-water well that was dug, every young man or woman trained to go forth and work in villages, every school that received a better trained teacher, or every child who was taught to wash his hands before eating in actual fact helped preserve the structural concepts of the elite. A happy contented peasantry and a privileged but socially conscious elite—which, it must be remembered, did not impose social barriers to peasant mobility into its own ranks—seemed to have the best chance of structural survival when the peasant was helped to be cleaner, healthier, and more efficient in the fields. In this sense, therefore, the operations of the United Nations agencies and the attitudes of the Thai elite were in harmony." [a.a.O., S. 108. -- Fair use]

"In Bangkok, for example, three Catholic schools cater to approximately 6,000 boys and girls who come from Thailand’s elite families. Royalty, the aristocracy, the military and political elite, all have their children educated at these schools as a matter of course, never fearing the religious consequences. In a sense, Bangkok without Mater Dei Girls School [โรงเรียนมาแตร์เดอี], Assumption College [โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ], and St. Joseph’s [โรงเรียนเซนต์โยเซฟคอนเวนต์] would be like England without Eton and Harrow. Not only the scale but the excellence of Catholic educational activity makes it important to Thailand." [a.a.O., S. 146. -- Fair use]

"The aggravating aspects of complete reliance on expertise were viewed by another Thai from a totally different level: The trouble with experts who know nothing else than their particular calling is that they always have "solutions" and are sure they are right. One reason why the Peace Corps is doing so well in this country is not just because they are well oriented, but because they are not experts and do not have "solutions."" [a.a.O., S. 173f. -- Fair use]

"A LIST OF HANDICRAFT ACTIVITY SPONSORED BY TUFEC Activity Results Bamboo water pump Unsuccessful (see p. 86) Water sealed latrines Not enough water—too much odor Wooden winch Not pursued Potter’s wheel Not pursued Improved well Successful (see p. 57) Village Persian wheel (for lifting water) Not pursued Cotton jenny Not pursued. Locally built jennies are common in Thailand (see pp. 62-63); it was later discovered by TUFEC that there were 8,049 looms in Ubol province alone. Wheelbarrow Did not come into general use Glazing of pottery Not pursued; the local method was inferior but adequate for local needs. In any case, cheap Japanese crockery had a far greater attraction than a high quality local product which tended to be quite expensive. Wood fire stove Required a brick or wooden chimney and strengthened floor supports, all quite unrealistic in the average peasant house. Pony cart library (See pp. 71-72) Wooden cog wheel Not pursued Adjusting screw device For use with cog above; not pursued Treadle lathe Not pursued; no local use Forge fan Was more efficient as enabled a man to be dispensed with, but this was hardly necessary because labor was plentiful. Model windmill Not pursued (see p. 20) Village work bench Ten prototypes made and some interest shown Bamboo artifacts (See pp. 67-68) Some homemade tools Could not compete with imported variety" [a.a.O, S. 202. -- Fair use]

1966

Es erscheint:

Klausner, William J. <1929 - >: The Sangha and social activities. -- Wieder abgedruckt in: Klausner, William J.  <1929 - >: Reflections in a log pond : collected writings. -- Bangkok : Suksit Siam, 2515 [= 1972]. -- 138 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- S. 87 -90

"The two Buddhist Universities, have played a pioneering role in the sphere of Sangha [พระสงฆ์] leadership training. The two Buddhist Universities have accepted as their responsibility the development of Sangha leadership in the provincial and rural areas of Siam. For the past several years, these two Universities have assigned selected monk graduates to take up positions on a permanent year round basis as teachers, headmasters and advisers in up-country areas throughout the Kingdom. Today, there are more than 100 such Buddhist University monk graduates carrying out their responsibilities as Sangha leaders up-country, often in the most remote areas. These monk graduates have been provided in-service training in order to keep them au courant of the latest techniques in the community development field as well as the activities and direction of government programming. At the same time, such seminar and training courses provide these monk graduates with the opportunity to exchange ideas and experience. A seminar and training course for approximately seventy monk graduates was recently held under the auspices of the Department of Religious Affairs. Further training for monks from rural areas and for new graduates of the Universities is now being planned. These two separate courses of training will be able to start soon. The Buddhist Universities have also carried out training courses for rural monks with a view to providing such rural leaders with specialized training in such areas as public health and sanitation principles and community development programming and techniques. Such a training course for rural Pariyati-Dhamma [ปริยัติธรรม] monk teachers was recently held in Bangkok under the joint auspices of the two Buddhist Universities. The provincial Sangha has also taken initiative in developing training and development projects in the general sphere of social service and community development. The Buddhist University monk graduates assigned up-country have assisted in the organization and implementation of such provincial program initiatives. The Dhammaraj Suksa [ธรรมราชศึกษา] Buddhist School authorities, Wat Phra Singh [วัดพระสิงห์วรมหาวิหาร], Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่], have undertaken several social service projects. One of the most imaginative of such programs is the administration of a health education correspondence course under the joint auspices of the Dhammaraj Suksa School and the Medical Faculty of Chiengmai University [มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่]. The Northern Education Centre for Buddhist Private Schools established with headquarters at the Dhammaraj Suksa School, Wat Phra Singh, Chiengmai, has recently implemented a Sangha community development project (Dhamma Patana [ธรรมพัฒนา]) which involved sending five development teams composed of monks, Chiengmai Medical University students, and government district officials to remote areas in the northern region. These teams are to undertake basic education in sanitation, public health, and general community development programming. In addition, religious teaching is carried out by the monk members of these teams. In Ubolrajdhani [i อุบลราชธานี], a Center for Buddhist Studies and Development was recently established. One of the first projects of this Center was the organization of a training course for Pariyati-Dhamma rural monk teachers. Training was given in the making of water jars, wells, and water seal latrines. The trainees, on their return to their villages, have engaged in increased community development service activity utilizing the techniques learned in the Center’s training course. Religious training was also given at the Center’s course. A similar Center for Buddhist Studies and Development has just recently been established in Nongkhai [หนองคาย] and a training course for rural monk teachers has been carried out utilizing the same format as that of the Ubol Center’s course. The Sangha’s involvement in social service programming in remote areas extends to the hill tribe areas as well. Under the joint auspices of the Department of Public Welfare and the Sangha, seventy monks (Dhammacharik [ธรรมจาริก]) divided into twenty teams will travel in remote tribal areas for a period of approximately three months. This mission is to disseminate, in addition to moral and religious teaching, training in the field of public health and sanitation, education and civics. This is the second year such a programme has been carried out. In addition to the above Sangha social service programmes, the Department of Religious Affairs, in cooperation with the Sangha, has carried out a Sangha service programme under the title Dhammathut [ธรรมทูต]. This year, over 1, 000 monks are involved. These monks are to carry out their responsibilities for a period of approximately three months in the field of moral and religious teaching, citizenship training, and hygiene and sanitation advice. From the above outline, it can be seen that the Sangha has accepted the responsibility of contributing in a constructive way to the social and economic development of the Thai nation. Whether the program is called Dhammathut, Dhammacharik, or Dhamma Patana, the underlying theme is the same: socially responsible activity on the part of the Sangha in a progressive and non-disruptive nation-building process." [a.a.O., S. 87ff. -- Fair use]

1966

Es erscheinen die ersten Tonaufnehmen des Sängers Samai Onwong (สมัย อ่อนวงศ์, 1933 - 1996) und seiner 1957 gegründeten Band Samai Silapin (สมัยศิลปิน). Samai revolutionierte den Einsatz der Khaen (แคน / ແຄນ) als Melodie- und Harmonieinstrument in homophonen Arrangements.

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:

URI: spotify:artist:2DkczIw1qmGA8CLXtWbWbl
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/2DkczIw1qmGA8CLXtWbWbl

Abb.: Plattenhülle

Abb.: Khaen (แคน / ແຄນ)
[Bildquelle: BigBrotherMouse / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

Es erscheint:

Fulbright, J. William (James William) <1905 - 1995>: The arrogance of power. -- New York : Random, 1966. -- 264 S. ; 21 cm. -- Senator Fulbright (Arkansas) ist Chairman Senate Foreign Relations Commitee

Abb.: Einbandtitel der deutschen Übersetzung

Abb.: J. William Fulbright mit Präsident Johnson, 1968-05-01
[Bildquelle: Official White House photographer, Yoichi Robert Okamoto (1915 - 1985) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"We are now engaged in a war to "defend freedom" in South Vietnam. Unlike the Republic of Korea, South Vietnam has an army which fights without notable success and a weak, dictatorial government which does not command the loyalty of the South Vietnamese people. The official war aims of the United States government, as I understand them, are to defeat what is regarded as North Vietnamese aggression, to demonstrate the futility of what the communists call "wars of national liberation," and to create conditions under which the South Vietnamese people will be able freely to determine their own future. I have not the slightest doubt of the sincerity of the President and the Vice-President and the Secretaries of State and Defense in propounding these aims. What I do doubt, and doubt very much, is the ability of the United States to achieve these aims by the means being used. I do not question the power of our weapons and the efficiency of our logistics; I cannot say these things delight me as they seem to delight some of our officials, but they are certainly impressive. What I do question is the ability of the United States or any other Western nation to go into a small, alien, undeveloped Asian nation and create stability where there is chaos, the will to fight where there is defeatism, democracy where there is no tradition of it, and honest government where corruption is almost a way of life." [a.a.O., S. 15. -- Fair use]

"The evidence of that "fatal impact" is seen in the daily life of Saigon. A New York Times [1966-04-24] correspondent [Neil Sheehan, 1936 - ] reported—and his information matches that of other observers on the scene — that many Vietnamese find it necessary to put their wives or daughters to work as bar girls or to peddle them to American soldiers as mistresses; that it is not unusual to hear a report that a Vietnamese soldier has committed suicide out of shame because his wife has been working as a bar girl; that Vietnamese have trouble getting taxicabs because drivers will not stop for them, preferring to pick up American soldiers who will pay outrageous fares without complaint; that as a result of the American influx bar girls, prostitutes, pimps, bar owners, and taxi drivers have risen to the higher levels of the economic pyramid; that middle-class Vietnamese families have difficulty renting homes because Americans have driven the rents beyond their reach, and some Vietnamese families have actually been evicted from houses and apartments by landlords who prefer to rent to the affluent Americans; that Vietnamese civil servants, junior army officers, and enlisted men are unable to support their families because of the inflation generated by American spending and the purchasing power of the G.I.s. One Vietnamese explained to the New York Times reporter that "Any time legions of prosperous white men descend on a rudimentary Asian society, you are bound to have trouble." Another said: ‘‘We Vietnamese are somewhat xenophobe. We don’t like foreigners, any kind of foreigners, so that you shouldn’t be surprised that we don’t like you."" [a.a.O., S. 16f. -- Fair use]

"Why are Americans fighting in Vietnam? For much the same reason, I think, that we intervened militarily in Guatemala in 1954, in Cuba in 1961, and in the Dominican Republic in 1965. In Asia as in Latin America we have given our opposition to communism priority over our sympathy for nationalism because we have regarded communism as a kind of absolute evil, as a totally pernicious doctrine which deprives the people subjected to it of freedom, dignity, happiness, and the hope of ever acquiring them. I think that this view of communism is implicit in much of American foreign policy; I think it is the principal reason for our involvement in Vietnam and for the emergence of an "Asian Doctrine" under which the United States is moving toward the role of policeman for all of Southeast Asia. It is said that we are fighting against North Vietnam’s aggression rather than its ideology and that the "other side" has only to "stop doing what it is doing" in order to restore peace. But what are the North Vietnamese doing, except participating in a civil war, not in a foreign country but on the other side of a demarcation line between two sectors of the same country, a civil war in which Americans from ten thousand miles across the ocean are also participating? What are they doing that is different from what the American North did to the American South a hundred years ago, with results that few of my fellow Southerners now regret? What exactly is their crime? They are harsh in their treatment of their own people and cruel in their conduct of the war, but these attributes hardly distinguish them from the South Vietnamese for whom we are fighting. The crime of the North Vietnamese that makes them America’s enemy is that they are communists, practitioners of a philosophy we regard as evil. When all the official rhetoric about aggression and the defense of freedom and the sanctity of our word has been cited and recited, we are still left with two essential reasons for our involvement in Vietnam: the view of communism as an evil philosophy and the view of ourselves as God’s avenging angels, whose sacred duty it is to combat evil philosophies. The view of communism as an evil philosophy is a distorting prism through which we see projections of our own minds rather than what is actually there. Looking through the prism, we see the Viet Cong who cut the throats of village chiefs as savage murderers but American flyers who incinerate unseen women and children with napalm as valiant fighters for freedom; we see Viet Cong defections as the rejection of communism but the much greater number of defections from the Saigon Army as expressions of a simple desire to return to the farm; we see the puritan discipline of life in Hanoi as enslavement but the chaos and corruption of life in Saigon as liberty; we see Ho Chi Minh as a hated tyrant but Nguyen Cao Ky as the defender of freedom; we see the Viet Cong as Hanoi’s puppet and Hanoi as China’s puppet but we see the Saigon government as America’s stalwart ally; and finally, we see China, with no troops in South Vietnam, as the real aggressor while we, with hundreds of thousands of men, are resisting foreign intervention." [a.a.O., S. 106ff. -- Fair use]

"I have great misgivings about the foreign-aid program of the United States. My misgivings are neither about foreign aid as such nor about our Agency for International Development, its personnel, and their administration of the program. My misgivings have to do with the basic character of the program and the need, as I see it, for a new concept of foreign aid. In its present bilateral form foreign aid, though composed principally of interest-bearing loans, is run as a kind of charity, demeaning to both recipient and donor. In addition, it is becoming a vehicle for deep American involvement in areas and issues which lie beyond both our vital interests and our competence. For these two essential reasons, on which I shall elaborate, I propose the transformation of aid, through internationalization, from private charity to community responsibility, from a dubious instrument of national policy to a stable program for international development." [a.a.O., S. 223. -- Fair use]

1966

Es erscheint der erste Band des bahnbrechenden Werkes:

Bechert, Heinz <1932 - 2005>: Buddhismus, Staat und Gesellschaft in den Ländern des Theravādabuddhismus

• Bd. 1: Allgemeines und Ceylon. -- Frankfurt a. M. : Metzner, 1966.

• Bd. 2:  Birma, Kambodscha, Laos, Thailand. -- Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1967.

• Bd. 3. Bibliographie, Dokumente, Index. -- Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1973.

1966

"Im Auftrag des «Bundesministeriums für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit» der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hielt sich eine Gruppe von Mitarbeitern der «Sozialpsychologischen Forschungsstelle für Entwicklungsplanung» an der Universität Saarbrücken im Jahre 1966 in Thailand auf. Sie befasste sich in erster Linie mit Vorarbeiten zu einer Erfolgskontrolle im Bereich der deutschen technischen Hilfe; insbesondere sollte sie die bisherigen Erfolge der in Thailand mit deutscher Hilfe aufgebauten Gewerbeschulen Bangkok und Khonkaen [ขอนแก่น] abklären. Da jede Entwicklungshilfe, also auch die technische, unvermeidlich auf das Problem stößt, welche einheimischen Elitegruppen die Träger der Hilfsvorhaben seien, wurde im Zusammenhang mit diesen Untersuchungen auch eine Befragung in verschiedenen bürokratischen Gruppen durchgeführt. Im Vordergrund dieser Befragung stand, wie diese Gruppen sich selbst und ihre Rolle im Rahmen von Entwicklungsprozessen sehen. " [Quelle: Boesch, Ernst <1916 - 2014>: Zwiespältige Eliten : Eine sozialpsychologische Untersuchung über administrative Eliten in Thailand. -- Bern : Huber, 1970. -- 333 S. ; 21 cm. -- S. 7]

1966

Es erscheint:

Muschelprinz und Duftende Blüte : Liebesgeschichten aus Thailand / (Aus dem Thai) übertr. und hrg. von Christian Velder [1931 - 2004]. -- Zürich : Manesse,  1966. -- 471 S. : Ill. -- (Manesse Bibliothek der Weltliteratur)

Abb.: Umschlagtitel

1966

Die Kommunistische Partei Thailands (CPT, พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทย, พคท) beginnt mit bewaffneten Propaganda-Veranstaltungen in Dörfern Nordostthailands. Die Waffen sollen Dissidenten in den Dörfern einschüchtern.

1966

Es erscheint:

Thompson, Robert Grainger Ker <1916 - 1992>: Defeating Communist insurgency: experiences from Malaya and Vietnam. -- London : Chatto & Windus, 1966. -- 171 S. : Ill. ;  23 cm. -- (Studies in international security ; no. 10). -- ISBN 070111133X. -- Thompson `"was widely regarded on both sides of the Atlantic as the world's leading expert on countering the Mao Tse-tung technique of rural guerrilla insurgency" (Times/Wikipedia)

Abb.: Umschlagtitel

1966

Die USA gründen in Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร) den Sender Radio 909 (วิทยุเก้าศูนย์เก้า) zur Bekämpfung des Kommunismus. Der Sender wird von Armee, Geheimdiensten und Propagandaministerium betrieben.Der Sender sendet im Laotisch des Isan (ภาษาลาวอีสาน) und sendet häufig die Musikgattung Molam ( ໝໍລຳ/หมอลำ). Deshalb ist der Sender bei den Bauern Nordostthailands sehr beliebt.

Abb.: Lage von Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

Es erscheint:

Nairn, Ronald C.: International aid to Thailand: the new colonialism?. -- New Haven : Yale University Press, 1966. -- 228 S. ; 22 cm. -- (Yale studies in political science ; 19)

Abb.: Einbandtitel

"If the villager’s efforts were not to be wasted and his faith in leadership weakened, a road project had to be successful. It is a fact of life that a badly built road demonstrates its faults to all concerned in an unmistakable way. There is no avoiding demonstration of success or failure. ... Satisfactory solution of a further problem concerned with building roads was mandatory to long-term success. A road can be constructed fairly readily with hand labor, but once it is built some form of machine maintenance becomes imperative if it is to remain usable by modern vehicles. Maintenance might take the simple form of a grader locally constructed from heavy timbers with iron flanges and drawn by an animal. But to construct and operate such a machine at regular intervals is outside the capability of a village." [a.a.O., S. 226]

"While the politically minded Westerner may see in rural development schemes generally a means of promoting democracy, it seems certain that the Thai elite saw something quite different. Amelioration of peasant problems was a means of preserving the status quo. After all, what better way was there of preserving the ancient Thai order of things than to have a happy contented peasantry, with good health, an improved agriculture through application of science and technology, a developing school system, and a slow but steady rise in per capita income?" [a.a.O., S. 101f.]

1966

Es erscheint:

Clutterbuck, Richard <1917 -1998>: The long, long war : counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam. -- New York : Praeger, 1966. -- 206 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm

Das Thai-Königshaus wird sehr beeinflusst durch dieses Buch sowie seinen Autor.

1966 - 1968

Der britische Anti-Terrorismus-Spezialist Richard Clutterbuck (1917 - 1998) ist wichtiger Berater für die Kommunistenbekämpfung in Nordostthailand.

"Richard Clutterbuck (1917–1998) was a pioneer in the study of political violence. In his lifetime he was both a professional soldier and academic. Clutterbuck was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1937 after graduating in mechanical sciences from Cambridge. After Dunkirk, he went through both the Western Desert and Italian campaigns. The army sent Clutterbuck to different hotspots, including Palestine (1947) during the Irgun Zvei Leumi's terrorist campaign. In 1956, up against Chinese communists, Lt. Col Clutterbuck shed his rank badges to go on patrol as an ordinary soldier. As chief engineer Far East, 1966–68, Brigadier Clutterbuck put into practice in northeast Thailand the counter-terrorist philosophy he was gradually evolving. His next job after Thailand was the top one, as Engineer-in-Chief (1968–70) at the Ministry of Defence. While in the Far East, however, he had started to read for a PhD in politics. In 1968, he enrolled at the University of London. His last army post was back in the specialisation he had created for himself, as chief army instructor of the Royal College of Defence Studies, devoted to peacekeeping or "low-intensity Operations" as they were now termed. His Who's Who entry gave his recreations as "sailing, canoeing and the study of revolution". On retirement in 1972 he became Dr Clutterbuck, and marched straight into the post of lecturer in political conflict at Exeter University. Publications Across the River (as Richard Jocelyn), 1957; The Long Long War, 1966; Protest and the Urban Guerrilla, 1973; Riot and Revolution in Singapore and Malaya, 1973; Living with Terrorism, 1975; Guerrillas and Terrorists, 1977; Britain in Agony, 1978, (revised edition 1980); Kidnap and Ransom, 1978; The Media and Political Violence, 1981, (revised edition 1983); Industrial Conflict and Democracy, 1984; Conflict and Violence in Singapore and Malaysia, 1985; The Future of Political Violence, 1986; Kidnap, Hijack and Extortion, 1987; Terrorism and Guerrilla Warfare, 1990; Terrorism, Drugs and Crime in Europe after 1992, 1990; International Crisis and Conflict, 1993; Terrorism in an Unstable World, 1994; Drugs, Crime and Corruption, 1995, Public Safety and Civil Liberties, 1997 Families, Drugs and Crime, 1998 (published posthumously)" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Clutterbuck. -- Zugriff am 2014-08-20]

1966

Die State Railway of Thailand (การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย) beziehen 14 neue Diesel-Lokomotiven aus Japan. 20 weitere sind bestellt.

1966

"Some will counter that this was mainly true in 1960, during the early days of the village experiments, but surveys conducted in late 1966 revealed little appreciable change. It was disclosed that community development workers arrived in northeast villages selected for model- village experiments and set about their work much as an engineer in battle goes about building field fortifications. Not only did the workers fail to consult the villagers about needed programs, but the people soon discovered that their villages had been taken over by workers who could not speak the local dialect. Land was taken to build roads —without the consent of the owners; Bangkok directed workers to build new toilets—but they went unused because there was no water to operate them with. Yet the toilets are still being built—along the main road, in full view of visiting supervisors from Bangkok. One wonders if it occurred to the community development workers that a peasant needs his toilet at his house, in the small trees, where he can use it; and that he needs water to make the contraption function. The community development workers are not concerned about making things convenient for the villagers; their goal is a promotion, an ambition that cannot be fulfilled unless the visiting superisor from Bangkok can see the shiny new toilets as he motors down the main road—which is about as close as he will get to the back villages. Maynard Parker visited the model village of Ban Papark late in 1966. The village is situated some thirty miles from the Mekong River border with Laos. (It will be recalled that this is the same village the Communists struck when I was in northeast Thailand.) "After leaving the main road," Parker wrote, "I walked for an hour over a muddy trail, past high teak trees and rice paddies streaked with crevices from lack of rain. It was startling to come on a sign rising out of the midst of this jungle which read, ‘Welcome to the CDW [Community Development Workers].’ As I walked into the village, welcomed by the usual barking of village dogs, I passed a neatly fenced plot with a sign in Thai designating it as Sample Farm Number One. Inside the fence a mass of weeds strangled out any plants which might have grown there. Obviously no one had cultivated the sample farm in months. I was given a tour of the village by its aging headman, Suan Songsri. He showed me the four existing wells, Ban Papark’s only water supply. In each, the water was as dark as chocolate and bugs puckered its surface. Suan had tried three times to build a dam near the village for irrigation, but each time the dam had washed out in the rainy season. A district officer had given him cement to build another dam, but since the villagers lacked sufficient engineering skill, it too had washed away. "This lack of water was painfully apparent. In the fields the rice was brown, the ground was cracked. No vegetables or fruit could be grown in the village, and so the children’s bellies were swollen with malnutrition. "Suan did not look like a leader. Barefoot, deep brown from the sun, his only garment was a purple pakoma [ผ้าขาวม้า], a Thai sarong. He had attended school for only four years and had never ventured twenty miles from his village. He had married twice and had fourteen living children. Yet as we walked down the streets, the villagers greeted him respectfully, bowing their heads very low and raising their palms pressed together to their faces—the traditional Thai greeting. By Bangkok’s standards he was a simple peasant, yet he knew far better than Bangkok officials what his village needed. He was far more respected than they by his villagers. He was a valuable man for the government, but Bangkok chose to ignore him, and in so doing, negated much of the good work they had labored so furiously to build."" [Quelle: Lomax, Louis E. <1922 - 1970>: Thailand : the war that is, the war that will be. -- New York : Vintage Books, 1967.  -- 175 S. ; 19 cm. -- (Vintage book ; V-204). -- S. 129ff. -- Fair use]

1966

Beginn des von USOM geförderten Rural Education Project.

Abb.: Durch das Rural Education Project geförderte Provinzen, 1967
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

"The Rural Education Project is a three-year investment in education, beginning in 1966, jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Education and USOM, aiming mainly at accelerated educational development in fifteen particular rural provinces. These provinces are Ubon (อุบลราชธานี), Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม), Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร), Udon (อุดรธานี), Nong Khai (หนองคาย), Loei (เลย), Roi Et (ร้อยเอ็ด), Kalasin (กาฬสินธุ์), Uttaradit (อุตรดิตถ์), Nan (น่าน), Chiang Rai (เชียงราย), Yala (ยะลา), Pattani (ปัตตานี), Narathiwat (นราธิวาส), and Satun (สตูล). The project was designed to accomplish the following objectives: To provide textbooks and materials to 1,875,000 children in the 15 provinces. To build up a number of trained supervisors and educational officers, and to provide them with vehicles and necessary equipment which will facilitate their operator, especially in carrying out in-service training programmes for teachers in the areas. To provide five Mobile Trade Training Units to teach certain mechanical and technical skills to the people in those rural areas. In 1966, a total amount of $ 738,050 was spent on this project. The United States contributed $ 545,000, while the balance of $ 193,050 was paid in local currency by the Thai Government. So far thirty teachers and administrators were sent to the United States for training in connection with the project, and thirty more went on a study-tour in many third countries; and the objectives of the project are being satisfactorily realized. It has been planned that three more provinces, namely, Surin (สุรินทร์), Buriram (บุรีรัมย์), and Sisaket (ศรีสะเกษ) will be included in the project in 1967." [Quelle: Thailand official year book 1968. -- S. 508f.]

1966

In Thailand werden folgende US-Truppen neu stationiert:

• 29th Signal Group
• Bangkok
  • 5th Field Hospital Bangkok
  • 313th Transportation Company Reefer Truck Bangkok
  • 47th Finance Section Bangkok
• Korat (โคราช)
  • 33rd Transportation Platoon Reefer Korat
  • 41st Ordnance Company Ammo Korat
  • 57th Maintenance Company Ordnance Korat
  • 219th MP Company Physical Security Korat
  • 428th Medical Battalion Korat
  • 442nd Signal Company Long Lines Korat
  • 519th Transportation Battalion Korat
  • 558th Supply and Services Company Heavy Material Support Korat
  • 597th Maintenance Company Direct Support Korat
  • US Army Command Korat
  • 388th Tactical Fighter Wing Korat RTAFB
  • 388th Combat Support Squadron Korat RTAFB
• Sattahip (สัตหีบ)
  • 53rd Transportation Company Med Truck Sattahip
  • 233rd Transportation Company Terminal Services Sattahip
  • 260th Transportation Company Med Petro Truck Sattahip
  • 281st Military Police Detachment Security Guard Sattahip
  • 449th Transportation Battalion Terminal Sattahip
  • 596th Quartermaster Company Petro Depot Sattahip
  • US Army Depot Thailand Sattahip
• U-Tapao (อู่ตะเภา)
  • 4258th Strategic Wing SAC U-Tapao RTNAS
  • 11th USAF Hospital U-Tapao RTNAS
• Ubon (อุบล)
  • 8th Tactical Fighter Wing Ubon
  • 433rd Tactical Fighter Squadron Ubon RTAFB
  • 435th Tactical Fighter Squadron Ubon RTAFB
  • 497th Tactical Fighter Squadron Ubon RTAFB
  • 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron Ubon RTAFB
• Lopburi (ลพบุรี)
  • D Company 1st Special Forces Group Lopburi
• Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี)
  • 558th Supply and Services Company General Support Kanchanaburi

1966

Inbetriebnahme der 7th Radio Research Field Station/Ramasun Station bei Ban Non Sung (โนนสูง), Udon (อุดร). Es ist die zweitgrößte Radiowellenabhörstation der USA. Die Station steht allein unter US militärischer Aufsicht und hat keinen formellen Thaikommandanten. Thais haben keinerlei Zugang. Die Station wird von der U.S. Army Security Agency und der National Security Agency (NSA) betrieben.

Abb.: Lage der der 7th Radio Research Field Station/Ramasun Station
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

US-Soldaten auf R&R (reast and recuperation) in Thailand

Abb.: US-Soldaten auf R&R (rest and recuperation) in Thailand (in Tausend) und ihre Ausgaben im Land (in Mio. Baht), 1965 - 1974
[Datenquelle: Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. (Richard O’Gorman) <1936 - >: Exploration and irony in studies of Siam over forty years. -- Ithaca, NY : Cornell, 2014. -- 166 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm. -- (Sudies on Southeast Asia series ; no. 63). -- ISBN 978-0-87727-763-7. -- S. 51, Anm. 19]

Video: Bericht über den Bau der Bangkok Bypass Road von Chachoengsao nach Kabin Buri  durch das 809th Engineer Battalion (Construction) der US-Armee
[Quelle der mp4-Datei: US National Archives (Public domain) / Jeff Quitney. -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMSsjKapN5k. -- Zugriff am 2014-03-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]  
 

 

1966

Beginn des Thailand Nutrition Training Project, das Lehrer zur Ernährungs-Erziehung befähigen soll.

1966

Erste archäologische Grabungen in Ban Chiang (บ้านเชียง), Provinz Udon Thani (อุดรธานี).

Abb.: Lage von Ban Chiang (แหล่งโบราณคดี บ้านเชียง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)

"Ban Chiang (in Thai บ้านเชียง) ist eine Ortschaft im Nordosten Thailands. Sie liegt im Landkreis Nong Han (หนองหาน) der Provinz Udon Thani (อุดรธานี). Einwohner: 3.000 (2000) Lage Ban Chiang liegt etwa 50 Kilometer östlich der Provinzhauptstadt Udon Thani an der Grenze zur Provinz Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร). Wirtschaft und Bedeutung Früher lebten die Menschen hier eher ärmlich von den kargen Ernten der Reisfelder und Plantagen der Umgebung. Jetzt ist der Tourismus die Haupteinnahmequelle von Ban Chiang, der von den sensationellen Funden aus der Bronzezeit angezogen wird. Geschichte Bis 1967 ging man davon aus, dass Ban Chiang - so wie die meisten anderen Dörfer und Städte der Umgegend - etwa um 1820 von Laos aus besiedelt worden war. Und schon seit dieser Zeit gibt es immer wieder Berichte und Zeugnisse von Funden: Knochen, Keramiken, Metallwerkzeuge usw. 1966 machte der US-Amerikaner Steve Young (Sohn des damaligen amerikanischen Botschafters in Thailand) die Archäologen in Bangkok auf die Stätte aufmerksam. Zum Vorschein kamen in zwei Kampagnen (1966-1967 und 1972) sensationelle Funde, die darauf hindeuteten, dass die Gegend bereits vor fast 6000 Jahren besiedelt war und eine hochentwickelte Kultur beherbergte. Erst bei späteren Grabungen konnte genügend organisches Material für eine Radiokarbon-Datierung gewonnen worden, wodurch die Anfänge von Ban Chiang auf das 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. neu datiert wurden. Feine Keramiken mit Spiral- und Bandornamenten, stilisierte Pflanzen und Tiere und naturbelassene Tongefäße mit eleganten Formen und ideenreichen Mustern (z.B. Wellenmuster, Blätter, Daumenabdrücke) wurden entdeckt. Sie zählen zu den ältesten Keramik-Mustern der Erde. Die größte Aufmerksamkeit erhielt die Grabung jedoch durch die bronzezeitlichen Werkzeuge, die in Südostasien einmalig sind. Hätte sich die ursprüngliche Datierung bestätigt, dann hätte zur Zeit der europäischen Jungsteinzeit hier die Bronzezeit (parallel mit der Entwicklung in Mesopotamien) begonnen. Die Ähnlichkeit der Muster und der Farbgebung zwischen den Funden in Ban Chiang und denen in Mesopotamien ist verblüffend. Funde konnten bis ins 5. Jahrhundert n. Chr. nachgewiesen werden, danach sind die Bewohner offenbar verschwunden. 1992 wurde Ban Chiang von der UNESCO als Weltkulturerbe anerkannt. Sehenswürdigkeiten Nationalmuseum Ban Chiang - Ausgrabungsstücke werden gezeigt (mit englischen Erklärungen) mit Dioramen, die Ausgrabung und früheres Leben zeigen, und in der Nähe befindet sich eine Originalfundstelle" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chiang. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-09]

1966 - 1968

Wilhelm G. Solheim, Donn Bayard und Hamilton Parker machen archäologische Ausgrabungen am bronzezeitlichen Fundplatz Non Nok Tha (โนนนกทา). Die Funde stammen von ca. 1500 bis 1000 v. Chr.

Abb.: Lage von Non Nok Tha (โนนนกทา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

Gründung der Franco-Thai Chamber of Commerce / Chambre de Commerce Franco-Thaïe / หอการค้าฝรั่งเศส-ไทย

Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: FTCC / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966

Suchart Kosolkitiwong (สุชาติ โกศลกิติวงศ์ aka. Ariyavamso Bhikkhu - อริยวังโสภิกขุ,  1943 - 2005) glaubt besessen zu sein vom Geist von Luang Pu Tuad [หลวงปู่ทวด, 1582 - 1682] und Somdetch Phra Phutajarn Brahma Rangsi [สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ (โต พฺรหฺมรํสี), 1788 - 1872] . Seither ist er eifrig tätig als Gründer von Vereinigungen usw.

Abb.: Suchart Kosolkitiwong (สุชาติ โกศลกิติวงศ์)
[Bildquelle: http://worldpeaceenvoy.com/wp-content/uploads/Page-3-1.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-02. -- Fair use]

"The “World of Souls” Stopped Working On February 2nd, 1997 the Great Masters spoke through the Most Ven. Ariyawanso Bhikkhu [อริยวังโสภิกขุ] and the human working group with him acknowledged that the Divine Mission was successful, because of: The success of world protection. The success of Thailand protection. Later in 1998 the Great Masters warned people to know that nature would punish humans as humans had destroyed balance and justice of nature, the world’s environment as well as the balance and justice of the stars and universe. On December 19th, 2004, the Great Masters told people through the Most Ven. Ariyawanso that he would come to preach at the Pavilion where the Miniature Peace Pagoda was situated at Pu Sawan Temple [ปู่สวรรค์] for the last time in the ceremony of worship and wishing at the Peace Pagoda on the 19th of that month. On December 24th, 2004, the World Peace Envoy, the Most Ven. Ariyawanso went to hospital in emergency before the reading of the last Divine prescription of Devas and Brahmas about meteors that would collide with the world. He entrusted a follower to assume his place on December 25th, 2004. On December 26th, 2004, terrible incident of a 9.5 earthquake on the Richter Scale and tidal wave occurred in Indonesia and at the Andaman sea with more than 300,000 deaths in many countries: Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Bangladesh etc. 7 provinces in Thailand were attacked by a Tsunami gigantic wave. The World Peace Envoy said in 1999: “A tsunami wave will occur in the south and come up from the Indian Ocean, the wave will be very big, Thailand has to lose some, we can’t always be spared.” … “We have destroyed nature, nature will destroy us. We have to understand this problem.” An analyst said that the World Peace Envoy dedicated his life to balance the karma (past action) of Thailand which limited the earthquake’s gigantic waves of the tsunami that ravaged the South of Thailand. He also balanced the karma for the world which was to be attacked by meteors on February 14th, 2005 (as the saying of the Great Masters of the Spiritual World) for Buddhism to last 5000 years. On December 31st, 2004 and January 1st, 2005 the Most Ven. Ariyawanso Bhikkhu came out of the forest to join the New Years Eve and the New Years Celebration. It was to foretell 7 days before his death, although his followers did not agree with him to come because he was not well, he still asked to come as it was according to his saying on March 28, 1998. “Before decease, I will tell you seven days in advance.” On Friday, January 7th, 2005 the Most Ven. Ariyawanso Bhikkhu passed away, leaving the body in the world urgently because of hydropic pneumonosis at Petcharatch Hospital [โรงพยาบาลเพชรรัชต์], Petchaburi Province [เพชรบุรี] at 18.00 hrs. It was all together 40 years that the Most Ven. Ariyawanso Bhikkhu (Dr. Suchart Kosolkitiwong [สุชาติ โกศลกิติวงศ์]), the World Peace Envoy, God’s representative, worked for the Great Masters of the Spiritual World. The World of Souls stopped working in the human world when the Most Ven. Ariyawanso Bhikkhu passed away to return to the World of Divinity. It’s time for humans to help fellow-humans. This is for humankind’s survival, not the survival of Devas and Brahmas. The Gods will not leave humans alone, only humans will leave the Gods alone." [Quelle: http://worldpeaceenvoy.com/?page_id=99. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-02. -- Fair use]

The ten-point objectives of Samnak Poo Sawan [สำนักปู่สวรรค์] (the House of Divine Sages) are as follows: Help relieve the physical and spiritual sufferings of all mankind; Help lessen defilements in the minds of selfish human beings; Help abolish dogmatic beliefs and ignorance in the minds of men; Help uphold social justice in the world; Help protect the existence of peace and monarchical institutions; Help promote the progress of religions by all available means; Help support all meditation practitioners in search of Nirvana; Help cooperate with the efforts of the Would-be Buddha (Bodhisattva); Help bring ethical morality to the minds of the younger generations; Help confirm the belief in “Life after death” to frighten sinful men. Samnak Poo Sawan in the Spiritual World is situated in the fifth realm of heaven named Nimmannaradi. It is the House where Divine Sages, Devas and Brahmas of all the heavens who have knowledge and experiences gather together for listening to and practising Dhamma. On August 7th, 1965 at 12.30 hrs., the Communist Party of Thailand declared the use of arms for killing Thai people at Ban Na-bua [บ้านนาบัว], Renu Nakhon District [เรณูนคร], Nakhon Phanom Province [นครพนม]. When the Devas and Brahmas who attained enlightenment during their life on earth, particularly those in Thailand knew that Thais would kill and destroy Thais, they tried to seek ways and means to descend for helping them. The Three Realms of the Spiritual World: the World of Brahma Gods, the World of Heavenly Bodies, and the World of Misery Beings had the approval at the end of the year 1965 to found Samnak Poo Sawan in the world for purposes of protecting the independence of Thailand, making Thai people religious and realizing Dhamma by purifying, and lessening the defilements in the minds of selfish human beings in times of calamity. The Three Immortal Souls of the Great Masters of the World of Gods who descended at the House of Divine Sages in the earthly world included: The Supreme Patriarch Kurupajarn [สมเด็จเจ้าพระราชมุนีสามีรามคุณูปรมาจารย์], (Phra Bodhisattva Luang Poo Tuad [หลวงปู่ทวด, 1582 - 1682] Making Salty Water Tasteless, the important Supreme Patriarch during the time of the old capital, Ayutthaya, about 400 years ago.) He is the Great President of Samnak Poo Sawan in the earthly world. Tao Maha Brahma Jinna Panjara, (the right-hand disciple of the Most Venerable Moggallana Mahathera during the time of the Lord Buddha, over 2500 years ago.) He is the Counsellor and Ceremony Lord of the Spiritual World. Somdej Phra Buddhacharn (Toh) Brahma Ransi [สมเด็จพระพุฒาจารย์ (โต พฺรหฺมรํสี), 1788 - 1872], (the Most Famous Ecclesiastical Monk during the early time of the Rattanakosin period about 100 years ago.) He is the Prime Director of Samnak Poo Sawan. These Three Supreme Spirits from the Spiritual World descended to work regularly at the Centre by possessing human mediums who practise themselves in the ways of purity and cleanliness. The man who was a medium for the Three Supreme Spirits of the Great Masters was Dr. Suchart Kosolkitiwong [สุชาติ โกศลกิติวงศ์ ], who was chosen by the Spiritual World to do its work and whose past lives connected with the Three Great Masters of Thailand, as he has been born in Thai-land and he has been the person chosen to help protect Thailand for the Thai to remain forever Thai. Dr.Suchart had practised himself by living a good ascetic life, homeless, taking vegetarian meals, and conducted himself as a holy man by practising meditation exactly at the time the Great Masters fixed for him." [Quelle: http://worldpeaceenvoy.com/?page_id=16. -- Zugriff am 2015-06-02. -- Fair use]

"On June 16, 1968, 2 p. m., while Toh [โต] was preaching, Jesus Christ came to the Center and the spirit of the Somdetch [สมเด็จ] translated Christ’s words into Thai. On July 12, 1969, 7: 20 p. m., Napoleon came and spoke in Cutave (? ). The speech and the Thai translation by the Somdetch’s spirit were tape-recorded and later translated into English by Professor Klum Vajropala [คลุ้ม วัชโรบล, 1907 - ]. Napoleon reminded his audience to live without attachments (Buddhist words in the mouth of a French emperor? ). A consultation among spirits of religious leaders took place on July 19, 1969. It was followed by Mahatma Gandhi’s spirit appearing on November 16, 1969 and Pandit Javaharlal Nehru's spirit on December 11, 1971. One of the Samnak Pu Sawan’s [สำนักปู่สวรรค์] publications mentions the prophesies of the "Divine Sages": 1957 we are in the middle of the Buddhist era (2, 500 years after the death of the historical Buddha); 1967-2007 half of all human and all animal life will perish in a massive holocaust; 1974-1984 a World War is likely to break out if no help should come from the World of the Divine Sages; 2007 the feudal and bourgeoisie classes will be destroyed and lose their power to communism and democracy; 2108-2307 communism will rule the world for two hundred years; 2307 communism will fall from grace and the Ten Points of the House of the Divine Sages will become canonized; 2457 a new bodhisattva will be born and will bring back Buddhism. He will reside at the House of the Divine Sages; 2947 a religious war will break out; 4457 there will be a worldwide annihilation war. Then a new world era will emerge and Phra Sri Arya Maitreya [พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย] will proclaim his religion. Every Sunday hundreds of people come to Pu Sawan [ปู่สวรรค์] for help. In the morning they receive a number to establish the waiting order. At 1 p. m., the monk who is helping Khun Suchart [สุชาติ โกศลกิติวงศ์], mounts the stairs to the consultation hall. The crowd sits on the floor to the left of the statues of the three guiding spirits. One by one the patients move forward. Each draws four numbers out of a box in front of Luang Pu Tuad’s [หลวงปู่ทวด, 1582 - 1682]image. A helper calls out these numbers while the monk blesses the patient with sacred water. The patient then moves on his or her knees to another group of helpers who dispense sacred water to drink and hand out paper bags with the numbers the patient has drawn. To receive herbal medicine, the patient will then show the bag with the numbers to the dispensary downstairs. This procedure has been adopted since Khun Suchart is not always available for consultation. After all have received the numbers for their medicine, have been blessed and drunk the blessed water, the crowd moves downstairs to an adjoining building. Those who want to be exorcised, line up. They have partially disrobed, i. e., have only a cloth wrapped around their hips, leaving the upper part of their body bare, when they are men or having slipped into old clothes when they are women. From the top of some stairs, the monk pours blessed water through a bunch of lighted candles on those who sit down below him. It was amazing to watch how possession came out in the presence of a Buddhist monk. A group of helpers assists in restraining the patient. They throw, for example, a cloth over writhing women to keep them decent. The possessing spirit is asked to identify him — or herself and is then admonished to leave. Seven substances — charcoal, uncooked rice, onions, parsley, sulfur, salt, and small green beans — are thrown from a tray over the patient until catharsis sets in. After one or two minutes of acting out, the patient stands up and walks away relieved." [Quelle: Heinze, Ruth-Inge <1919 - 2007>: Trance and healing in Southeast Asia today. -- Bangkok, Thailand : White Lotus, 1988. -- 406 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 974-8495-18-3. --- S. 270ff.]

1965 - 1966

Nach CIA-Schätzungen hat die Bombardierung Nordvietnams 36.000 Menschen getötet, davon sind 80% (d.h. 29.000) Zivilisten

1966

In Bangkok werden 17 neue Hotels eröffnet mit ca. 2500 Zimmern. Die Hotels sind Rest & Recuperation Hotels für US-Soldaten im Vietnamkrieg. Alle diese und in den Folgejahren erbaute R & R Hotels müssen den Spezifikationen Von Tommy's Tours genügen: Kosten pro Nacht 5 US$, Swimming Pool, 24-Stunden-Zimmerservice, Die Soldaten dürfen Prostituierte aufs Zimmer nehmen. Tommy's Tours gehört Air Chief Marshall Dawee Chullasapya (ทวี จุลละทรัพย์, 1914 - 1996).

1966 - 1975

Der sog. Sihanouk Trail durch Kambodscha ist eine wichtige Nachschublinie des Vietcong vom Hafen Kampong Som / Sihanoukville (កំពង់សោម / ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) aus

Abb.: Sihanouk Trail und Ho Chi Minh Trail
[Bildquelle: USAF. -- http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5576. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-26.]

1966

Abb.: Vietcong mit Browning Automatic Rifles (BAR)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1966

Abb.: US-Air-Force-Abwurf von Weißem Phosphor über vermeintlichen Vietcong in Südvietnam, 1966
[Bildquelle: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=15303. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-26]
 

1966

Komposition König Bhumibols 1966:

• Kasetsart - เกษตรศาสตร์: Alma Mater für die Kasetsart University (มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์)
  • Thai-Text: Prof. Dr. Prasert Na Nagara (ศาสตราจารย์ ดร. ประเสริฐ ณ นคร, 1918 - )

1966

Abb.: "Shadow music of Thailand", Plattencover, 1966
[Fair use]

1966

Briefmarken:

1966

Der Minirock wird geadelt: Elizabeth II [1926 - ], Dei Gratia Magnae Britanniae, Hiberniae et terrarum transmarinarum quae in ditione sunt Britannica Regina, Fidei Defensor verleiht der Erfinderin des Minirocks, Mary Quandt (1934 - ) den Order of the British Empire für ihren Beitrag zur Verbesserung der britischen Außenhandelsbillanz. Frau Quandt erscheint zur Ordensverleihung im Minirock. Damit ist der Minirock hoffähig.

Abb.: Minirock, entworfen von Mary Quandt, 196x
[Bildquelle: Peloponnesian Folklore Foundation / Wikimedia. -- (Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Thai Studentinnen 2009
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- https://www.flickr.com/photos/ianfuller/3195680383/. -- Zugriff am 2016-01-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1966

Es erscheint:

Kao, Charles Kuen [高錕] <1933 - > ; Hockham, George Alfred <1938 – 2013>: Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies. -- In: Proceedings IEE 113 (7) (1966). -- S. 1151–1158. -- Damit begründen die Autoren die Übertragung von Signalen der Telekommunikation über Lichtwellenleiter.

2509 / 1966 datiert

1966-01

Abb.: Southern Laos: principal CRICKET [gegen Lastwagen-Transporte und andere Ziele in Laos] routes January 1966
[Bildquelle: USAF / Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 109. -- Public domain]

 

1966-01

Erklärung des US Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC):

“We believe the United States government has been deceptive in claims of concern for the freedom of the Vietnamese people, just as the government has been deceptive in claiming concern for the freedom of the colored people in such other countries as the Dominican Republic, the Congo, South Africa, Rhodesia, and in the United States itself.” [Zitiert in: Vietnam and America : a documented history / [edited] by Marvin E. Gettleman [and others]. -- rev. and enlarged 2. ed. -- New York : Grove Press, 1995. -- 560 S. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-8021-3362-2. -- S. 299. -- Fair use]

1966-01-01

USA: Aus Zigarettenpackungen muss die Warnung aufgedruckt werden: "Cigarette Smoking May be Hazardous to Your Health"

Abb.: Warnung auf Zigarettenpackung, Thailand, 2011
 

1966-01-07

Prinz Vajiralongkorn (วชิราลงกรณ) fliegt nach England, um King's Mead Preparatory School in Seaford, East Sussex zu besuchen. Er sagt zu seinen Freunden: "Ich bin ein Soldat, Soldaten weinen nicht." (Die Schule bestand von 1914 - 1968).

Abb.: Seaford, East Sussex
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-01-10

Ministerpräsident Thanom entsendet in einer Zeremonie 57 Freiwillige mit Universitätsabschluss in ländliche Gebiete, um bei Entwicklungsprogrammen zu helfen. Es ist dies ein eigenständiger thailändischer Peace Corps.

1966-01-24

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी, 1917 - 1984) wird indische Ministerpräsidentin.

Abb.: Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी), 1966
[Bildquelle: U.S. News & World Report / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1966-01-25

Banharn Silpa-archa (บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา, 1932 - ) und seine Frau Jaemsai (แจ่มใส ศิลปอาชา, 1934 - ) spenden 700.000 Baht für ein Klinikgebäude im 1926 eröffneten Chaophraya Yommarat Hospital (โรงพยาบาลเจ้าพระยายมราช) in seiner Heimatstadt Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี). Das Gebäude wird 1969-01 eröffnet und Banharn-Jaemsai Ward (อาคารบรรหาร-แจ่มใส) genannt

Abb.: Lage von Suphan Buri (สุพรรณบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-02

Beginn des Thai Security Guard Program: 5000 Thai Militär-Reservisten und Berufssoldaten werden abgestellt zur Bewachung militärischer Einrichtungen der USA in Thailand. Dies bringt den USA große Kostenersparnis und hilft den Schein zu wahren, dass es sich um Thai-Einrichtungen handelt. Kostenvergleich 1970

• Kosten des Thai Secuirity Guard Program: $ 4,34 Mio.
• Kosten, wenn US-Personal den Dienst tun würde: $ 37,7 Mio.

1966-02

Thailändisches Militärpersonal in Vietnam:

Abb.: "Saigon, South Vietnam....Lieutenant Frances Crumpton and Miss Nangnoi Tongkim, a Thai nurse, talk with an American soldier wounded in the Vietnam war. The nurses work in the Navy hospital in Saigon."
[Bildquelle: Naval Photographic Center / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Saigon
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1966-02-01

In Bangkok eröffnet ein Consort Service "Palace of Girls 91". Die Kosten pro Frau sind: von 10:00 bis 16:00 250 Baht, von 16:00 bis 1:00 nochmals 250 Baht.

1966-02-10 - 1966-02-13

Der Präsident Südkoreas, Park Chung Hee (박정희, 1917 - 1979) mit Gattin sind auf Staatsbesuch in Thailand.

Abb.: Lage von Südkorea
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]s

Abb.: Park Chung Hee - 박정희, 1966
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-02-13

US-Vizepäsident Hubert Horatio Humphrey (1911 - 1978) ist zu einem dreitägigen Besuch in Thailand.

Abb.: Hubert Horatio Humphrey
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1966-02-16

Einweihung des mit japanischer Hilfe gegründeten Ausbildungszentrums für Telekommunikation in Nonthaburi (นนทบุรี). (Heute: King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Lat Krabang - สถาบันเทคโนโลยีพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าคุณทหารลาดกระบัง).

Abb.: Lage von Nonthaburi (นนทบุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-02-17

Bildung der Royal Thai Military Assistance Group, Vietnam. Ein Leutnant der Royal Thai Air Force wird ihr Kommandant.

"Thailand's interest in increasing the size of its contribution to South Vietnam was in part a desire to assume a more responsible role in the active defense of Southeast Asia; it was also an opportunity to accelerate modernization of the Thai armed forces. Equally important, from the Thai point of view, was the domestic political gain from the visible deployment of a modern air defense system, and the international gain from a stronger voice at the peace table because of Thai participation on the battlefield. For the United States the increased force strength was desirable, but the real significance of the increase was that another Southeast Asian nation was accepting a larger role in the defense of South Vietnam. Some officials in Washington also believed that public acceptance of a further buildup of U.S. forces would be eased as a result of a Thai contribution. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara was even more specific when he stated that from a political point of view a Thai contribution was almost mandatory. How determined US efforts were to increase Thai participation can be judged by a message to Thai Prime Minister Kittikachorn Thanom from President Johnson which said in part: . . . In this situation I must express to you my own deep personal conviction that prospects of peace in Vietnam will be greatly increased in measure that necessary efforts of United States are supported and shared by other nations which share our purposes and our concerns. I am very much aware of and deeply appreciative of steady support you and your Government are providing. The role of your pilots and artillerymen in opposing Communist aggressors in Laos; arrangements for utilization of certain Thai bases by American air units; and . . . steadfast statements which you have made in support of our effort in Southeast Asia are but most outstanding examples of what I have in mind. It is, nevertheless, my hope that Thailand will find ways of increasing the scale and scope of its assistance to Vietnam, as a renewed demonstration of Free World determination to work together to repel Communist aggression. It is, of course, for you to weigh and decide what it is practicable for you to do without undermining vital programs designed to thwart Communist designs on Thailand itself . . . ." [Quelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12]

1966-02-19

In Gegenwart des Königs erhalten Thanin Indrathep (ธานินทร์ อินทรเทพ, 1943 - ) und Chintana Suksathit (จินตนา สุขสถิตย์, 1938 - ) den Golden Disc Award für den besten Thai Sänger bzw. die beste Thai Sängerin.

Künstlerlinks auf Spotify:

Thanin:
URI: spotify:artist:2UuZQruFItj1H00XP2gsj9
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/2UuZQruFItj1H00XP2gsj9

Chintana:
URI: spotify:artist:0J9KCxEC13uK7khZRHCtL3
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/0J9KCxEC13uK7khZRHCtL3

1966-03

Die USA transferieren 10 CH-3C Helikopter der US Airforce von Vietnam nach Udon (อุดร). Sie dienen dem Transport von Thai Militärs, die mit der Niederschlagung kommunistischer Aufständischer beschäftigt sind ("taxi service"). Später folgen 15 UH-1F (Huey) Helikopter.

Abb.: CH-3C, 1964
[Bildquelel: USAF/Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: UH-1F, 1969
[Bildquelle: USAF]

1966-03

"In March the commander of the Thai contingent asked the US Military Assistance Command to furnish one T-33 jet trainer from its assets to be used for jet transition training previously given South Vietnamese pilots in Thailand. This training program had been suspended the preceding month because of a shortage of T-33's in the Royal Thai Air Force. The Thais had also requested two C-123 aircraft with Royal Thai Air Force markings to allow the Thai contingent to function as an integral unit and to show the Thai flag more prominently in South Vietnam. General Westmoreland replied that jet transition training for Vietnamese pilots was proceeding satisfactorily and that a T-33 could not be spared from MACV resources. He suggested that the aircraft be procured through the Military Assistance Program in Thailand. However, MACV did grant the request for C-123's; the commander of the Pacific Air Force was asked to provide the aircraft. The commander stated that C-123 aircraft were not available from the United States and recommended bringing Thai pilots to South Vietnam to fly two C- 123's owned and maintained by the United States but carrying Thai markings. Arrangements were made to have these pilots in Vietnam not later than 15 July, assuming the Thai crew members could meet the minimum proficiency standards by that time. The crews, consisting of twenty-one men, became operational on 22 July 1966 and were attached to the US 315th Air Commando Wing for C-123 operations. Five men remained with the Vietnamese Air Force, where they were assigned to fly C-47 aircraft. The Royal Thai Air Force strength in South Vietnam was now twenty-seven." [Quelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12]

1966-03-01

Malaysia äußerst seine Genugtuung über den Erfolg von thailändischen Militäroperationen gegen Kommunisten im Grenzgebiet von Thailand und Malaysia. Der Oberbefehlshabende der Thai-Armee, General Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร, 1912 - 1997) hatte aufgrund eines zwischenstaatlichen Abkommens die Operationen persönlich angeordnet.

1966-03-01

Botschafteraustausch zwischen Thailand und Saudiarabien.

Abb.: Lage von Saudiarabien
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-03-04

Die Polizei verbietet 11 ausländische Bücher, u. a.:

• Henry Miller (1891 - 1980): Tropic of Capricorn (1938) (in den USA bis 1961 verboten)
• Henry Miller (1891 - 1980): Sexus (1949)
• D. H. Lawrence (1885 - 1930): Lady Chatterly's Lover (1928) (im United Kingdom bis 1960 verboten)
• Frank Harris (1856 - 1931): My life and loves (1922 - 1927) (in den USA und im United Kingdom bis in die 1970er-Jahre verboten)
• John Cleland (1709 - 1789): Fanny Hill (1748) (das wohl am meisten verbotene Buch der Welt)
• Hubert Selby (1928 - 2004): Last Exit to Brooklyn (1964) (in Italien verboten)

Abb.: Verboten (amerikanische Ausgabe von ca. 1910)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-03-14

Das Königspaar eröffnet den Ubol Ratana Damm (เขื่อนอุบลรัตน์) in der Provinz Khon Kaen.

Abb.: Ubol Ratana Damm (เขื่อนอุบลรัตน์)
[Bildquelle: ©Google earth. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21]

Abb.: Lage des Ubol Ratana Damm (เขื่อนอุบลรัตน์)
[Bildquelle: US-Army. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-ne-48-6th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Public domain]

"The Ubol Ratana Dam (เขื่อนอุบลรัตน์, formerly known as the "Phong Neeb Dam" - เขื่อนพองหนีบ) is a multi-purpose dam located in Tambon Kok-Soong, Ubol Ratana District (อุบลรัตน์), approximately 50 km (31 mi) north of Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น), Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. It was the first hydroelectric power project developed in the Thailand's northeastern area of Isan (อีสาน). The dam impounds the Nam Phong (แม่น้ำพอง), a tributary of the Mekong River (แม่น้ำโขง). The dam was given its current name by Royal Permission in 1966, in honour of Thai princess Ubolratana Rajakanya (ทูลกระหม่อมหญิงอุบลรัตนราชกัญญา สิริวัฒนาพรรณวดี, 1951 - ). Description The dam is considered to have multi-purpose functions: electricity generation, irrigation, flood control, transportation, fisheries and as tourist attraction.[1] This is an earth core rockfill dam, and was constructed in 1964. It is 885 m (2,904 ft), and 31.5 m (103 ft) high. Its catchment area is 12,000 km2 (4,600 sq mi). Its reservoir has a maximum storage capacity of 2,559,000 m3 (90,400,000 cu ft). In 1984, the dam was modified to reinforce dam safety and to ensure better flood protection. 30,000 people were resettled to make way for the large reservoir accompanying the dam. This resettlement resulted in a sharp decrease in forested areas in the catchment areas and an increase in erosion.  Power plant The power plant, located at the dam, has three turbines, each with an installed capacity of 8,400 KW. The dam generates an average of 57 GWh a year. The operation of the turbines commenced on February 4, 1966, March 14, 1969 and June 12, 1968 respectively.[1]  History The Ubol Ratana Dam was a product of the so-called "Lower Mekong Basin Project", which was conceived and coordinated by the Mekong Committee, the precursor to the Mekong River Commission. "So thorough have been the studies and the planning that only one of the committee's major river development projects has reached near-completion. It is the multipurpose Nam Pong project on a remote tributary of the Mekong in Northeastern Thailand. It was water from its rock-fill dam, completed in 1966, that was so needed so urgently by the village of Nong Ben in the summer of 1967. The dam, named Ubol Ratana, was producing power; its ultimate capacity will be 24,000 kilowatts".[2]" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubol_Ratana_Dam. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21]

"The "Nam Pong"-project [แม่น้ำพอง] near Khon Kaen [ขอนแก่น], where a dam was built and a water reservoir of 410 square kilometers was set up, made 4,000 families homeless who had lived there on good paddy land and were now shifted by the local authorities to a forest area with almost no water available. Most of the money which was earmarked for this resettlement project disappeared into the pockets of corrupt officials. The displaced peasants became landless "nomads" with no place to go. It is assumed by the local governor that most of them "joined the communists", see also the report in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, August 15, 1965." [Quelle: Luther, Hans Ulrich <1940 - >: Peasants and state in contemporary Thailand : from regional revolt to national revolution?. -- Hamburg : Institut für Asienkunde, 1978. -- 109 S. ; 21 cm. -- (Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, Hamburg ; Nr. 98). -- ISBN 3-921469-49-X. -- S. 96, Anm. 46. -- Fair use]

1966-03-14

Der König eröffnet das Thai-German Technical Institute in Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น).

Abb.: Lage von Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-03-16

Indonesien: Militärs unter General Haji Mohamed Suharto (1921 - 2008) übernehmen die Macht. Suharto erklärt sich zum Regierungschef, Sukarno (1901 - 1970) bleibt formell Staatspräsident.

Abb.: Familie Suharto, 1967
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-03-23

Die Hinrichtung von sechs Räubern in Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) zieht große Massen von Zuschauern an. Manche reisen fast 100 km, um dabeisein zu können. Die Räuber werden in einem Schulhof hingerichtet, 150 m vom Markt entfernt, wo sie 1965 ihren bewaffneten Raub begangen hatten.

Abb.: Lage von Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-03-23 - 1968-10

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES OPERATIONS MISSION/THAILAND, RESEARCH DIVISION, 1966-196842 1966-03-26: Current Research Projects in Thailand [a brief summary of all officially sponsored or approved research projects underway in Thailand by ARPA {Advanced Research Projects Agency}, Research Analysis Corporation, Stanford Research Institute, National Research Council of Thailand, USOM {United States Operation Mission}, Ministry of the Interior, and CD {Community Development}] 1966-05: Village Organization and Leadership in Northeast Thailand / Toshio Yatsushiro [1917–2015] 1966-07-18: Economic and Social Benefits of Roads in the North and Northeast 1966-08: Election of a Phuyaiban [ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน] [village leader] in a Highly Security-Sensitive Village in the Northeast 1966-08: The Role of Cultural Factors in Worker-Client Relationships: A Two Way Process / Yatsushiro 1966-09: The Northeastern Village: A Nonparticipatory Democracy / Stephen B. Young [1945 - ] 1967-05: Village Attitudes and Conditions in Relation to Rural Security in Northeast Thailand / Yatsushiro 1967-08: Khao Teung Prachachon [เข้าถึงประชาชน] or Reaching the People / Liang Jayakal, former Interior Minister 1967-11-16: Local Indigenous Security Unit (Homeguard) 1967-11-28: Preliminary Tables; Preliminary Tables (Villagers) 1967-12-08: Preliminary Tables (Kamnan [กำนัน] and Phuyaiban [ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน] [leader of group of villages and village leader]) 1968-01-03: An Evaluation of the Home Guard by Local Officials, Members of the Guard and Villagers 1968-01-07: The Home Guard, A General Summary 1968-01-25: Field Interviews with Amphoe [อำเภอ], Tambon [ตำบล], and Muban [หมู่บ้าน] [district, subdistrict, and village] Officials and Villagers about Local Administration and Local Problems in Changwat [จังหวัด] [Province] Udon Thani [อุดรธานี] 1968-10: Security and Development in Thailand's Rural Areas / Charles F. Keyes [1937 - ], anthropologist (University of Washington) 1968-10: Attitude Survey of Rural Northeast Thailand [Quelle: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 126f.]

1966-03-25

Einweihung der 1962-01 begonnenen, strategisch wichtigen Bangkok Bypass Road von Chachoengsao (ฉะเชิงเทรา) nach Kabin Buri (กบินทร์บุรี). Gebaut wurde die Straße vom 809th Engineer Battalion (Construction) der US-Armee.

Abb.: Straße von Chachoengsao (ฉะเชิงเทรา) nach Kabin Buri (กบินทร์บุรี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-03-27

Gründung des National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA, สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์).

Abb.: ®Logo
[Quelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage des NIDA
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Das National Institute of Development Administration (Thai สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, kurz: NIDA) ist eine öffentliche Universität in Bangkok, Thailand und untersteht dem Erziehungsministerium. Geschichte NIDA wurde am 1. April 1966 auf Anregung von König Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX.) mit Hilfe der Abteilung für technische und wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (Department for Technical and Economical Cooperation), der Rockefeller-Stiftung, der Ford-Stiftung und der Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities (Mucia) gegründet. Zu Beginn war das NIDA ein autonomes Institut mit eigenem Etat und eigener Studiengängen, das der Thammasat-Universität (มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์) zugeordnet war. Später wurde der Fachbereich für Öffentliche Verwaltung von der Thammasat-Universität, Teile der Ausbildungsarbeit des National Economic and Development Board und Teile des Trainings- und Ausbildungsinstituts des National Statistical Office zu einer Universität zusammengelegt. [...] Akademische Dienstleistungszentren [Bearbeiten] Die akademischen Dienstleistungszentren des NIDA umfassen das „Center for Sufficiency Economy“, das „Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society“ sowie das „Center for Business Innovation“." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Development_Administration. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-25]

1966-04 - 1967-04

Abb.: MSQ-SKYSPOT radar sites and radii April 1966 - April 1967
[Bildquelle: USAF / Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 179. -- Public domain]

"Combat Skyspot was the ground-directed bombing (GDB) operation of the Vietnam War by the United States Air Force using Bomb Directing Centrals and by the United States Marine Corps using Course Directing Centrals ("MSQ-77 and TPQ-10 ground radars").[5] Combat Skyspot's command guidance of B-52s and tactical fighters and bombers[6]—"chiefly flown by F-100's"[5]—at night and poor weather was used for aerial bombing of strategic, close air support, interdiction, and other targets. Using a combination radar/computer/communications system ("Q" system) at operating location in Southeast Asia, a typical bombing mission (e.g., during Operation Arc Light with a "cell" of 3 Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses) had an air command post turn over control of the mission to the radar station, and the station provided bomb run corrections and designated when to release bombs.[7] Planning of Vietnam GDB missions included providing coordinates with 10 m (11 yd) accuracy[7] to the radar sites, handoff of the bomber from air controllers (e.g., a DASC) to the site, tracking the aircraft by radiating the bomber (e.g., activating the 400 Watt Motorola SST-181 X Band Beacon Transponder),[8] and radioing of technical data from the aircrew to the radar site such as the airspeed/heading for the central to estimate wind speed on the bomb(s). With the bomber near a designated "Initial Point" the GDB site would begin a radar track (Bomb Directing Centrals would calculate a computer track and solve the "bomb problem" for the aircraft position.) For B-52 missions the site personnel verbally transmitted guidance commands to the aircraft crew by radio (lead aircraft for multi-ship formations) to adjust the flight path toward an eventual release point for the actual bomb(s). Site personnel verbally directed release of the ordnance from the aircraft by voice countdown. This was a manual process requiring training, practice and adherence to procedure. Both the site and aircrew were authorized to "withhold" release at any point if doubt arose. All communications were tape recorded by the aircrew for post strike debriefing." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Skyspot. -- Zugriff am 2016-02-20]

1966-04

Außenminister Thanat Khoman (ถนัด คอมันตร์, 1914 - ) erklärt den Außenministern Malaysias und der Philippinen

that it was imerative that "we take our destiny into our own hands instead of letting others from far away mould it at their whim." [Zitiert in: Milne, David <1976 - >: America's Rasputin : Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War. -- New York : Hill and Wang, 2008. -- 320 S. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-374-53162-1. -- S. 253]

1966-04-01

In Südvietnam: Demonstrationen Zehntausender unter Führung von Buddhisten gegen die Militärregierung und für Beendigung der US-Intervention und Friedensschluss mit Nordvietnam. Der Konflikt weitet sich innerhalb der nächsten zwei Monate zum blutigen Bürgerkrieg aus.

1966-04-03

Premiere des Japan-Hongkong-Films 曼谷之夜 (Bangkok bei Nacht) von Yasuki Chiba (千葉泰樹, 1910 - 1985)

Abb.: Filmplakat
[Fair use]

1966-04-06

Chakri Day (วันจักรี): Der König erhält als neue Staatskarosse einen gelben Mercedes 600

Abb.: Mercedes 600  (nicht das Exemplar des Königs)
[Bildquelle: Stahlkocher / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Andere Tätigkeiten des Königs an diesem Tag

• Übergabe des Graduierungs-Schwerts an 68 Polizeioffiziere

• Enthüllung einer Statue von König Vajiravudh (Rama VI.)

• Übergabe der Diplome an zwei Universitäten an 868 Graduierte

• Teilnahme an einem Konzert von 1400 Musikern zur Jubiläumsfeier von König Bhumibols erster Komposition. Der König bleibt bis zwei Uhr nachts

1965-04-13

Der Ministerpräsident von Singapur, Lee Kuan Yew (李光耀, 1923 - 2015), besucht Thailand drei Tage lang, um "eine positive Botschaft des Friedens und der Freundschaft" mit Thailand zu überbringen.

1966-04-15

New York: Timothy Leary 81920 - 1996) wird wegen illegaler Drogenexperimente festgenommen. Leary ist Propagandist von LSD und anderen psychedelischen Drogen.

Abb.: Plakat
[Bildquelle: Rev. Xanatos Satanicos. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/clintjcl/96740790/. -- Zugriff am 2013-05-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike). -- Fair use.]

1966-04-16

Der stellvertretende US-Außenminister William Bundy (1917 - 2000) in einem Entwurf "Basic Choices in Viet-Nam":

"5. Vis-a-vis the threatened nations of Asia, we must ask ourselves whether failure in Viet-Nam because of clearly visible political difficulties not under our control would be any less serious than failure by our own choice [lined out in McNaughton] without this factor. The question comes down, as it always has, to whether there is any tenable line of defense in Southeast Asia if Viet-Nam falls. Here we must recognize that the anti-Communist regime in Indonesia has been a tremendous "break" for us, both for in [McNaughton] removing the possibility of a Communist pincer movement, which appeared irresistible almost certain [McNaughton] a year ago, and in [McNaughton] opening up the possibility that over a period of some years Indonesia may become a constructive force. But for the next year or two any chance of holding the rest of Southeast Asia hinges on the same factors assessed a year ago, whether Thailand and Laos in the first instance and Malaysia, Singapore, and Burma close behind, would--in the face of a US failure for any reason in Viet-Nam--have any significant remaining will to resist the Chinese Communist pressures that would probably then be applied. Taking the case of Thailand as the next key point, it must be our present conclusion that--even if sophisticated leaders understood the Vietnamese [McNaughton] political weaknesses and our inability to control them--to the mass of the Thai people the failure would remain a US failure and a proof that Communism from the north was the decisive force in the area. Faced with this reaction, we must still conclude that Thailand simply could not be held in these circumstances, and that the rest of Southeast Asia would probably follow in due course. In other words, the strategic stakes in Southeast Asia are fundamentally unchanged by the possible political nature of the causes for failure in Viet-Nam. The same is almost certainly true of the shockwaves that would arise against other free nations--Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines--in the wider area of East Asia. Perhaps these shockwaves can be countered, but they would not [McNaughton] be mitigated by the fact that the failure arose from internal political [sic] causes rather than any US major error or omission." [Quelle: Pentagon Papers. -- https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon4/pent2.htm. -- Zugriff am 2013-12-04]

1966-04-19

König Bhumibol überquert allein in 16 Stunden im selbstgebauten Dinghy "Veka (Vega)" den Golf von Thailand (อ่าวไทย). Die Königin und Prinzessin Ubol Ratana (อุบลรัตน, 1951 - ) verfolgen die sportliche Großtat an Bord von HMS Chandra.

Abb.: Golf von Thailand (อ่าวไทย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"A dinghy is a type of small boat, often carried or towed for use as a ship's boat by a larger vessel. It is a loanword from either Bengali or Urdu. The term can also refer to small racing yachts or recreational open sailing boats. Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor, but some are rigged for sailing. Because the smaller sailing dinghy responds more quickly to manoeuvres, it is more suitable for beginner training in sailing than full-sized yachts." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-11]

1966-04-25

Der australische Ministerpräsident Harold Holt (1908 - 1967) kommt zu einem dreitägigen Besuch nach Thailand.

Abb.: Australien
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Harold Holt, 1966
[Bildquelle: Ronald Hall - DoD / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-04-26

Der Millionär Lek (Praphai) Viriyaphant (ประไพ วิริยะพันธุ์, 1914 - 2000), Eigentümer der Thonburi Panich Company und einer Mercedes Benz Niederlassung, plant eine Thai Version von Disneyland, die dann zu Muang Boran (เมืองโบราณ, Ancient Siam) wird.

Abb.: Lage von Muang Boran (เมืองโบราณ, Ancient Siam)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-05/06

Film: US-Army Report Thailand: May/June 1966:

[Quelle des .mp4-Films "US-Army Report Thailand: May/June 1966": http://www.archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26976. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-13. -- Public domain]

1966-05

Die japanische Firma Toyota bringt den Toyota Corolla auf den Markt. "Der Toyota Corolla ist das meistverkaufte Auto der Welt. Allerdings handelt es sich dabei um zehn Modellgenerationen mit zum Teil grundlegenden konzeptionellen Änderungen wie der Umstellung von Heck- auf Frontantrieb. Mehrmals wurden auch bis dato eigenständige Modelle in die Corolla-Reihe integriert." (Wikipedia) Der Corolla wird auch in Thailand zusammengebaut werden.

Abb.: Toyota Corolla E10 (1966), 2005
[Bildquelle: D. Bellwood / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Toyota Corolla Taxis, Bangkok, 2006
[Bildquelle: Ian Fuller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/18684820@N00/201607923. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1966-05

Thailand wird das 49. Mitglied der 1964 gegründeten Intergovernmental Organization INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization).

1966-05-04

Mao Tsetung ( 毛泽东, 1893 - 1976) leitet die Große Proletarische Kulturrevolution (无产阶级文化大革命) ein.

Abb.: "Zerstöre die alte Welt, baue eine neue Welt", Propagandaposter, 1966
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1966-05-05

Jit Phumisak (จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์, 1930 - 1966) wird im Dschungel von Ban Nong Khun, Provinz Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร), im Rahmen der Guerillabekämpfung von Regierungstruppen ermordet.

Abb.: Lage von Ban Nong Khun
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Jit Phumisak - จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Chit Phumisak (Thai: จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์, born 25 September 1930 - killed 5 May 1966) was a Thai author, historian, poet and Communist rebel. His most influential book was The Face of Thai Feudalism (โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย, Chomna Sakdina Thai), written in 1957 under the pseudonym Somsamai Srisootarapan. Other pen names used by Chit include Kawi Kanmuang and Kawi Srisayam. He has been described as the "Che Guevara of Thailand".[1]  Biography Born into a poor family in Prachinburi Province (ปราจีนบุรี), eastern Thailand, he studied philology at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. It was as a student that Chit first became exposed to Marxism; in 1953 he was hired by the U.S. embassy to help assist William J. Gedney, an American linguist living in Thailand, to translate The Communist Manifesto into Thai (in an attempt to scare the Thai government into taking a tougher stance against communism).[2] His writings were anti-nationalist and progressive and were viewed as a threat to the state by the harshly anti-communist government of Sarit Thanarat. He was arrested in 1957, branded a communist, and after six years in jail was declared not guilty by a court and set free. In 1965, he joined the Communist Party of Thailand, headquartered in the jungles of the Phu Phan mountains (ทิวเขาภูพาน), in Sakhon Nakhon Province (สกลนคร). On May 5, 1966 he was shot dead by villagers near the village Nong Kung in Waritchaphum district (วาริชภูมิ). His body was burned and no proper ceremony for his death occurred until 1989, when his remains were finally placed in a stupa at the nearby Wat Prasittisangwon. There is a small dispute over his death. Paul M. Handley, the author of the academically acclaimed "The King Never Smiles" states that Jit was executed by government officials near Phu Phan  mountains (ทิวเขาภูพาน) shortly after he was released from jail.[3]  References  Cunningham, Philip J. "The Long Winding Red Road to Ratchaprasong and Thailand’s Future", Asia-Pacific Journal, May 17, 2010. [1]  Craig J. Reynolds. Thai Radical Discourse: The Real Face of Thai Feudalism Today. Cornell University.  Handley, Paul M. (2006),The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jit_Phumisak. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-06]

1966-05-13

Thailand tritt offiziell in den Vietnamkrieg ein. Zunächst entsendet Thailand zwei Lufttransport-Kontingente und eine Küstenpatroll-Einheit mit 180 Mann.

1966-05-16

Thailand übergibt dem UN-Sicherheitsrat eine Note, dass es Truppen nach Vietnam schickt.

1966-05-22

Das Königspaar eröffnet den Kaeng Krachan Damm (เขื่อนแก่งกระจาน) in der Provinz Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี).

Abb.: Kaeng Krachan Damm (เขื่อนแก่งกระจาน)
[Bildquelle: ©Google earth. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21]

Abb.: Lage des Kaeng Krachan Damm (เขื่อนแก่งกระจาน)
[Bildquelle: US Army. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-nd-47-7th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Public domain]

1966-05-27

Titelgeschichte von Jason McManus (1934 - ) im US-Nachrichtenmagazin TIME "A monarchy fights for freedom"

"Seen on a soft spring night, the luminous spires of the Temple of the Emerald Buddha [วัดพระแก้ว] seem to float over Bangkok scarcely touched by the blare of traffic, the neon slashes of bars and the ragged hurly-burly of mainland Southeast Asia’s largest city. So too does the Kingdom of Thailand, proud heir to virtually seven centuries of uninterrupted independence, seem to soar above the roiling troubles of the region all around it. Neighbouring Laos is half in Communist hands, Cambodia hapless host to the Viet Cong, Burma a xenophobic military backwater. The Chinese talons are less than 100 miles away, North Vietnam a bare twenty minutes as the US fighter-bombers fly from their Thai bases. Everywhere on the great peninsula, militant Communism, poverty, misery, illiteracy, misrule and a foundering sense of nationhood are the grim order of the Asian day. With one important exception: the lush and smiling realm of Their Majesties King Bhumibol ... Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit, which spreads like a green meadow of stability, serenity and strength from Burma down to the Malaysian peninsula — the geopolitical heart of Southeast Asia. Once fabled Siam, rich in rice, elephants, teak and legend, Thailand (literally, Land of the Free) today crackles with a prosperity, a pride of purpose, and a commitment to the fight for freedom that is Peking’s despair and Washington's delight." [Zitiert in: Marshall, Andrew MacGregor <1971 - >: A Kingdom in crisis : Thailand's struggle for democracy in the twenty-first century. -- 2. ed.. -- London : Zed, 2015. -- 240 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-1-78360-602-3. -- S. 33f. -- Fair use]

1966-05-28 - 1966-06-06

SEATO Marine-Übung SEA IMP im Golf von Thailand und im Südchinesischen Meer.

1966-05-29

Anlässlich des 110. Jahrestags des Unterzeichnung des Treaty of peace, friendship, commerce and navigation, between Siam and the United States von 1856 schließen Thailand und die USA einen neuerlichen Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations. Der Vertrag gibt US-Unternehmen besondere Privilegien gegenüber Unternehmen aus anderen Länmdern.

"TREATY OF AMITY AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA   The Kingdom of Thailand and the United States of America, desirous of promoting friendly relations traditionally existing between them and of encouraging mutually beneficial trade and closer economic and cultural intercourse between their peoples, have resolved to conclude a Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, and for that purpose have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries: HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THAILAND: His Excellency THANAT KHOMAN [ถนัด คอมันตร์, 1914 - ], Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand; and THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. OF AMERICA: His Excellency GRAHAM MARTIN [1912 - 1990], Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Kingdom of Thailand; Who, having communicated to each other their full powers found to be in due form, have agreed as follows; ARTICLE I 1. Nationals of either Party shall, subject to the laws relating to the entry and sojourn of aliens, be permitted to, enter the territories of the other Party, to travel therein freely. and to reside at places of their choice and in particular to enter the territories of the other Party and to remain therein of the purpose of : (a) carrying on trade between the territories of the two Parties and engaging in related commercial activities; or (b) developing and directing the operations of an enterprise in which they have invested or are actively in process of investing a substantial amount of capital. Each Party reserves the right to exclude, restrict the movement of, or expel aliens on grounds relating to public order, morals, health and safety. The provisions of (b) above shall be construed as extending to a national of either Party seeking to enter the territories of the other Party solely for the purpose of developing and directing the operations of an enterprise in the territories of such other Party in which his employer has invested or is actively in the process of investing a substantial amount of capital, provided that such employer is a national or company of the same nationality as the applicant and that the applicant is employed by such national or company in a responsible capacity. 2. Nationals of either Party within the territories of the other Party shall receive the most constant protection and security, in no case less than that required by international law. When any such national is in custody, he shall in every respect receive reasonable and humane treatment; and on his demand the diplomatic or consular representative of his country shall be immediately notified and accorded full opportunity to safeguard his interests. He shall be promptly informed of the accusations against him, and allowed ample facilities to defend himself. 3. Nationals of either Party shall enjoy in the territories of the other Party entire liberty of conscience, and, subject to applicable laws, ordinances and regulations, shall enjoy the right of private and public exercise of their worship. ARTICLE II 1. Companies constituted under the applicable laws and regulations of either Party shall be deemed to have the nationality of that Party and shall have their juridical status recognized within the territories of the other Party. As used in the present Treat, "companies" means:      (a) with reference to Thai companies: Juristic persons under Thai laws, whether or not with limited liability and whether or not for pecuniary profit;      (b) with reference to United States companies: corporations, partnerships, companies, and other associations, whether or not with limited liability and whether or not for pecuniary profit. 2. Nationals and companies of either Party shall have free access to courts of justice and administrative agencies within the territories of the other Party, in all degrees of jurisdiction, both in the defense and in the pursuit of their rights. Such access shall be allowed upon terms no less favorable than those applicable to nationals and companies of such other Party or of any third country, including the terms applicable to requirements for deposit of security. It is understood that companies not engaged in activities within the country shall enjoy the right of such access without any requirement of registration or domestication. 3. Contracts entered into between nationals and companies of either Party and nationals and companies of the other Patty, that provide for the settlement by arbitration of controversies, shall not be deemed unenforceable within the territories of such other Party merely on the grounds that the place designated for the arbitration proceedings is outside such territories; or chat the nationality of one or snore of the arbitrators is not that of such other Party. No award duly rendered pursuant to any such contract, and final and enforceable. under the laws of the place where rendered, shall be deemed invalid or denied effective means of enforcement, within the territories of either Party merely on the grounds that the place where such award was rendered is outside such territories or that the nationality of one or morn of the arbitrators is not that of such Party. ARTICLE III 1. Each Party shall at all times accord fair and equitable treatment to nationals and companies of the other Party, and to their property and enterprises; shall refrain from applying unreasonable or discriminatory measures that would impair their legally acquired rights acid interests; and shall assure that their lawful contractual rights are afforded effective means of enforcement, in conformity with the applicable laws. 2. Property of nationals and companies of either Party, including direct or indirect interests in property, shall receive the most constant protection and security within the territories of the other Party. Such property shall not be taken without due process of law or without payment of just compensation in accordance with the principles of international taw. 3. The dwellings, offices, warehouses, factories, and other premises of nationals and companies of either Party located within the territories of the other Party shall not be subject to entry or molestation without just cause. Official searches and examinations of such premises and their contents shall be made only according to law and with careful regard for the convenience of the occupants and the conduct of business. ARTICLE IV 1. Nationals and companies of either Party shall be accorded national treatment with respect to establishing, as well as acquiring interests in, enterprises of all types for engaging in commercial, industrial, financial end other business activities within the territories of the other Party. 2. Each party reserves the right to prohibit aliens from establishing or acquiring interests, or to limit the extent to which aliens may establish or acquire interests, in enterprises engaged within its territories in communications, transport, fiduciary functions, banking involving depository functions, the exploitation of land, or other natural resources, or domestic trade la indigenous agricultural products, provided that it shall accord to nationals and companies of the other Party treatment no less favorable in this connection than that accorded nationals and companies of any third country. 3. The provisions of paragraph I do riot include the practice of professions, or callings reserved for the nationals of each Party. 4. Enterprises which are or may hereafter be established or acquired by nationals and companies of either Party within the territories of the other Party and which are owned or controlled by such nationals and companies, whether in the form of individual proprietorships, direct branches or companies constituted under the laws of such other Party, shall be permitted freely to conduct their activities therein upon terms no less favorable than like enterprises owned or controlled by nationals of such other Party or of any third country. 5. Nationals and companies of either Party shall enjoy the right to control and manage the enterprises which they have established or acquired within the territories of the other Party, and shall be permitted without discrimination to do ail things normally found necessary and proper to the effective conduct of enterprises engaged in like activities. 6. Nationals and companies of either Party shall be permitted, in accordance with the applicable laws, to engage, within the territories of the other Party, accountants or other technical experts, executive personnel, attorneys, agents and other specialists of their choice. Moreover, such nationals and companies shall be permitted to engage accountants and other technical experts, regardless of the extent to which they may have qualified for the practice of a profession within the territories of such other Party, for the particular purpose of raking examinations, audits and technical investigations for internal purposes exclusively for, and rendering reports to, such nationals and companies in connection with the planning and operation of their enterprises within such territories. ARTICLE V 1. Nationals and companies of either Party shall be accorded national treatment within the territories of the other Party with respect to: (a) leasing immovable property needed for their residence or for the conduct of activities pursuant to the present Treaty; (b) purchasing and otherwise acquiring movable property of all kinds, subject to any limitations on acquisition of shares in enterprises that may be imposed consistently with Article IV; and (c) disposing of property of all kinds by sale, testament or otherwise. 2. Nationals and companies of either Party shall have within the territories of the other Party the same right as nationals and companies of that other Party in regard to patents for invention, trade marks, trade names, designs and copyright in literary and artistic works, upon compliance with the applicable laws and regulations. if any. ARTICLE VI 1. Nationals and companies of either Party shall not be subject to the payment of taxes, fees or charges within the territories of the other Party, or to requirements with respect to the levy and collection thereof, more burdensome than those borne by nationals, of all third countries. The rates for such fees shall not exceed those charged such nationals of any third country residents and companies of any third country. In the case of nationals of either Party residing within the territories of the other Party, and of companies of either Party engaged in trade or other gainful pursuit or in non-profit activities therein, such taxes, fees, charges and requirements shall not be more burdensome than those borne by nationals and companies of such other Party. 2. Each Party, however, reserves the right to: (a) extend specific tax advantages only on the basis of reciprocity, or pursuant to agreements for the avoidance of double taxation or the mutual protection of revenue: and (b) apply special provisions in extending advantages to its nationals and residents in connection with joint returns by husband and wife, and as to the exemptions of a personal nature allowed to non-residents in connection with income and inheritance taxes. 3. Companies of zither Party shall not be subject. within the territories of the other Party, to the payment of taxes upon income not attributable to sources within such territories, or upon transactions or capital not attributable to the operations and investments thereof within such territories. 4.The foregoing provisions shall not prevent the levying, in appropriate cases, of fees relating to the accomplishment of police and other formalities, if these fees are also levied on nationals of all third countries. The rates for such fees shall not exceed those changed such nationals of any third country. ARTICLE VII 1. Neither Party shall apply restrictions on the making of payments, remittances, and other transfers of funds to or from the territories of the other Party, except (a) to the extent necessary to assure the availability of foreign exchange for payments for goods and services essential to the health and welfare of its people, or (b) in the case of a member of the International Monetary Fund, restrictions specifically requested or approved by the Fund. 2. If either Party applies exchange restrictions, it shall make reasonable provision for the withdrawal is foreign exchange in the currency of the other Party, of: (a) the compensation referred to in Article III, paragraph 2, of the present Treaty; (b) earnings, whether in the form of salaries, interest, dividends, commissions; royalties, payments for technical services, or otherwise; and (c) amounts for amortization of loans, depreciation of direct investments and capital transfers, giving consideration to special needs for other transactions. If more than one rate of exchange is in force, the rate applicable to such withdrawal shall be a rate which is specifically approved by the International Monetary Fund for such transactions. 3. Either Party applying exchange restrictions shall in general administer them in a manner not to influence disadvantageously the competitive position of the commerce, transport or investment of capital of the other Party in comparison with the commerce, transport or investments of any third country. ARTICLE VIII 1. Each Party shall accord to products of the other Party, from whatever place and by whatever type of carrier arriving, and to products destined for exportation to the territories of such other Party, by whatever route and by whatever type of carrier, treatment no less favorable than that accorded like products of, or destined for exportation to, any third country, in all matters relating to: (a) customs duties, as well as any other charges, regulations and formalities levied upon or in connection 'with importation and exportation; and (b) internal taxation, sale, distribution, storage and use. The same rule shall apply with respect to the international transfer of payments for imports and exports. 2. Neither Party shall impose restrictions or prohibitions on the importation of any product of the other Party, or on the exportation of any product to the territories of the other Party, unless the importation of the like product of, or the exportation of the like product to, all third countries is similarly restricted or prohibited. 3. If either Party imposes quantitative restrictions on the importation or exportation of any product in which the other Party has an important interest:      (a) It shall, upon request, inform the other Party of the approximate total amount of the product, by quantity or value, that may be imported or exported during a specified period, and of any change in such amount or period; and      (b) If it makes allotments to any third country, it shall afford such other Party a share proportionate to the amount of the product, by quantity or value, supplied by or to it during a previous representative period, due consideration being given to any special factors affecting the trade in such product. 4. Either Party may-impose prohibitions or restrictions on sanitary or other customary grounds of a non-commercial nature, or in the interest of preventing deceptive or unfair practices, provided such prohibitions or restrictions do not arbitrarily discriminate against the commerce of the other Party. 5. Either Party may adopt measures necessary to assure the utilization of accumulated inconvertible currencies or to deal with a stringency of foreign exchange. However, such measures shall deviate no more than necessary from a policy designed to promote the maximum development of non-discriminatory international trade and to expedite the attainment of a balance of payments position which will obviate the necessity of such measures. 6. Each Party reserves the right to accord special advantages: (a) to products of its national fisheries; (b) to adjacent countries in order to facilitate frontier traffic; or (c) by virtue of a customs union or a free trade area of which either Party may become a member, or of an interim agreement leading to the formation of a customs union or free trade area which either Party may enter into. Each Party, moreover, reserves rights and obligations it may have under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and special advantages it may accord pursuant thereto. ARTICLE IX 1. In the administration of its customs regulations and procedures, each Party shall: (a) publish all requirements of general application affecting importation and exportation; (b) apply such requirements in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner; (c) refrain, as a general practice, from enforcing new or more burdensome requirements until after public notice thereof; and (d) allow appeals to be taken from rulings of the customs authorities. Moreover, the customs authorities of each Party shall not impose greater than nominal penalties for infractions resulting from clerical errors or from mistakes made in good faith as deemed appropriate by the customs authorities. 2. Nationals and companies of either Party shall be accorded treatment no less favorable than that accorded nationals and companies of the other Party, or of any third country, with respect to all matters relating to importation and exportation. 3. Neither Party shall impose any measure of a discriminatory nature that hinders or prevents the importer or exporter of products of either Party from obtaining marine insurance on such products in companies of the other Party. ARTICLE X 1. Between the territories of the two Parties there shall be freedom of commerce and navigation. 2. Vessels under the tag of either Party, and carrying the papers required by its law in proof of nationality, shall be deemed to be vessels of that Party both on the high seas and within the ports, places and waters of the other Party. 3. Vessels of either Party shall have liberty, on equal terms with vessels of the other Party and with vessels of any third country, to come with their cargoes to all ports, places and waters of such other Party open to foreign commerce and navigation- Such vessels and cargoes shall in all respects be accorded national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment within the ports, places and waters of such other Party, but each Party may reserve exclusive rights and privileges to its own vessels with respect to the coasting trade, inland navigation and national fisheries. 4. Vessels of either Party shall be accorded national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment by the other Party with respect to the right to carry all products that may be carried by vessel to or from the territories of such other Party, and such products shall be accorded treatment no less favorable than that accorded like products carried in vessels of such other Party, with respect to : (a) duties and charges of all kinds; (b) the administration of the customs; and (c) bounties, drawbacks and other privileges of this nature. 5. Vessels of either Party that are in distress shall be permitted to take refuge in the nearest port or haven of the other Party, and shall receive friendly ,treatment and assistance. 6. The term "vessels", as used herein, means all types of vessels, whether privately or publicly owned or operated, but this term does not, except with reference to paragraphs 2 and 5 of the present Article, include fishing vessels or vessels of war. ARTICLE XI 1. Each Party undertakes (a) that enterprises owned or controlled by its Government, and monopolies or agencies granted exclusive or special privileges within its territories, shall make their purchases and sales involving either imports or exports affecting the commerce of the other Party solely in accordance with commercial considerations, including price, quality, availability,- marketability, transportation and other conditions of purchase or sale; and (b) that nationals, companies and commerce of such other Party shall be afforded adequate opportunity, in accordance with customary business practice, to compete for participation in such purchases and sales. 2. Each Party shall accord to nationals, companies and commerce of the other Party fair and equitable treatment, as cornered with that accorded to nationals, companies and commerce of arty third country, with respect to: (a) the governmental purchase of supplies; (b) the awarding of concessions and other government contracts; and (c) the sale of any service by the Government or by any monopoly or agency granted exclusive or special privileges. ARTICLE XII 1. The present Treaty shall not preclude the application of measures      (a) regulating the importation or exportation of gold or silver;      (b) regulating to fissionable materials, their radio-active by-products, or the sources thereof;      (c) regulating the production of or traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war, or traffic in other materials carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a military establishment; .      (d) regulating, on a non-discriminatory basis, military requisition of supplies and implements of war in time of emergency or in time of war;      (e) necessary to fulfill the obligations of either Party for the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security, or necessary to protect its essential security interests; or      (f) denying to any company in the ownership or direction of which nationals of any third country or countries have directly or indirectly the controlling interest, the advantages of the present Treaty, except with respect to recognition of juridical status and with respect to access to courts of justice and to administrative tribunals and agencies. 2.The present Treaty does not accord any right to engage in political activities. 3. The most-favored-nation provisions of the present Treaty relating to the treatment of goods shall not extend to advantages accorded by the United States of America or its territories and possessions, irrespective of any future change is their political status, to one another, to the Republic of Cuba, to the Republic of the Philippines, to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands or to the Panama Canal Zone. 4. The provisions of the present Treaty as regards the most-favored-nation treatment do not apply to:      (a) favors now granted or which may hereafter be granted to neighboring States with regard to navigation on or use of boundary waterways not navigable from the sea; or      (b) favors now granted or which may hereafter be granted in virtue of national legislation on the promotion of industrial investment. ARTICLE XIII 1. Each Party shall accord sympathetic consideration to, and shall afford adequate opportunity for consultation regarding, such representations as the other Party may make with respect to any matter affecting the operation of the present Treaty. 2. Any dispute between the Parties as to the interpretation or application of the present Treaty, act satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy or other pacific means, shall be submitted, at the request of either Party, to a panel of arbitrators for settlement in accordance with applicable principles of international law. The panel shall be composed of three members, one selected by each Party and the third chosen by the members selected by the Parties. In the event the members selected by the Parties are unable to agree upon the third member within one month, the third member shall be one who is designated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations at the request of either Party. ARTICLE XIV 1. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the ratification thereof shall be exchanged at Washington, D.C. as .soon as possible. 2. The present Treaty shall enter into force one month after the date of exchange of ratification. Thereupon it shall replace and terminate the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation signed at Bangkok on November 13, 1937. 3. The present Teary shall re main in fore for ;en years and shall continue in force thereafter until terminated as provided herein. 4. Either Party may by giving one year's written notice to the other Party, terminate the present Treaty at the end of the initial ten-year period or at any time thereafter. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty and have affixed hereunto their seals. DONE in duplicate, in the Thai and English languages, both equally authentic, at Bangkok, this twenty-ninth day of May in the two thousand five hundred and ninth year of the Buddhist Era, corresponding to the one thousand nine hundred and sixty sixth year of the Christian Era. For the Kingdom of Thailand:   For the United States of America:                        (Signed) Th. Khoman                        (Signed) Graham Martin

1966-06

Eröffnung des Siam Intercontinental Hotel.

Abb.: Lage des Siam Intercontinental Hotel
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Siam Intercontinental Hotel, um 1968/69
[Bildquelle: Michael Cairns. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelcairns/4126514798/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Siam district (Thai: สยาม, RTGS: Sayam) is a de facto district/neighborhood in Bangkok, roughly corresponding with 43 acres (170,000 m2) of Thai Royal Family estate, of which 26 acres (110,000 m2) leased on either side of Rama I Road and where vast and upscale shopping complexes currently are (formerly Siam Intercontinental Hotel along with its royal gardens), and home to 17 acres (69,000 m2) of the Sra Pathum Palace. Siam as a place sprawls into the Ratchaprasong area with the creation of a number footbridges. Legally, no district of Bangkok by the name of Siam exists, however, local Thais refer to this area as "Siam" (สยาม), distinguishing it from the former name of the nation, and it is considered the very heart of Bangkok in a sense; it was the original site of important Royal events. It is located in Pathum Wan district, but is only a small portion of it. Many but not all properties in Siam as well as the Pathum Wan District are owned by the Thai Royal Family and leased to out by the Crown Property Bureau (CPB, สำนักงานทรัพย์สินส่วนพระมหากษัตริย์). There are plans for land in the Siam district to be donated by the Royal Family to the public to be a future park. History During the fourth reign (1851–1868) of the present Thai dynasty, King Mongkut ordered the construction of a small palace for royal recreation which was built in this area and named by His Majesty as "Pathumwan Palace" meaning lotus palace. Siam area was also the location of the nation's first airport[1] before Don Mueang Airport opened in 1914. With the new airport built, land was freed, and the property was inherited by Prince Mahidol of Songkhla, father of the present King, who had Sra Pathum Palace (Lotus Pond Palace) built.[1] Sra Paduma Palace, was a 17-acre (69,000 m2) site rich in history. Sra Pathum Palace or Lotus Pond Palace was the site of the weddings of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej and Princess Mother, parents of the present Thai monarch in September, 1920. The present King and Queen were married there on April 28, 1950. The late Princess Mother lived at the palace and it has been recently renovated to serve as the residence of the Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn.[1] Of the 43 acres (170,000 m2) of the Royal Estate, Sra Pathum Palace is located on 17 acres (69,000 m2), with the remaining 26 acres (110,000 m2) leased to the former Siam Intercontinental Hotel and its gardens. One side of the Palace shared the same wall with the hotel and the hotel (shared a wall with) Wat Pathum Wanaram, a temple built over 100 years ago.[1] On December 11, 1964 at exactly 10:00am (the hour designated by the Royal Astrologer as being auspicious), Her Royal Highness the Late Princess Mother unveiled the foundation stone of the hotel. At that time, the Siam Intercontinental was one of the first international hotels in Bangkok.[1]  Naming Places and companies bearing in reference to the "Siam" as neighborhood name began with Siam Intercontinental Hotel in 1964, followed by Siam Square in 1965 and Siam Theater in 1967, Siam Bowl, Siam Center in 1973, Siam Discovery in 1997, Siam Station in 1999, the focal station of the BTS Skytrain, then following the demolition of the Siam Intercontinental Hotel making way for the Siam Paragon in 2005. Among companies bearing the name, Siam Piwat is the developer of the Siam Center, whereas Siam Cement is in reference to the nation. Central World is also on "Siam" Crown property, but not all megamalls in the area are on CPB land, MBK is on Chulalongkorn University land." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_area. -- Zugriff am 2012-04-17]

1966-06

"The worshipers sat transfixed as Buddhist monk Lunk Phaw [Luang Pho - หลวงพ่อ] Yi entered the pulpit of Dong Takawn Temple in the small northeastern town of Pachip. It was mid-June of 1966; word had spread throughout the area that an astounding miracle was to be performed that Sabbath day. Lunk Phaw Yi ("Uncle Father Two"), moving as if in a trance, extended his empty begging bowl toward the uplifted faces of the worshipers. Then he covered the bowl with a small cloth and began to pray. Moments later Phaw removed the cloth, and the crowd gasped: the bowl was brimming over with rice. The worshipers, stirred to exaltation, broke into muffled shouts of "Pee Boon! Pee Boon!" [ผู้มีบุญ] The following afternoon, Phaw went into the village and placed a fishnet against a tree. That night the villagers slept in expectation. Their anticipation was rewarded; the following morning, the net contained a gold fish. "Pee Boon! Pee Boon! " the people shouted as the village of Pachip assumed a festive spirit. Officials and police representing the government in Bangkok knew they were in for serious trouble. They decided to discredit Lunk Phaw Yi as quickly as possible. The gold fish was sent to a goldsmith in Bangkok for analysis. But the result was hardly calculated to restore calm to Pachip: the fish was solid gold. Bangkok became alarmed. They dispatched a special officer, a man trained in the strange religious ways of the northeast, to witness and evaluate Phaw’s miracles. Phaw entered the pulpit the following Sabbath, and fully aware of the policeman’s presence, proceeded to cause another empty bowl to overflow with rice. The rice was topped by a gold leaf. "Take this to the director of the division of religion in Bangkok, " Phaw said as he handed the bowl, along with the rice and gold leaf, to the startled policeman. The leaf also proved to be gold and the policeman became a supporter of Lunk Phaw Yi. The matter culminated with Phaw being brought to Bangkok for a glowing ceremony under the sponsorship of the Bank of Bangkok. This report was confirmed by Tich Thieh-An [Thích Thiên-Ân / 釋天恩, 1926 - 1980], a Buddhist monk who was living in the home of the policeman when the incident occurred. Tich Thieh-An is now special adviser to the Thailand Project at the University of California at Los Angeles. Most Westerners view such doings with suspicion, but few Thais would. For the miracles of Lunk Phaw Yi fulfill the deep promise of the strain of Buddhism that pervades all Thailand. And the Thai police, indeed, had just cause for concern. Ten years ago a similar series of miracles were performed by a monk at Mae Phong. There were shouts of "Pee Boon, " and by the time Bangkok took note, the monk had gathered several hundred followers who took up arms and set off a religious insurrection against the Bangkok government. Had the insurrectionists been as well-steeped in military tactics as they were in religious fervor, they would have imperiled all of northern Thailand. Fervor fell before steel. The insurrectionists were slaughtered. In all, five hundred people lay dead. This revolt was the latest of a number of such uprisings that have plagued Thailand for more than a century. Phaw is now back among the villagers of Pachip, but the Thai government is keeping a close and concerned eye on his activities. The coming of Pee Boon, the deep religious tradition that one day a Messiah will appear and deliver the Thai peoples from evil, is a central ploy in the scheme of the. Communist insurgents. To understand its danger, we must recall the history of the tradition." [Quelle: Lomax, Louis E. <1922 - 1970>: Thailand : the war that is, the war that will be. -- New York : Vintage Books, 1967.  -- 175 S. ; 19 cm. -- (Vintage book ; V-204). -- S. 65ff. -- Fair use]

1966-06

Thailand beginnt die Geheimdiensttätigkeit Nationalchinas (中華民國) von Nordthailand aus zu kontrollieren. Diese Tätigkeiten sollen die Beziehungen Thailands zu Burma nicht beeinträchtigen. Nationalchina betreibt von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) aus die Geheimdiensteinheit "Station 1920". Station 1920 ist am Opiumhandel beteiligt.

1966-06-10

Ministerpräsident Thanon eröffnet die Fernstraße Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น) - Yang Talat (ยางตลาด, Provinz Kalasin - กาฬสินธุ์), die mit australischer Hilfe gebaut wurde.

Abb.: Lage der Fernstraße Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น) - Yang Talat (ยางตลาด)
[Bildquelle: US Army. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-ne-48-6th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Public domain]

1966-06-14 - 1966-06-16

Seoul (Südkorea): Gründung des Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC), eine Vereinigung von neun nicht-kommunistischen Ländern Asiens und des Pazifik. Sie soll Zusammenarbeit und Solidarität zwischen diesen Ländern fördern. Die beteiligten Länder sind:

• Australien

• Japan

• Malaysia

• Republik China (Taiwan)

• Neuseeland

• Philippinen

• Südkorea

• Südvietnam

• Thailand

1966-06-21

13 junge Meo (แม้ว) aus den Provinzen Loei (เลย) und Phetchabun (เพชรบูรณ์) werden im Wat Benchamabophit (วัดเบญจมบพิตร ดุสิตวนาราม ราชวรวิหาร)  in Bangkok zu Mönchen und Novizen geweiht. Dies ist Bestandteil buddhistischer Mission unter den Bergvölkern (Dhammacarik - พระธรรมจาริก), die dadurch thaiisiert werden sollen.

Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Loei (เลย) und Phetchabun (เพชรบูรณ์)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Wohngebiete der Meo (แม้ว) 1970
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage des Wat Benchamabophit (วัดเบญจมบพิตร ดุสิตวนาราม ราชวรวิหาร)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Meo-Mädchen, Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)
[Bildquelle: sitkasitchensis. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/36963604@N00/6174278139/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Die Hmong (viet.: Mẹo) sind ein indigenes Volk Ostasiens. Sie leben hauptsächlich in den bewaldeten Berggebieten von Laos, Vietnam und Thailand. In China sind sie der übergreifenden Miao-Nationalität zugeordnet, die deutlich über neun Millionen Menschen zählt. In den 1960er und 1970er Jahren hob die CIA Hmong-Truppen in geheimer Mission aus, um sie im Kampf gegen die Pathet Lao und später gegen die Truppen der südvietnamesischen FNL einzusetzen.[1][2] Als die Pathet Lao die Regierung in Laos übernahmen, flohen Tausende Hmong nach Thailand, wo sie um politisches Asyl baten. 2004 haben die USA ein Umsiedlungsprojekt in Angriff genommen, wodurch die meisten der staatenlosen Flüchtlinge binnen zwei Jahren in die USA überführt werden sollten, vorwiegend nach Fresno und Merced (Kalifornien) sowie St. Paul (Minnesota) Wurzeln Die Geschichte der Hmong ist schwer zu erforschen, da sie hauptsächlich aus mündlichen Überlieferungen, vor allem Mythen und Sagen abgeleitet werden muss. Darüber hinaus gibt es seit etwa 2000 Jahren reichhaltige schriftliche Aufzeichnungen über die Hmong in den chinesischen Chroniken und Geschichtsbüchern. Eigene schriftliche Überlieferungen sind erst seit dem 17. Jahrhundert vorhanden, als europäische Missionare ihre Arbeit in China aufnahmen. Die ethnischen Wurzeln der Hmong gehen vermutlich 4000 Jahre zurück. Es ist nicht bekannt, wo die Hmong ihren Ursprung haben, aber Wissenschaftler glauben, dass sie ursprünglich aus dem Westen Eurasiens, über Sibirien und die Mongolei, bis ans Gelbe Meer und ins Einzugsgebiet des Huang He wanderten. Als Beweis für diese Theorie wird die blonde Haarfarbe einiger Hmong angesehen, was unter ostasiatischen Menschen sonst nur bei Mongolen, Kasachen und einigen sibirischen Völkern hin und wieder vorkommt.[3] Weiter heißt es, dass sich zur gleichen Zeit die Han-Chinesen an diesen Orten niederließen und beide ethnische Gruppen über einige Jahrtausende miteinander koexistierten. Während die Han-Chinesen einen expandierenden Agrarstaat errichteten, wurden die Hmong (Miao) von der schnell wachsenden han-chinesischen Bevölkerung immer weiter nach Süden und in die Berggebiete zurückgedrängt. So wurden sie zu einer ethnischen Minderheit Chinas. Besonders während der Qing-Dynastie (1644–1911) kam es immer wieder zu Aufständen der Miao, die blutig niedergeschlagen wurden. Erst mit Gründung der Volksrepublik China erlangten die Miao eine gleichberechtigte Stellung in der chinesischen Gesellschaft. Heutzutage sind die Hmong eine der zerstreutesten Bevölkerungsgruppen weltweit. Sie leben vor allem in China, Vietnam, Laos und Thailand. Sie wanderten aber auch in die USA, nach Kanada, Australien und Europa aus. Je nachdem, auf welches Territorium man sich bezieht, dienen die Namen „Hmung“, „Hmu“, „Meo“ oder „Meau“ als Synonym für „Miao“ und „Hmong“. Viele Hmong außerhalb Chinas bevorzugen Varianten von „Hmong“ als Eigenbezeichnung. Einige glauben, dass „Miao“ im Chinesischen „Barbaren“ bedeute. Tatsächlich war „Miao“ vor Gründung der Volksrepublik China eine Sammelbezeichnung für verschiedene Völker Südchinas, unter der auch viele ethnische Gruppen geführt wurden, die sich nicht zu den Miao zählen. Miaozu (苗族), also „Miao-Volk“ hat aber überhaupt nichts mit den chinesischen Begriffen für Barbaren zu tun und würdigt die Miao auch in keiner Weise herab. Aus diesem Grund ist auch von den Miao Chinas keinerlei Unzufriedenheit mit ihrer Bezeichnung bekannt. Aus der Sicht vieler Hmong außerhalb Chinas bedeutet Hmong „freie Menschen“. (siehe: Hmong Women and Reproduction), was ihren Wunsch nach einem Leben in Freiheit zum Ausdruck bringt. Die tatsächliche Bedeutung des Wortes ist allerdings unklar, vermutlich handelt es sich – so wie „Meo“ und „Meau“ – einfach nur um eine andere Aussprache des chinesischen Schriftzeichens miao (苗). Weltweit sind 70–80 verschiedene Gruppen bekannt, die sich vor allem an der Kleidung unterscheiden.[4] Indochinakriege (1946–1975) Bereits die zurückkehrenden französischen Kolonialherren begannen unter den Hmong mit der Rekrutierung von Söldnergruppen. Betrieben wurde dies von einer speziell zu diesem Zweck gegründeten Geheimdiensteinheit GCMA, angliziert „MACG“ genannt. Zur Zeit der Indochinakonferenz standen 40 000 einheimische Bewaffnete unter dem Kommando von rund 400 französischen Offizieren. Die Aktion, ausdrücklich von General Raoul Salan genehmigt, finanzierte sich aus dem Verkauf des von den Hmong angebauten Opiums, das unter strengster Geheimhaltung (Operation X) zunächst von der französischen Luftwaffe, abtransportiert wurde.[5] „The Secret War“ werden Kampfhandlungen im Königreich von Laos während des amerikanisch geführten Vietnamkriegs genannt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde die Neutralität von Laos ausgerufen, was durch mehrere Abkommen mit den Vereinigten Staaten sichergestellt wurde. Daher war es für amerikanische Streitkräfte nicht möglich, offen an den Kampfhandlungen teilzunehmen, als Truppen der Demokratischen Republik Vietnam Operationen in Laos begannen.[6] Daraus ergab sich, dass die amerikanische „Central Intelligence Agency“ (CIA) ebenfalls, ohne das Wissen der Öffentlichkeit, in diesem Gebiet zu operieren begann. Dies diente dazu, öffentlicher Kritik auszuweichen und offiziell die Neutralität von Laos zu wahren. Daher bekam dieser Krieg den Namen "The Secret War". Zur Finanzierung wurde von den lokalen Potentaten weiterhin auf den illegalen Opiumexport gesetzt, zu Transportzwecken dienten nun private Charterfluggesellschaften, die kollektiv als Air Opium bekannt sind.[7] 1961 bildete die CIA rund 9.000 Hmong zu Kämpfern gegen die Truppen der Demokratischen Republik Vietnam aus, da diese mit dem Territorium vertraut waren.[8] Als die Kampfhandlungen 1963 außer Kontrolle zu geraten drohten, rekrutierte die CIA weitere 20.000 Hmong. Alles in allem kämpften etwa 30.000 Hmong während des Krieges auf der Seite der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.[9] Im Jahre 1964 nahmen Hmong an einem Luftkrieg teil, was allerdings nur durch die Unterstützung der CIA möglich war. Die Verluste der Truppen der Hmong in Vietnam sind im Vergleich mit den amerikanischen Truppen um das Zehnfache höher. Das ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass immer wieder Hmong-Soldaten geopfert wurden, um mit Flugzeugen abgestürzte amerikanische Soldaten zu retten. 150.000 Tonnen Bomben wurden während dieser Zeit in Laos abgeworfen. Das ist mehr als die gesamte Bombenlast, die während des Zweiten Weltkriegs abgeworfen wurde. Weiterhin wurde ein Viertel der laotischen Bevölkerung obdachlos.[10] Quincy, ein Autor, der über die Hmong schreibt, fasst den Krieg folgendermaßen zusammen: „Nach dreißig Jahren von mehr oder weniger anhaltenden Kriegen und dem Verlust von ungefähr einem Drittel des Bevölkerunganteils, sind die laotischen Hmong dort angekommen wo alles begann; arm, unterdrückt, und nach Freiheit strebend.“ Ende des Jahres 2009 begann Thailand, unter heftigen internationalen Protesten, über 4000 im Asyl lebende Hmong aus dem Flüchtlingslager Huay Nam Khao in der Provinz Phetchabun nach Laos zurückzuführen. Dies ist besonders kritisch zu betrachten, da die Hmong in ihrer Heimat als „Amerikas vergessene Krieger“ gelten und von den Militärs der Volksrepublik Laos verfolgt werden. Vor allem die USA protestierten gegen die Deposition, weigerten sich jedoch selbst Flüchtlinge aufzunehmen.[11] Der Hmong-Konflikt in Laos dauert bis heute an. Der Journalist Thomas Fuller veröffentlichte 2007 in der International Herald Tribune[12] eine Reportage über das heutige Leben der ehemaligen Dschungelkämpfer.[13] Verbreitung Die Miao leben als offiziell anerkannte „Nationalität“ in der Volksrepublik China. Ihre Zahl dort liegt deutlich über neun Millionen. Siehe Hauptartikel: Miao. Die Verbreitungsgebiete der Hmong sind: Vietnam : 787.600 Menschen (1999); Laos: 450.000 (2005); Thailand: 150.000; Myanmar: genaue Zahl unbekannt, aber deutlich weniger als in Thailand; USA: 186.310 (Zensus 2000), vermutet werden aber zwischen 250.000 und 300.000; Frankreich: 15.000; Australien: 2.000; Französisch-Guayana: 1.500; Kanada und Argentinien:600; 100 Deutschland : 60 Niederlande :14 Kultur „Eine Familie zu haben bedeutet glücklich zu sein. Keine zu haben, bedeutet verloren zu sein.“ Dieses Sprichwort der Hmong verdeutlicht die Rolle der Familie und das Familienleben in der Kultur der Hmong. Sozial- und Familienzusammenhalt sind das Wichtigste in der Kultur der Hmong und nehmen daher eine wesentlich höhere Bedeutung als in westlichen Kulturen ein. Das ist auch der Grund, warum jeder Hmong einem Volksstamm angehört. Der Stamm ist ein Zusammenschluss aus mehreren Familien, der dafür sorgen soll, dass soziale Bindungen, Sicherheit, Wohlergehen und nicht zuletzt Machtpositionen der Gruppe gefestigt werden. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Stamm wird mit der Geburt festgelegt. Lediglich weibliche Hmong können die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Stamm durch Einheiraten wechseln. Hochzeiten zwischen Angehörigen des gleichen Stammes sind nicht üblich, wohl auch, um Inzucht vorzubeugen. In der Regel heiratet dabei ein Mann so viele Frauen, wie er ernähren kann. Stammesmitglieder bezeichnen sich untereinander als Geschwister. Benötigt ein Mitglied Hilfe, so wird ihm diese von seinem Stamm gestellt, auch wenn keine persönliche Beziehung zwischen den Betroffenen bestehen sollte. Die Familie ist die wichtigste Institution im Leben der Hmong. Verantwortung und Autorität einzelner Familienangehörigen sind altersabhängig. Je älter eine Person, desto mehr Autorität besitzt sie. Entscheidungen der Familienältesten werden daher immer – im Gegensatz zu Entscheidungen anderer Stammesangehöriger – hingenommen und nicht hinterfragt. In dieses System gehört auch, dass sich jedes ältere Kind für das nächst jüngere innerhalb der Familie zu verantworten hat. Letztendlich ist bei dieser Art der Pflichtenverteilung das älteste Kind für alle jüngeren vor seinen Eltern verantwortlich. Im gesellschaftlichen Kontext haben Eltern daher weniger Einzelverantwortung für ihre Kinder als in anderen menschlichen Ordnungssystemen. Jedes Familienmitglied hat eine spezielle Funktion auszufüllen. Dies gilt auch für die Ältesten, denn diese werden wegen ihrer großen Lebenserfahrung geschätzt. Ratschläge werden daher zumeist bei den Großeltern eingeholt. Diese und die anderen Ältesten helfen auch bei der Kindererziehung. Traditionell sind die Männer und ihre ältesten Kindern für die Nahrungsbeschaffung zuständig. Dazu gehen sie entweder jagen, oder betreiben Landwirtschaft. Außer Näharbeiten müssen sich die Frauen um eventuell vorhandene Tiere kümmern. Weiterhin müssen sie alle anfallenden Arbeiten erledigen, die ihnen von ihren Männern oder engeren Verwandten aufgetragen werden. Sprache Hauptartikel: Sprachen der Hmong Die Sprachen der Hmong gehören zur Sprachgruppe der Hmong-Mien-Sprachen (Miao-Yao-Sprachen). Es gibt mehrere Schriftsprachen. Chinesische Wissenschaftler zählen die Miao-Yao-Sprachen in der Regel zur Sprachfamilie der sinotibetischen Sprachen. Siehe auch: Völker Vietnams Literatur Robert Cooper (Hrsg.): The Hmong. A Guide to Traditional Lifestyles. Times Edition, Singapur 1998, ISBN 981-204-803-0. Nusit Chindarsi: The Religion of the Hmong Njua. The Siam Society, Bangkok 1976. Anne Fadiman: The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. A Hmong Child, her American Doctors, and the Collision of two Cultures. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York NY 1998, ISBN 0-374-52564-1. Heide Göttner-Abendroth: Das Matriarchat. Band II, 1: Stammesgesellschaften in Ostasien, Indonesien, Ozeanien. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart u. a. 1991, ISBN 3-17-009935-3, S. 91. Pranee Liamouttong Rice: Hmong Women and Reproduction. Bergin & Garvey, Westport CT u. a. 2000, ISBN 0-89789-679-3, S. 4. Einzelnachweise  http://www.cinefacts.de/tv/details.php?id=krkbe2000000000001555514 Amerikas geheimer Krieg in Laos - Ein vergessenes Kapitel der Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Dokumentarfilm von Marc Eberle 18. Februar 2010  http://www.taz.de/1/leben/medien/artikel/1/die-groesste-militaeroperation-der-cia/ Die größte Militäroperation der CIA taz, 16. Februar 2010  http://www.north-by-north-east.com/articles/05_04_2.asp 1. April 2007.  http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052436/Miao 9. April 2007.  McCoy, Alfred; The Politics of Heroin; New York 1991 (rev. ed.; Orig. 1972); ISBN 1-55652-126-X, Vielzahl Stellen  https://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art7.html 6. April 2007.  McCoy, Alfred (1991), S 134  www.jefflindsay.com/hmong.shtml 17. März 2007.  secret-war.foosquare.com/ 9. April 2007.  encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552642_3/Vietnam_War.html#p100 9. April 2007 (nicht mehr abrufbar)  Amerikas vergessene Krieger müssen gehen. (nicht mehr online verfügbar) Tagesschau.de, 28. Dezember 2009  www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/16/asia/laos.php 16. Dezember 2007.  Bildergalerie New York Times" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-11]

1966-06-21

Bangkok Post: Prime Minister changes ship names

Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn [ถนอม กิตติขจร, 1911 - 2004] is changing the names of the fishery survey vessels Kittikachorn [กิตติขจร] and Thanarat [nach Sarit Thanarat - สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963], he announced yesterday. He said: ‘Some people pointed out to me that I want to make merit, do good and not commit a sin. The catching of fish is a sin (Buddhism is against destruction of any life). It is not good to have my name connected with a vessel which has the purpose of promoting the catching of fish. So I have decided to change the name of both vessels. They will become Pramong I [ประมง I] and Pramong II [ประมง II]." (‘Pramong’ [ประมง] bedeutet ‘Fischerei’.) [Zitiert in: Boesch, Ernst <1916 - 2014>: Zwiespältige Eliten : Eine sozialpsychologische Untersuchung über administrative Eliten in Thailand. -- Bern : Huber, 1970. -- 333 S. ; 21 cm. -- S. 111]

1966-06-27

Unterzeichnung des Community Development Agreement mit den USA.

1966-06-29

Innenminister Gen. Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร, 1912 - 1997) sagt Reportern, dass Wahlen erst abgehalten werden sollen, wenn die Gefahr des Kommunismus ausgerottet ist. "Solange der kommunistische Terrorismus im Nordosten stark ist, sollten wir keine Wahlen haben."

1966-06-30 - 1973-02-02

Richard Helms (1913 - 2002) ist Direktor des CIA.

Abb.: Richard Helms, 1968
[Bildquelle: White House Photograph Office / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-06-30

Aufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen mit der Republik Côte d'Ivoire (Elfenbeinküste).

Abb.: Lage von Côte d'Ivoire (Elfenbeinküste)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-07 - 1966-12

Abb.: Laos: Cricket operational area July - December 1966
[Bildquelle: USAF / Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 171. -- Public domain]

1966-07

Es erscheint:

Evaluation report : second joint Thai-USOM evaluation of the Accelerated Rural Development Project. -- Bangkok : Agency for International Development, United States Operations Mission to Thailand [USOM], Communications Media Division, 1966. -- 2 Bde. : Ill. ; 28 cm.

" ARD [Accelerated Rural Development] programs were instituted to accelerate rural development as a means of meeting the Communist challenge. The ultimate objective of the program is to build a sound economic and social foundation for the people as a means of countering subversion and developing environmental conditions conducive to the maintenance of security and stability." [Zitiert in: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 123. -- Fair use]

1966-07

Der US-Thaist William J. Gedney (1915 - 1999) in einem Thailand-Seminar:

"If I were a northeasterner, and saw the great numbers of Thai and American tanks and armored vehicles and heavily armed men cruising up and down my streets and highways, at a time when the Bangkok government seems to have difficulty providing ordinary police protection against highway robbery and banditry, I believe I would wonder to what extent this military power was there to protect me from the Vietcong [. Mặt Trận Giải Phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam] and the Pathet Lao [ປະເທດລາວ], and to what extent it was there to keep me in line. "Finally, if I were a northeasterner, I am not sure how much interest I would take in all the programs and discussions on the northeast that one hears so much about these days, since they emanate from Bangkok and Washington. I might regard it as ironic that it is only now, when governments in these two places are concerned about their political interests that my area has aroused so much concern." [Zitiert: Lomax, Louis E. <1922 - 1970>: Thailand : the war that is, the war that will be. -- New York : Vintage Books, 1967.  -- 175 S. ; 19 cm. -- (Vintage book ; V-204). -- S. 40f. -- Fair use]

1966-07-05

Für die Dauer der Abwesenheit des Königs zu Privatbesuchen in Europa wird die Mutter des Königs (พลเอกหญิง พลเรือเอกหญิง พลอากาศเอกหญิง พลตำรวจเอกหญิง สมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี, 1900 - 1995) zur Regentin ernannt.

Abb.: Die Mutter des Königs (พลเอกหญิง พลเรือเอกหญิง พลอากาศเอกหญิง พลตำรวจเอกหญิง สมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี), 1958
[Bildquelle: Bureau of the Royal Household / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Länder der Privatbesuche des Könispaars
[Bildquelle: San Jose / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1966-07-12

In einer vom Rundfunk US-weit verbreiteten Rede vor dem American Alumni Council definiert US-Präsident Johnson die "Asia Doctrine" (United States Asian Policy):

"Asia is now the crucial arena of striving for independence and order, and for life itself. [...] But the foundations for such a peace in Asia are being laid tonight as never before. They must be built on these essentials: [1] First is the determination of the United States to meet our obligations in Asia as a Pacific power. You have heard arguments the other way. They are built on the old belief that "East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet;" that we have no business but business interests in Asia; that Europe, not the Far East, is really our proper sphere of interest; that our commitments in Asia are not worth the resources they require; that the ocean is vast, the cultures alien, the languages strange, and the races different; that these really are not our kind of people. But all of these arguments have been thoroughly tested. And all of them, I think, have really been found wanting." [...] We are not trying to wipe out North Vietnam. We are not trying to change their government. We are not trying to establish permanent bases in South Vietnam. And we are not trying to gain one inch of new territory for America. Then, you say, "Why are we there?" Why? Well, we are there because we are trying to make the Communists of North Vietnam stop shooting at their neighbors: --because we are trying to make this Communist aggression unprofitable; --because we are trying to demonstrate that guerrilla warfare, inspired by one nation against another nation, can never succeed. Once that lesson is learned, a shadow that hangs over all of Asia tonight will, I think, begin to recede. "Well," you say, "when will that day come?" I am sorry, I cannot tell you. Only the men in Hanoi can give you that answer." [Quelle: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27710. -- Zugriff am 2015-09-07]

1966-07-16 - 1966-10-07

Privatbesuch des Königspaars in Großbritannien, wo ihr Sohn in die Schule geht.

Abb.: Seaford, East Sussex, der Schulort des Kronprinzen
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-07-22

Eine Royal Thai Air Force Crew für das Transportflugzeug Fairchild C-123 Provider wird Teil des U.S. 315th Air Command Wing. Fünf Thai-Piloten bleiben bei der Vietnamese Air Force und fliegen Douglas C-47 Dakota.

Abb.: Fairchild C-123 Provider der südvietnamesischen Luftwaffe
[Bildquelel: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Douglas C-47 der südvietnamesischen Luftwaffe, 1972
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1966-07-25

Sean Connery (1930 - ), Hauptdarsteller in den James-Bond-Filmen, ist auf der Durchreise in Bangkok. Er nimmt Stellung zu thailändischen Vorwürfen, dass diese Filme in die Thaigesellschaft den Samen der Gewalt pflanzen: er glaube nicht, dass seine Filme zur Gewalt in Thailand beitragen könnten, da er die Thais als äußerst sanftmütiges Volk kennengelernt habe.

Abb.: Filmplakat, 1963
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1966-08

Offizielle Stellungnahme von Innenminister General Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร, 1912 – 1997) zu den "Hill Tribes" (offizielle englische Version):

"Nearly all the tribal peoples have come into the region because it has offered them either new opportunity or refuge from foreign domination. They are friendly to the Thai people. If there has seemed to be little concern with the ‘tribal problem’ until the last few years this is because we could afford to leave them to make their own adaptation to the country of their adoption without disturbance to their social organisation and tribal integrity. The past policy of the Thai Government towards the tribes has been extremely tolerant. Most of them are recent immigrants. The Miao tribe for instance began to move into Thailand only one hundred years ago and the majority of them have probably entered the country within the last fifty years. They have been allowed to cross the border freely and to occupy land to which they have no legal right. Within the hill area of Thailand they have been permitted to move from place to place as they exhausted the fertility of one piece of land after another. They have been given the protection of the law but have not been required to fulfill any of the obligations of Thai citizens such as the payment of taxes or military service. This policy was in tune with the wishes of the tribes. They were independent people who wanted to be left alone . . . But the policy of non-interference could not indefinitely continue . . . Because of their inefficient methods of cultivation the tribes have been steadily despoiling the land of the region. Parts of it have been permanently ruined for agriculture. The removal of forest cover has not only depleted timber resources but has interfered with the watersheds of the rivers which irrigate the great rice plains on which the economy of the nation depends. Also, in the case of several of the largest tribes, their income has been derived from the cultivation of the opium poppy and the Government is determined to suppress opium growing for the sake of the welfare of its own people and others in the world . . . The tribe of most immediate political importance is probably the Miao [ชาวเมียว]. They occupy the most remote and mountainous parts of the border region. They are the most migratory of all the groups. They have been the most involved in opium growing and therefore must be most subject to economic redirection with the opportunities it will provide for malicious misrepresentation . . . Our policy aims to improve tribal welfare while respecting tribal integrity. It is not the intention of the Government to force the tribal peoples to give up their traditional ways of life and become exactly like the Thai people. They may continue to practice their own religious and distinctive customs as long as they wish. By doing so, they make a contribution to the rich cultural variety of the Thai nation as a whole. There is no attempt to break up their social groupings or to disturb their residence in the hills. The sole political requirement placed upon them is that they have loyalty to the King and abide by the laws of the country. In return, the Government will make every effort to promote their economic and social development. Our policy is one of integration rather than assimilation, although no obstacles will be placed in the way of tribal peoples who do wish to identify themselves with the Thai." [Zitiert in: Geddes, William Robert <1916 - 1989>: Migrants of the mountains : the cultural ecology of the Blue Miao (Hmong Njua) of Thailand. -- Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1976. -- 274 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0-19-823-187-3. -- S. 259f.]

1966-08

Das Volunteer Defence Corps (Or Sor) (อส. = กองอาสารักษาดินแดน) besteht aus fast 7.000 Mann.

1966-08-08

LORAN-Station Lampang sendet erstmals.

Abb.: Lage von Lampang (ลำปาง), Sattahip (สัตหีบ), Udorn (อุดรธานี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Côn Sơn
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage von Tân Mỹ
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Station Lampang was a United States Coast Guard LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) facility located in Lampang (ลำปาง), Thailand and operated from October 13, 1966 to April 29, 1975.[1] Site preparation work began in April 1966 and most materials were on site by June. By the end of July, the station was manned by the operating crew and first went on the air 8 August 1966. Station Lampang was designated Slave I, with the Master at Sattahip (สัตหีบ), Thailand, Slave II at Con Son (Côn Sơn) Island, Vietnam, and the Monitor located at Udorn (อุดรธานี), Thailand. LORAN Station Tan My (Tân Mỹ), Vietnam, was added to the chain in August 1969. The transmitting towers at all locations were 625 feet tall.[2]" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Lampang. -- Zugriff am 2012-10-10]

Abb.: "Admiral Thad Allen, then a Lieutenant, poses with his crew on 22 August 1975 (front row, second from the right). Allen was the last commanding officer of LORAN Station Lampang, Thailand. Station Lampang was part of the LORAN chain first put into use as part of “Operation Tight Reign” in support of military operations in Vietnam.", 1975-08-22
[Bildquelle: USCG photographer / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-08-11

Ministerpräsident Thanom und US-Botschafter Graham Martin eröffnen den U-Tapao-Luftwaffenstützpunkt (อู่ตะเภา) der Royal Thai Navy. Baukosten: $10 Mio.

Abb.: Lage von U-Tapao - อู่ตะเภา
[Bildquelle: Bwmoll3 / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Ausschnitte aus einem US-Propagandafilm über die Naval Base Satthahip (ฐานทัพเรือ สัตหีบ) und den Luftwaffenstützpunkt U-Tapao (อู่ตะเภา) (1970):

[Quelle der .mp4-Ausschnitte eines US-Propagandafilms zu Satthahip und U-Tapao: http://www.archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.25547. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-13. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Präsenz der US Army und der US Airforce in Thailand, 1964 - 1969
[Datenquelle:Phongpaichit / Baker (1995), S. 276]

Abb.: US B-52-Bomber nach einem Einsatz in Vietnam in U-Tapao landend, 1972
[Bildquelle: Department of Defense. Department of the Air Force. / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]
 

"U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield is a military airfield of the Royal Thai Navy located approximately 90 miles (140 km) southeast of Bangkok, near Sattahip on the Gulf of Siam. It is serves as the home of the Royal Thai Navy First Air Wing. Name U-Tapao (Thai: อู่ตะเภา) is a compound of อู่ cradle and ตะเภา trade winds, and derives from the site having once been a shipyard for construction of ruea-tapao (เรือตะเภา), a type of argosy resembling the smaller sampan. [...] Current uses For several years, beginning in 1981, U-Tapao has hosted parts of Operation Cobra Gold - the largest U.S. military peacetime exercise in the Pacific - jointly involving U.S., Singaporean, and Thai forces, and designed to build ties between the nations and promote interoperability between their military components. Thailand is an important element in the Pentagon's new strategy of "forward positioning". Despite Thailand's neutrality on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Thai government allowed U-Tapao to be used by American warplanes flying into combat in Iraq, as it had earlier done during the war in Afghanistan. In addition, U-Tapao may be where Al Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah was interrogated, according to some retired American intelligence officials. [1] A multinational force headquarters was established at U-Tapao to coordinate humanitarian aid for the Sumatran Tsunami of 26 December 2004. On 7 May 2008, in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, Thai C-130 transports were permitted to land at Yangon International Airport in Burma, carrying drinking water and construction material.[3] From May 12 to 20, USAID and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) coordinated the delivery of nearly $1.2 million of U.S. relief commodities to Yangon on 36 DOD C-130 flights, with supplies sufficient to provide assistance to more than 113,000 beneficiaries. The DOD efforts were under the direction of Joint Task Force Caring Response.[4] As of June 26, 2008, United States assistance directed by the USAID DART (Disaster Assistance Response Team) stationed in Thailand, had totaled $41,169,769.[5] Units involved were the 36th Airlift Squadron (36 AS) of the 374th Airlift Wing (374 AW) from Yokota Air Base, Japan, flying C-130H Hercules; and Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 152 (VMGR-152) from Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Okinawa, Japan, flying the Lockheed Martin KC-130R and the newer KC-130J. American use of U-Tapao during the Vietnam War Prior to 1965, U-Tapao was a small Royal Thai Navy airfield. At Don Muang Air Base near Bangkok the USAF had stationed KC-135 air refueling tankers from Strategic Air Command (SAC) for refueling tactical combat aircraft over the skies of Indochina. Although Thailand was an active participant in the war, with a token ground force deployed to the Republic of Vietnam and a more substantial involvement in Laos, the visibility of the large USAF Boeing tankers in its capital was causing political embarrassment to the Thai government. In June 1965, The B-52F was first used in the Vietnam War. B-52F aircraft taken from the 7th and 320th Bomb Wings were sent to bomb suspected Viet Cong enclaves in South Vietnam. The B-52Fs were stationed at Andersen AFB on Guam, the operation being supported by KC-135As stationed at Kadena AB on Okinawa. By November 1965, the B-52s were able to support the 1st Air Cavalry Division in mopping up operations near Pleiku. The Seventh Air Force (PACAF) wanted to have additional B-52s missions flown into the war zone; however, the B-52 missions from Andersen, as well as from Kadena AB, Okinawa, required long mission times and air refueling. Concerns about base security with having the aircraft based in South Vietnam led to the change of mission at Tuy Hoa Air Base from that of basing B-52s there to one of a tactical air base. It was decided that, as the base at U-Tapao was being established as a KC-135 tanker base to move them out of Don Muang, to also base the B-52s there where they could fly unrefuelled throughout both North and South Vietnam. The construction of U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield began in October, 1965 and was completed slightly more than two years later. The 11,000 foot runway was opened on 6 July 1966 and the first aircraft to land was a Royal Thai Air Force HH-16 Helicopter, then a USAF C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft. With the completion of U-Tapao, most American forces were transferred from Don Muang, and U-Tapao RTNAF became a front-line facility of the United States Air Force in Thailand during the Vietnam War from 1966 through 1975. The USAF forces at U-Tapao were under the command of the United States Strategic Air Command (SAC). The APO for U-Tapao was APO San Francisco, 96330 4258th Strategic Wing Abb.: ®Patch [Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain] The 4258th Strategic Wing (SAC) was activated in June 1966 at U-Tapao under the 3rd Air Division, Andersen AFB, Guam. The wing was charged with the responsibility of supporting refueling requirements of USAF fighter aircraft in Southeast Asia, plus conducting bombing missions on a daily basis. Steadily progressing and adding to the mission, U-Tapao welcomed its first complement of KC-135 tankers in August 1966. By September, the base was supporting 15 tankers. From 1966 to 1970, 4258th wing tankers flew over 50,000 sorties from U-Tapao. On 10 April 1967, three B-52 bombers landed at U-Tapao following a bombing mission over Vietnam. The very next day, B-52 operations were initiated at U-Tapao. Under the operational nickname “Arc Light”, wing bombers flew over 35,000 strikes against the communist enemy from 1967 to 1970. B-52 Missions from U-Tapao Although the B-52F carried out the first B-52 missions in Southeast Asia, less than 6 months later, the Air Force decided to convert most of its B-52Ds to conventional warfare capability for service in Southeast Asia. Modifications were needed to give the B-52D the ability to carry a significantly larger load of conventional bombs, which led to the Big Belly project that was begun in December 1965. The project increased the internal bomb capacity from just 27 weapons to a maximum of 84 500-lb Mk 82 or 42 750 lb M117 conventional bombs. This was done by careful rearrangement of internal equipment, and did not change the outside of the aircraft. In addition, a further 24 bombs of either type could be carried on modified underwing bomb racks (originally designed for the carrying of AGM-28 Hound Dog cruise missiles and fitted with I-beam rack adapters and a pair of multiple ejection racks), bringing the maximum payload to 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg) of bombs, about 22,000 pounds (10,000 kg) more than the capacity of the B-52F. Between 1966 and 1975, SAC B-52 squadrons (mostly B-52D, but some B-52G) were rotated to combat duty in Southeast Asia. SAC crews who ordinarily would have been assigned to the B-52G or H models were sent through an intensive two-week course, mostly on the B-52D, making them eligible for duty in Southeast Asia. Camouflage paint in tan and two shades of green, still with white undersides, was applied to B-52s when other USAF aircraft were adopting camouflage. B-52Ds assigned to combat duty in Vietnam were painted in a modified camouflage scheme with the undersides, lower fuselage, and both sides of the vertical fin being painted in a glossy black. The USAF serial number was painted in red on the fin. The B-52s would fly on a mission in groups of three, and three B-52s could cut a swath miles long through the jungle, with the aircraft flying so high that the enemy had no idea they were under attack until the bombs began to hit. The shock of such concentrated high explosive was tremendous, with tales of scouts on the ground finding entire enemy units dead, without a mark on them, simply killed by concussion. Survivors of such attacks were demoralized or shellshocked. The bomber would also ultimately take on the jungle tunnel complexes that frustrated the Americans for so long, carpeting them with heavy bombs fitted with delayed action fuzes. The bombs would bury themselves deeply into the ground and then detonate, caving in the tunnels. However, the B-52 itself could not really do much to change the course of the war, since the Johnson Administration, hobbled by fears of a "wider war", failed to devise any effective military and political strategy to deal with the insurgency in Vietnam. The B-52 was devastating when targets could be found, but in many cases the enemy was elusive and all the bombers accomplished was to level stretches of jungle and kill lots of monkeys. It has been debated ever since whether there was any rational way to win the conflict. Optimists claim the often absurd "rules of engagement" for attacks on the enemy, imposed from the top by US President Lyndon Johnson and his defense secretary Robert McNamara, crippled the ability of US forces to fight. The Johnson Administration tried to fine-tune the war, selectively increasing the pressure to try to force the North Vietnamese to negotiate, while avoiding any major escalation. [...]  Khe Sanh One of the most important actions of the B-52 in the Vietnam War was during the siege of Khe Sanh in early 1968. The North Vietnamese surrounded an isolated US Marine outpost there and began conducting a methodical siege, building trenchworks that crept closer to the outpost while the two sides traded fire. Concentrated bombardments by B-52s with unbroken waves of six aircraft, attacking every three hours, dropped bombs as close as 900 feet (270 m) from the perimeter of the outpost, cratered out the North Vietnamese entrenchments and inflicted heavy casualties, forcing them to give up the siege. 2,548 B-52 sorties were flown under the appropriately-named OPERATION NIAGARA in support of the defense of Khe Sanh, dropping a total of 54,129 tonnes (59,542 tons) of bombs. Raids were not only flown out of Andersen AFB and U Tapao, but from Kadena Air Base on Okinawa, where B-52Ds had been sent to counter aggressive North Korean moves. The fact that Kadena was performing raids on Southeast Asia was kept secret to keep from inflaming Japanese public opinion. The Japanese had been on the receiving end of American heavy bomber strikes only a few decades before, and it took no great wisdom to realize they would find even passive involvement in such activities very disagreeable. While the bombers were formally restricted from dropping their bombs any closer than a kilometer from the Khe Sanh base perimeter, the Marines lied to the aircrews and sometimes put them at 500 metres (1,600 ft) or even closer. When the enemy finally withdrew, Americans scouting out the abandoned North Vietnamese positions found a moonscape of craters with no trees standing, littered with hundreds of enemy dead. Raids in Cambodia Beginning in March, 1969, B-52s were performing raids not only on South Vietnam and Laos, but on Cambodia as well. The Nixon Administration had approved this expansion of the war not long after entering office in the spring of 1969. These Cambodian bombing raids were initially kept secret, and both SAC and Defense Department records were falsified to report that the targets were actually in South Vietnam. The Cambodian raids were actually carried out at night under the direction of ground units using the MSQ-77 radar, which guided the bombers to the release point and told them the precise moment to release their bombs. This made the deception easier, since even the crew members aboard the bombers did not have to know what country they were bombing. However, the specific flight coordinates (longitude and latitude) of the points of bomb release were noted in the navigator's logs at the end of each mission, and a simple check of the map could tell the crews which country they were bombing. The Cambodian effort would eventually turn out to be something of a fiasco. It is unclear how much damage was done to North Vietnamese Army in their enclaves there, but it is perfectly clear that the raids did much to destabilize the Cambodian government, eventually leading to the downfall of the Norodom Sihanouk government and the rise of the notoriously savage Khmer Rouge regime. Raids in North Vietnam U-Tapao based B-52s carried out attacks on North Vietnam, although at first only the very southernmost part near the Demilitarized Zone was hit. The B-52s generally avoided North Vietnamese airspace at this stage in the war, lest one of them fall victim to a Surface-to-air missile (SAM), which would have been a propaganda coup for North Vietnam and extremely embarrassing to the Defense Department. [... ] Operation Linebacker The Vietnamization of the Vietnam war was put to the test in the spring of 1972, when the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale offensive across the DMZ, supported by tanks and heavy artillery. By this time, the US was no longer in the forefront of the ground war, with South Vietnamese units taking the lead. However, America was still providing air power, and US combat planes flew vast numbers of strikes, smashing the North Vietnamese. Although there had been no campaign of strikes into North Vietnam since the end of ROLLING THUNDER, the Nixon Administration ordered a new air offensive, initially codenamed FREEDOM TRAIN and then becoming LINEBACKER, with relatively few restrictions on targets that could be hit. The B-52s conducted a limited number of strikes against North Vietnam as part of the spring 1972 invasion, though most of their sorties were on Arc Light missions elsewhere. The North Vietnamese offensive was crushed, but the strikes on North Vietnam continued, only winding down in October, ahead of the US presidential elections. Richard Nixon was reelected, and the attacks quickly ramped up again in November. In late 1972, the B-52 was confronted with SAM defenses, it was only a matter of time before the North Vietnamese got lucky. That finally happened on 22 November 1972, when a B-52D was damaged by an SA-2 SAM in a raid on Vinh, an important rail center in the southern part of North Vietnam. The bomber's pilot managed to get the burning aircraft back to Thailand before the crew bailed out, leaving the aircraft to crash. All the crew were recovered safely. Operation Linebacker II Since 1967, the Americans had been negotiating with North Vietnam to allow the US to withdraw from Vietnam in peace, and get back prisoners of war (POWs) rotting in North Vietnamese POW camps. The negotiations had been a frustrating, quarrelsome joke for years, and in late 1972 the Nixon Administration finally ran out of patience and ordered an all-out air offensive against North Vietnam. The bombing raids began on 18 December 1972. The new campaign, codenamed LINEBACKER II, involved very heavy attacks by almost every strike aircraft the US had in the theater, with the B-52 playing a prominent role. The initial plan scheduled attacks for three days. Along with heavy strikes by Air Force and Navy tactical aircraft, 129 B-52s in 3 waves (approx 4 hours apart) from the 307th Strategic Wing at U-Tapao RTNAF, Thailand and the 43d Strategic Wing (B-52D) and the Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 (B-52G), both wings based at Andersen AFB, Guam went into battle on night of 18 December, with the crews under strict orders to fly straight and level on approach and not release bombs unless they were sure they were on the target. The brass didn't want reports showing up in the news media that they had bombed a hospital by mistake. Abb.: ®Patch des 307th Strategic Wing [Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain] The B-52s were assisted by F-4 Phantoms laying down corridors of chaff and providing "BARCAP (barrier combat air patrol)" against North Vietnamese MiGs; Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star / College Eye radar aircraft tracking the comings and goings of enemy fighters; F-105 Thunderchiefs performing "Wild Weasel" attacks on SAM sites; and EB-66 Destroyer jamming aircraft blinding enemy radars and communications. Three B-52s were lost on the 18th. 93 flew raids on the 19th, with no losses, but the strike plan was basically the same as it had been the day before. The North Vietnamese rarely missed a trick and noticed the pattern. 99 B-52s flew strikes on 20 December, and the enemy was ready and waiting. Six aircraft were blown out of the sky. B-52 crews had been getting increasingly frustrated with the predictable tactics, knowing they would lead to trouble sooner rather than later, and the result of the losses was an outburst of protest and anger. The crews were perfectly willing to fly combat missions, but they were not happy about dead-headed military bureaucracy setting them up like ducks in a shooting gallery. The Air Force has never been very specific on what exactly happened, some sources claiming that they had a near-mutiny on their hands, but it is clear that the brass decided to sit down and work on getting their house in order. The Andersen AFB based B-52G were taking a disproportionate share of the losses. The "wet wing" of the B-52G made it more vulnerable to battle damage, as did the fact that not all of the B-52Gs had the same level of countermeasures fit as the B-52D. This situation was made all the more ironic because the B-52G, with no capability of carrying bombs on its external pylons, could only carry about a quarter the conventional bombload of the B-52D. The B-52G could carry 1 rack with 27 MK-82 500 pound bombs, where the B-52D could carry 3 racks for a total of 84 500-lb Mk 82 or 42 750 lb M117 conventional bombs internal and 24 external bombs made for a total of 108 bombs. All Andersen Linebacker II missions required at least 1 (and some missions required 2) aerial refuelings, supported by the 376th Strategic Wing based at Kadena AB. The B-52Gs were ordered to stand down for two days while fixes were hurriedly implemented. 30 B-52Ds out of U Tapao flew strikes on 21 December, but the results were still bad, with two bombers lost. The next night, the 22nd, 30 B-52Ds came back again, but this time their attacks were performed from unpredictable directions, and there were no losses. Strikes were made on SAM sites to help wear down the defenses for later. The same approach, 30 bombers using unpredictable tactics, was repeated on the 23rd and 24th, once again with no losses. The raids were called off on Christmas Day as a good-will gesture, to which there was no response. The Air Force hadn't been expecting any different, and had spent all of Christmas Day setting up an operation that would take advantage of all the lessons that had been learned in the campaign. On 26 December, a total of 120 B-52s performed raids, with 113 reaching their targets nearly simultaneously, all dropping their bombs within a space of 15 minutes, overwhelming the defenses. Two B-52s were lost, but the North Vietnamese were beginning to run out of SAMs and their air defenses were wobbly. 60 B-52s came back on the 27th, with two lost, but this was the last gasp of the defenders. 60 bombers hit again on the 28th and 29th, with no losses. The North Vietnamese agreed to negotiate on 29 December, and the B-52s stopped their strikes against North Vietnam. In 11 days of concentrated bombing, B-52s had performed 729 sorties and dropped 13,640 tonnes (15,000 tons) of bombs. The North Vietnamese claimed that almost 1,400 civilians were killed, though the fact that there weren't more was a testimony to the accuracy of the strikes, given the staggering amount of explosives dropped. The campaign was expensive, and not merely in financial terms. 15 B-52s were lost, with 33 of their aircrew killed or missing in action. While the Air Force justifiably regarded the B-52 losses as severe, in one minor compensation, North Vietnamese SAMs had hardly proven effective, with a kill ratio of only 2% to 3% of the number of SAMs fired. They had scored the kills by simply flooding the sky with SAMs, and the Soviet Union was not happy about the poor showing of their weapons. In another small compensation, North Vietnamese MiG interceptors proved completely ineffective at taking on the B-52s According to US statistics, the MiGs scored no kills and two of them were claimed shot down by the "quad-fifties" in B-52 tail turrets. However, North Vietnamese records insist that two of the Buffs shot down were MiG kills. Although the unrestricted bombing campaign was referred to by critics as "an attempt to pillage and burn the enemy to the conference table", LINEBACKER II, sometimes called the "Eleven-Day War", was in fact devastatingly successful in achieving its goals. Henry Kissinger contrasted the extremely uncooperative attitude of North Vietnamese negotiators before the raids with the great willingness to talk after them, and concluded: "These facts have to be analyzed by each person for himself." It is tempting to speculate that such a ruthless air campaign earlier in the war might have changed its course considerably, but history is not a controlled experiment and speculation is all that it is. A cease-fire was signed on 23 January 1973, with American POWs being flown out of Hanoi beginning on 18 March. However, the B-52's war was not quite over, with Arc Light strikes on Laos continuing into April and on Cambodia into August. The 307th SW ended all combat operations on August 14, 1973. 1975 South Vietnamese collapse In the two years following the 1973 Paris Peace Accords and the War Powers Act the North Vietnamese army underwent a massive rebuilding to recoup the losses suffered during the failed 1972 Easter Offensive. By the spring of 1975, the North Vietnamese Army had grown to be the fifth largest in the world, and in late December 1974 had begun their drive towards Saigon. By the end of March 1975, North Vietnamese troops had taken over several key cities, either because the ARVN forces were unequipped and undermanned, or because they had fled from the approaching enemy. By the second week of April, the situation had deteriorated to the point that most of South Vietnam was under the control of the North Vietnamese Army. A Congressional delegation had visited South Vietnam and was unable to convince President Ford to provide more aid. President Ford stated in a speech on April 23 that the Vietnam War ".. was finished". An estimated 8,000 U.S. and third-country nationals needed to be evacuated from Saigon and the shrinking government-controlled region of South Vietnam, along with thousands of Vietnamese who had worked for the United States during the war who would be in dire straits under the Communists. The evacuation of Saigon was originally code-named Talon Vice and called for the evacuation of personnel via commercial aircraft from Tan Son Nhut Airport and other locations. The plan called for the ARVN to provide crowd control and to secure the evacuation areas. However as the situation deteriorated rapidly in South Vietnam, the plan was changed to use rooftops as helicopter landing pads for evacuating personnel. The evacuation plans were completed by 18 April and the name was changed to Operation Frequent Wind. U-Tapao Airfield was used as a jumping-off point by the USAF with eight CH-53 and two HH-53 "Sea Stallion" helicopters. Additional helicopters were standing by on board the USS Midway, Nakhon Phanom and Ubon air bases. Korat placed a force of F-4's, A-7's and AC-130's on alert. Udon discontinued its training flights and put its F-4 fighters on alert for combat missions over South Vietnam to support the evacuation. On 25 April South Vietnamese President Thieu fled the country, and the final collapse of the South Vietnamese government was imminent. Aircraft started to arrive at U-Tapao in South Vietnamese markings. They arrived all that day and the next several days. C-119's, C-130's, C-47's were filled to capacity with men, women and children. After their arrival, the Vietnamese were sequestered in tents near the runway. The adjacent parking ramps and grassy areas were being filled to capacity with South Vietnamese helicopters and aircraft, including many F-5E/F aircraft which were just delivered to South Vietnam in the previous few months. By 29 April the North Vietnamese had brought in Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) and mobile Surface-To-Air Missiles (SAM) to the Saigon area. Mortar and artillery rounds were impacting at Tan Son Nhut Air Base severely disrupting the evacuation activities. At the US Embassy, Saigon, Marine guards shut off the electricity to the elevators and exploded tear gas canisters as they went to the roof to join the evacuees. The last helicopter left the embassy at 7:53 a.m. On 29 April, Douglas VC-47A 084 of Air America crashed on landing. The aircraft was on a flight from Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Saigon, Vietnam.[6] On 30 April South Vietnam surrendered. A handful of South Vietnamese Air Force aircraft that had been performing last-ditch air strikes completed their missions and flew on to U-Tapao. On 2 May the last air rescue helicopters returned to Nakhon Phanom. The war in Vietnam was over. Mayagüez incident On 12 May 1975, less than two weeks after the fall of Saigon, a unit of the Cambodian Khmer Rouge navy seized the American-flagged container ship SS Mayaguez, taking the crew hostage. U-Tapao Airfield served as a staging point for United States Marines which deployed to U Tapao and assaulted Koh Tang Island aboard Air Force CH-53s of the 21st Special Operations Squadron and HH-53s of the 40th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, hitting the beach at sunrise on the 15 May in the Air Force’s first-ever helicopter-assault operation. However, virtually everything that could go wrong did. The Marines and helicopter crews never received the good intelligence available about the island’s defenders; they went in expecting 18 to 40 lightly armed militia but instead found a reinforced battalion of elite Khmer Rouge naval infantry. The Cambodians shot down three of the first four CH-53 helicopters to approach the island, one of them carrying the Marine forward air controller (FAC) team; the fourth was badly damaged and forced to abort. For hours, Air Force A-7's from Korat RTAFB provided fire support failed to find the marines, let alone support them. The Marines hung on by a thread while the remaining helicopters of the assault wave fed in reinforcements; the enemy badly shot up most of the remaining seven helicopters — only three landed in commission at U Tapao. A boarding party, transferred to the USS Harold E. Holt (FF-1074) by helicopter, seized the Mayaguez, only to find the ship deserted; the Cambodians had taken its crew to the mainland two days earlier. When the extraction began, only five helicopters were available, and one was quickly shot up and put out of commission. Maintenance provided one more as the rescue proceeded, providing a razor-thin margin of success. USAF withdrawal U-Tapao had come a long way since the first American personnel arrived in the mid 1960s. With the fall of both Cambodia and South Vietnam in the spring of 1975, the political climate between Washington and Bangkok had become very sour, and the Royal Thai Government wanted the USAF out of Thailand by the end of the year. In response, the USAF implemented Palace Lightning which was the plan by which the USAF would withdrawal its aircraft and personnel from Thailand. The SAC units left in December 1975 however the base remained under American control until it formally handed control to the Thai government on 13 June 1976. [...]  References Airport information for VTBU at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006.Source: DAFIF.  Airport information for UTP at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective Oct. 2006). ต้นโพธิ์ทรงปลูกรอดพายุ พระเทพฯ ทรงห่วงพม่า, Thai Rath, May 9, 2008  JTF Caring Response News Story  USAID Burma: Cyclone Nargis  "084 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 21 August 2010. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Air Force Historical Research Agency. Endicott, Judy G. (1999) Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. CD-ROM. Glasser, Jeffrey D. (1998). The Secret Vietnam War: The United States Air Force in Thailand, 1961-1975. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786400846. Martin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. ISBN 0887405134. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947-1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799129. USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers--1908 to present The Royal Thai Air Force (English Pages) Royal Thai Air Force - Overview" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Tapao_Royal_Thai_Navy_Airfield. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-11]

1966-08-11

Bangkok: Unterzeichnung des Friedensvertrags zwischen Indonesien und Malaysia. Damit wird der seit 1963 andauernde Konflikt (Konfrontasi) beider Staaten beendet. Hauptstreitpunkt war die Insel Borneo gewesen.

Abb.: Lage der Insel Borneo mit der endgültigen Aufteilung zwischen Malaysia, Negara Brunei Darussalam ( نڬارا بروني دارالسلام) und Indonesien
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1966-08-22

Gründung der Asian Development Bank (ADB) mit Sitz in Manila, Philippinen.

Abb.: Mitgliedsstaaten der Asian Development Bank 2009
[Bildquelle: Alinor / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1966-08-22 - 1966-08-28

Privatbesuch des Königspaars in Deutschland.

1966-08-28 - 1966-08-30

Privatbesuch des Königspaars in Österreich

1966-08-29

JASON Summer Study: "The Effects of US Bombing in North Vietnam":

"Summary and Conclusions 1. As of July 1966 the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam (NVN) had had no measurable direct effect on Hanoi's ability to mount and support military operations in the South at the current level. Although the political constraints seem clearly to have reduced the effectiveness of the bombing program, its limited effect on Hanoi's ability to provide such support cannot be explained solely on that basis. The countermeasures introduced by Hanoi effectively reduced the impact of U.S. bombing. More fundamentally, however, North Vietnam has basically a subsistence agricultural economy that presents a difficult and unrewarding target system for air attack. The economy supports operations in the South mainly by functioning as a logistic funnel and by providing a source of manpower. The industrial sector produces little of military value. Most of the essential military supplies that the VC/NCN forces in the South require from external sources are provided by the USSR and Communist China. Furthermore, the volume of such supplies is so low that only a small fraction of the capacity of North Vietnam's rather flexible transportation network is required to maintain the flow. The economy's relatively underemployed labor force also appears to provide an ample manpower reserve for internal military and economic needs including repair and reconstruction and for continued support of military operations in the South. 2. Since the initiation of the ROLLING THUNDER program the damage to facilities and equipment in North Vietnam has been more than offset by the increased flow of military and economic aid, largely from the USSR and Communist China. The measurable costs of the damage sustained by North Vietnam are estimated by intelligence analysts to have reached approximately $86 million by 15 July 1966. In 1965 alone, the value of the military and economic aid that Hanoi received from the USSR and Communist China is estimated to have been on the order of $250-400 million, of which about $100-150 million was economic, and they have continued to provide aid, evidently at an increasing rate, during the current year. Most of it has been from the USSR, which had virtually cut off aid during the 1962-64 period. There can be little doubt, therefore, that Hanoi's Communist backers have assumed the economic costs to a degree that has significantly cushioned the impact of U.S. bombing. 3. The aspects of the basic situation that have enabled Hanoi to continue its support of military operations in the South and to neutralize the impact of U.S. bombing by passing the economic costs to other Communist countries are not likely to be altered by reducing the present geographic constraints, mining Haiphong and the principal harbors in North Vietnam, increasing the number of armed reconnaissance sorties and otherwise expanding the U.S. air offensive along the lines now contemplated in military recommendations and planning studies. An expansion of the bombing program along such lines would make it more difficult and costly for Hanoi to move essential military supplies through North Vietnam to the VC/NVN forces in the South. The low volume of supplies required, the demonstrated effectiveness of the countermeasures already undertaken by Hanoi, the alternative options that the NVN transportation network provides and the level of aid the USSR and China seem prepared to provide, however, make it quite unlikely that Hanoi's capability to function as a logistic funnel would be seriously impaired. Our past experience also indicates that an intensified air campaign in NVN probably would not prevent Hanoi from infiltrating men into the South at the present or a higher rate, if it chooses. Furthermore, there would appear to be no basis for assuming that the damage that could be inflicted by an intensified air offensive would impose such demands on the North Vietnamese labor force that Hanoi would be unable to continue and expand its recruitment and training of military forces for the insurgency in the South. 4. While conceptually it is reasonable to assume that some limit may be imposed on the scale of military activity that Hanoi can maintain in the South by continuing the ROLLING THUNDER program at the present, or some higher level of effort, there appears to be no basis for defining that limit in concrete terms or, for concluding that the present scale of VC/NVN activities in the field have approached that limit. The available evidence clearly indicates that Hanoi has been infiltrating military forces and supplies into South Vietnam at an accelerated rate during the current year. Intelligence estimates have concluded that North Vietnam is capable of substantially increasing its support. 5. The indirect effects of the bombing on the will of the North Vietnamese to continue fighting and on their leaders' appraisal of the prospective gains and costs of maintaining the present policy have not shown themselves in any tangible way. Furthermore, we have not discovered any basis for concluding that the indirect punitive effects of bombing will prove decisive in these respects. It may be argued on a speculative basis that continued or increased bombing must eventually affect Hanoi's will to continue, particularly as a component of the total U.S. military pressures being exerted throughout Southeast Asia. However, it is not a conclusion that necessarily follows from the available evidence; given the character of North Vietnam's economy and society, the present and prospective low levels of casualties and the amount of aid available to Hanoi. It would appear to be equally logical to assume that the major influences on Hanoi's will to continue are most likely to be the course of the war in the South and the degree to which the USSR and China support the policy of continuing the war and that the punitive impact of U.S. bombing may have but a marginal effect in this broader context." [Quelle: Pentagon Papers. -- https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon4/pent3.htm. -- Zugriff am 2013-12-04]

1966-08-30

Ein Militärgericht spricht Phra Phimontham (พระพิมลธรรม, 1903 - 1989) , früherer Abt von Wat Mahathat (วัดมหาธาตุ ยุวราชรังสฤษฎิ์ ราชวรมหาวิหาร) in Bangkok, von der Anklage auf Kommunismus und regierungsfeindlicher Tätigkeit frei.

Abb.:  Phra Phimontham - พระพิมลธรรม
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage von Wat Mahathat (วัดมหาธาตุ ยุวราชรังสฤษฎิ์ ราชวรมหาวิหาร)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Nachdem der erste Ausbruch sozialistischer Ideen im buddhistischen Orden in den frühen 50er Jahren weitgehend zerschlagen war, setzte eine zweite solche Welle um das Jahr 1957 ein. Die Mönche entdeckten nun den Buddha als einen der größten Sozialreformer der Welt und entwickelten aus den heiligen Schriften des Buddhismus und aus der Lebensgeschichte seines Begründers das Konzept einer idealen Wohlfahrtsgesellschaft. Diese sollte - nach den Vorstellungen einiger Propagandisten - auf den Grundsätzen des Solidarismus beruhen, der wiederum aus der Forderung nach grenzenloser liebender Güte zu allen Wesen begründet wurde. Dass die Bewegung gerade um das Jahr 1957 zutage trat, ist eine analoge Widerspiegelung der politischen Wandlungen zu jener Zeit in Thailand. Der Regierungschef und Feldmarschall Phibun Songkhram [แปลก พิบูลสงคราม, 1897 - 1964] versuchte damals durch ein politisches Manöver, seine Macht zu erhalten, indem er das politische System auf demokratischere Grundlagen stellte. Zentrum dieser Bewegung von Mönchen war die buddhistische Hochschule "Maha-Chulalongkorn Racha-Withayalai" [มหาวิทยาลัยมหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย] im Bangkoker Kloster Wat Mahathat [วัดมหาธาตุ], die im Jahre 1947 für die höhere akademische Ausbildung von Mahanikaya-Mönchen [มหานิกาย] gegründet worden war. Hier war auch ein Zentrum religiöser internationaler Beziehungen entstanden, die mehr als nur die Beziehungen zu buddhistischen Gruppen im Ausland einschlossen. Hauptinitiator dafür war Phra Phimontham [พระพิมลธรรม, 1903 - 1989], der damalige Abt des Klosters und Rektor der buddhistischen Hochschule. Da die Bedeutung dieses Mönches nun immer stärker in den Vordergrund rückte und seine spätere Verhaftung unter dem Vorwurf, kommunistische Beziehungen unterhalten zu haben, eine schwere Belastung für den Orden darstellte, ist eine kurze Schilderung seiner Lebensgeschichte bis in die späten 50er Jahre notwendig. Der aus dem Nordosten stammende Phra Phimontham ist sein ganzes Leben hindurch von der klösterlichen Gemeinschaft geprägt worden. Im Jahre 1916 trat er, damals 13jährig, als Novize in den buddhistischen Orden ein und verbrachte die Jahre bis zur Ordination als Vollmönch im Jahre 1923 mit dem Studium der buddhistischen Lehre. Die Fortsetzung seiner Studien führte ihn bis zur Erlangung des zweithöchsten Pali-Grades. Nach einer kurzen Periode als Prediger wurde er 1942 zum stellvertretenden Abt eines Klosters in der Provinz Ayuthaya [อยุธยา] ernannt. Später folgten Ernennungen zum stellvertretenden Chao Khana [เจ้าคณะ] der Provinz Ayuthaya, zum Sekretär des Chao Khana Monthon, zum Abt seines Klosters und schließlich zum Chao Khana Phak [เจ้าคณะภาค], dem höchsten Amt in der Territorialadministration, im Jahre 1943. 1945 erhielt er dann ein Amt in der zentralen Ordensverwaltung: Er wurde zum Stellvertreter des Geistlichen Ministers für das Ausbildungswesen. Nach dem Tod des früheren Abtes des Bangkoker Klosters Wat Mahathat [วัดมหาธาตุ] im Jahre 1948 wurde Phra Phimontham sein Nachfolger. 1949 erlangte er eines der höchsten Ämter, das die buddhistische Ordenshierarchie zu vergeben hat: Er wurde Minister für die innere Verwaltung des Ordens. Nach dem damals gültigen Ordensgesetz von 1941 waren Phra Phimontham in der Exekutive nur noch der Vorsitzende des Geistlichen Ministerrates und der Patriarch des Ordens übergeordnet. Viele seiner Anhänger glaubten, dass ihm eines Tages auch noch diese Ämter zufallen würden. Während seiner Zeit als Abt von Wat Mahathat hat Phra Phimontham sich den Aufgaben der Ausbildungsförderung für Laien und Mönche ebenso gewidmet wie den Fragen der buddhistischen Praxis. Die von seinem Vorgänger gerade erst eingerichtete buddhistische Hochschule "Maha-Chulalongkorn Racha-Withayalai” wurde von ihm wesentlich ausgebaut. Das Kloster richtete eine Sonntagsschule für Kinder ein und veranstaltete Predigten an Samstagen und Sonntagen. Besonders wichtig war ihm die Erforschung und Übersetzung des Abhidhamma [พระอภิธรรม], der buddhistischen Philosophie, die für die neuen Meditationstechniken bedeutsam war. Diese neuen Meditationstechniken, die ihm besonders am Herzen lagen, kamen aus Birma, dem buddhistischen Nachbarland, mit dem sich um das Jahr 1957 besonders freundliche Beziehungen entwickelt hatten. Phra Phimontham war Leiter einer neunköpfigen Delegation von Thai-Mönchen beim 6. Buddhistischen Konzil [ဆဋ္ဌမသံဃာရတနာတင်ပွဲ]in Rangun [ရန်ကုန်], an dem auch Vertreter der Thai-Regierung und der Buddhist Association of Thailand teilnahmen. Ein weiteres Beispiel für den Versuch eines zunehmenden Gedankenaustausches in religiösen Angelegenheiten zwischen Birma und Thailand war ein symbolischer Akt, bei dem der birmanische Botschafter in Thailand ein Modell der Friedenspagode [ကမ္ဘာအေးစေတီ], die anlässlich des 6. Buddhistischen Konzils in Rangun gebaut worden war, als Geschenk dem Patriarchen, dem Vorsitzenden des Geistlichen Ministerrates des Thai-Ordens sowie Phra Phimontham überreichte. Auch Premierminister Phibun Songkhram tauschte herzliche Freundschaftsworte mit seinem birmanischen Kollegen U Nu [ဦးနု, 1907 - 1995] aus. Die religiösen Bindungen zwischen den beiden Staaten fanden ihren symbolischen Ausdruck u. a. darin, dass die Staatsmänner Bodhi-Baum-Setzlinge im Wat Si Mahathat [วัดพระศรีมหาธาตุ] pflanzten. Zweifellos hatte Phra Phimontham wesentlich Anteil an der Entwicklung der freundschaftlichen Beziehungen zu Birma in jener Zeit und an den Anstößen zum gegenseitigen Austausch in religiösen Fragen. Dies kam auch in der Verleihung des hohen birmanischen Titels "Aggamahapandita" [အဂ္ဂမဟာပဏ္ဍိတ] zum Ausdruck. Phra Phimonthams Suche nach internationalen Kontakten drückte sich auch in einer Weltreise aus, einem Besuch beim Vatikan und der Teilnahme am Kongress der Vereinigung für Moralische Aufrüstung [Moral Re-Armament - MRA)], von der er - übrigens ebenso wie U Nu - glaubte, dass deren Ziele in vieler Hinsicht mit denen des Buddhismus übereinstimmten. Anlässlich einer Südasien-Konferenz 1954 in Bangkok erhielt Phra Phimontham in seinem Kloster Besuch von Vertretern aus 14 Ländern dieser Vereinigung. Sein Wunsch nach der Auseinandersetzung mit den Weltreligionen zeigte sich auch darin, dass die "Maha-Chulalongkorn Racha-Withayalai“ christliche Theologen als Lehrer anstellte. Diese Initiativen fanden allerdings die Kritik konservativer Ordensmitglieder - und zwar auch des Mahanikaya. Aufgrund einer vermeintlicher Gefahr für den Buddhismus durch die Wirksamkeit christlicher Theologen an der "Maha-Chulalongkorn Racha-Withayalai" wurde die Anstellung solchen Lehrpersonals durch Beschluss des Geistlichen Ministerrates aufgehoben. Um das Niveau buddhistischer Forschung auch in Thailand zu erhöhen, machte auch Phra Phimontham einen Anfang damit, thailändische Mönche zum Studium ins Ausland zu schicken, nach Ceylon, in die USA und an die buddhistische Universität Nalanda [नालन्दा] (Indien). Die Beurteilung von Phra Phimontham ist heute in Thailand höchst uneinheitlich. Seine Anhänger sehen in ihm einen fortschrittlichen Mönch, der dem Buddhismus eine zeitgemäße Rolle zuordnen möchte. Seine Gegner charakterisieren ihn jedoch als einen Mann, der Einfluss und Macht sucht. Für eine etwaige Linksorientierung, die ihm später vom Militärregime Sarit Thanarat [สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963] vorgeworfen wurde, geben seine Schriften keinen Anhaltspunkt, wenn er auch die Ausbreitung sozialistischer Ideen unter den Mönchen keineswegs behindert hat, ja sogar den Vertretern dieser neuen stärker politisch orientierten Bewegung seine Unterstützung gab. Die Tatsache, dass er trotzdem zur Regierung Phibun Songkhram recht gute Beziehungen unterhielt, stellt dazu keinen Widerspruch dar, denn die Regierung änderte um das Jahr 1957 bis zu einem gewissen Grade ihre politische Orientierung. Sie demokratisierte das politische System und wollte auch linksstehende Politiker in ihren Machtblock integrieren. Eine wichtige integrative Rolle spielte dabei der dem Regierungslager zugehörige Gewerkschaftsführer Sang Phathanothai [สังข์ พัธโนทัย, 1914 – 1986] und dessen linksorientierte Zeitung "Sathiaraphap" [เสถียรภาพ] (Stabilität). Sang wirkte an der Verbreitung sozialistischer Ideen unter den Mönchen mit, möglicherweise um sie schließlich für Phibun Songkhram zu gewinnen." [Quelle: Skrobanek, Walter <1941 - 2006>: Buddhistische Politik in Thailand : mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des heterodoxen Messianismus. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1976. -- 315 S. ; 24 cm. -- (Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; 23). -- ISBN 3-515-02390-9. -- Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1972. -- S. 136 - 139. -- Mit Erlaubnis des inzwischen verstorbenen Autors]

1966-09

Auf Initiative von Southeast Asia Development Advisory Group (SEADAG) wird das Academic Advisory Council for Thailand (AACT) gegründet

"ACADEMIC ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR THAILAND (AACT) MEMBERS AND OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE AT AACT MEETINGS   Name Affiliation Meetings attended William Bradley (AACT) Rockefeller Foundation none L. A. [Lee Anthony] Peter Gosling [1927 - ] (AACT) University of Michigan, geographer October, June James Hoath USOM/Thailand, director of research July Charles Keyes [1937 - ] (AACT) University of Washington, anthropologist January, June, July Michael Moerman (AACT) UCLA, anthropologist none Frank Moore [1925 - ] (AACT) Stanford University January, July Howard Parsons USOM/T, director January Gordon Pierson AID/Washington October Dalip Saund — July Lauriston Sharp [1907 - 1993] (AACT chairman) Cornell University, anthropologist all William Siffin [1922 - 1993] (AACT) Indiana University all Frederick Simmons AID/Southeast Asia all Robert Solomon Rand Corporation, National Security Council June Louis Starnberg AID/Southeast Asia October, January Paul Trescott (AACT) Miami University, later Southern Methodist University January, June, July Fred von der Mehden [1927 - ] (AACT) Rice University all David A. Wilson* (AACT) UCLA political scientist all David Wyatt [1937 - 2006] (AACT) University of Michigan,  later Cornell, historian January, June * October 1968: "research coordinator"; January 1969: "coordinator/secretary"; June 1969: "executive secretary." [Quelle: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 130f.. -- Fair use]

"In discussing topics for conferences to be organized under AACT auspices, it was agreed that the subject of local authority in Thailand, including the implications for village security, should be first priority and that additional conferences should be held on innovation and diffusion in Thai society and, thirdly, on land tenure problems, including land as an incentive and land tenure as related to security." [Zitiert in: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 131. -- Fair use]

1966-09

Es erscheint:

Keyes, Charles Fenton <1937 - >: Peasant and nation : a Thai-Lao village in a Thai state. -- Cornell Univ., Diss., 1966. -- 385 S.

Über Ban Nong Tun (บ้านหนองตื่น), Tambol Khwao (เขวา), Amphoe Mueang (เมืองมหาสารคาม), Provinz Mahasarakham (มหาสารคาม)

Abb.: Lage von Ban Nong Tun (บ้านหนองตื่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-09-01

US Senator James William Fulbright (1905 - 1995), chaiman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, befragt Arthur Sylvester, Assistant Secreatry of Defense (Public Affairs):

"Fulbright: You do not like to talk about Thailand. I am very curious about Thailand. In fact, we have asked your Defense Department to come up and testify about Thailand. I assume you know that they are very reluctant to do it in public sessions at this time. You know that, do you not? Sylvester: Yes, I am aware of that. Fulbright: Have you been advised not to testify about it also? Sylvester: No, I have not been advised. My own good judgment, knowing what the situation is, which I am sure you know also, would suggest to me to ask you not to ask me that in public. Fulbright: You see, this is what presents me with a great dilemma. I feel that I was led into the Tonkin Gulf Resolution [the Senate resolution that gave Lyndon Johnson a free hand to escalate the war in Viet Nam] and I have only myself to blame for it because I should have been more intelligent, more far-seeing, more suspicious, but I was not and I fell for it. Now we are faced with what looks like a repetition—by that I mean —faced with a fait accompli, a situation that we have to take. Certainly this committee is not created to be a rubber stamp. This is why I want to know what the Administration has in mind in Thailand; that is all. It is just that simple. Are we going to have another Viet Nam there? I think we are entitled to know it. Do you think that is an unreasonable attitude on the part of a senator? Sylvester: Not in the least. On the contrary, I concur completely. Fulbright: Obviously we are having some difficulty." [Zitiert in: Lomax, Louis E. <1922 - 1970>: Thailand : the war that is, the war that will be. -- New York : Vintage Books, 1967.  -- 175 S. ; 19 cm. -- (Vintage book ; V-204). -- S. 150f. -- Fair use]

1966-09-01

Rede des französischen Präsidenten Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (1890 - 1970) im Sportstadium von Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ, Kambodscha) vor 100.000 Zuhörern:

Abb.: Lage von Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Sans nul doute, une pareille issue n'est pas du tout mûre aujourd'hui, à supposer qu'elle le devienne jamais. Mais la France estime nécessaire d'affirmer qu'à ses yeux il n'en existe aucune autre, sauf à condamner le monde à des malheurs toujours grandissants. La France le dit au nom de son expérience et de son désintéressement. Elle le dit en raison de l'œuvre qu'elle a accomplie naguère dans cette région de l'Asie, des liens qu'elle y a conservés, de l'intérêt qu'elle continue de porter aux peuples qui y vivent et dont elle sait que ceux-ci le lui rendent. Elle le dit à cause de l'amitié exceptionnelle et deux fois séculaire que, d'autre part, elle porte à l'Amérique, de l'idée que, jusqu'à présent elle s'en était faite, comme celle-ci se la faisait d'elle-même, savoir celle d'un pays champion de la conception suivant laquelle il faut laisser les peuples disposer à leur façon de leur propre destin. Elle le dit compte tenu des avertissements que Paris a depuis longtemps multipliés à l'égard de Washington quand rien encore n'avait été commis d'irréparable. Elle le dit, enfin, avec la conviction, qu'au degré de puissance, de richesse, de rayonnement, auquel les États-Unis sont actuellement parvenus, le fait de renoncer, à leur tour, à une expédition lointaine dès lors qu'elle apparaît sans bénéfice et sans justification et de lui préférer un arrangement international organisant la paix et le développement d'une importante région du monde, n'aurait rien, en définitive, qui puisse blesser leur fierté, contrarier leur idéal et nuire à leurs intérêts. Au contraire, en prenant une voie aussi conforme au génie de l'Occident, quelle audience les États-Unis retrouveraient-ils d'un bout à l'autre du monde et quelle chance recouvrerait la paix sur place et partout ailleurs ! En tout cas, faute d'en venir là, aucune médiation n'offrira une perspective de succès et c'est pourquoi la France, pour sa part, n'a jamais pensé et ne pense pas à en proposer aucune." [Quelle: http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/accueil/discours/le-president-de-la-cinquieme-republique-1958-1969/discours-de-phnom-penh-1er-septembre-1966.php. -- Zugriff am 2015-09-09. -- Fair use]

1966-09-02 - 1966-09-05

Privatbesuch des Königspaars in Dänemark.

1966-09-04

Schwere Überschwemmungen in den Provinzen Nong Khai (หนองคาย) und Chiang Rai (เชียงราย). 20 bis 30 Todesopfer. 26240 Familien werden obdachlos.

Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Nong Khai (หนองคาย) und Chiang Rai (เชียงราย)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Die Mutter des Königs, Srinagarindra (สมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราช ชนนี, 1900 - 1995), besucht Flutopfer in Nordostthailand, ca. 1967

1966-09-08

In Bangkok gibt es mindestens 8 schwere Fälle von Japanischer Enzephalitis.

Abb.:Auftreten Japanischer Enzephalitis 1970 - 1998
[Bildquelle: PD-USGOV-HHS-CDC / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Die Japanische Enzephalitis (Abkürzung: JE) ist eine durch Viren ausgelöste Tropenerkrankung, die vor allem in Ost- und Südostasien vorkommt. In den Endemiegebieten erkranken jährlich 30.000–50.000 Personen, vor allem Kinder. Erwachsene sind meist immun. Erreger Die Japanische Enzephalitis, auch Japanische B Enzephalitis oder Russian autumn(al) encephalitis wird durch das Japanische Enzephalitis-Virus (JEV) ausgelöst, ein Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus), das wie der Erreger des Gelbfiebers und des Denguefiebers zu den Flaviviridae gehört. Bis jetzt wurden 5 Genotypen des Virus identifiziert. Infektion Die Japanische Enzephalitis ist eine Zoonose – das Erregerreservoir (Hauptwirte, Reservoirwirte) bilden Schweine und wildlebende Vögel (vor allem Reiher und andere Watvögel), seltener auch Pferde, Reptilien und Fledermäuse. Die Überträger (Vektor) sind Mücken der Gattung Culex und eventuell andere. Zu den wichtigsten zählen Culex tritaeniorhynchus und C. vishnui. Das Infektionsrisiko für Touristen ist sehr gering (< 1/Million). Ein erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko besteht bei Langzeitaufenthalten in den Endemiegebieten vor allem auf dem Land. Besonders am Ende der Regenzeit in den gemäßigten Gebieten und ganzjährig in den Tropen. Beim Infektionsrisiko besteht ein deutlicher Zusammenhang von Reisanbau und Schweinezucht. Epidemiologie Die Japanische Enzephalitis ist in Asien weit verbreitet; hier leben etwa drei Milliarden in JEV-Endemiegebieten. In Japan selbst kommen, bedingt durch die systematische Durchimpfung der Haustiere, nur noch wenige Fälle vor. Hauptsächlich betroffen sind China, Indien, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Vietnam, die Philippinen und das nördliche Thailand. Jährlich werden in den Endemiegebieten 35.000 bis 50.000 Fälle mit mehr als 10.000 Toten bekannt, wobei die tatsächliche Anzahl der Erkrankungen deutlich höher liegen dürfte. Symptomatik In den meisten Fällen verläuft die Infektion mild oder sogar asymptomatisch. Bei 1 von 250 Erkrankten kommt es zu einem schweren Verlauf mit einer Hirnentzündung (Enzephalitis). Nach einer Inkubationszeit von 5 bis 15 Tagen kommt es zu plötzlichem Fieber, Schüttelfrost, Kopfschmerzen und Muskelschmerzen (Myalgien). Bei Kindern kommt es oft zu Erbrechen und/oder Durchfall. Innerhalb kurzer Zeit treten Bewusstseinsstörungen auf. Verschiedene neurologische Symptome können auftreten. Die Letalität ist bei Krankheitsausbruch hoch (5–30 %) und die Krankheit hinterlässt oft bleibende Schäden." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Enzephalitis. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-11]

1966-09-08

Der US-amerikanische Komiker und Entertainer Bob Hope (1903 - 2003) besucht die US-Luftwaffenstützpunkte in Thailand, um die Militärs für den Kampf in Vietnam moralisch aufzurüsten. Er wird begleitet von der Sängerin Anita Bryant (1940 - ), Miss World Reita Faria (रीटा फारिया, 1945 - ) und Big-Band-Leader Les Brown (1912- 2001).

Künstlerlinks auf Spotify:

Bob Hope:
URI: spotify:artist:3AqbUi4ZK5Ob31JYFS9aTr
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/3AqbUi4ZK5Ob31JYFS9aTr

 

Anita Bryant:
URI: spotify:artist:2M93P87MDGek6uzg7Jn7he
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/2M93P87MDGek6uzg7Jn7he

Les Brown:
URI: spotify:artist:1NcsSDCxHOZrAfYVtrahND
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/1NcsSDCxHOZrAfYVtrahND

Abb.: "Christmas Special -- Bob Hope and his star-studded cast touched down at Pleiku Air Base, Vietnam, December 19, 1966, enroute to Dragon Mountain, home ofthe 2nd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division for his first Christmas show for servicemen in Vietnam. Major General A.S. Collins, Jr. (right), commanding general, 4th Infantry Division, and Colonel William K. Bonneaux (left), 633rd Combat Support Group Commander, greeted the Hope troupe upon arrival andescorted them aboard Army helicopters which airlifted them to Dragon Mountain. About 400 Air Force personnel from Pleiku joined some 4,500 Army troops to watch the first Christmas Special show."
[Bildquelle: USAirForce / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-09-10

Es erscheint:

Alsop, Joseph <1910 - 1989>: Matter of fact: American success in Vietnam. -- In: Daytona Beach Morning Journal. -- 1966-09-10. -- S. 4

"THE ABLE FOREIGN Minister of Thailand, Thanat Khoman [ถนัด คอมันตร์, 1914 - ], summed up the change very succinctly. "A year and a half ago," he said to me, "there seemed to be no doubt at all that we soon should be faced with a Communist controlled axis running from Indonesia to North Korea, and including the whole of Viet Nam, Cambodia and eventually Laos. The pressure on the other Asian countries then would have been all but irresistible, and in some cases it would not have been resisted." "That threat has vanished now, and it can never be revived if the American effort in Viet Nam is successful in the end, as I am sure it will be. Instead, the non-communist Asian countries now are moving further and further toward forms of cooperation, even partnership, which have great promise for the future. " The Foreign Minister's colleague at the development ministry, the astute and experienced Pote Sarasin [พจน์ สารสิน, 1905 - 2000], put the matter even more concisely. "Viet Nam, he said, had been the decisive test, both of America's willingness to live up to American commitments and of the much vaunted prospects of general Communist victory." "Suppose you had done differently, " he continued. "Everyone is now convinced that the future does not lie with the Communists "But if you had done differently, it would be Just the other way around. And in Indonesia, for instance, the sensible leaders would not be in any position to try to save their country from ruin, as they now are doing. Instead, everyone in Jakarta would be saying that Bung Karno [Sukarno, 1901 - 1970] was dead right all along. "" [Quelle: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19660910&id=UX0oAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RckEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904,2015218&hl=de. -- Zugriff am 2015-09-09. -- Fair use]

1966-09-12

Auf seinem Weg zur UNO in New York macht Ministerpräsident Thanom einen Blitzbesuch in Österreich.

1966-09-18 - 1975-12-23

Stationierung des 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing der US Airforce auf der Udorn (อุดรธานี) Royal Thai Air Force Base

Abb.: ®Patch des 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage der Udorn (อุดรธานี) Royal Thai Air Force Base
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"On 18 September 1966, the 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (TRW) was activated and the 630th CSG was placed under the new wing and re-designated the 432nd CSG. Organized in Southeast Asia in September 1966 to perform combat tactical reconnaissance. Added tactical fighter operations in October 1967, initially using fighters to provide combat air patrol and cover for unarmed reconnaissance planes, but later to fly strike missions. Wing fighter units destroyed many enemy aircraft: 36 confirmed aerial victories between 17 December 1967 and 8 January 1973. Also used AC- 47D gunships to provide air defense of friendly Laotian outposts, June 1969-June 1970. Ceased combat in Vietnam in Jan, in Laos in Feb, and in Cambodia in August 1973. The wing remained in Southeast Asia to perform reconnaissance and routine training to remain combat proficiency, changing designations from reconnaissance to fighter in November 1974. The wing supported Operation Eagle Pull, the evacuation of U.S. personnel from Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 12 April 1975, and Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of American and certain South Vietnamese personnel from Saigon on 29 April 1975. From 13 to 15 May 1975, the wing played a major role in locating the SS Mayaguez and in the military operations associated with the recovery of that American commercial vessel and its crew from the Cambodians. The wing was relieved of all operational commitments on 30 November and inactivated at Udorn RTAFB, Thailand, on 23 December 1975. The mission of the wing was to provide intelligence information about hostile forces through tactical reconnaissance and use its fighter elements to destroy the targets earmarked by the intelligence data provided. The wing had numerous missions in the support area also. As the command base for 7/13AF in Thailand, Udorn RTAFB played a lead role in accomplishing the objectives of the United States in fulfilling its policy in Southeast Asia. The 432nd TRW was the most diversified unit of its size in the Air Force." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udorn_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base. -- Zugriff am 2013-11-21]

1966-09-21

Pote Sarasin (พจน์ สารสิน, 1905 - 2000), Minister für Nationale Entwicklung, wird zum Präsidenten der Jahreskonferenz der International Atomic Energy Agency in Wien gewählt.

Abb.: Pote Sarasin (พจน์ สารสิน), 1957
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-09-23 - 1966-09-25

Privatbesuch des Königspaars in Belgien

1966-09-24

Sieben-Mächte-Gipfelkonferenz in Manila (Philippinen): Unter Vorsitz von US-Präsident Lyndon B. Johnsons beschließen die Regierungschefs von Südvietnam, Australien, Neuseeland, Thailand, Südkorea und den Philippinen in einem Kommunique: Forderung nach dem Rückzug aller nordvietnamesischen Truppen aus Südvietnam. Danach werde Südvietnam unverzüglich den Abzug alles verbündeten Militärs einleiten.

Abb.: Lage von Manila
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Gipfelkonferenz in Manila, 1969-09-24
[Bildquelle: Yoichi R. Okamoto, White House Photo Office / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1966-10

Verbot der kommerziellen Werbung auf Sendern des staatlichen Fernsehens.

1966-10

Die US stationieren in Thailand über 600 Militärs der 46th Special Forces Company. Hauptquartier ist Lopburi (ลพบุรี). Sie hat folgende Aufgaben

1. Counterinsurgency Training für das Thai Militär

2. Special Advisers für das Royal Thai Army Special Warfare Center und Counterinsurgency Training für die Thai Special Forces

3. Andere Aufgaben nach Maßgabe durch die Kommandatur von USMACTHAI (U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE COMMAND THAILAND)

Von 1967 bis 1969 bildet die 46th Special Forces Company über 29.000 Thai Militärs, Polizisten und Paramilitärs aus.

1966-10 - 1967-05

USOM/Thailand survey von 1200 Dorfbewohnern in drei aufständischen Provinzen

"The methods of the Census Aspiration Teams used in Vietnam and then Thailand were decidedly simple. Census takers would tell villagers that they were there to find out about village needs; while doing so, they would elicit how villagers felt about the government and the communists; and later they would report certain respondents as security risks or communist sympathizers. The questions asked by USOM/Thailand research teams and by Census Aspiration Teams must not have been very different, as demonstrated in the example that follows. Furthermore, it is unlikely that villagers were able to distinguish between the various government agencies that conducted surveys. [Fred] Von der Mehden [1927 - ] assisted in an October 1966-May 1967 USOM [United States Operations Mission]/Thailand survey of 1200 villagers in three insurgent-plagued provinces, including Sakorn Nakorn [สกลนคร] and Mahasarakam [มหาสารคาม] in the Northeastern region. Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Sakon Nakhon [สกลนคร] und Mahasarakam [มหาสารคาม] [Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain] The purpose of the survey was to measure the impact of USOM/Thailand and Thai government projects on the "attitudes, behavior, and welfare" of villagers. Findings were presented in such categories as "National Loyalty"; "Attitudes towards the CTs [communist terrorists], the Government's Suppressive Efforts, and Village Defense"; and "Village Needs and Problems." These and other questions on the impact of programs are not benign. A transcript of a February 1967 meeting between villagers in Mahasarakam province and USOM/Thailand Research Division member Toshio Yatsushiro [1917–2015] (who assisted in the von der Mehden survey) demonstrates the degree to which villagers feared and were unclear of the intentions of surveyors.89 [villager:] What is your purpose in coming here, and what kinds of questions are you going to ask us? [interviewer:] We came here to study how people feel towards certain things, what people think about certain things; and we also want to study the effectiveness of certain development programs. [villager:] I mean, tonight, what do you want to ask us about tonight? You are not going to take the names of villagers and tell the police that we are communists, are you? We would die, if you did.... [villager:] The reason that I ask you about communists is that I really want to know the reason why your research team is here, in our village. We are very much afraid of communists here; we don't know what they look like because we have never seen them. So many people have cautioned us about them. We have heard that, elsewhere, they send their agents in to recruit villagers, and sometimes they come in helicopters, to take away those whom they have recruited. If they come to take us away, in that manner, it will surely kill us, because we are opposed to communists here. All of us are Buddhist devotees, and are of unshakable Buddhist faith. [interviewer:] (explains to Dr. TY [Toshio Yatsushiro].) He says that he doesn't even know what communists are; he has only heard about them and what they do. [Yatsushiro:] If you don't know about communists, why are you afraid of them?" [Quelle: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 138f.. -- Fair use]

1966-10 - 1976-10

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland fördert den Aufbau der Forest Products Research Division am Royal Forest Department (กรมป่า)

1966-10-03

US Senator James William Fulbright (1905 - 1995), chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, im US Senat:

"We are building up in Thailand," Fulbright told his colleagues. "We are building barracks, airbases, ports and supply depots. What are the reasons for this new military involvement in Southeast Asia? What is the legal basis and the political justification? Are we trying to apply the lessons learned in Viet Nam, are we falling into the same errors or are the two situations not analogous? We are building up in Thailand," he concluded, "but do we know what is building up in Thailand?" [Zitiert in: Lomax, Louis E. <1922 - 1970>: Thailand : the war that is, the war that will be. -- New York : Vintage Books, 1967.  -- 175 S. ; 19 cm. -- (Vintage book ; V-204). -- S. 149. -- Fair use]

1966-10-04

Die USA schenken der Royal Thai Navy (กองทัพเรือ) drei Schiffe.

1966-10-07

Das Königspaar kehrt von seinem zehnwöchigen privaten Europabesuch zurück.

1966-10-21

Putschversuch in Laos scheitert. Der Putschistenführer Air Marshal Thao Ma (ca. 1931 - 1973) und 14 Putschistenmilitärs fliehen nach Thailand, wo sie von den Gerichten politisches Asyl bekommen.

1966-10-28 - 1966-10-10

US Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson (1908 - 1973) mit Gattin ist auf Staatsbesuch in Thailand. Es gibt nicht - wie anderen Städten - Protestkundgebungen, sondern nur ein begeistertes Willkommen.

Erstmals in der Geschichte der USA unterschreibt der US-Präsident im Ausland - in Thailand - ein Gesetz: am 1966-10-29 den International Education Act (PL 89-698) zur Förderung des Studiums von Ausländern in den USA.

Abb.: Lyndon B. Johnson
[Bildquelle: DonkeyHotey. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/donkeyhotey/4395386513/. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson und der König (links) beim Abschreiten der Ehrengarde, 1966-10-28

Abb.: Staatsbankett zu Ehren des Ehepaars Johnson, 1966-10-28

 
Abb.: Präsident Johnson unterschreibt im Ehren-Doktor-Mantel der Chulalongkorn University den International Education Act (PL 89-698), 1966-10-29
[Bildquelle: The Eagle and the elephant : Thai-American relations since 1833 = ความสัมพันธ์ไทย-อเมริกัน ตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2376. -- Golden Jubilee ed. = ฉบับกาญจนาภิเซกสมโภช / ed. Patricia Norland [u.a.]. -- Bangkok : United States Information Service, 1997. -- 279 S. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- ISBN 974-89415-1-5. -- S. 129. -- Fair use]]

1966-11

Der von US-Botschafter Graham Martin (1912 - 1990) ernannte Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency (SA/CI), Peer de Silva (1917 - 1978), tritt an der Botschaft sein Amt an.

1966-11-01

Eröffnung der Bank for Agriculture and Agriculture Cooperative (ธนาคารเพื่อการเกษตรและสหกรณ์การเกษตร). Grundkapital: 20 Mio. Baht, soll innerhalb von 10 Jahren auf 1 Milliarde Baht erhöht werden durch jährlich 100 Mio Baht aus dem Reisexport. Bauern können bei der Bank einen Kredit bis zu 5000 Baht erhalten ohne dafür ihr Land als Sicherheit geben zu müssen.

Abb.: ®Logo

1966-11-04

Da Malaysia nicht mehr durch die Konfrontasi Indonesiens bedroht ist, zieht Großbritannien seine 10.000 Mann Militärs ab. Außerdem streicht Großbritannien US$ 200 Mio. Wirtschafts- und Militärhilfe an Malaysia.

1966-11-05

Service Establishments Act:

Für das Nachleben Bangkoks gelten neue Regeln: Massagesalons und Bars, die Hostessen halten, müssen um Mitternacht schließen. Die dort arbeitenden Frauen müssen rote Nummernschilder tragen. Die Besitzer von Vergnügungsstätten müssen der Polizei Personenangaben zu ihren Angestellten machen.

Alteingesessene Chinesen steigen ins Geschäft ein und verwandeln altmodische Bordelle in moderne Massagesalons und Bars, die den Wünschen der US-Soldaten aus Vietnam bei ihrer Rest & Recreation (R&R) entsprechen.

1966-11-06

Ministerpräsident Thanom eröffnet in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) die 9. Generalkonferenz des World Fellowship of Buddhists (องค์การพุทธศาสนิกสัมพันธ์แห่งโลก). Es nehmen ca. 200 Delegierte aus 25 Ländern teil.

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Die World Fellowship of Buddhists (WFB, „Weltgemeinschaft der Buddhisten“) ist eine internationale Organisation von Buddhisten mit Hauptquartier in Thailand. Übersicht Die WFB wurde 1950 von Repräsentanten aus 27 Ländern in Colombo, Ceylon, gegründet. Obwohl der Theravada-Buddhismus den meisten Einfluss ausübt, sind doch alle Richtungen des Buddhismus in der Organisation vertreten. Alle Präsidenten stammten bisher aus Südostasien und Sri Lanka. Heutzutage bestehen regionale Zentren in 35 Ländern, u. a. in Indien, den USA und Australien. Ziele Die Ziele der WFB umfassen die strikte Einhaltung der Lehren und Praktiken Buddhas zu fördern, Einigkeit, Solidarität und Brüderlichkeit unter den Buddhisten zu sichern, die erhabene Lehre des Buddha zu verbreiten, Aktivitäten in sozialen, pädagogischen, kulturellen und anderen humanitären Projekten zu organisieren und auszuführen, die Arbeit für den Frieden, die Harmonie und das Glück auf Erden, auch zusammen mit anderen Organisationen, die die gleichen Ziele haben. Der gegenwärtige Präsident ist seit 1999 Phan Wannamethee (แผน วรรณเมธี) aus Thailand, mit dem verehrten Hsing Yun (星雲大師, 1927 - ) aus Taiwan als Ehrenpräsident." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fellowship_of_Buddhists. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21]

1966-11-08

Wahlen zum Kongress der USA: die demokratische Partei verliert 47 Sitze. Dies ist vor allem Ausdruck der Kritik an der Vietnampolitik Präsident Johnsons.

1966-11-12

An der Pratunam (ประตูน้ำ) Kreuzung in Bangkok wird die erste Straßenüberführung (flyover) Bangkoks eröffnet.

Abb.: Lage der Pratunam (ประตูน้ำ) Kreuzung
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-11-17 - 1966-12-10

First Asian International Trade Fair in Bangkok. Ca. 3000 Firmen sind entweder mit eigenen Ständen oder in nationalen Gemeinschaftsständen anwesend. Über eine halbe Million bezahlende Besucher.

1966-11-18

Unterzeichnung des Luftverkehrsabkommens mit Malaysia.

Abb.: Lage von Malaysia
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-11-19

Vietnamkrieg: The incident on Hill 192

Abb.: Ungefähre Lage von Hill 192
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

 

"The incident on Hill 192 is the name the United States Army called[1] the kidnapping, gang rape, and murder of Phan Thi Mao, a twenty-year-old Vietnamese woman[2] on November 19, 1966[1] by an American squad during the Vietnam War.[2] Though news of the incident reached state-side shortly after the officers' trials,[3] the story gained widespread notoriety through Daniel Lang's 1969 article for The New Yorker [4] and a subsequent book.[5] In 1989 Brian De Palma directed the film, Casualties of War, which was based on Lang's Book." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_incident_on_Hill_192. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-12]

Abb.: Einbandtitel 1969

1966-11-21

Unterzeichnung des Communication Satellite System (COMSAT) Arbitration Agreements in Washington DC.

1966-11-21

Malaysia: Es gibt nur noch 83 abhängige Verwandte von Malaysiern, die während es Kriegs als Zwangsarbeiter beim Bau der Burma-Siam-Todeseisenbahn umgekommen sind. Anfänglich waren es 1.1.75 Personen.

1966-11-23

Unterzeichnung des Handelsabkommens mit der Republik China (Taiwan).

Abb.: Lage von Taiwan
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1966-11-26

Der Außenminister Südvietnams, Tran Van Do (1904 - 1990), kommt nach Bangkok, um seinen Dank für Thailands Militäreinsatz in Vietnam auszudrücken.

1966-11-26

Beginn formeller Verhandlungen mit den USA über den Status amerikanischer Truppen in Thailand.

1966-12

Abb.: Landung eines US RF-101 Voodoo Aufklärungsflugzeugs auf seinem Standort in Thailand, 1966-12
[Bildquelle: USAF / Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 210. -- Public domain]

1966-12-08

Abkommen mit der Schweiz über den Transport zwischen fremden Staaten (5. freedom of the air).

Abb.: Lage von Schweiz und Frankreich
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1966-12-08

Abkommen mit Frankreich über die Einrichtung eines Zentrums zur Ausbildung von Elektrikern in Bangkok.

1966-12-09 - 1966-12-20

5th Asian Games (เอเชียนเกมส์) in Bangkok. Es nehmen 18 Länder mit insgesamt 1895 Sportlern teil. Thailand nimmt mit 253 Sportlern teil. Thailand gewinnt 12 mal Gold, 14 mal Silber und 11 mal Bronze.

Abb.: ©Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia]

Abb.: Armee-Marsch für die Asian Games 1966 / Text: Khun Vichitrmatra (ขุน วิจิตรมาตรา, 1897 - 1980) ; Musik: Nart Thavornbutr (นารถ ถาวรบุตร์, 1905 - 1981)

Für die Spiele wurde das Kittikachorn Indoor Stadium mit einer freien Spannweite von 120 Metern erbaut. Baukosten: 54 Mio. Baht.

Abb.: Austragungsort Kittikachorn Indoor Stadium mit 12.000 Sitzplätzen

Der Radfahrer Preeda Chullamontol gewinnt vier Goldmedaillen und zwei Silbermedaillen.

Abb.: Preeda Chullamontol

Der Gewichtheber Chaya Sukchinda gewinnt die Goldmedaille im Leichtgewicht.

Abb.: Goldmedaillengewinner Chaya Sukhachinda

1966-12-12

Abkommen mit Kanada über Finanzierung und technische Hilfe bei einer Machbarkeitsstudie einer Fernstraße Thonburi (ธนบุรี) - Pak Tho (ปากท่อ, Provinz Ratchaburi - ราชบุรี).

Abb.: Lage von Thonburi (ธนบุรี) und Pak Tho (ปากท่อ)
[Bildquelle: US Army. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-nd-47-7th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Public domain]

1966-12-15

Die kommunistischen Untergrundorganisationen Thai Patriotic Front (TPF) und Thailand Independence Movement (TIP) vereinigen sich zur Thai United Patriotic Front.

1966-12-15

USIS (united States Information Service) über seine Ziele in Thailand:

"Explain and win support for programs and activities designed to strengthen the security, development, independence, and unity of Thailand; Explain and help counter the stepped-up communist threat to Thailand; and Maintain and strengthen Thai confidence in the U. S. as a strong, reliable, and cooperative ally." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 106]

USIS (United States Information System) meldet für 1966 folgende Tätigkeiten:

• 44 Stunden Radioprogramm pro Woche (16% Musik, 19% Nachrichten und Kommentar, 65% Programm über Sicherheit, Entwicklung und kommunistische Bedohung)
• Fernsehprogramme für die Hauptsendezeit
• USIS-Filme werden von 20,8 Mio Personen gesehen
• Monatszeitschrift Serriphab, Freiheit, Auflage 125.000 Exemplare. Über 50% des Inhalts handelt von Sicherheit und Entwicklung in Thailand, besonders in Nordostthailand
• Vierfarbige Plakate "Communism and Freedom", Auflage je 150.000
• Ausgabe der Planate im Kleinformat, Auflage: mehrere 100.000

1966-12-22

Unterzeichnung des Abkommens zum Schutz amerikanischer Investitionen in Thailand durch Außenminister Thanat Khoman (ถนัด คอมันตร์, 1914 - ) und US-Botschafter Graham Anderson Martin (1912 - 1990) in Bangkok.

Abb.: Unterzeichnung des Abkommens durch Thanat Khoman und Graham Anderson Martin, 1966-12-22

1966-12-24

Zu Weihnachten herrscht 24 Stunden Waffenstillstand in Vietnam. Tausende von US-Soldaten nehmen diese zwei Tage Urlaub in Thailand.

1966-12-30

"On 30 December 1966 four newspapers in Bangkok carried front page stories saying that the Thai government was considering the deployment of a battalion combat team of 700 to 800 men to South Vietnam. A favorable response had been expected from the Thai people, but the reality far exceeded the expectation. In Bangkok alone, more than 5,000 men volunteered, including some twenty Buddhist monks and the prime minister's son. One 31-year-old monk, when asked why he was volunteering for military duty, said: "The communists are nearing our home. I have to give up my yellow robe to fight them. In that way I serve both my country and my religion."" [Quelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12]

1966-12

Bilanz des Jahres 1966 im Vietnamkrieg:

• In Südvietnam zu Beginn des Jahres stationierte US-Militärs: 181.000

• In Südvietnam zu Ende des Jahres stationierte US-Militärs: 375.000

• Südvietnamesische Militärs: 617.000 (50.000 mehr als zu Jahresbeginn)

• Weitere verbündete Militärs: 52.000, vorwiegend Südkoreaner

• Tote in Südvietnam: 14.500, davon 4.800 Amerikaner

• Truppenstärke Nordvietnams: schätzungsweise 287.000

• Tote Nordvietnams: nach US-Angaben 50.000

Abb.: Durch Vietcong-Bombe in Saigon Verletzter, Februar 1966
[Bildquelle: USIA / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Getötete Nordvietnamesische Soldaten, 1966-12-27
[Bildquelle: USAMHI / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: "Comedienne Phyllis Diller smiles for the camera as the Bob Hope Christmas show arrives at Korat (โคราช) Air Base, Thailand, to entertain American servicemen."
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1966-12-23ff

Francis Cardinal Spellman (1889 - 1967), katholischer Erzbischof von New York und Militärvikar des US Militärs, besucht die US-Truppen in Südvietnam. In einer Ansprache an die Soldaten:

"This war in Vietnam, I believe, is a war for civilization [...] American troops are there for the defense, protection and salvation not only of our country, but I believe of civilization itself."

1966-12-26 - 1966-12-31

Zusammenfassung des Regierungsberichts über Aufständische für die letzte Dezemberwoche 1966:

"Insurgents surrounded four villages in the easternmost provinces. They forced the villagers to endure long speeches denouncing the government, then they demanded rice. Under the cover of darkness, the insurgents vanished into the jungles. In yet another province, the combined Thai army-police unit arrested seven members of a ’’shadow play" group which was traveling from village to village acting out Communist propaganda in the guise of the popular form of open-air entertainment. Elsewhere, the insurgents raided a village and extorted three hundred dollars from the poverty-stricken inhabitants. (The average annual income in the villages is thirty-three dollars.) They also burned out a bridge over a small creek in Nakornpanom [นครพนม] province, thus making it difficult, if not impossible, for back villagers to get their vegetables to market. Police and insurgents clashed twice, six days apart, One terrorist was killed; a carbine, eleven bullets, and one hand grenade were captured. Police overran two insurgency hideouts near Udorn [อุดรธานี]; thirty Communist documents were seized along with three hundred pounds of food, and packages of clothing, In both instances the Communists retreated, leaving trails of blood." [Quelle: Lomax, Louis E. <1922 - 1970>: Thailand : the war that is, the war that will be. -- New York : Vintage Books, 1967.  -- 175 S. ; 19 cm. -- (Vintage book ; V-204). -- S. 25f. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Nakhon Phanom [นครพนม] und Udon Thani  [อุดรธานี]
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm