Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1968 / B. E. 2511

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1968 / B. E. 2511. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-17. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1968.htm

Erstmals publiziert: 2012-10-02

Überarbeitungen: 2017-03-17 [Ergänzungen] ;  2017-01-26 [Ergänzungen] ;  2017-01-04 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-11-21 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-09-23 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-05-26 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-05-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-11-13 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-04-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-01-31 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-18 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-09-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-04-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-04-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-20 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-15 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-04-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-03-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-01-12 [Ergänzungen] ; 2012-10-09 [Ergänzungen]; 2012-10-08 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2511 / 1968 undatiert

1951 / 1968

Anteil der Wirtschaftssektoren am Bruttosozialprodukt:

Abb.: Anteil der Wirtschaftssektoren am Bruttosozialprodukt, 1951/1968
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 235]

Abb.: Bevölkerungsanteile und Bruttosozialproduktanteile von Landwirtschaft und Nichtlandwirtschaft, 1968
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 236]

Das bedeutet:

• Bruttosozialprodukt pro Kopf der bäuerlichen Bevölkerung: 1370 Baht pro Jahr

• Bruttosozialprodukt pro Kopf der nicht-bäuerlichen Bevölkerung: 11.980 Baht pro Jahr

1959 - 1969

Staatsausgaben der Zentralregierung:

Abb.: Ausgaben der Zentralregierung in Milliarden Baht, 1959 - 1969
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 302]

1968 - 1969

Rice Premium (Reisexportzoll):

Abb.: Rice Premium (Reisexportzoll) in Baht pro Tonne, 1968 - 1969
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 245]

1968

Thailand unterzeichnet die Declaration on Population: The World Leaders Statement von 1967.

1968

57.000 Frauen betreiben erstmals Familienplanung (Schwangerschaftsverhütung).

1968

Das Kabinett erlaubt Familienplanungsprogramme für verheiratete Frauen mit Kindern. Der König unterstützt das öffentlich.

1968

Die Regierung schickt Hochschüler als freiwillige Helfer aufs Land, um beim Bau von Brunnen, Schulen usw. zu helfen.

1968

Ausbruch offener kommunistischer Aufstände in Phu Lom Lo (ภูลมโล)

Abb.: Lage von Phu Lom Lo (ภูลมโล)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968

Verhaftung von 1080 Linken als angebliche Kommunisten.

1968 - 1975

US Army Master Sergeant Leslie Atkinson betreibt von Thailand aus Großhandel mit Heroin.

Abb.: Das Goldene Dreieck
[Bildquelle: http://opiumpoppies.org/2003/01/15/golden-triangle-opium-cultivation-and-processing/. -- Zugriff am 2013-03-04. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1968

Gründung der Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO, องค์กรปลดปล่อยสหปัตตานี - พูโล).

Abb.: Ursprüngliche Fahne der PULO
[Bildquelle: Jolle / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Die Pattani United Liberation Organization (auch Patani United Liberation Organisation, Pertubuhan Pembebasan Bersatu Patani, องค์กรปลดปล่อยสหปัตตานีหรือพูโล, kurz PULO, Vereinigte Befreiungsorganisation Pattani) ist ein aktive Separatistengruppe in Süd-Thailand. Sie kämpft für ein freies und unabhängiges Pattani (ปัตตานี) und für die Unabhängigkeit des islamischen Südens von Thailand überhaupt. Sie gilt als die militanteste Untergrundbewegung Thailands. Geschichte Die Pattani United Liberation Organization wurde 1968 in Indien[1] gegründet, Berichten zufolge unter der Führung von Kabir Abdul Rahman (Bira Kotanila), einem malaiischen Gelehrten aus Pattani, der bis zu seinem Tod 2008 als Vorsitzender fungierte. PULO sieht sich als (später) Nachfolger der Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen der südlichen Provinzen vom Königreich Ayutthaya (อาณาจักรอยุธยา), die erfolgten, als Ayutthaya 1767 von den Birmanen vollständig zerstört worden war. Der seit neuestem geforderte Islamische Staat umfasst das historische Sultanat Pattani, also Pattani (ปัตตานี), Narathiwat (นราธิวาส), Yala (ยะลา), Songkhla (สงขลา) und Satun (สตูล). In Songkhla leben jedoch nur etwa 30 % Muslime, während Satun tatsächlich Teil von Kedah (‏قدح‎) gewesen war und keinerlei Unterstützung für die Abspaltung von Thailand zeigt. Abb.: Lage der Provinzen Pattani (ปัตตานี), Narathiwat (นราธิวาส), Yala (ยะลา), Songkhla (สงขลา) und Satun (สตูล) [Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain] Die zunehmende Politisierung von Thai-Studenten nach der Wiederherstellung der Militärdiktatur in Thailand 1976 zog viele Muslime zur PULO, um die Idee der Unabhängigkeit der südlichen Provinzen zu verfolgen. Es erfolgten organisierte Angriffe auf thailändische Stützpunkte und Regierungseinrichtungen im Süden und auch Bombenanschläge in Bangkok. Die Terroristen wurden seinerzeit in Ausbildungslagern der PLO in Libyen und Syrien trainiert. In der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 1992 spaltete sich die Bewegung in drei Fraktionen: PULO Leadership Council, angeführt von Arong Muleng; sie führte einen Dolch in ihrer Flagge, PULO Army Command Council zur Unterstützung von Kabir Adbul Rahman, angeführt von Hadschi Hadi Bin Ghazali und von Hadschi Sama-ae Thanam, eine Gruppe angeführt von Abu Yasir Fikri mit der größten Basis, die als einzige genügend Glaubwürdigkeit besitzt, um die PULO bei der Organisation für Islamische Zusammenarbeit (‏منظمة التعاون الإسلامي) zu vertreten. 1995 wurden die Risse zwischen den Fraktionen so groß, dass Arong Muleng's Gruppe sich abspaltete und als PULO 88 arbeitete, während die andere Gruppe unter Abdul Rahman als Pulo Keris (PULO-Dolch) firmierte. Die Unterstützung der PULO war während der Jahrzehnte unterschiedlich groß, gefährdete aber niemals die Zentralregierung in Bangkok. Seit 2009 unternimmt die PULO Versuche, den Konflikt politisch zu lösen. Dabei stellt sie Forderungen an die thailändische Regierung, wie z. B. auf die Anerkennung des islamischen Rechts (Scharia - ‏شريعة) in den Südprovinzen[2]. Terroristische Aktionen Neben den erwähnten terroristischen Aktionen gegen Regierungseinrichtungen und in Bangkok war die PULO auch für sporadische Bombenanschläge auf die Eisenbahn in Hat Yai (หาดใหญ่) verantwortlich, bei denen im August 1992 drei Menschen getötet und sechsundsiebzig verletzt wurden. Im März 1994 kam es zu einem weiteren Anschlag auf die Eisenbahnbrücke zwischen Hat Yai und Chana (จะนะ)." In neuerer Zeit kommen vor allem Brand- und Bombenanschläge gegen buddhistische Einrichtungen und Mönche vor, um die Religionen gegeneinander aufzuhetzen." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_United_Liberation_Organization. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-19]

1968

Thailand baut in Lizenz das Sturmgewehr HK33 des deutschen Waffenhersteller Heckler & Koch, Oberndorf am Neckar, Baden-Württemberg.

Abb.: Thai Militärpolizist mit HK33, 1983
"A member of the Thailand Military Security force stands guard during the opening ceremony for Operation MITRAPAB (Thai word for friendship), a parachute demonstration conducted annually for the last 22 years by the Thai military and the Joint United States Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG). Proceeds from the event are used to build schools in Thailand."
[Quelle: USGOV. -- Public domain]

1968

Die Armee entdeckt in Amphoe Wanon Niwat (อำเภอ วานรนิวาส) von Kommunisten beherrschte Dörfer. Der Sachverhalt war der lokalen Verwaltung längst bekannt, sie meldete es aber nicht weiter.

Abb.: Lage von Amphoe Wanon Niwat (อำเภอ วานรนิวาส)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968

Es erscheint der Song:

พบูลย์ บุตรขัน [Phaibun Butkhan] <1918 - 1972>: ฝนเดือนหก [Regen im sechsten Monat] / gesungen von รุ่งเพชร แหลมสิงห์ [Rungphet Laemsing] <1942 - >

Abb.: Kassettenhülle
[Fair use]

Der Song auf Spotify:

URI: spotify:track:4j8lyFifbvgIz91teNKu4a
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/4j8lyFifbvgIz91teNKu4a

1968

Es erscheint:

Traditional music of Thailand / [hrsg.] David Morton [1920 - 2004]. -- Los Angeles : Institute of Ethnomusicology UCLA, 1968. -- 2 Langspielplatten. -- IER 7502

Abb.: Plattenhülle

1968

Gründung von The Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (CCAS). Es gibt das Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars heraus.

"The Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (CCAS) was founded in 1968 by a group of graduate students and younger faculty as part of the opposition to the American war in Vietnam. They proposed a "radical critique of the assumptions which got us [The United States] into Indo-China and were keeping us from getting out." [1] The caucus was held at the Association for Asian Studies convention in Philadelphia, but was a radical critique of that professional association's values, organization, and leadership. The group was largely formed due to the Association for Asian Studies lack of public stance on the Vietnam War.[2] Most of the original members were graduate students or junior faculty in Area Studies programs at Harvard, Stanford, University of Michigan, University of California at Berkeley, and Columbia University, although there were also independent scholars and those with no affiliation in the field. Statement of Purpose On 30 March 1969, the group passed the following Statement of Purpose: We first came together in opposition to the brutal aggression of the United States in Vietnam and to the complicity or silence of our profession with regard to that policy. Those in the field of Asian studies bear responsibility for the consequences of their research and the political posture of their profession. We are concerned about the present unwillingness of specialists to speak out against the implications of an Asian policy committed to ensuring American domination of much of Asia. We reject the legitimacy of this aim, and attempt to change this policy. We recognize that the present structure of the profession has often perverted scholarship and alienated many people in the field. The Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars seeks to develop a humane and knowledgeable understanding of Asian societies and their efforts to maintain cultural integrity and to confront such problems as poverty, oppression, and imperialism. We realize that to be students of other peoples, we must first understand our relations to them. CCAS wishes to create alternatives to the prevailing trends in scholarship on Asia, which too often spring from a parochial cultural perspective and serve selfish interests and expansionism. Our organization is designed to function as a catalyst, a communications network for both Asian and Western scholars, a provider of central resources for local chapters, and a community for the development of anti-imperialist research." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Concerned_Asian_Scholars. -- Zugriff am 2015-07-10]

1968

Es erscheint

Huntington,  Samuel Phillips  <1927 – 2008>: Political order in changing societies. -- New Haven : Yale University Press, 1968. -- 488 S. ; 24 cm

Abb.: Einbandtitel der Paperbackausgabe 1969

"A prominent US scholar, Samuel P. Huntington [1927 - 2008]], gave political impetus to the militarisation of Asian societies by terming their armies "motors of development." He even condoned dictatorial practices by emphasising that a supposed Asian concept of the "divine right of the kings" legitimised the possibility of temporal authority changing the laws, thereby allowing authoritarian governments to design what he termed "rational policies based on a sense of utility."39 Huntington's contemporary, Lucien W. Pye [白魯恂, 1921 - 2008], tried to explain the complexities of Asian politics in the context of an incoherent mix of Confucianism, narcissism, metaphysics and different methods of child-rearing. Huntington's and Pye's naive—but highly dangerous—gibberish became compulsory reading at staff colleges in the US, and for years to come clouded rational thinking in the political and military establishment in Washington." [Quelle: Lintner, Bertil <1953 - >: Burma in revolt : opium and insurgency since 1948. -- 2. ed. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm, 1999. -- 558 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 974-7100-78-9. -- S. 174f. -- Fair use]

 

1968

USA: Indienstnahme des Granatwerfers M203. Thailand wird solche Granatwerfer in Dienst stellen.

Abb.: Ein US-Soldat erklärt einem Thai-Soldaten den Gebrauch des M-16/203mm Granatwerfers, 2009
[Bildquelle: U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Stuart Wegenka / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1968

Gründung des privaten Dhurakij Pundit College (heute: Dhurakij Pundit University - มหาวิทยาลัยธุรกิจบัณฑิตย์).

Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia]

Abb.: Dhurakij Pundit University - มหาวิทยาลัยธุรกิจบัณฑิตย์, 2010
[Bildquelle: DOME SEKOSER. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/sekoser/4734760291/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-02. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Dhurakij Pundit University (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยธุรกิจบัณฑิตย์) is a university located in Bangkok, Thailand. Founded as Dhurakij Pundit College in 1968, and upgraded to a university status in 1984, it is one of the larger Thai private universities. Undergraduate and graduate degree programs are offered though the university's nine faculties, the graduate school, and the international college. The University Dhurakij Pundit University (DPU), meaning the University of Business Knowledge, is one of the most respected private universities in Thailand and is recognized by the international academic community. It was begun in 1968 by Dr. Sawai Sudhitipak (ไสว สุทธิพิทักษ์, 1917 - 1994) and Mr. Sanan Ketudat (สนั่น เกตุทัต, 1915 - 2005) as Dhurakij Bandit College with only 40 students. Dhurakij Pundit College rapidly grew in student numbers and academic programs. Its success mainly to the vision and dedication of Dr. Sawai, who served as the university's president until his death in 1994, and Khun Sanan, who guided its expansion as honorary chairman of the University Council while pursuing a distinguished career in government. In 1984, the Royal Thai Ministry of University Affairs conferred university status on Dhurakij Bandit in recognition of its high academic standards and achievements. Only three other private colleges earned a similar distinction at the time. In 2005, the university created the new Dhurakij Pundit University International College (DPUIC). DPUIC provides degree programs for Thai and foreign students who study in English. There are currently students enrolled from the United States, China, Japan, Mongolia and Vietnam. For more details, see http://www.dpu.ac.th/dpuic/.   International affiliations and partnerships DPU has affiliations with universities in Australia, the United States, the Peoples Republic of China, Japan, Canada, France and Sweden. INO is responsible for setting up international exchange programs for both the staff and students."  [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhurakij_Pundit_University. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-20]

1968

Einkommenssteuer:

Jahres-Einkommensanteil von bis (in Baht)	Steuersatz
bis 10.000	10%
10.000 bis 50.000	13%
50.000 bis 100.000	16%
100.000 bis 150.000	20%
150.000 bis 200.000	25%
200.000 bis 250.000	30%
250.000 bis 300.000	35%
300.000 bis 350.000	40%
350.000 bis 400.000	45%
über 400.000	50%

Freibeträge:

• Steuerpflichtiger: 4000 Baht
• Gattin: 2000 Baht
• je Kind: 1000 Baht

Außerdem können je nach Herkunft des Einkommens für die Ermittlung des steuerpflichtigen Einkommens 0% bis 90% vom Bruttoeinkommen abgezogen werden.

[Quelle: Thailand official year book 1968. -- S. 432]

1968/69

B. Bronson und G. F. Dales graben an der urgeschichtlichen Fundstelle Chansen (จันเสน)

Abb.: Lage von Chansen (จันเสน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968

Abb. Zeitschrift Thai Fashion - แฟชั่น, 1968
[Fair use]

1965 - 1971

Ausgaben des US Militärs in Nordostthailand als Prozent des Bruttosozialprodukts ganz Nordostthailand

Abb.: Ausgaben des US Militärs in Nordostthailand als Prozent des Bruttosozialprodukts ganz Nordostthailand
[Datenquelle: Thailand, roots of conflict / edited by Andrew Turton, Jonathan Fast, Malcolm Caldwell. -- Nottingham : Spokesman Books, 1978. -- 196 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 0851242383. -- S. 49, Anm. 56]

1968

Es erscheint der Sexführer für US-Soldaten

Harris, Andrew: Bangkok after dark. -- New York´: Macfadden-Bartell, 1968. -- 160 S.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1968

Es erscheint:

Märchen aus Thailand / hrsg. u. übertr. von Christian Velder [1931 - 2004]. -- Düsseldorf : Diederichs, 1968. -- 295 S. -- (Märchen der Weltliteratur)

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1968

Briefmarken:

1968

Ausbildung der ersten Commando Raiders für Laos

"Commando Raiders were the Lao special forces and pathfinders of the Laotian Civil War from 1968 until war's end. Recruitment Savannakhet Unit of the CIA decided in late 1968 to train an elite guerrilla unit to operate against the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Projected duties of the new unit would be cross-border espionage forays, airborne pathfinder insertions, prisoner of war acquisition for interrogation, hazardous ambushes and raids, and bomb damage assessment. Taking especial care to recruit educated and fit young candidates, two classes of 40 men each were enlisted during early 1969. There was a class from Military Region 2 of northern Laos and another from southern Laos.[1] In Autumn 1969, another new class of 60 volunteers from Savannakhet was enrolled as Commando Raiders.[2] Training In March 1969, a U.S. Special Forces Team of 17 men was assigned to Phitscamp, Thailand to prepare the training site for the Commando Raiders. Some of the Team's members had prior guerrilla training experience as participants in the earlier Operation Pincushion or with Military Assistance Command Vietnam Special Operations Group. The latter organization supplied the three month curriculum for training. The two initial classes were trained separately from one another for a couple of reasons. One was ethnic animosity between the classes. Another was that the trainers did not want the trainees discovering that pay rates differed between the classes, with the southerners being better paid.[2] The Commando Raiders were trained as eight man teams, with a Green Beret adviser assigned to every team. As part of their training, they were familiarized with both friendly and enemy weaponry and equipment they would use on their missions. They completed parachute training just before their graduation from training in August 1969. They were then forwarded to their operational base in Laos, an isolated camp northeast of Savannakhet dubbed Whiskey-3.[3] OperationsMR 1 operations Recruitment of Commando Raiders began in January 1970, After hasty training in Thailand, the Raiders were returned to Military Region 1 in June. They were stationed along the Route 46 portion of the Chinese Road as road watch teams using the Hark-1 to gather military intelligence.[4] MR 2 operations In late 1969, the northern class of 40 Commando Raiders was stationed at Pha Khao. They were accompanied by an experienced Central Intelligence Agency case officer. On 26 November 1970, the Raiders played an essential role in Operation Counterpunch when they seized the airstrip at San Tiau. An additional company of Raiders was recruited during January 1970. On 22 February 1970, 32 Commando Raiders were committed to a raid over the border to Dien Ben Phu. Dropped by Air America helicopters to the west of their target but still within Laos, the Raiders slipped across the border and rocketed an officers meeting at a PAVN headquarters. The Commandos exfiltrated to be plucked up by the Air America copters on 24 February.[5] A contingent of 60 Raiders were sent to Military Region 4 for March 1970. Detailed to defensive duties, they seemed to serve mostly as a symbol of MR 2's willingness to send its very best to MR 4's aid. This contingent returned to MR 2 to find itself engaged in the battle to retake Sam Thong. Their commander was killed in that battle.[6] On 23 May 1970, 21 Raiders in North Vietnamese uniforms staged a cross-border raid against a supply center at Moung Sen. By the 29th, PAVN searchers brought the Raiders to bay. The Raiders dispersed into the jungle, only for most to be hunted down. Four Raiders were rescued, half-starved, by an Air America helicopter.[6] There were three more raids on Moung Sen, the last in October 1971.[7] Commando Raiders would also be used over the next couple of years as Pathfinders, in such activities as Phou Khao Kham,[8] Operation Phou Phiang II,[9] Operation Maharat,[10] and some other occasions.[11] MR 3 operations In early 1970, the Commando Raiders undertook their first espionage mission. Under the code name Chicken Fight, they were helilifted by Air America to the Laotian/Vietnamese border. Once emplaced, the 30 man team infiltrated cross-border 14 kilometers northeast of the Nape Pass to overlook a People's Army of Vietnam training camp at Rao Qua. Using the five 60mm mortars they carried, the Team fired its 50 rounds of mortar ammunition at 0500 hours on the sleeping camp. Leaving the communist camp in flames, the Team retreated back into Laos for exfiltration.[2] This success led to a second mission. The Commando Raiders were sent to demolish an antiaircraft site near the Mu Gia Pass crossing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Their backup target was a North Vietnamese POL line. Though they were unsuccessful in this early April raid, they followed up with two more later nondescript forays against the Trail.[12] By this time, teams were being manned according to the planned objectives of missions from their base at Whiskey-3. There were from 120 to 200 Commandos available for duty at a given moment. Team missions were usually shallow incursions from Military Region 3 into North Vietnam. These were generally indirect fire missions with improvised rocket launchers, with an idling helicopter waiting to whisk the Commandos away afterwards. There was no feedback concerning enemy casualties or damage. However, an unsuccessful raid on Lang Mo on 21 October 1970 ended this tactic.[13] From December 1970 through January 1971, the Raiders retrained. After a few minor actions, in April 1971, 24 Raiders in PAVN garb, with three 81mm mortars, were inserted north of Mu Gia to attack a PAVN rest area. The Raiders' landing zone had been used previously by MR 4 Raiders; now it was occupied by PAVN troops. The incoming Raiders were under fire as soon as they touched down. Their CIA adviser lost radio contact with them. Five weeks later, the first of five survivors made it back to friendly territory.[14] About the 20th of November, Commando Raiders secured a landing zone north of Ban Phone to start Operation Thao La.[15] In December 1971, Savannakhet Unit closed its Commando Raider program. Reason cited was the results of the program were not worth the investment made.[14] MR 4 operations In July 1970, a contingent of 30 Commando Raiders was sent to Khong Island (ໂຂງ) in Military Region 4. While there, a dozen of them staged one of their raids via mortar fire on a PAVN contingent in northern Cambodia. The Raiders also laid ambushes along the communist supply line down the Se Kong River (ເຊກອງ). Pakse Unit (ປາກເຊ) of the CIA was impressed enough to raise and train their own 50 Raiders in late Summer. These Raiders were stationed at Pakse Site 22, and were used in operations against communist-occupied Attopeu. However, by November, communist advances had caused their relocation to 26 kilometers north of Pakse.[16] On 27 July 1971, the Commando Raiders were used as a pathfinder force to secure the airfield at Salavan (ສາລະວັນ); they did so in 12 minutes with no opposition.[17] In late 1971, the MR 4 Commando Raiders were used as light infantry in operations along Route 23. Their adviser resigned to protest their misuse.[18] On 18 October 1972, A Raider team was inserted via parachute on the pathfinder mission that opened Operation Black Lion III.[19] Results As the war progressed, the Commando Raiders shifted from their original special operations role to becoming pathfinders instead". [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakse. -- Zugriff am 2016-09-23]

1968

Es erscheint:

Stoller, Robert J. (Jesse) <1925 - 1991>: Sex and gender : on the development of masculinity and femininity. -- New York : Science House, 1968. -- 2 Bde : 383 S. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0701203218

"In „Sex und Gender“ (1968) artikulierte Stoller seine Ablehnung von Freuds Glauben an die biologische Bisexualität. Damit geriet er in Gegensatz zur "reinen Lehre" Sigmund Freuds und zur mächtigen Psychoanalytischen Gesellschaft, die mit Argusaugen darüber wacht. Er wandte sich auch gegen die operative Geschlechtsumwandlung mit der Begründung, sie sei in Wirklichkeit keine Umwandlung des Geschlechts, sondern eine für die Klienten mit vielen oft lebenslangen Problemen verbundene äußerliche Angleichung des Körpers an die gefühlte Geschlechtsidentität. Gewissenlose Ärzte würden damit viel Geld verdienen.[2] Gestützt auf seine ausgedehnten Forschungen an Transsexuellen und neue Erkenntnisse in der Sexualwissenschaft legte er seine Überzeugung von einer „primären Femininität“ dar, d. h. eine anfängliche Orientierung des Zellgewebes und später der psychologischen Identität auf eine (bei Jungen zunächst vorläufige) feminine Entwicklung. Diese frühe, konfliktfreie Phase trägt zu einer weiblichen Kernidentität sowohl bei Jungen als auch bei Mädchen bei, bis bei den Jungen eine männliche Kraft präsent wird, die den Jungen dazu drängt, die symbiotische Beziehung mit der Mutter zu überwinden. Stoller identifizierte drei Komponenten bei der Herausbildung der psychischen Geschlechtsidentität, die ein angeborenes und unwandelbares Empfinden von Männlichkeit oder Weiblichkeit ist: biologische und hormonelle Einflüsse die sexuelle Zuweisung von der Geburt an (durch die Hebamme, die Eltern und das Standesamt) psychosoziale Umwelteinflüsse mit ähnlichem prägendem Effekt. Stoller behauptet, dass die Bedrohung der Gender-Identität einer Bedrohung der Selbstidentität entspreche und das Individuum zu deren Verteidigung zwingt, mit Reaktionen, innerpsychischen Mechanismen und unbewussten Strategien, die als Perversionen bekannt sind. 1968 trug Stoller wesentlich dazu bei, das Konzept des „Sex und Gender“ zu prägen, das zwischen (biologisch vorgegebenem) Geschlecht und Geschlechterrolle unterscheidet. Dabei orientierte er sich an den Lehren von Sigmund Freud, der ebenfalls mit der Psychoanalyse die Entstehung einer Geschlechtsidentität zu erklären versuchte. „Geschlechtsidentität (gender identity) beginnt mit dem Wissen und dem Bewusstsein, ob bewusst oder unbewusst, dass man einem Geschlecht (sex) angehört und nicht dem anderen. Geschlechtsrolle (gender role) ist das äußerliche Verhalten, welches man in der Gesellschaft zeigt, die Rolle, die man spielt, insbesondere mit anderen Menschen.“ – Robert Stoller, 1968 Obwohl Stoller die späteren Erkenntnisse der Endokrinologie (siehe Klaus Dörner) und der Hirnforschung zur embryonalen Entwicklung der Geschlechtsidentität nicht kennen konnte, nahm seine Theorie bereits vieles davon vorweg, musste sich bei der Erklärung der Ursachen für die sexuellen Identitätsstörungen aber auf die nach der Geburt auftretenden Konflikte beschränken." [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stoller. -- Zugriff am 2016-04-26]

In Thailand wird die Unterscheidung zwischen Sex und Gender sehr ausgeprägt werden, nicht nur im Phänomen der Kathoey (กะเทย).

2511 / 1968 datiert

1967-10 - 1968-01

Abb.: US-Luftangriffe auf Nordvietnam und Laos 1967-10 - 1968-01
[Datenquelle: Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 240. -- Public domain]

1968-01 - 1970-10

Die International Organization for Standardization legt international weitere Normen für Container fest. Durch die Austauschbarkeit der ISO-Container (intermodal container) wird die "Container-Revolution" im Weltverkehr in Gang gesetzt.

Abb.: ISO-Container (intermodal container)
[Bildquelle: KMJ / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Container-Terminal Bangkok, 2009
[Bildquelle: cop4cbt. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/26953850@N04/3426380211. -- Zugriff am 2013-06-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keien kommerzielle Nutzung, keien Bearbeitung)]

1968-01

Bei ihrem Kampf gegen "kommunistische" Bergvölker fallen 20 Thais.

1968-01-01

König Bhumibol erklärt, dass Thai-Truppen in Südvietnam am Kampf teilnehmen "um die Freiheit [!] und Sicherheit dieses Teils der Welt zu schützen. Wir müssen realisieren, dass die Aggression des Feinds darauf aus ist, zu zerstören was wir haben, einschließlich der Thai Nation selbst."

1968-01-04

Trotz westlicher Proteste erlaubt Singapur Nordvietnam, eine Handelsniederlassung einzurichten.

1968-01-10

Ministerpräsident Thanom ist mit einer hochgradigen Delegation drei Tage lang Staatsgast in Südvietnam.

1968-01-10

"The final tables for the Royal Thai Army Volunteer Force (the Black Panther Division) were approved on 10 January 1968. The force totaled 11,266 men, including a 5 percent overstrength. (Chart 1) CHART 1- ORGANIZATION OF ROYAL THAI ARMY VOLUNTEER FORCE 25 JANUARY 1968 [Quelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12]

1968-01-15 - 1968-01-19

Der Präsident der Philippinen, Ferdinand Marcos (1917 - 1989), mit Gattin Imelda (1929 - ) sind auf Staatsbesuch in Thailand.

Abb.: Lage der Philippinen
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Ferdinand Marcos, 1966
[Bildquelle: LC-USZ62-134158 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1968-01-16

Der britische Premier Minister, Harold Wilson (1916 - 1995), erklärt, dass Großbritannien alle seine Truppen aus Südostasien (Malaysia, Singapur) bis Ende 1971 zurückziehen werde. Großbritannien werde sich militärisch ganz auf Europa und die NATO konzentrieren.

1968-01-19

Die SEATO Graduate School of Engineering wird umbenannt in Asian Institute of Technology.

Abb.: Lage des Asian Institute of Technology
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Asian Institute of Technology
[Bildquelle: Rabin Tuladhar / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDlicense]

1968-01-22

US-Bomber fliegen nun auch offiziell von Thailand aus, um Laos zu bombardieren. Man will den Ho Chi Minh-Pfad zerstören "zur Verteidigung unseres Landes ... zur Verteidigung Bangkoks" (Ministerpräsident Thanon). Thailand behauptet, von dem Pathet Lao (ປະເທດລາວ) unterstützte Bergvölker würden Thailand infiltrieren, um eine von Rotchina angeführte kommunistische Machtübernahme vorzubereiten.

Abb.: Ho Chi Minh-Pfade in Südlaos, 1967
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Auf dem Ho Chi Minh-Pfad, ca. 1960
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Karte der völkerrechtswidrigen Bombardierung von Laos durch die USA
[Bildquelle: ross lee tabak. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/rossleetabak/4292334282/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

Abb.: Streubombe, wie sie über Laos massenweise abgeworfen wurde: die Bombe enthält Hunderte von "Bömbchen"
[Bildquelle: Oxfam International. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/oxfam/5169281722/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Laos is the most heavily bombed country in history, on a per capita basis. U.S. Vietnam War-era bombings from 1964-1973 left nearly half of Laos contaminated with vast quantities of unexploded ordnance (UXO). Over 20,000 people have been killed or injured by UXO in Laos since the bombing ceased. Here are some other startling facts about the U.S. bombing of Laos and its tragic aftermath: Over 260 million cluster bombs were dropped on Laos during the Vietnam War (210 million more bombs than were dropped on Iraq in 1991, 1998 and 2006 combined); over 75 million did not detonate. During the bombing, the equivalent of a planeload of bombs was dropped every eight minutes, 24 hours a day for nine years. More than half of all confirmed cluster munitions casualties in the world have occurred in Laos. Each year there continue to be over 100 new casualties in Laos. Close to 40% of the accidents result in death, and 40% of the victims are children. Over the past 16 years, the U.S. has contributed on average $3.1M per year for UXO clearance in Laos; the U.S. spent $17M per day (in 2010 dollars) for nine years bombing Laos. The U.S. spent as much in three days bombing Laos ($51M, in 2010 dollars) than it has spent for clean up in the last 16 years ($51M). Nearly 40 years on, only a fraction of these munitions have been destroyed." [Quelle: https://legaciesofwar.org/about-laos/secret-war-laos/secret-bombing-laos/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

1968-01-22 - 1967-01-29

Mohammad Reza Schah Pahlavi Schahinschah (‏محمدرضاشاه پهلوی‎) (1919 - 1980), der Shah von Iran mit Gattin Farah (فرح پهلوی)  trifft in Thailand zu einem 7-tägigen Staatsbesuch ein. Der Schah: "Thailand and Iran are enjoying [!] a regime of the same kind, that is, one of monarchy."

Abb.: Lage von Iran
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Mohammad Reza Schah Pahlavi Schahinschah (‏محمدرضاشاه پهلوی‎), 1975
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Video: Ehrendoktor in Rechtwissenschaft für Shah.
[Quelle der mp4 Datei: David Mehrzad. -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWFiDNhXSno. -- Zugriff am 20134-03-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz  (Namensnennung)]

1968-01-25

Erstmals qualifizieren sich die Thai-Fußballer für die Teilnahme an den Olympischen Spielen: sie gewinnen in Bangkok 2 : 1 gegen Indonesien. Mannschaftkapitän: Narong Sangkasuvan. Schütze des ersten Tors in der ersten Minute: Nivat Srisavat.

1968-01-29 - 1968-02-25

Tet-Offensive des Vietcong in Südvietnam; führt zum Schock in den USA.

Abb.: Karte der Tet-Offensive
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1968-02

In Vietnam sind nun 510.500 US-Soldaten im  Einsatz.

1968-02-01

Foto des US-Fotografen Eddie Adams (1933 - 2004) gibt der Anti-Vietnamkriegs-Bewegung starken Auftrieb: "Es zeigt den südvietnamesischen Polizeikommandanten Nguyễn Ngọc Loan (1931 - 1998), während er in Saigon den festgenommenen Vietkong-Guerillakämpfer Nguyễn Văn Lém (geb. ca. 1934) auf offener Straße mit der Pistole hinrichtet. Für diese Aufnahme erhielt Adams 1968 die Auszeichnung für das Pressefoto des Jahres, und 1969 wurde er mit dem Pulitzer-Preis für Fotografie ausgezeichnet. Später relativierte Adams die schockierende Wirkung des Bildes, da er die Aussage des Bildes für irreführend hielt. Der Gefangene habe vor seiner Erschießung die Familie von Nguyens Vertrautem ermordet." (Wikipedia)

1962-02 - 1968-02-01

Abb.: US Air Force aircraft losses in Laos February 1962 - February 1, 1968
[Bildquelle: USAF / Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 299. -- Public domain]

1968-02-06

Eines der letzten Photos der Bangkoker Straßenbahn, 1968-02-06
[Bildquelle: George Lane. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/21364318@N05/8386586431. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1968-02-12

Das Kabinett warnt ausländische Journalisten, dass sie, wenn sie Artikel veröffentlichen, die für Thailand abträglich sind, des Landes verwiesen werden. Manche Journalisten hatten kritische Artikel über die thailändische Begeisterung für den Vietnamkrieg geschrieben.

Abb.: Sitzung des Kabinetts, ca. 1967

1968-02-13

Ein Großfeuer in Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) macht Hunderte von Familien obdachlos. Sachschaden: ca. 100 Mio. Baht.

Abb.: Lage von Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-02-19

Eröffnung von Thailands erstem Stahlwerk GS Steel Co Ltd. Es befindet sich in der Provinz Samut Prakan (สมุทรปราการ). Es ist ein Joint Venture von Thailand mit den japanischen Firmen Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha und Kawaichi-Gisho Co Ltd.

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Samut Prakan (สมุทรปราการ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-02-22

Die Nationalversammlung billigt einstimmig den Verfassungsentwurf.

1968-03

US 602d Special Operations Squadron wird auf der Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base stationiert.

Abb.: der Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Der Spitzname für Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) ist "Naked Fanny".

Abb.: Restaurierter Jagdbomber AD-4 Skyraider, gehörte zum 602nd Special Operations Squadron in Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม), 2009
[Bildquelle: Greg Bishop. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/konabish/5955364129/. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-14. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]
 

1968-03

In Thakli (ตาคลี) treffen die ersten sechs General Dynamics F-111 "Aardvark" der US Air Force ein. Zwei werden schon im ersten Monat abgeschossen.

Abb.: Lage von Thakli (ตาคลี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: US Air Force TFS F-11A beim Bombeneinsatz über Nordvietnam, 1968
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1968-03

USA: es erscheint der Vietnamkriegs-Song "The Unknown Soldier" der US-Rock-Band "The Doors" als Single.

Abb.: ©Plattentitel
[Fair use]

Der Song auf Spotify:

URI: spotify:track:78JYtz4yOPqAEgZZc3SBLT
URL: https://open.spotify.com/track/78JYtz4yOPqAEgZZc3SBLT

"The song was Jim Morrison's (1943 - 1971) reaction to the Vietnam War and the way that conflict was portrayed in American media at the time. Lines such as "Breakfast where the news is read/ Television children fed/ Unborn living, living dead/ Bullets strike the helmet's head" concern the way news of the war was being presented in the living rooms of ordinary people." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unknown_Soldier_%28song%29. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-14]

1968-03

Die japanische Firma Toyota beginnt mit der Produktion des Pickups Toyota Hilux an. Er wird für Südostasien in Thailand zusammengebaut werden.

Abb.: Toyota Mighty X ( Hilux der 5. Generation), Bang Pu Mai (บางปูใหม่), Samut Prakan (สมุทรปราการ), 2009
[Bildquelle: Mattes / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-03-13

Offizielle Gründung der Prince of Songkla University (มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์) in Pattani (ปัตตานี). Es ist die erste Universität in Südthailand.

Abb.: ®Logo
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage von Pattani (ปัตตานี)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Prince of Songkla University (มหาวิทยาลัยสงขลานครินทร์) was the first university in Southern Thailand, established in 1967.[2] The name of the university was granted by His Majesty the King in honor of His Royal Highness Somdej Chao Fa Mahidol Adulyadej Kromma Luang Songkla Nakarin (สมเด็จพระมหิตลาธิเบศรอดุลยเดชวิกรม พระบรมราชชนก, 1892 - 1929), the king's father. The university consists of four campuses and one education service area. In 1968, the first permanent campus was established in Pattani (ปัตตานี). The campus in Hat Yai (หาดใหญ่) was opened in 1971 and is now the main campus, with more than 50% of the university's students. Other campuses were established in Phuket (ภูเก็ต, 1977) and Surat Thani (สุราษฎร์ธานี, 1990). Additionally, the Trang (ตรัง) education service area was founded in 1991. As 2007, the university offers 295 educational programs to its 34,000 students, including 18 international programs and 3 foreign language programs.[1] History In 1962 the Department of Provincial Administration was assigned by the Thai government, through the Southern Development Committee, to initiate a project to set up a university in southern Thailand in accordance with the Southern Development plan. In 1965 the cabinet approved, in principle, that the main campus of the university was to be at Ruesamilae, an urban area of Pattani. Since the Pattani site abuts the sea, very high humidity and sea water vapor would lead to prohibitive maintenance cost for the upkeep of the engineering laboratory equipment and engineering teaching facilities. It was agreed to relocate the Faculty of Engineering to a new site. After a long search, it was decided that the Faculty of Engineering should be located in Hat Yai District (หาดใหญ่), Songkhla Province (สงขลา). Lady Atthakraweesunthorn (อรรถกระวีสุนทร) agreed to donate a plot of land totalling 690 rai (approximately 276 acres) at Tambon Korhong (คอหงส์), Hat Yai district, Songkla Province, which was to be used as a new campus of Prince of Songkla University upon which the Faculty of Engineering would be located. In 1968 the parliament passed the Prince of Songkla University Act, which became effective on March 13 of that year. Prince of Songkla University thus proclaimed March 13 as its “Foundation Day”. In 1969, the construction at Hat Yai campus was started. On July 5, 1971 when it was partially completed, about two hundred students and staff members of the Faculty of Engineering were moved to the new campus at Hat Yai." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Songkla_University. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-29]

1968-03-13

Tod von Juntree Siriboonrod (จันตรี ศิริบุญรอด, geb. 1917), dem Vater der Thai Science Fiction.

Abb.: Juntree Siriboonrod (จันตรี ศิริบุญรอด)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Juntree Siriboonrod (Thai: จันตรี ศิริบุญรอด; March 31, 1917-March 13, 1968) was a Thai novelist. He is regarded as the "father of Thai science fiction". Life Juntree began his career as a civil servant in the Mineral Fuels Division (now the Department of Mineral Fuels of the Ministry of Energy) of the Thai government. He began writing novels and science-related articles in limited circulation as a senior high school science teacher at the Kenneth Mackenzie School (โรงเรียนเคนเน็ตแม็คเคนซี) in Lampang Province (ลำปาง). In 1945, he collaborated on the magazine Witthayasat Mahatsachan (วิทยาศาสตร์-มหัศจรรย์) alongside Dr Preecha Amatyakul (ปรีชา อมาตยกุล), then Assistant Secretariat of the Science Society of Thailand (สมาคมวิทยาศาสตร์แห่งประเทศไทย). Under this name he published works of science fiction, science-related articles and biographies on scientists, continuing to do so until his resignation in 1959. Works Lok Thalom (โลกถล่ม) Phu Dap Duang Athit* (ผู้ดับดวงอาทิตย์) Phu Phop Phaendin* (ผู้พบแผ่นดิน) Manut Khu (มนุษย์คู่) Phu Sang Anakhot (ผู้สร้างอนาคต) Works marked with an asterisk were selected for the 88 Good Thai Science Books (88 หนังสือดีวิทยาศาสตร์ไทย) [1] list. Juntree Siriboonrod Award (รางวัลจันตรี ศิริบุญรอด) In 2005, Nanmee Books Co. Ltd. (นานมีบุ๊คส์) along with the Science Writers & Publisher Forum (SciPub), the Science Society of Thailand Under the Patronage of His Majesty the King, the Junior Science Talent Project (JSTP) and the Thailand National Science and Technology Development Agency established the Juntree Siriboonrod Award for achievements in the field of Thai science fiction." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntree_Siriboonrod. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-07]

1968-03-13

Das Königspaar leitet die Hochzeitszeremonien von Kiatikhun Kittiyakara, 30, einem Verwandten der Königin, mit der 1965 Miss Universe Apasra "Pook" Hongsakula (อาภัสรา หงสกุล, 1947 - ) im Chitralada Palast (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน).

Abb.: Lage des Chitralada Palace (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-03-14

Unterzeichnung eines Abkommens mit den USA über Hilfe durch USOM (United States Operations Mission) beim Mobile Development Unit Project.

1968-03-15

Tod von Khuang Abhaiwongse (ควง อภัยวงศ์, geb. 1902), Führer der Thai Democrat Party (พรรคประชาธิปัตย์), Ministerpräsident von Thailand 1944-45, 1946, 1948.

1968-03-23

Tod von Phraya Sri Wisarn Waja (พระยาศรีวิสารวาจา (หุ่น ฮุนตระกูล), 1896 - 1968), erster Außenminister nach dem Sturz der absoluten Monarchie 1932.

1968-03-25

US-Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson (1908 - 1973) zu einer Versammlung ehemaliger hoher Beamter ("Wise men"):

"Our fiscal situation is abominable. . . . There has been a panic in the last three weeks. It was caused by Ted Kennedy’s [Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy, 1932 – 2009) ]r eport on corruption and the ARVN [Army of the Republic of Viet Nam] and the GVN [Government of Viet Nam] being no good and now a release that Westmoreland [General William Westmoreland, Oberbefehlshaber der US-Truppen in Vietnam, 1914 - 2005] wants 206,000  men and a call up of 400,000. That would cost $15 billion. That would hurt the dollar and gold. The leaks to the New York Times hurt us. The country is demoralized. I will have overwhelming disapproval in the polls and elections. I will go down the drain. I don’t want the whole alliance and military pulled in with it. ... I wouldn’t be surprised if they repealed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. Senator Russell [Richard B. Russell Jr., 1897-1971] wants us to go in and take out Haiphong [Hải Phòng]. Senator [Eugene] McCarthy [1916 - 2005] and Senator Kennedy and the left wing has informers in the departments. The [New York] Times and the [Washington] Post are all against us. Most of the press is against us. How can we get this job done? We need more money in an election year, more taxes in an election year, more troops in an election year, and more cuts in an election year. As yet, I cannot tell them what they expect to get in return. We have no support for the war. This is caused by the 206,000 troop request and the leaks, by Teddy Kennedy and Bobby Kennedy [Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy, 1925 – 1968]. I would have given Westy [General William Westmoreland] the 206,000 men if he said they needed them, and if we could get them." [Zitiert in: Ellsberg, Daniel <1931 - >: Secrets : a memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon papers. -- New York : Viking, 2002. -- 498 S. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-670-03030-9. -- S. 209]

1968-03-27

Suharto (1921 - 2008) wird Präsident Indonesiens.

Abb.: Suharto im Kreise seiner Familie, ca. 1967
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Vorne von links nach rechts: Hutomo Mandala Putra (1962  - ), Suharto (1921 - ), Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih (1964 - ), Siti Hartinah (1923 - 1996), Siti Hediati Hariyadi (1959 - ).
Hinten von links nach rechts: Bambang Trihatmodjo (1953 - ), Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti (1949 - ), Sigit Harjojudanto (1951 -).

1968-03-28

Ministerpräsident Thanom eröffnet die Voice of Free Asia Radiostation in der Provinz Ayutthaya (อยุธยา).

1968-03-28

Unterzeichnung eines Abkommens mit Deutschland über Wirtschaftshilfe.

1968-03-31

Ca. 1000 Taxifahrer Bangkoks bilden als Interessenvertretung die Taxi Drivers Cooperative.

1968-04-02

Bangkok Post: Ministerpräsident Thanom zur Ankündigung von US-Präsident Johnson, nicht mehr zu kanditieren:

"If Robert Kennedy is elected, there could be a radical change in U.S. foreign policy which would mean the abandonment of Southeast Asia by America." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 26]

1968-04-04

Vertrag mit der Continental Oil Company of Thailand über die Exploration und Förderung von Erdöl auf einer Fläche von 20.000 km² bei Surat Thani (สุราษฎร์ธานี).

Abb.: Erdölvorkommen bei Surat Thani (สุราษฎร์ธานี)
[Bildquelle: http://www.ccop.or.th/epf/thailand/thailand_petroleum.html. -- Zugriff am 2011-12-04. -- Fair use]

1968-04-08 - 1968-05-30

Operation "Complete Victory" in Vietnam. Die Thai-Truppen nehmen ab 11. April daran teil.

"Operation Toan Thang I was a US and ARVN operation conducted between 8 April 1968 and 31 May 1968 in the Vietnam war. Toan Thang, or "Complete Victory", was part of a reaction to the Tet offensive (Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân) by forces allied with the Republic of Vietnam designed to put pressure on PLAF (Vietcong) and PAVN (North Vietnamese Army) forces." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Complete_Victory. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

1967-04-17

Ministerpräsident Thanom besucht auf einer 33tägigen Tour zusammen mit einer hochrangigen Delegation:

• Österreich
• Deutschland
• Niederlande
• Brasilien
• USA
• Japan

Der Besuch in Washington DC (USA) im Mai wird per Satellit live Übertragen.

Abb.: Österreich, Deutschland, Niederlande
[Bildquelle: San Jose / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: USA, Brasilien
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Japan
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-04-18

Eröffnung der von der britischen Armee gebauten Straße von Loeng Nok Tha (เลิงนกทา, heute Provinz Yasothon  ยโสธร) nach Ban Nong Phok (บ้านหนองพอก, Provinz Roi Et - ร้อยเอ็ด).

Abb.: Lage von Loeng Nok Tha (เลิงนกทา)
[Bildquelle: US Army. -- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/imw/txu-oclc-6654394-ne-48-6th-ed.jpg. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Public domain]

1968-04-18

In der Provinz Chiang Rai (เชียงราย) überfallen 100 "kommunistische" Hmong (ชาวม้ง) eine Polizeistation und töten 15 Polizisten.

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Chiang Rai (เชียงราย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-04-22

Gründung einer Stiftung für die Ausbildung von Kindern von US-Vätern mit Thai Müttern (Amerasians). Es gibt schon ca. 1200 Besatzungsbabys, für 1968 werden 4000 weitere erwartet. Obwohl 51% der Mütter den amerikanischen Vater kennen, erhalten nur 2,8% finanzielle Unterstützung von den US-Erzeugern.

1968-04-22

Die British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth werden als erstes Tennis-Open durchgeführt: d.h. mit Zulassung professioneller Tennisspieler. Dies ist der Beginn der Open Era im Tennissport. Seithertragen viele der bekanntesten Turniere den Begriff Open in ihrem Namen, wie etwa die Australian Open oder die US Open.

1968-05

"For the final stages of the Thai training, Military Assistance Command, Thailand, proposed that Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, provide 120 advisers. These advisers would deploy with the Royal Thai Army Volunteer Force and the majority would remain with the Thai units while the units were in South Vietnam. General Abrams questioned the size of the requirement and it was subsequently reduced to 81, with 48 needed for the first increment. These 48 advisers were deployed in May 1968. Both the US and Thai governments were anxious to speed up the deployment of additional Thai forces to South Vietnam. In this regard, the State Department queried the American Ambassador in Bangkok on the possibility of the Thais' augmenting some existing battalions and sending them to South Vietnam early in 1968 under the command of the Royal Thai Army Volunteer Regiment. As a parallel example, the State Department pointed out that the United States was expediting the deployment of infantry forces to the level of 525,000, and in some cases units were having to complete their final training in South Vietnam. General Westmoreland did not concur with the concept of expediting the Thai augmentation forces to the point of curtailing their training. He believed that forces deployed to South Vietnam should be equipped and ready to accomplish unit missions upon arrival in their area of operations. Although an exception had been made in the case of certain US units, General Westmoreland did not agree in the case of Free World Military Assistance Forces units. He held it essential that, with the exception of limited orientation in Vietnam, Free World units be fully trained prior to deployment. Lacking full training, it would be necessary to divert troops from essential missions until the Free World troops were operational. The threat of a successful enemy attack on partially trained troops and the resultant adverse political consequences for the Free World effort had to be kept in mind. For different but equally important reasons, the American Ambassador in Bangkok and the Military Assistance Command, Thailand, also viewed the State Department proposal with disfavor. The ambassador pointed out that the Thais were interested in an early deployment as shown by the one-month adjustment in deployment dates, but the suggestion of augmented battalions was impractical. The Thai government had repeatedly announced that the formation of the volunteer division would not detract from Thailand's ability to deal with internal security problems, and that the volunteer division would be a new and additional Army unit. Deploying an existing battalion would not be in accordance with the firm internal security commitment the Thai government had made to the Thai nation. The Military Assistance Command, Thailand, also opposed early deployment, believing that the early deployment of one infantry battalion would have a serious impact on the activation, training, and deployment of the division. One of the most difficult problems to be faced in forming the division would be the provision of trained cadre and specialists. To drain the Royal Thai Army of some 900 trained infantrymen at the same time the volunteer division was being formed would seriously handicap the division. Nonetheless, the idea of hastening deployment persisted. In view of the high-level interest in accelerating the deployment of the Thai forces to South Vietnam, General Westmoreland suggested that an initial infantry battalion might be deployed six weeks early in accordance with the following concept: select the "best" of the three battalions being trained in the first increment of the Royal Thai Army Division, and send it to Bearcat upon completion of its company training. When it arrives at Bearcat, attach it to the Royal Thai Army Volunteer Regiment, which will partially stand down from active combat. The Thai regiment will be given the mission of completing the battalion phase of the unit's training. Other parts of the training will be completed after the arrival of the complete increment. This concept assumes that the battalion will be equipped and trained in accordance with the planned schedule and that the proposal will be acceptable to the Thai government. If this concept is approved, the deployment of the battalion could be accelerated by about six weeks, and would take place around 3 June 1968. The recommendation was not accepted and the schedule remained as planned. The question of US support troops for the Thais was further discussed. The US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, and the US Army, Vietnam, both opposed the idea of supplying US troops to assist in the training of the Royal Thai Army Volunteer Force; the United States was already committed to provide all required support for the activation, training, and deployment of the Thai force. Besides, the Thai Military Assistance Command had even identified certain additional forces required on a permanent basis to support this commitment. Admiral Sharp had concurred with the idea of additional forces and forwarded it to the joint Chiefs. The Department of the Army had then proposed that the additional forces be provided by the US Army, Vietnam, force structure to meet the required dates of January and March 1968. The Department of the Army would then replace these forces beginning in September 1968 from the training base of the continental United States. The Joint Chiefs requested Admiral Sharp's views on the Department of the Army proposal and Admiral Sharp in turn queried General Westmoreland. General Westmoreland replied that US Army, Vietnam, was unable to provide the required spaces either on a temporary or permanent basis and that furthermore the requirement had to be filled from other than MACV assets. US Army, Pacific, made a counterproposal, concurred in by Department of the Army, which asked US Army, Vietnam, for 335 of the 776 men required. The remaining spaces would be filled from US Army, Pacific, resources outside of South Vietnam or from the continental United States. Admiral Sharp recommended adoption of the counterproposal and the joint Chiefs of Staff issued instructions to implement the plan. In conjunction with the deployment of the Thai volunteers, in April 1968 the Thai supreme command proposed an increase in the size of the Thai headquarters in South Vietnam from 35 to 228 men. There were several reasons for this request: the primary one was the requirement to administer a larger force. (Chart 2) The supreme command also wished to change the functioning of the Royal Thai Forces, Vietnam, from a headquarters designed to perform limited liaison to one conceived along conventional J-staff lines. The proposed organization, developed from experience and from recommendations from the Vietnam headquarters, would correct shortcomings in many areas such as security, public information, and legal and medical affairs. General Westmoreland, while agreeing in principle, still had to determine if the Military Assistance Command, Thailand, approved of the planned increase and whether the approval of the increase by the American Embassy at Bangkok and the US government was necessary. The Thailand command and the embassy both concurred in the planned headquarters increase, but the diplomatic mission in Thailand did not have the authority to approve the augmentation. Military Assistance Command, Thailand, recommended to Admiral Sharp that General Westmoreland be provided with the authorization to approve a proposed table of distribution and allowances for the enlarged Thai headquarters. This authorization was given and the applicable tables were approved on 19 June 1968. The deployment of the new headquarters began with the arrival of the advance party on 1 July 1968 and was completed on 15 July." [Quelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12]

1968-05

Die USA setzen gegen Vietnam die lasergelenkte Bombe  BOLT-117 (Bomb, Laser Terminal 117 = GBU-1/B - Guided Bomb Unit) ein.

Abb.: U.S. Air Force McDonnell F-4D Phantom II mit zwei BOLT-117 (BOmb, Laser Terminal-117) für den Einsatz gegen Nordvietnam, Ubon (อุบลราชธานี) Royal Thai Air Force Base, 1971
[Bildquelel: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage der Ubon (อุบลราชธานี) Royal Thai Air Force Base
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-05-01 - 1968-05-04

Kaiser Haile Selassie (ቀዳማዊ) ኀይለ ሥላሴ, 1892 - 1975) von Äthiopien ist auf Staatsbesuch in Thailand. König Bhumibol preist die "weise und gütige Führung" des Kaisers.

Abb.: Lage von Äthiopien
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Haile Selassie (ቀዳማዊ) ኀይለ ሥላሴ), USA, 1963
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1968-05-03

In Thung Sukhla (ทุ่งสุขลา), Provinz Chonburi (ชลบุรี), wird die erste Satelliten-Erdstation in Südostasien in Betrieb genommen. Sie erlaubt Kommunikation in Wort und Bild über IntelSat II Satelliten.

Abb.: Lage von Thung Sukhla (ทุ่งสุขลา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-05-09

Ministerpräsident Thanom wird von Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson im Weißen Haus empfangen.

1968-05-12

Tod des Humoristen Por Intharapalit (ป.อินทรปาลิต, geb. 1910).

Abb.: Por Intharapalit (ป. อินทรปาลิต)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer späteren Ausgabe der ersten Hefts von สามเกลอ (Drei Kumpel): อายผู้หญิง [Ein schüchternes Mädchen], 1938
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel eines anderen Hefts aus der Reihe สามเกลอ (Drei Kumpel): ระบำไช้ (Tanz-Vereinbarung)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel von Samgler (สามเกลอ, Drei Kumpel)

Abb.: Einbandtitel von เสือใบ (Tigerklinge, über Banditen der Nachkriegsjahre)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel von เสือดำ (Der Panther, über Banditen der Nachkriegsjahre)
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einbandtitel von นักเรียนนายร้อย [Militärakademie] / ป. อินทรปาลิต
[Fair use]

"Por Intharapalit (Thai: ป. อินทรปาลิต) was the pen name of Preecha Intharapalit (Thai: ปรีชา อินทรปาลิต, May 12, 1910 – September 25, 1968), a Thai humorist and writer. Among his works was the Samgler (สามเกลอ,Three Chums) series of comic short stories, of which he wrote nearly 2,000.[1] He also wrote a novelisation of the battle of Bang Rajan. These works have been cited by Thai scholars among the 100 books that must be read by Thais.[2] The first book in the Samgler series, "Ay Pooying" (อายผู้หญิง), was written in 1938, and it became an instant best-seller, selling 20,000 copies in its first week. The stories are about three playboy friends and their families. The stories are viewed by historians and literary experts as a glimpse of Bangkok society from 1938 to 1968, because they mention the real-life restaurants, nightclubs and celebrities who were popular at the time." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por_Intharapalit. -- Zugriff am 2012-06-11]

1968-05-20

Zum Beispiel:

Zeitung คนสุพรรณ (Khon Suphan):

Abb.: Lage von Don Kam Yan [ดอนกำยาน]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"A good case in point was the construction of an unpaved road, three kilometers in length and six meters in width, in Don Kam Yan [ดอนกำยาน], Muang District [Suphan Buri, เมืองสุพรรณบุรี], in May 1968. The subdistrict chief mobilized some one thousand villagers, including women and children, for this work. Landlords and other well-off villagers supplied a grader and three tractors. Those who did not engage in physical labor—presumably the sick and the old—cooked simple lunches and served them to the workers. The construction expense of 20,000 baht came entirely from the villagers' own pockets. "Free riders" were not tolerated; they faced severe village-level sanctions, such as ostracism." [Quelle: Nishizaki, Yoshinori [訳吉武好孝, 西崎一郎]: Political authority and provincial identity in Thailand : the making of Banharn-buri. -- Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell, 2011. -- 254 S. :Ill. ; 26 cm. -- (Studies on Southeast Asia ; 53). -- ISBN 978-0-8772-7753-8 . -- S. 46]

1968-05-25

Ministerpräsident Thanon Kittikachorn kündigt an, weitere 5.000 Thai-Soldaten nach Südvietnam zu schicken.

1968-06

Medizinische Hilfe durch US-Militär:

Abb.: "In a remote Thai village school children are examined by members of a U.S. Air Force Civic Action Center team from Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) Air Base, Thailand. Staff Sergeant Ray Varker (left) is shown preparing the medicines asked for by Sergeant Charles Thorne who examines the children and determines the medication."
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von  Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-06 - 1973

Opartion Igloo White

"Operation Igloo White was a covert United States joint military electronic warfare operation conducted from late January 1968 until February 1973, during the Vietnam War. These missions were carried out by the 553rd Reconnaissance Wing, a U.S. Air Force unit flying modified EC-121R Warning Star aircraft, and VO-67, a specialized U.S. Navy unit flying highly modified OP-2E Neptune[1] aircraft. This state-of-the-art operation utilized electronic sensors, computers, and communications relay aircraft in an attempt to automate intelligence collection. The system would then assist in the direction of strike aircraft to their targets. The objective of those attacks was the logistical system of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) that snaked through southeastern Laos and was known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese)." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White. -- Zugriff am 2016-02-20]

In Thailand sind für Igloo White stationiert:

• Korat (โคราช):
  • Electrionic Warfare Learjet EC-21: 21 Stück
• Ubon (อุบลราชธานี):
  • Douglas F4D Skyray Jagdflugzeuge: 18 Stück
  • Cessna O-2 Skymaster: 11 Stück
• Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม)
  • Douglas A-1E Skyraider Jagdbomber: 18 Stück
  • Sikorsky CH-3E Sea King Hubschrauber: 12 Stück
  • Cessna O-2 Skymaster: 23 Stück

[Datenquelle: Van Staaveren, Jacob: Interdiction in southern Laos, 1960-1968 : the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. -- Washington, D.C. : Center for Air Force History, 1993. -- 360 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- S. 276. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage der Genannten US-Luftstützpunkte
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Learjet C-21
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Douglas F4D Skyray, 1957
[Bildquélle: USMC / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Cessna O-2 Skymaster
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Douglas A-1E Skyraider Jagdbomber, ca. 1966
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Sikorsky CH-3E Sea King
[Bildquelle: USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1968-06-02

1500 Hmong (ชาวม้ง = Meo - แม้ว) und Mien (勉语) ergeben sich, nachdem ihnen zugesagt wurde, dass sie für ihre rebellische Tätigkeit nicht bestraft werden. Nach der Entwaffnung kommen sie in Umerziehungslager, um im Kampf gegen die "Kommunisten" tätig zu sein.

Abb.: Wohngebiete der Meo

 

1968-06-10

Neuseeland schenkt dem Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin vier Jetboote. Jetboote waren 1954 von Sir William Hamilton (1899 - 1978) für die besonderen Anforderungen neuseeländischer Flüsse entwickelt worden.

Abb.: Jetboot, Neuseeland, 2005
[Bildquelle: Squiggle. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/stephenr/93302171/. -- Zugriff am 2012-03-21. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

1968-06-12

Innenminister Praphas Charusathien (ประภาส จารุเสถียร, 1912 - 1997), Oberkommandierender des Heers, über die Beendigung der Bombardierung Nordvietnams durch die USA:

"The bombing must not be suspended but increased" [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 130]

1968-06-19

Premiere des Pro-Vietnamkrieg-Films The Green Berets

1965-12 hatte John Wayne (1907 - 1979) an Präsident Johnson geschrieben:

"John Wayne explained that it was  “extremely important that not only the people of the United States but those all over the world should know why it is necessary for us to be there . . . The most effective way to accomplish this is through the motion picture medium.” He thought he could make the “kind of picture that will help our cause throughout the world.” According to Wayne, it would “tell the story of our fighting men in Vietnam with reason, emotion, characterization, and action. We want to do it in a manner that will inspire a patriotic attitude on the part of fellow Americans—a feeling which we have always had in this country in the past during times of stress and trouble.”" [Zitiert: http://www.filmcomment.com/article/hollywood-and-vietnam/. -- Zugriff am 2016-04-07]

 

Abb.: Filmplakat
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

1968-06-20

"His Majesty the king graciously signed the National Constitution in a state ceremony held at Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall [พระที่นั่งอนันตสมาคม]." [Thailand official year book 1968. -- S. 715]

 

รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย พุทธศักราช 2511 - Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 1968 (8. Verfassung). Gen Praphas warnt alle, diese Verfassung zu kritisieren. Am nächsten Tag werden fünf frühere Politiker wegen Landesverrat festgenommen. Die Polizei malträtiert auch 5000 Demonstranten, die gegen Brutalität der Polizei, Mangel an Demokratie und hohe Busfahrpreise protestieren.

Art: endgültig In Kraft: 1968-06-20 - 1971-11-17 Dauer: 3 Jahre 4 Monate 28 Tage aufgehoben: Putsch

1968-06-20

Zum Beispiel:

Zeitung คนสุพรรณ (Khon Suphan): Dörfler in Tambon Khok Kho Tao (โคกโคเฒ่า) bauen in Eigenregie ohne staatliche Hilfe eine Schule. Der buddhistische Abt des Dorfes sammelt von den Dörflern die nötigen finanziellen Mittel durch Verdienst-Tun (ทำบุญ).

Abb.: Lage von Tambon Khok Kho Tao (โคกโคเฒ่า)
[Bildquelle: Series L509 , U.S. Army Map Service, 1954- , Map ND 47-7, 1951. -- Public domain]

1968-06-21

Einige ehemalige Politiker veranstalten Hyde-Park-Reden auf dem Sanam Luang (สนามหลวง). Da das Kriegsrecht noch gilt, werden sie trotz der neuen Verfassung verhaftet. Dies führt zu den ersten Studentenprotesten seit 10 Jahren. Ca. 2000 Personen marschieren zum Government House (ทำเนียบรัฐบาล) und übergeben elf Forderungen, darunter

• Verbilligung des Bustarifs auf 50 Satang

• Verbilligung des Preises für Reis und Schweinefleisch

• Verbesserungen in der neuen Verfassung, insbesondere Streichung des ernannten Senats

• keine Thai-Truppen in Vietnam

• Untersuchung der Korruption des Bürgermeisters von Bangkok

Die Regierung lässt die Festgenommenen frei und verspricht den Buspreis von 50 Satang.

1968-06-21

"On the 21st of June, 1968, a party led by the District Abbot of Mae Sariang [แม่สะเรียง], Phra Khru Anuson Satsanakiat (Tham), and including myself, reached a cave located on a mountain overlooking the Salween [သံလွင်မြစ် / แม่น้ำสาละวิน]some 35 kilometers WNW from the district seat of Mae Sariang. In the cave, known locally as the Red Cliff Cave (tham pha daeng [ถ้ำผาแดง]), we discovered six teak "scripture boxes" (hip tham [หีบธรรม]) all filled with palm leaf manuscripts (bailan [ใบลาน]) written in the Yuan script [อักษรธรรมล้านนา]. Also in one of the boxes were three pieces of bamboo on which had been written lists of titles, probably having been made as an index to the manuscripts stored in the box in which they were discovered. In addition to the boxes and their contents, there was a roofed pedestal on which Buddha images are placed (in Yuan, tangkae); however, except for a broken lower half of a small stucco image, there were no images to be found. From our S’kaw Karen [กะเหรี่ยงสะกอ] guide, we discovered that a year previously two Thai lumbermen had found the cave and removed several images which had been there. In looking for images, they bad also rifled through the "scripture boxes", thus breaking apart a large proportion of the manuscripts. Nonetheless, our party was still able to find enough apparently intact manuscripts to fill ten large plastic sacks to carry back to Mae Sariang. Even this sizeable collection probably accounted for no more than half the total number of manuscripts which had been stored in the Red Cliff Cave." [Quelle: Keyes, Charles Fenton <1937 - >: New evidence on northern Thai frontier history. -- In: In memoriam Phya Anuman Rajadohn : contributions in memory of the late president of The Siam Society / ed. by Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค, 1943 - ] and Michael Smithies [1932 - ]. -- Bangkok : Siam Society, 1970. -- 397 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm. -- S. 222. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage von Mae Sariang [แม่สะเรียง]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-06-26

19 Soldaten des Queen's Cobra Regiment sterben bei einem Helikopterzusammenstoß in der Nähe von Saigon (heute: hoc Chi Minh City).

Abb.: Lage von Saigon
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-07

Zahl und verkaufte Auflage der Tageszeitungen in Bangkok:

Abb.: Zahl der Tageszeitungen in Bangkok, 1968-07
[Datenquelle: THailand official year book 1968. -- S. 549f.]

Abb.: Geschätzte verkaufte Auflage der Tageszeitungen in Bangkok (in Tausend), 1968-07
[Datenquelle: THailand official year book 1968. -- S. 549f.]

1968-07-18

Der König eröffnet den Senat (วุฒิสภา) in der Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall (พระที่นั่งอนันตสมาคม) und hält die Thronrede.

Abb.: Lage der Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall (พระที่นั่งอนันตสมาคม)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-07-19

Die Black Panther Division verlässt Bangkok, um in Südvietnam Saigon abzuschirmen, damit die US-Truppen Angriffe im Mekong-Delta starten können. Insgesamt werden 12.000 Soldaten entsandt. Viele der Thai-Soldaten tragen buddhistische Amulette als Schutz in der Schlacht.

Abb.: Saigon und das Mekong-Delta
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Troops of Royal Thai Black Panther Division dock at Newport (Saigon), Vietnam, July 1968
[Bildquelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Royal Thai flag is carried down gangplank of USS Okinagon
[Bildquelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12. -- Public domain]

"Thai troops quickly followed. The first increment of the Thai division known as the Black Panther Division (5,700 men) arrived in South Vietnam in late July 1968 and was deployed in the Bearcat area." [Quelle: http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch02.htm. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-12]

1968-07-21

Ein Schütze der US-Botschaft testet ein Amulett, das Kugel-sicher machen soll: er erschießt eine Ente, die ein solches Amulett trägt. Der Verkäufer der Amulette ist noch nicht überzeugt und bringt drei Hühner zum Test. Trotz Amuletten werden alle getötet. Die Amulette wurden für 300.000 Baht pro Stück verkauft.

1968-07-25

Enzyklika Humanae vitae von Papst Paul VI.: darin verbietet der Papst jede Form von künstlicher Geburtenregelung, insbesondere die Antibabypille. Für das buddhistische Thailand bleibt diese Enzyklika folgenlos.

1968-07-26

26 Thai Kommunisten überfallen den Royal Airforce (กองทัพอากาศไทย) Stützpunkt in Udon Thani (อุดรธานี), töten eine Wachperson, verwunden vier US-Soldaten und beschädigen ein US-Transportflugzeug und einen US-Bomber.

Abb.: Lage der Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-07-29

Ein Mann will seinem Freund beweisen, dass ihn sein Amulett Kugel-sicher macht, und schießt sich selbst in den Kopf. Er stirbt.

1968-07-31

Die USA schenken Thailand einen 100 KW Rundfunksender in Lamphun (ลำพูน).

Abb.: Lage von Lamphun (ลำพูน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-08-04

Der Bürgermeister von Bangkok, Chamnan Yuvaboom, muss zurücktreten, nachdem er bei einem Landkauf 187 Mio Baht für sich abgezweigt hat.

1968-08-16

Der "König des Luk Thung" (เจ้าของเพลงดัง), Suraphol Sombatcharoen (สุรพล สมบัติเจริญ, geboren 1930) wird nach einem Auftritt in Khampaeng Saen (กำแพงแสน), Provinz Nakhon Pathom (นครปฐม),  erschossen. Das Motiv für die Tat bleibt unklar.

Künstlerlink auf Spotify:

URI: spotify:artist:37Spq0XXQKSIaOKjFkCGhO
URL: https://open.spotify.com/artist/37Spq0XXQKSIaOKjFkCGhO

Abb.: Lage von Khampaeng Saen (กำแพงแสน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Kassettencover

"Suraphol Sombatcharoen (1930 - August 16, 1968) (Thai: สุรพล สมบัติเจริญ, also Surapon Sombatjalern) was a Thai luk thung singer. Dubbed the "King of Luk Thung", he was one of the first major stars of Thailand's own country music genre. He was fatally shot after a live performance in Nakhon Pathom. Biography Born Lamduan Sombatcharoen (ลำดวน สมบัติเจริญ) in Suphan Buri Province (สุพรรณบุรี), he took the name Suraphol as a stage name. His first hit was in 1952 with "Nam Da Sow Vienne" (น้ำตาลาวเวียง, "Tears of a Lao Girl"). It marked the emergence of luk thung, a Thai counterpart to such crooning styles as Japanese enka (演歌) and Indonesian kroncong, and embodied such influences as Hollywood film music, American country music, Malay pop and Afro-Cuban rhythms. Enjoying popularity at the same time when Elvis Presley and The Beatles were popular in Western world, Suraphol was sometimes referred to as the "Thai Elvis". Suraphol composed more than 100 songs. Among his most well-known numbers are "Sao Suan Taeng" (สาวสวนแตง, "The Girl from the Cucumber Orchard"), "Mong" (มอง, "Look"), "Nam Ta Ja Tho" (น้ำตาจ่าโท, "The Tears of a Corporal"), "Khong Plom" (ของปลอม, "Fake Stuff") and "Muai Cham" ("Broken-Hearted Chinese Girl"). Shortly before he was killed, he released his last and most memorable song, "Siphok Pi Haeng Khuam Lang" ("สิบหกปีแห่งความหลัง" or "16 Years of Our Past"), in which he wrote sadly about the end of his 16-year marriage, reflecting on the happiness and bitterness of the union. Another one of his songs, the mournful "Mai Luem" ("Forget Not"), was featured as a poignant refrain in Pen-Ek Ratanaruang's (เป็นเอก รัตนเรือง) 2001 film, Monrak Transistor (มนต์รักทรานซิสเตอร์).  Legacy Suraphol's recordings are widely available in Thailand, from shopping malls such as MBK Center in Bangkok to rural markets. Whenever Suraphol is commemorated on radio, the song that's inevitably played is his "16 Years of Our Past" (สิบหกปีแห่งความหลัง), and the 16-year period has become symbolic for numerologically minded Thai people. And so it came to pass that on the 33rd anniversary of Suraphol's death in 2001, the third generation of the Sombatcharoen family luk thung singers made his debut. The son of Surachai Sombacharoen (and grandson of Suraphol), Surabodin sang in front of a packed hall at the Thailand Cultural Centre (ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมแห่งประเทศไทย) on August 16, 2001. He was 16 years old, and of course sang "16 Years of Our Past"." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraphol_Sombatcharoen. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

1968-08-20

Panzer des Warschauer Pakts walzen den "Prager Frühling" nieder. Der Prager Frühling war das Experiment der Tschechoslowakei eines "Sozialismus mit menschlichem Antlitz".

Abb.: Lage der Tschechoslowakei
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1968-09

Es erscheint

Area handbook for Thailand / co-authors: Harvey H. Smith [1892 - ] [u. a.]. -- Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1968. -- 558 S. ; 24 cm. --  (American University foreign area studies)

Abb.: Transportation routes, ports and major airfields in Thailand
[a.a.O., S. 35]

Abb.: Major mining and industrial installations
[a.a.O., S. 342]

"EDUCATION AND SOCIETY Apart from the goal of mass literacy, the government’s interest in educational content is primarily that it serve to develop loyalty to the government among all the people of the country and that it facilitate the assimilation of diverse groups in the society. The government is making special efforts to promote national unity. The dialect of the Central Region is the medium of instruction throughout the country. Regional script has never been taught, and dialect speech in school has been discouraged. Group sports, Boy Scout training for boys and Junior Red Cross training for girls are included in the interests of physical health and the spirit of group cooperation. Basic principles of health and sanitation are taught. The emphasis on patriotism is apparent in the curriculum itself and in other school activities. Certain courses lend themselves easily to a nationalistic treatment. Thus the classes in Thai history stress the roles of the heroes of Thai history and sometimes the roles of the present leaders of the government. In the civics course the pupils learn about the nature of the government, but the approach to the subject is defined in terms of duty—the student’s duty to school, family, society, King and the government. In the course on morality the student is taught Buddhist ethics. Since 1958 increased emphasis has been placed on Thai culture, Buddhism and the royal family. Instruction throughout is strongly anti-Communist. Other aspects of school life also encourage nationalism among the students. Each morning, in private as well as in public schools, there is a flag-raising ceremony at which the national anthem is sung. On national holidays the children are expected to participate in special formations as a group. For major holidays, such as Chulalongkorn Day, Bangkok students participate in elaborate commemorative ceremonies at the statues of King Chulalongkorn. In the provinces students from several villages commonly go to the office of the district administrator who conducts the proceedings. After the day’s proclamation is read the students give three cheers. There may then be speeches, group singing and a service led by the monks. At these occasions the students must wear the prescribed school uniform—blue shorts and white shirts for the boys, blue skirts and white blouses for the girl—though at other times deviation from prescribed dress is overlooked. A short Buddhist ceremony is observed on the first and last days of the school year as well as on major holidays. Respect for learning and knowledge among the Thai stems from the Buddhist tradition. The purpose of learning, according to Buddhist doctrine, is the acquisition of religious merit through knowledge of sacred things. It was believed that right understanding leads to right action and thus increases one’s store of merit, and advances one on the path to nirvana. Literacy, accordingly, was respected as a means of participating more fully in the religious life. Great value was placed on the basic knowledge of reading, writing and of moral precepts disseminated by Buddhist monks among the many youth who served as temple boys in the wat before the introduction of the modern school system (see ch. 12, Religion). The modern Thai tend to regard education primarily as a means for economic, professional and social advancement. The primary goal is the acquisition of a degree of higher learning, especially since government officials have repeatedly stressed the importance of such degrees to persons interested in advancement in the civil service. Special prestige is attached to degrees acquired at institutions of higher learning abroad. The government has granted automatic salary raises to holders of degrees from foreign universities and has granted leave to many civil servants to study abroad. Key government posts are held by graduates of foreign schools. Nearly half of the Thai students abroad in 1965 were government officers or holders of government scholarships. Learning by memorization and rote is still customary in most of the schools. Class discussions and teaching by question and answer are rarely practiced, and independent inquiry by students is not encouraged. Furthermore, the Thai have been accustomed by tradition to relate learning to abstract matters and are generally reluctant to apply knowledge to solve practical problems. These attitudes have hampered the government in implementing its educational reforms, especially those in the vocational field, and have generally delayed the training of manpower versed in technological and administrative skills (see ch. 22, Labor). Many wealthy parents send their children to study abroad because they feel that the most pragmatic teaching methods practiced in foreign schools provide a better preparation for professional advancement in the country’s progressing economy and modernizing administration. The Thai-Malays of the Peninsula, and the Chinese closely associate education with the inculcation and strengthening of cultural and moral values characteristic of their respective countries of origin. The enforcement in Chinese schools and in schools attended predominantly by the Thai-Malays of educational policies stressing Thai nationalism and assimilation, has created some resentment in both ethnic communities. Among the hill peoples, the interest in education has been growing during the 1960’s. The Miao, inhabiting the remote and mountainous sector of the northern border region have urged the government, through their village councils, to provide more schools for the area. Young and old Miao have come to value literacy in Thai because it enables them to trade more successfully. Group members with a rudimentary education in Thai find a wider choice of occupations and may seek and acquire jobs in the cities. It has been generally agreed among the Miao, however, that education should be limited to boys." [a.a.O., S. 175ff.]

"Radio Public radio broadcasting began in 1931. In 1966 the number of broadcasting stations was estimated at approximately 160. Since no license is required for the establishment of a broadcasting station, the consequent proliferation of stations has created problems in the allocation of wavelengths and in the governments efforts to control broadcasting. Most of the stations are owned by the government, directly or indirectly. Some are maintained by wealthy individuals. In 1966 the Thai Radio Control Commission recommended to the Cabinet that the number of stations be reduced to 35. According to recommendations, 25 of the remaining stations would be controlled by the Ministry of Defense, 1 by the National Police Department and 9 by the Public Relations Department. The most powerful and influential facility is the National Broadcasting station, commonly known as Radio Thailand (see table 2). It is controlled by the Public Relations Department in the Office of the Prime Minister and is financed by government subsidies. In 1963 Radio Thailand expanded its technical network by building several additional transmitters in the provinces, and its budget for that year exceeded 30 million baht (see Glossary). In 1966 Radio Thailand had a total of 14 mediumwave and shortwave transmitters. Most of the radio stations are controlled by the Royal Thai Army, the Office of the Prime Minister and by various ministries. At least 11 of the stations belong to various branches of the Army, others are operated by the Ministry of Interior through its respective subdivisions, including the National Police Department and the Bureau of Provincial Administration; the Ministry of Education; the Ministry of Communication; the Royal Household; and by the Office of the Prime Minister, through the Public Relations Department, still other stations are operated by Chulalongkorn and Kasetsat Universities, both of which are under the direct jurisdiction of the Office of the Prime Minister. The Thai Television Company, organized in 1953, operates three radio stations in addition to the country’s television network. The majority of its stock is owned by the Public Relations Department. More than half of the country’s radio stations are located in or near Bangkok. Most of the rest are in the Northeast and the Northern Region. In 1966 the towns of Lop Buri [ลพบุรี] (75 miles north of Bangkok) and Nakhon Ratchasima [นครราชสีมา] (175 miles northeast of Bangkok) had six broadcasting stations each, all of them affiliated with the military or the police forces. Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่] had six stations, three of which were under military control. Transmitters are generally low-powered, ranging from 250 watts to 100 kilowatts. The Bangkok station of Radio Thailand, in 1966, broadcast from 12 transmitters—four were powered by 50 kilowatts and broadcast on shortwave; and two were powered at 10 kilowatts and broadcast on mediumwave. The remaining six broadcast on shortwave and their power ranged from 1 to 5 kilowatts. Plans were under way in 1966 to add two 100-kilowatt transmitters to Radio Thailand's Bangkok facilities. Radio Thailand, in 1966, had regional stations at Khon Kaen [ขอนแก่น] in the Northeast and at Nakhon Pathom [นครปฐม], 30 miles west of Bangkok. Both broadcasted on mediumwave powered by 50 and 100 kilowatts, respectively. In 1966 the Public Relations Department operated 10 regional stations, all broadcasting on mediumwave. The Northern Region had two stations, one at Chiengmai [เชียงใหม่] and the other at Lampang [ลำปาง], powered at 500 watts and 10 kilowatts, respectively. An additional station, to be provided with a 100-kilowatt transmitter, is planned in Chiengmai for broadcasts to the hill peoples. The Northeast had one station, a 10-kilowatt installation, at Ubon Ratchathani [อุบลราชธานี]. In the Central Region two stations, each powered at 1 kilowatt, were at Thon Buri [ธนบุรี], 30 miles west of Bangkok. The South had five stations, three at Surat Thani [สุราษฎร์ธานี] and one each at Prachuap Khiri Khan [ประจวบคีรีขันธ์] and at Hat Yai [หาดใหญ่]; all except the 10-kilowatt transmitter at Surat Thani were powered at 1 kilowatt. Because of topographic factors and the lack of relay facilities, all transmissions are given by radio signals. Many places in the mountains of the North and Northeast, however, have very poor reception. In the absence of network broadcasting each station originates its own programs or features the tape-recorded broadcasts of Radio Thailand's Bangkok's stations. Radio Thailand broadcasts both to domestic and foreign audiences. The combined broadcasting output of its transmitters is 66 hours a day. Domestic broadcasts are on mediumwaves, in Thai, Chinese, Malay, Lao, Mon and English. Stations located in the Northern and Northeast regions also broadcast in languages spoken by the hill people. Stations in Bangkok and vicinity and those in the Northern Region broadcast on an interrupted daily schedule, usually for several hours in the morning, midday and evening. The transmitters of the Army Signal Corps, Navy and Police radio stations broadcast between 10 and 24 hours a day. Special programs for rural areas are broadcast 4 hours every day from Bangkok from a station under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Public Relations Department. On the average, between 7 and 8 percent of broadcasting time is devoted to news. There is great variation, however, in the number of broadcasting hours devoted to news each week by individual stations. The radio station of the National Police Department (Siang Samyod [เสียงเสียงสามยอด]) devotes 15 hours and 35 minutes a week to newscasts, but news in the program of the Thai Television Company’s AM-FM (amplitude modulated-frequency modulated) station totals only 35 minutes for the same period of time. Daytime serial dramas are popular and are regarded by many listeners as the highlight of daily programs. Stations owned by wealthy individuals devote most of their time to broadcasts of musical and literary programs. Most stations, including those owned by the Army, rely heavily on commercials for revenue. Programs frequently consist mainly of jingles advertising soft drinks and similar products, interrupted by brief broadcasts of news and music. Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn [ถนอม กิตติขจร, 1911 - 2004] in 1966 considered the amount of radio advertising to be excessive and in September of that year issued an order banning commercial advertising on radio programs. All 81 stations controlled by the Army were affected by the order. The governments own radio stations, however, were allowed to continue to broadcast commercials. Al- though the ban on radio advertising deprived many stations of their principal source of revenue, only about 10 discontinued operations as a result of the order. In 1966 the number of radio sets was estimated at 3. 5 million or 1 for about every 8 persons. Most are owned by residents of Bangkok and its vicinity and by residents of large provincial towns. During the mid-1960’s, however, few villages of any size were without at least one receiving set. In 1966 United States aid to Thailand included a $900,000 grant to increase the number of village radios. Most radio receivers in the cities are imported from England, the Netherlands, West Germany and Japan. The battery-powered sets most often encountered in the villages generally are designed only for longwave or mediumwave reception. By mid-1967 transistor radios were being manufactured domestically and were very popular in cities as well as in the rural areas. The government has sought to develop community listening centers in the villages, but formal group-listening is not popular. It is customary, however, for small groups to gather in private homes or coffeeshops to hear radio programs. There are no Chinese radio stations, but Chinese rebroadcasts may be heard in Bangkok and Chon Buri [ชลบุรี] through the facilities of the Thai Rediffusion Company which is owned partly by the government and partly by a private Chinese concern. The Company operates two channels, one in Thai and one in Chinese. Receiving sets may be hired by subscribers for the equivalent of about 30 baht a month. Broadcasting hours on the Chinese channel are daily from 6 a. m. to 11 p. m. in Bangkok, and from 6 a. m. to 10: 30 p. m. in Chon Buri. Only a few of the programs are commercially sponsored, and there is little advertising. The principal dialect used is Teochiu [潮州話], followed by Cantonese [廣州話], Hakka [客家話], Mandarin [普通話] and Hainanese [海南話]. It has been estimated that approximately 89 percent of the Chinese listen to broadcasts regularly. Musical shows, newscasts and dramas are the favorite programs." [a.a.O., S. 290ff.]

"WORKING CONDITIONS The country’s most extensive labor legislation, the Labor Code of 1956, became effective in January 1957. It limited the hours of work; regulated working conditions for women and children; provided for sick leave, workmen’s compensation and severance pay; and established standards for industrial hygiene. The Code, however, was abrogated after the coup of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat [สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, 1908 - 1963] in October 1958. Since then Directive No. 19 of the Revolutionary Party, promulgated in October 1958, and other directives by the Ministry of the Interior have replaced or reinstated the provisions of the former Labor Code. In 1966 existing legal provisions were being revised and expanded in order to be incorporated into a new and more comprehensive labor act. The new act is designed to extend protection to agricultural and temporary workers who had been excluded from the provisions of earlier labor laws. The Industrial Factory Act was also under preparation in 1966; it will contain specific and detailed safety measures and will provide for a more adequate system of factory inspection. In 1966 and 1967 the enforcement of existing labor laws was limited to the Bangkok-Thon Buri area. The government’s provisions for labor inspection were not extensive enough to cover the many small enterprises and family craft shops located in the provinces. In addition to the shortage of labor inspectors, enforcement has been hampered also because many workers are uninformed regarding the contents and application of existing legal provisions. Foreign-owned firms are generally under fairly close scrutiny of labor inspectors, but almost all of these firms offer working conditions which well exceed the legal minima. The responsibility for the administration of labor laws is vested in the Department of Labor and the Department of Public Welfare, both under the Ministry of the Interior. In 1967 the Department of Labor consisted of the Office of the Secretary, the Labor Research and Statistics Bureau, the Labor Administration Bureau and the Employment Services Bureau. One of the Departments important functions was to provide statistical and research data for government policies affecting the distribution of manpower and worker training. Manpower policies on a higher level are handled by the Manpower Planning Office in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Department of Public Welfare is responsible for the implementation of legal provisions pertaining to worker welfare and the settlement of problems arising from employer-employee relations, including disputes and work stoppages. Hiring and Dismissal Employers and jobseekers usually make their arrangements through personal contacts and individual intermediaries. Some groups, including the Chinese benevolent associations and the Organization for the Assistance of Ex-Servicemen, offer informal employment services. Firms employing large numbers of unskilled workers, as in the case of many foreign enterprises, commonly rely on labor contractors. The contractor hires laborers for work in the mines, rice mills and sawmills; at the ports; and on construction jobs. He often acts as foreman and pays wages out of the money received by him under the contract—an agreement notorious for its abuse. Formerly, the contractor, particularly in mining areas, paid part of the wages either in food or in coupons for the purchase of commodities in a store run by him. Recently, however, the payment of wages in kind has been prohibited by law. Legal provisions in force in 1966 provide that permanent workers and employees who have worked for more than 120 days must be given a reason for dismissal or may not be dismissed without cause and must be given at least 30 days of severance pay. Offenses justifying dismissal without compensation include willful acts of damage, negligence or violation of company regulations causing damage to the employer; unjustified absence for more than 7 days; dishonesty; and imprisonment because of criminal offenses. Hours of Work and Wages The maximum workweek, as established by law since the 1950’s, is 48 hours. Persons in hazardous occupations have a 42-hour workweek. In some commercial establishments, on the other hand, employees work 64 hours a week. Western firms generally adhere to the 33-hour workweek of the Thai Government (6 hours of work per day, Monday through Friday, and 3 hours on Saturday). The workweek ill modern Thai urban enterprises varies between 30 and 49 hours. Women and children are forbidden to do nightwork. Children under 12 may not work, and those between 12 and 16 years of age may work for only 36 hours a week. Regulations provide for a weekly day of rest and for daily rest periods. Employees and workers are entitled to at least 6 days of paid vacation, 13 days of paid public holidays and 30 days of sick leave each year. Wages vary considerably according to geographical area. Women are generally paid less than men in comparable occupations. Foreign companies generally pay higher wages than Thai concerns, a circumstance which reflects both the special demands of the foreign concerns in respect to language abilities and other skills and the salary levels of their management staffs, many of whom are non-Thai. Chinese skilled laborers generally receive double the wages paid to Thai workers. In mid-1965 unskilled workmen in Bangkok were paid approximately 21 baht (see Glossary) per day. Semiskilled factory-workers received from 25. 2 baht to 84 baht per day. The beginning salary of secretaries was about 525 baht per month. Those with multilingual and stenographic skills earned salaries as high as from 1,050 baht to 1,575 baht per month. Managerial workers generally were paid from 2, 100 baht to 10, 500 baht a month. The salaries of government workers ranged from 472. 5 baht to 9, 450 baht per month. Lower-level government salaries have generally been regarded as inadequate and were under review in 1966. In large modern enterprises employees and workers receive low-cost housing and limited medical care. They also may buy food at cost in factory commissaries. Civil servants enjoy similar fringe benefits. Although wages in rural areas are lower than in the capital, the purchasing power of the baht is greater in the provinces. On rubber and fruit plantations in the Peninsula pay scales are similar to those of unskilled workers in the Bangkok-Thon Buri area. There is no minimum wage legislation. Employers, however, must pay the basic wage plus time-and-a-half for overtime work and double time for work on holidays. Benefits Regulations governing workmen's compensation and various welfare provisions for workers are contained in Special Announcement No. 2 of the Ministry of the Interior, issued in December 1958 and still in force in 1966. In accordance with the announcement, a monthly compensation at the rate of 50 percent of the salary or wage must be paid to workers who have contracted a work-connected disease, beginning with the eighth day of disability. For accidents resulting in permanent partial or full disability the same rate is payable for periods varying from 1 to 5 years. Death and survivorship benefits are covered by another announcement of the Ministry of the Interior, promulgated in October 1958. Workers’ health protection and industrial safety measures are also specified in the announcement. In accordance with these measures employers must provide safe drinking water, toilets and washing facilities. The services of a physician or nurse and first aid facilities must be available in commercial and industrial establishments employing 10 persons or more. Special provisions regulate health and safety rules for women and children. Industrial safety standards are listed in the Factory Act of 1939. In accordance with its provisions dangerous machinery must be fenced in, and protective devices must be issued to persons working with explosives or chemically poisonous materials. In the absence of comprehensive social security legislation private pension and life insurance plans are provided by some of the larger modern industrial and commercial firms. Government employees are eligible for a government-financed pension plan under the terms of which they are eligible at the age of 60 or, after 30 years of service, for retirement benefits proportionate to their salaries at the time of retirement." [a.a.O., S. 363ff.]

1968-09

Es erscheint die Dissertation:

Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift

Abb.: Titelblatt

"In theory, the government and administration of Siam were neatly regulated. There was a place for every man and every institution in the Kingdom. At the top of the hierarchy, there was the absolute monarch, who was sanctified as a god and as a Bodhisattva according to the cult of Deva-Raja and the beliefs of Mahayana Buddhism. The relationship between the King and his people was symbolised "by the 'palace language' (rachasap) [ราชาศัพท์] used at court. A subject called himself, 'the servant of the excellent enlightenment', and addressed the King from, 'under the dust of the sole of your August feet'. When the King ascended the throne, he commenced to 'eat the royal treasure'; and when he passed an edict, the people were informed that, 'These are His Majesty's words promulgated as Royal Order like the roaring of the Lion'. In theory, the King's government was functionally differentiated. There were two Prime Ministers, Akkramahasenabodi [อัครมหาเสนาบดี], one for the civil, Mahatthai [มหาดไทย], and the other for the military, Kalahom [กลาโหม], administration of the country. Below them came the 'Four Supporting Ministers', the Senabodi Chatusadom [สนาบดีจตุสดมภ์], the Minister of the Metropolis, Wiang [เวียง], the Minister of the Palace, Wang [วัง], the Minister of Finance, Khlang [คลัง], and the Minister of Agriculture, Na [นา].   The Ministry of the Metropolis collected the rates and taxes, and administered fines for minor offences within the metropolitan area of Bangkok. The Ministry of the Palace had charge of the civil and criminal courts and made judicial appointments throughout the country, because it was nearest to the King who was the fount of all justice. The Ministry of Finance controlled the fiscal administration of the country, but one of its departments, the Krommatha [กรมท่า] dealt with foreign affairs, because the Ministry came into frequent contact with foreigners, since overseas trading was largely a royal monopoly up to the first half of the nineteenth century. The Ministry of Agriculture made sure that ploughing was started at the right time of year, and issued title deeds which gave the peasantry their security of tenure. Below these top six ministers were the six Councillors, Montri [มนตรี], who were in charge of the defence of the palace, the royal scribes, the registration of the people, the expenditure of the revenue, the royal wardrobe, and the religious affairs of the country. Two generals commanded respectively the land and the sea forces. The administration of justice was regulated by an elaborate set of checks and balances. A court of twelve brahmins, learned in the laws, decided, first of all, to which court a particular case should go. When the case had been heard, the evidence was returned to the brahmins, who then gave judgement. The sentence came, however, from a punisher, the phu prap [ผู้ปราบ]. An appeal against the verdict could be made to the King. The provincial administration was divided between three ministries. The northern parts were under the Prime Minister for civil administration, the Mahatthai [มหาดไทย], the south was under the Prime Minister for military administration, the Kalahom [กลาโหม], and the seaboard provinces near Bangkok, because they were involved with trade, were under the Department for Foreign Affairs, the Krommatha [กรมท่า], in the Ministry of Finance. The great offices of state and the civil service were filled by members of royal family and the nobility. These two classes, however, were regulated in such a way that, in theory, they could not rival the King in either his splendour or in his power. The royalty, to start with, merged with the commonality after five generations. This meant that there was not a glut of princes, which there otherwise would have been, for the King was allowed to have four Queens and any number of consorts. There were five different ranks of princes.  The child of a Queen was a Chao Fa [เจ้าฟ้า], but one of a consort was a Phra-ong Chao [พระองค์เจ้า]. The grand-child of the King was a Mom Chao [หม่อมเจ้า]. It was accepted that only members of these first two generations of the royal family could be considered properly as Princes. After the Mom Chao came the Mom Ratchawong [หม่อมราชวงศ์] and then the Mom Luang [หม่อมหลวง]. The Mom Luang's  son was a Nai [นาย], or a gentleman commoner. In this Thesis, the Chao Fa, Phra-ong Chao, and Mom Chao, will be referred to as Prince, but the terms, Mom Ratchawong and Mom Luang, will be retained. The Siamese nobility was not hereditary in the European sense of the word, for its existence, in theory, depended entirely on government service. King Chulalongkorn described the position of the nobility in these terms, 'The custom regarding them is near to that prevailing in China, where rank and office are combined. If a person has rank, he occupies at the same time an office. If he leaves such office he leaves his rank as well, unless the King allows him to keep it on account of services rendered. For that reason most of the nobility remain in office all their life.' The Nai, or gentleman-commoner, the Mom Ratchawong, and the Mom Luang, commenced their climb up the ranks of the nobility as soon as they entered government service. The ranks of the nobility from the bottom upwards were, Khun [ขุน], Luang [หลวง], Phra [พระ], Phraya [พระยา], Chao Phraya [เจ้าพระยา], and Somdet Chao Phraya [สมเด็จเจ้าพระยา]. With the rank went a title, which in turn was linked to an office. To give an example, the Prime Minister for the civil administration, and the Minister for the North, had the rank of Chao Phraya [เจ้าพระยา], the title of Chakri [จักรี], which went with the office, Samuha Nayok fai phonlaruan [สมุหนายกฝ่ายพลเรือน]. The rank of the nobility could also be measured by the number of Sakdina [ศักดินา] marks attached to his position. Sakdina could be translated as 'power over fields'. These marks probably signified the number of fields (the unit of measurement being the rai [ไร่], one of which was equal to two fifths of an acre) which an official was able to hold, but they had for a long time become firstly a prestigious symbol, and secondly a means of calculating judicial fines. An offender, when fined, paid according to his sakdina scale, which was fair for the culprit and was profitable for the state. The nobility proper was supposed to have at least 400 sakdina marks, while those below this line were considered petty officials, the kamnan phanthanai [กำนัน พันทนาย]. Ranks, titles, and sakdina were also given to the Princes who were in government service. The Prince who was most nearly related to the King and who traditionally commanded the vanguard of the army was given the rank of Second King or Krom Phra Ratchawang Bowon Sathan Mongkhon [กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล]. The first rank given to a Mom Chao was Phra-ong Chao [พระองค์เจ้า]. A Phra-ong Chao by birth could start climbing the ladder of ranks at a step higher, Krommamuen [กรมหมื่น], which led to Krommakhun [กรมขุน], Krommaluang [กรมหลวง], Krom Phra [กรมพระ], Krom Phraya [กรมพระยา], and finally, Somdet Krom Phraya [สมเด็จกรมพระยา]. The titles given to princes in government service, unlike those of the nobility, were not tied to their offices, but were rather expressions of the King's hopes in and regards for them. When Phra-ong Chao Ditsaworakuman [พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร, 1862 - 1943] had proved himself worthy of service, he was given the rank of Krommamuen, and the title of Damrong Rachanuphap [ดำรงราชานุภาพ], which means 'the Upholder of Royal Power'. He kept this title all his life, while his rank rose to that of Somdet Krom Phraya. As far as some of the tributary states were concerned, the princely ranks, Phra Chao [พระเจ้า] and Chao [เจ้า], and titles of the rulers and great officers of the states of Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่], Lampang [ลำปาง], Lamphun [ลำพูน / หละปูน], Phrae [แพร่ / แป้], Nan [น่าน], and Bassac [ຈໍາປາສັກ], had all been created by the central government in recognition for their services and loyalty to the Crown of Siam. In the first half of the nineteenth century , only those especially favoured rulers of Chiangmai, Lampang, and Lamphun, were made Princes. It was only from 1856 onwards that the princely rank was regularly given to the rulers and great officers of these states. The rank was not hereditary, and the son of a prince was a nai [นาย], or a gentle man-commoner. There were no sakdina marks attached to the rank. The rulers of Nan and Phrae were not made Princes until 1888, and 1896 respectively. Members of the government and administration in Bangkok were not supposed to be great landowners, for their livelihood should have been dependent on their service and on the King's bounty. The Ministers were allowed to keep the fees which arose from their office. The two Prime Ministers, for instance, received fees when they issued writs of appointment in the provinces. The King also distributed rewards, bia wat [เบี้ยหวัด], in theory, if and when he thought fit; but, in practice, the bia wat were distributed annually in November. The Princes were given 1600 baht, the Phraya received from 960 down to 160 baht, the Phra and the Luang from 120 to 60 baht, and the minor officials got from 40 to 12 baht. The noble-men who had more than 400 sakdina marks were also given the privilege of not having to appear at court when summoned and were allowed to send representatives. All Nai, or gentlemen commoners, had another privilege, whereby, unlike the common people, they were not tattooed and registered for government service. The government's source of strength and income, apart from the revenue from taxation, lay in the labour of the common people or the phrai [ไพร่]. It is hard to estimate the population of Siam in the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1910, when the first nation-wide census survey took place, it was found that the Kingdom had a population of just over eight million. Taking into account the facts that, by that time, Siam had been shorn of most of her tributary states and some of her provinces the combined population of which was then just over a million, and that the annual over-all population growth rate was then just over 3%, her population in 1892 was probably just over four million. At the beginning of every reign, all able-bodied men, between the ages of eighteen and sixty, were tattooed on their wrists and registered under various departments of the administration. All boys on reaching the age of eighteen had to register themselves in any case. Those between eighteen and twenty had to work for the government for one month of the year, or else to commute their service by paying a tax of six baht. From the age of twenty to sixty, they had to work for the government for three months of the year or else to pay the Commutation tax, or kha ratchakan [ค่าราชการ], of eighteen baht. Service and commutation tax could also be reckoned in kind. The government benefitted from this system in four ways. Firstly, the common people provided an abundant supply of free labour, secondly, they could all be called to arms rapidly in case of war, thirdly, those who paid their commutation tax in kind provided valuable goods, and finally, those who paid it in cash provided the government with money. The common people also provided the nobility with a source of livelihood. A position in the government service entitled a nobleman to have a certain number of men attached to him from whom he could command either service or commutation tax. He could also use the other men in his charge to do things which had nothing to do with government service. Prince Damrong said that the men also voluntarily gave presents to the officials. They probably did this, however, in order to please the officials, who were in a position to make their lives happy or miserable according to the kind of work they set them and whether or not they accepted their commutation tax. Slavery provided another means of livelihood for the nobility. There were two kinds of slaves, the slaves-of-war, and the debt-slaves; the former could not, but the latter, who had sold themselves into slavery, could redeem their freedom. Both kinds could be sold on the market. Apart from working for their masters, the slaves were also expected to work for the government for eight days of the year. The master could, however, pay a commutation tax of one baht fifty stangs on a slave's behalf. It is hard to estimate the number of slaves in Siam in the second half of the nineteenth century. Pallegoix [Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, 1805 - 1862], the French Catholic priest, who lived in Siam from 1830 to 1854, reckoned that, in his time, one-third of the country's population consisted of slaves. This figure is probably too high and so far remains unvalidated. Pallegoix, in any case, excused the Siamese for possessing slaves by saying that, 'They only work them very lightly and often treat them much better than servants are treated in France'. The orderly regulation of Siamese government and society in theory belied the fact that they both worked quite differently in practice. During the course of the nineteenth century, the King did not have the resources which would have enabled him to be an absolute monarch. The bulk of the revenue remained in the hands of the ministers and there were few ways of extracting it from them. This situation had arisen because many of the most important ministries and departments had been taken over by one family, the Bunnag [บุนนาค] family. This family, related to the ruling Chakri dynasty by marriage, began to dominate politics from the 1820s onwards when King Nang Klao, Rama III, depended on their support against his princely cousins. For the next half century, during a period which spanned three reigns, those of King Nang Klao (1824-1851), King Mongkut (1851-1868), and part of the reign of King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910), members of this family held, without a break, the Prime Ministership for the military administration (the Kalahom [กลาโหม]) and the Ministry of Finance (the Khlang [คลัง]). The Ministry of the Metropolis (the Wiang [เวียง]) was also in their hands for long periods of time. By the presentation of consorts to the King and the Princes, by judicious marriages to other families, and by intermarriage among themselves, they were able to increase their control over the government from year to year. When King Chulalongkorn came to the throne in 1868, the Bunnag family, under its head, Chao Phraya Sisuriyawong (Chuang Bunnag) [เจ้าพระยาศรีสุริยวงศ์ (ช่วง), 1808–1882], was at the height of power. The result of the monarchy's loss of control over some of the most important offices of state meant that it became relatively poor. There was no one to demand that all the revenue should be presented to the King. King Chulalongkorn wrote that, '...the government's revenue fell from year to year, until there was barely enough to use from month to month...' He estimated that between 1868 and 1873, the revenue declined from the region of 4,800,000 baht per annum to about 1,600,000. Under such circumstances, it was hardly surprising that the King's revenue was sufficient only for the construction of palaces and temples, royal and religious ceremonies, and the annual bia wat rewards. Another consequence of the monarchy's loss of control over important offices was that it became relatively weak. First of all, it lost the power of patronage, for the ministers held the administrative apparatus in their hands and made appointments and promotions within their own network of connections. Secondly, it lost direct control over the common people, the phrai. There was no-one to demand the latest lists of able-bodied men from the various departments, as a result of which it was the ministers, who were in control of the people's annual three months' service and commutation tax. Since it did not have effective control over the common people, it probably had little knowledge of the number of slaves and consequently collected almost nothing from the slaves' commutation tax. It was, however, not just the Crown which was relatively poor and weak, for the central government, as a whole, suffered the same fate. The control of the ministries and the administration by a certain faction of the nobility had little to do with this, for it was just that the yield of the revenue bore no relation to the actual wealth of the country. There was little direct collection of taxes, and when there was, it did not spread far into the provinces. The Ministry of Agriculture, the Na [นา], only collected the Rice Tax directly from four provinces within easy reach of Bangkok. Most of the taxes were farmed out to the highest bidder, which meant that the government received a fixed sum of money over a number of years, while the tax-farmers collected as much as they could and pocketed the profit. The tax-farms were rarely nation-wide, and most of them covered only a small area of the country. In 1856, for instance, there was a tobacco tax-farm for the provinces of Sawankhalok [สวรรคโลก] and Sukhothai [สุโขทัย]. The fact that there were so many tax-farms, all of which made their payments in instalments, meant that bookkeeping became extremely difficult, there could be many muddles and delays, and the opportunities for corruption were numerous. The Crown's and the central government's lack of money was the reason why there was not a professional civil service. Since there was not enough money to enable the government to give regular salaries, the officials, apart from the King's annual bia wat rewards, had to look for their own livelihood. They were allowed, first of all, to keep judicial fees; a privilege which led to much abuse of the administration of justice. Court proceedings were supposed to last only three days, but the officials dragged them on for two or three years, so that either the plaintiff or the defendant would offer bribes in order to influence the decision. According to Pallegoix, the practice was that, 'The best way to win a case is to promise a big sum to an influential public figure, who will then concern himself with your affairs'. Another source of income for the officials was the administration of the people. In theory, each official was allowed the service and commutation tax of a certain number of common people, but, in practice, since the exact number of able-bodied men could be easily concealed, an official could obtain much more service and money than he was allowed." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 8 - 24. -- Faire use]

The central government divided the territory of the Kingdom into three administrative categories, the inner and the outer provinces [เมือง], and the tributary states. The inner provinces were those which had formed the core of the Kingdom from the fifteenth century onwards. They were sub-divided into four classes. Originally, the fourth class provinces were the ones in the near vicinity of the capital. The first and second class provinces were either those on the frontiers, or those which, once upon a time, had had their own princely ruling houses. The third class provinces were new units of administration, formed when certain parts of the country, as a result of their development, had outgrown the administrative capacity of their former supervisors, which could have been either first or second class provinces. The outer provinces lay between the inner provinces and the Laotian tributary states. Their associations with the Kingdom was of a comparatively recent date, for they could be traced back only to the second half of the eighteenth century at the earliest. In 1892, the tributary states in the north and north-east were the Kingdom of Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ] and the  Principalities of Chiangmai [เชียงใหม่], Lampang [ลำปาง], Lamphun [ลำพูน / หละปูน], Phrae [แพร่ / แป้], Nan [น่าน], and Bassac [ຈໍາປາສັກ] The Kingdom of Cambodia was intermittently a tributary state from the end of the eighteenth century until 1867. In the south, the tributary states were the Sultanates of Trengganu [ ترڠڬانو], Kelantan [كلنتن], and Kedah [ قدح]." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 31f. -- Faire use]

"As when the central government itself was considered, the neat regulation of the provincial administration in theory belies the fact that it did not work in quite the same way in practice. In reality, the central government directly administered only a small area of the country called the Wang Ratchathani [วังราชธานี]. It was thought that the Wang Ratchathani stretched to Lopburi [ลพบุรี] in the north, Nakhon Nayok [นครนายก] in the east, Suphanburi [สุพรรณบุรี] in the west, and Phrapradaeng [พระประแดง] in the south, but, in 1891, the government directly administered only Prathumthani [ปทุมธานี] and Nonthaburi [นนทบุรี] in the north and Phrapradaeng [พระประแดง] and Samutprakan [สมุทรปราการ] in the south. Since, for lack of money and salaried civil servants, the Law of 1802 concerning the centralization of the provincial administration was not implemented, the government, by not being able to directly appoint provincial officials, lost control of the labour and revenue in the provinces. [...] The central government had to recognize the fact that it had originally little choice in the appointment of governors. It gave the title of governor to the obvious leader of a particular group of people. For an example, in 1793 when 4000 people, who had marched from the Principality of Vientiane [ວຽງຈັນ], decided to settle in a small village in the northeast called Ban Kaeng Samrong [บ้านแก้งสำโรง], their leader was made the governor of that settlement, the status of which was changed to that of a town, and the name of which was changed to Kalasin [กาฬสินธุ์]. In time of war, the natural leader, whom the government had to recognize as a governor, was usually a military leader. In 1772, when the country was in a state of anarchy after the sack of the old capital, Ayutthya [อยุธยา], by the Burmese in 1767, King Taksin [ตากสินมหาราช] made the local warrior, Khun, nick-named 'Iron Jaws' , the new governor of the southern town of Phatthalung [พัทลุง]. At that time the government was so weak that it had to accept even its enemies as governors. In 1776, having driven the ruling family out of Nakhon Sithammarat [นครศรีธรรมราช] for having declared the city independent of the Kingdom, King Taksin immediately had to reinstate it in its position. Furthermore, he had to elevate the head of the family to the rank of Prince and to concede that the city was a tributary state of and not a province under the government. These concessions had to be made because the family was powerful and the city was strategically situated between the inner provinces and the Malay tributary states. Military leadership was not, however, the only way of becoming an obvious provincial leader, for the government also took financial status into consideration. The rise of the Chinese families of Songkhla [สงขลา] and Ranong [ระนอง] to governorships and the take-over of the governorship of Phetburi [เพชรบุรี] by the Bunnag [บุนนาค] family demonstrated how economic strength led to the attainment of political power. In 1769 and 1844, when the major tax-farms of Songkhla and Ranong, the birds' nests and gum-trees farms, were auctioned, they were both won by the Chinese. In 1859, the Bunnag family took over the sugar tax-farm which was the major tax-farm of Phetburi. In the first two cases, the new tax-farmers became governors of their provinces within ten years of winning their contracts. In the third case, a member of the Bunnag family became the governor of Phetburi within approximately the same period of time. The government recognized financial streigth as synonymous with political power because, when none of the officials were paid salaries, it was absolutely vital for the governor to have the most lucrative tax-farm so that he would be able to use the profit from it to pay his followers. The lack of money automatically reduced the governor's influence and power and the government then transferred its recognition to  someone else. In Songkhla, the old governor was dismissed. In Ranong, the government waited until he died before the new natural leader was given the post. In Phetburi, the Bunnag family first appointed one of its members as the deputy governor and another member as governor at the beginning of the reign of King Chulalongkorn. The government formalized its relationship with the recognized provincial leader by giving him a writ of appointment, or sanyabat [สัญญาบัตร]. On obtaining this piece of paper, which was signed by the King himself, the local leader became the legitimate representative of the government. Since a governorship was lucrative, and gave its holder much power and influence, the government charged a fixed rate of fees for issuing the writ of appointment. The sanyabat of a governor of a 2 first class province cost 560 baht in 1892. The governors, like the nobility in Bangkok, were given ranks, titles, and sakdina [ศักดินา]. It was thought that the ranks of the governors of second, third, and fourth class provinces were respectively Phraya [พระยา], Phra [พระ], and Luang [หลวง]. There was not, however, a strict adherence to this rule, for the rank was dependent on the length and quality of service rather than on the office itself. The governor of the second class province of Songkhla, for instance, should have been a Phraya; but, between 1777 and 1901, out of eight governors, three were promoted to the rank of Chao Phraya [เจ้าพระยา]. The governors of the three first class provinces, Nakhon Sithammarat [นครศรีธรรมราช], Nakhon Ratchasima [นครราชสีมา], and Phitsanulok [พิษณุโลก], were either Phrayas or Chao Phrayas. It was not just in the appointment of governors that the government originally lacked choice, for, once it accepted the fact that it was unable to centralize the provincial administration, it also had to allow the governor to select his own officials. Prince Thewawong [สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยาเทวะวงศ์วโรปการ, 1858 - 1923], the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1885 to 1923, described the situation when the sea-board provinces were under his ministry's supervision in these terms, 'As far as my opinion and the practice of the past are concerned,...I have always appointed officials who had been recommended to me by the governors. The governors are totally responsible for their provinces, and the appointment of people who are disagreeable to them has not led to good result.' A governor usually recommended his relations for posts in the local administration, the most important of which were those of the deputy-governor, palat [ปลัด], the judge, yokkrabat [ยกกระบัตร], and the assistant, phu chuai [ผู้ช่วย]. Since these posts, like the governorship itself, were lucrative and influential, their prospective holders had to pay fees before they were issued with writs of appointments, sanyabats, which legitimized their positions. The deputy governor of Yiring [Yaring / ยะหริ่ง] in the south had to pay 3200 Mexican dollars, or about 300 baht, for his sanyabat in 1889. The sanyabats of senior officials were signed by the King, but those of the more junior ones, such as that of the official in charge of the district administration, the mahatthai [มหาดไทย], were signed by the Minister in charge of that particular part of the country. A governor appointed a host of officials, who did not have to obtain writs of appointment from the government. The local administration was a copy of the central government in Bangkok. In the small third class province of Phatthalung [พัทลุง], for instance, there were officials in charge of the judicial administration, the wiang [เวียง], the governor's household, the wang [วัง], the province's finance, the khlang [กลาง], and agriculture, the na [นา]. Other officials were in charge of the registration of able bodied men, the organisation of their three months government service, and the collection of their commutation tax either in cash or in kind. There was also a military commander. As the government did not have its own officials in the countryside, it had to allow the provinces to have their own independent financial administration. As the King, when he ascended the throne, was said to begin 'to eat the Royal Treasure', so the governor, on receiving his writ of appointment, was said to begin 'to eat the town', or kin muang [กินเมือง]. In 1884, the administration of the first class province of Nakhon Sithammarat levied taxes on gold, silver, wooden planks, and unworked wicker [Rattan]. They also collected a Chinese poll tax triennially. Furthermore, like the officials of the central government, they had the right to demand service from the common people, the phrai [ไพร่], which could be commuted by payment of a tax, the kha ratchakan  [ค่าราชการ]. The government did not interfere in the provinces' financial administration, and the local authorities themselves decided on the expenditure of their revenue. Since the government did not pay salaries, revenue from all sources was divided between the officials in order to provide them with a livelihood. Apart from being allowed to keep judicial fees, an official in the provinces, like his counterpart in Bangkok, was allotted a number of men, from whom he could demand either service or commutation tax. In 1828, the"body of officials of the north-eastern outer province of Ubon [อุบลราชธานี] was allotted 1500 men for personal service out of a total of 5500 able-bodied men. In Nakhon Sithammarat, during the same period, the deputy governor collected commutation in kind, in the form of betel-nuts, from three villages in the city's vicinity. A governor's power depended on his share of the revenue, which he spent on rewarding and arming his followers. If, as in the cases of Songkhla and Ranong mentioned earlier, he lost control over his own fiscal administration, his influence declined automatically; and the central government, anxious to have stability in the provinces, had then to transfer its recognition to the new local leader. The government allowed a governor to control not only the financial but also the judicial administration of a province. It was not for nothing that the governor was commonly known as the Chao Muang [เจ้าเมือง], or the Lord of the Province, for, possessing great power, he was able to interpret the law as arbitrarily as he liked. Henri Mouhot [1826 - 1861], the French explorer, who travelled in the north-east of Siam in 1859 and 1860, remarked that the governor of the first class town of Nakhon Ratchasima [นครราชสีมา] was, 'very severe, cutting off an head or an hand without much compunction.' Phraya Wichiankhiri (Thianseng na Songkhla) [พระยาวิเชียรคีรี (เถี้ยนเส้ง ณ สงขลา)], used to sentence those who disobeyed him to thirty strokes of the cane and a spell in prison. The independence in the internal affairs of the province, which the government left to the governor, included the administration of the area around the provincial town. In theory, the local government was supposed to administer directly the area around the town, so that it could use to the full the resources of the province in both man-power and revenue. In the classic model, the area around the town was divided into three units of administration, the largest of which was the district (khwaeng [แขวง]), which was divided into the sub-district (tambon [ตำบล]), and the village (ban [บ้าน]). The governor was supposed to appoint the officials in charge of these units of administration, namely, the district officer (muen khwaeng [หมื่นแขวง]), the commune elder, (kamnan [กำนัน], also known as phan [พัน]), and the village elder (kae ban [แก่บ้าน]). These administrative divisions seem to have corresponded to the number of able-bodied men under each of the officers in the district. The sub-district officer was probably in charge of approximately a thousand men, because one of the names of his office, phan  [พัน], means 'a thousand'. The district officer was probably in charge of ten thousand men, because muen [หมื่น] meant 'ten thousand'. The names of these units of administration varied from one part of the country to another; in the north-east, for instance, they were known as, from top to bottom, amphoe [อำเภอ], khwaeng [แขวง], and ban [บ้าน]. Furthermore, it was not necessary for a town to divide its surrounding area into three units of administration; in Phatthalung [พัทลุง], the province was divided only into districts, amphoe. However, just as the government originally had little choice in the appointment of governors, so a governor's choice of district officials was confined to local strong men, whose power had to be recognized and legitimized. It even turned out that some district officials were in fact nothing more or less than local bandit leaders. A famous case of this was the district officer of a district near Ayutthaya [อยุธยา], who had the rank of Luang [หลวง]. the title of 'The Lightener of Misery' (Banthaothuk [บรรเทาทุกข์.]), and turned out to be a master criminal and a receiver of stolen goods. The provincial government did not try to interfere directly in the districts. Its fiscal administration did not spread to the remote districts, because the tax-collectors did not dare to go too far from the provincial  town. This meant that the district officials could send in the minimal amount of commutation tax in cash or in kind, for there was no one to check whether or not it was the correct amount. The provincial  government's judicial administration  did not spread into the districts either, for the district officers were allowed to settle minor disputes and judged minor cases. In theory, serious cases had to be referred to the governor's court, but it was much more likely that they too were settled on the spot. In spite of the governor's failure to control the whole of the province directly, the government had left enough power for him to further his own ends. If he and his family were engaged in trade and industry, they were able to make it difficult for outsiders to come to set up shops and factories in their province. The advantage lay in their control of the financial administration, which meant that they could tax their rivals to the full, while either not taxing themselves or allowing themselves to be very lightly taxed. If a tax-farmer came from Bangkok to levy tax on a commodity, which they themselves did not tax, they could make it so difficult for him to accomplish his task, that he would have to give them a share in the profit and to take them into partnership. Having left the governors with control over the vital resources of the provinces, the government had to tolerate the fact that they embarked on their own policies of political aggrandizement and territorial expansion. The first class province of Nakhon Sithammarat [นครศรีธรรมราช], for instance, with a population of well over 100,000, was well equipped to conduct provincial power-politics. It used its strength to  spread its influence over twenty provinces, whose governors were either its nominees or were members or cadet branches of the Na Nakhon [ณ นคร] family, the ruling family of Nakhon Sithammarat. Once a family had established itself in a province, the government, for the sake of stability and continuity rarely removed it from its position. Maximum stability in internal politics was maintained by the fact that the governorship did not devolve on a minor, which meant that it did not necessarily pass from father to son. The governorship passed to the most influential member of the family who was usually a member of the senior generation. It could return to the senior branch of the family, if, in the interval, the heir, by right of primogeniture, had grown up, joined the local government, and became a political figure in his own right. The family tree of the Na Songkhla [ณ สงขลา] family, the rulers of Songkhla from 1777 to 1901, illustrates this system, although it is necessary to point out that this was not the only possible model of succession to the governorship, because power could have passed to another branch or the family so completely that the senior branch was never able to recover it." Abb.: The genealogy of the Na Songkhla [ณ สงขลา] family 1777 - 1901 [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 34 - 48. -- Faire use]

"The government furthermore reserved the right to send commissioners, khaluang [ข้าหลวง], into the provinces from time to time. Within the first few years of a King's accession to the throne, commissioners were sent out to tattoo and register able-bodied men, to measure the rice fields, and to count the fruit-trees, so that the government would know whom it could mobilize and what it could tax in the years to come. Commissioners were also sent to direct operations against bandits, when banditry got out of hand in a certain area of the country. Such commissioners were given authority to demand cooperation from all governors in the affected area, so that the bandits could not escape by slipping across provincial frontiers. In 1878, a commissioner established his head-quarters at Sangkha [สังขะ], a province adjoining the modern frontier with Cambodia, and demanded co-operation from the neighbouring provinces against the bandits of that region. King Nang Klao, Rama III, once sent eight commissioners to Songkhla [สงขลา] to make a cadastral survey of the province and to issue title deeds to the people. This event took place in 1828, but, as it is the only reference to such an undertaking, it cannot be said that the government regularly concerned itself with such a task." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 50f. -- Faire use]

"The government allowed a tributary state to have more independence in its financial administration than that given to the provinces. As in the provinces, the administration of a tributary state collected its own taxes. In Kelantan [كلنتن], in 1884, taxes were levied on opium, liquor, coconut-oil, medicine, and dried fish. There was a triennial poll tax on the Chinese; and the common people had to give service or to commute it in cash or in kind to the administration. In 1827, the people of Bassac [ຈໍາປາສັກ] were divided between those who contributed actual service to the state and those who commuted their service in cash, ivory, or in cardamom seeds. The fiscal administration of a tributary state was more independent than that of the provinces, by the fact that the tributary states were free of the tax-farmers from the capital whom the governors had to admit into their provinces. The revenue or a tributary state was divided between its officials. In Bassac, it was the Prince who kept to himself the ivory which had been given in lieu of service; and it was the Upparat [อุปราช] who took the cardamom seeds. The officials, like their counterparts in Bangkok and in the provinces, were allotted a number of people for their personal service. In 1884, the retired Sultan of Kelantan, who was eighty years old, was allowed to keep two hundred fully armed retainers." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 61f. -- Faire use]

"The Principality of Bassac [ຈຳປາສັກ], for instance, sent triennialy a gold tree weighing one and. a half kilogram, a silver tree of the same weight, 120 kilograms of ivory and 240 kilograms of cardamom seeds. In addition, it also sent annually 8000 baht of tribute money (ngoen suai [เงินส่วย]). The size of gold and silver trees varied according to the wealth of particular states. The Sultan of Kelantan's [كلنتن] trees were the biggest, being ten feet and five inches in height; those of the Lord of Borikhannikhom, a small tributary province in southern Laos, were only two feet high. Without knowing the value of gold and silver in nineteenth century south-east Asia, it is hard to calculate the value of these trees. It has been estimated that the trees from the Sultanates of Kedah [قدح ], Kelantan, and Trengganu [ ترڠڬانو], known as the Bunga Mas [บุหงามาศ], were worth approximately £1000 each on the average. King Chulalongkorn, Rama V, scorned the glitter of these tributes, for he knew that they bore no relations to the value of the revenue of these states. He reckoned that they were not worth one-eighth or one-ninth of the Gold and Silver Trees Tax levied on the people." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 68. -- Faire use]

"This departmental neatness belies the fact that the machinery of administration turned slowly because of faulty bureaucratic principles. Most correspondence was delayed in its passage through the Duty Division [เวียน]. This division was divided into four rotas, each of which was on twenty-four hour duty for five days at a time, during which period it received all correspondence, directed it to the divisions concerned, and sent replies back to the provinces and tributary states. But since each rota, instead of helping each other, only dealt with the correspondence which it received during its period of duty, each accumulated its own pile of unfinished work. Furthermore, the efficiency of the ministry was not helped by the fact that the executive officials, who had risen in the civil service as a result of family connections rather than by acquiring administrative talents, observed little or no differentiation in the functions of the divisions. Combined with bad communications, which kept correspondence on the road for months, the administrative machinery could work only at a very slow pace. The cumulative effect of muddles and delays was the government's inability to be stringent in its dealings with the provinces. The provinces were allowed to get far behind in their payment of the tribute money (ngoen suai [เงินส่วย]). In 1891, the town of Kamalasai [กมลาไสย] in the north-east was ten years behind when it sent its tribute money for the years from 1875 to 1880." [Quelle: Tej Bunnag [เตช บุนนาค] <1943 - >: The provincial administration of Siam from 1892 to 1915 : a study off the creation, the growth, the achievements, and the implications for modern Siam, of the ministry of the interior under prince Damrong Rachanuphap. -- Diss. Oxford : St. Anthonys College, Michaelmas Term 1968. -- 429 S., Schreibmaschinenschrift. -- S. 68ff. -- Faire use]

1968-09-01

Wahlen zum Stadtparlament von Bangkok. Die Democrat Party (พรรคประชาธิปัตย์) Seni Pramoj's (เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 - 1997) gewinnt 22 der 24 Sitze.

1968-09-01

Amendment no. 3 to the Contract [1966-09-06] between the United States of America and the Regents of the University of California:

"The USAID [United States Agency for International Development] contract with UCLA [University of Calofornia Los Angeles] was an agreement to make personnel available "to support and strengthen the operations of the U.S. aid program in Thailand," especially the operations of USOM [United States Operations Mission]/Thailand's Research Division. In pursuit of this goal, AID has established the Academic Advisory Council for Thailand (AACT), composed of social scientists with background specialization in Thailand to provide coordination between the academic community of Thai scholars and AID.... [the] United States' competence to foster development in Thailand is strengthened by the intellectual integration of scholars in the social sciences professionally interested in Thailand's development.... The 1968 amendment modified the original contract and specifically mandated UCLA to "provide support" for AACT "to insure its maximum contribution to accomplishment of the goals of the AID program in Thailand";49 and for AACT to provide eight "services" to AID. The first and sixth services were; Identify research ... that may relate to developmental and counterinsurgency activities in Thailand; evaluate, index and make such research available to AID; suggest and solicit research proposals relevant to AID activity in Thailand.... Organize, coordinate and conduct meetings, seminars or conferences, under AACT auspices, dealing with development and counterinsurgency problems, issues and activities, including research, relating to AID operations in Thailand. Other services were to prepare a list of Thai scholars and their research interests; to meet requests for assistance with regard to AID and USOM/Thailand research needs; to evaluate reports and proposed studies; to make recommendations concerning research plan and problems of USOM/ Thailand, Research Division; to collect and maintain a library; and to "[c]arry out such other functions as shall be mutually agreed upon by AID and the Contractor." The provision of mandated services was discussed at meetings held by AACT several times a year." [Quelle: Wakin, Eric: Anthropology goes to war : professional ethics & counterinsurgency in Thailand. -- Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. -- 319 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Monograph <University of Wisconsin--Madison. Center for Southeast Asian Studies> ;  No. 7). -- ISBN 978-1-881261-03-2. -- S. 128f. -- Fair use]

1968-09-10

Zeitung คนสุพรรณ (Khon Suphan): 400 Dörfler von Amphoe Nong Ya Sai (หนองหญ้าไซ) beginnen in Eigenregie (ohne staatliche Hilfe) den Bau eines 20 km langen Bewässerungskanals.

Abb.: Lage von Amphoe Nong Ya Sai (หนองหญ้าไซ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-09-18

Das philippinische Parlament erklärt in einem Gesetz drei Fünftel von Sabah  und einen kleinen Teil von indonesisch Borneo zu philippinischem Staatsterritorium. Malaysia bricht die diplomatischen Beziehungen mit den Philippinen ab. Die Philippinen erklären, dass sie nicht durch Krieg Sabah erobern wollen.

Abb.: Lage von Sabah
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1968-09-21

Tod von Capt. Leuan Saraphaiwanich (เลื่อน ศราภัยวานิช aka. นาวาเอก พระยาศราภัยพิพัฒ, 1889 - 1968). Er war ein unabhängiger zuerst monarchistischer, später "linker" Denker, Journalist, Schriftsteller und Politiker.

Abb.: Einbandtitel von ฝันรายของข้าพเจ้า ("Mein Alptraum") über seine Zeit als politischer (monarchistischer) Häftling

1968-10-01

Bangkoks letzte neun Straßenbahnzüge beenden ihren Betrieb.

1968-10-05

Nach über vier Jahren Exil in Thailand geht Südvietnams früherer Präsident, Gen Dương Văn Minh (1916 - 2001), zurück nach Südvietnam.

"Dương Văn Minh (Hán Nôm: 楊文明) (* 16. Februar 1916 in Mỹ Tho, Provinz Tiền Giang; † 5. August 2001 in Pasadena, Kalifornien, USA) war ein südvietnamesischer Politiker und General. Er war unter Ngô Đình Diệm Armeechef und dessen Militärberater. 1963 führte er mit amerikanischer Billigung den Militärputsch gegen diesen an und regierte ab 8. November 1963 als Chef der Militärjunta. Doch schon am 30. Januar 1964 wurde er von General Nguyễn Khánh gestürzt. Bis 1968 in Bangkok im Exil, wurde er zunehmend als Vertreter einer dritten Kraft betrachtet. Nach der Flucht von Präsident Nguyễn Văn Thiệu und dem Scheitern von Präsident Trần Văn Hương wurde Dương Văn Minh am 28. April 1975 erneut Präsident Südvietnams, doch blieb es ihm nur, am 30. April die Kapitulation und die Auflösung der südvietnamesischen Regierung zu verkünden. Er blieb nur wenige Tage in Haft und durfte 1983 nach Paris auswandern, zog aber später nach Kalifornien zu seiner Tochter." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

"Exile Minh then went into exile in Bangkok, Thailand, where he occupied himself with his hobbies, such as growing orchids and playing tennis.[2] He still had many American friends, especially among the CIA, who gave him support during this period and paid for his dental bills.[3] Nevertheless, the American Ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker, was openly contemptuous of him and referred to him in public with obscenities.[3] In return, he wrote a pro-war article for the respected Foreign Affairs quarterly in 1968, condemning the communists and rejecting a power-sharing agreement. This helped to end his exile, with the support of the Americans.[3]" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duong_Van_Minh. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

1968-10-12 - 1968-10-27

Olympische Sommerspiele in Mexiko-Stadt. der Gewichtheber Chaiya Sukchinda gewinnt  im Bantamgewicht.

Abb.: Lage von Mexico City
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-10-25

USA: Premiere des Dokumentarfilms In the Year of the Pig von Emile de Antonio (1919 - 1989).

Abb.: ©Plakat
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Fair use]

"Der Titel des Films bezieht sich auf das „Jahr des Schweins“ des chinesischen Kalenders. Er ist in Schwarz-Weiß gedreht und besteht zu großen Teilen aus original Film- bzw. Interviewmaterial aus über 40 Jahren vietnamesischer Geschichte, angefangen bei der französischen Kolonialherrschaft bis zum Vietnamkrieg. Er zeigt u. a. das dramatische Aufeinanderprallen des „American Way of Life“ und der vietnamesisch-buddhistischen Welt. Interviews mit zahlreichen prominenten Politikern, Wissenschaftlern, Journalisten und Soldaten sind in den Film eingewoben. Da In the Year of the Pig in der heißesten Phase des Vietnamkrieges entstand und dem Publikum eine bis dahin von den US-Medien nicht gekannte bzw. wahrgenommene Seite des Krieges und des Landes zeigte, stieß der Film auf teilweise vehemente Kritik und Polemik – bis hin zu Bombendrohungen gegenüber den Kinos, die ihn zeigten." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Year_of_the_Pig. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-11]

1968-10-31

Das Zentralkomitee der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (中国共产党中央委员会) erklärt das Ende der Kulturrevolution ( 无产阶级文化大革命). Staatspräsident (中华人民共和国主席) Liu Shaoqi ( 刘少奇, 1898 - 1969) wird aus der Partei ausgeschlossen.

Abb.: Jetzt sind alle und alles zertrümmert: Plakat aus der Kulturrevolution
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia]

1968-11-04

Erstflug des tschechoslowakischen Schulflugzeugs Aero L-39 Albatros. Auslieferung ab 1972. Für Thailand werden 40 Stück L-39ZA/ART produziert.

Abb.: Aero L-39ZA/ART Albatros der Royal Thai Airforce, 2000
[Bildquelle: SSGT JEFFREY J. CLONKEY, USAF / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1968-11-05

Richard M. Nixon (1913 - 1994) wird zum Präsidenten der USA gewählt.

Abb.: Präsident Richard M. Nixon (rechts), 1969
[Bildquelle: Robert L. Knudsen, White House photographer / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1968-04-02

Bangkok Post: Ministerpräsident Thanom zur Wahl Nixon's:

"News of his election has given us confidence, since we know that he will not abandon Asia." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 131]

1968-11-09

Malaysische Polizei verhaftet in einer Nacht-und Nebel-Aktion auf der malaiischen Halbinsel 116 Kommunisten, darunter 11 Frauen.

1968-11-11

Ein Großfeuer in Bangkok zerstört 50 Häuser und macht 500 Personen wohnungslos.

1968-11 - 1972-03-29

Geheime, völkerrechtswidrige Operation Commando Hunt der USA in Laos: Bombardierung des Ho-Chi-Min-Pfades (Trường Sơn trail)

Abb.: Ho-Chi-Min-Pfad (Trường Sơn trail) nach 1970
[Bildquelle: US Army Center of Military History / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1968-11-16

Ein Großfeuer in Bangkok zerstört 250 Häuser und macht 1500 Personen wohnungslos. Es handelt sich um ein Slum.

1968-11-20

Trinkwassermangel in der Stadt Korat (โคราช). Trinkwasser wird darum nur 10 Minuten pro Tag durch die Leitungen gelassen. Jedes Haus kann so 30 - 40 Liter pro Tag verbrauchen.

Abb.: Lage von Korat (โคราช)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-11-20

Das Religious Affairs Department (กรมการศาสนา) ordnet an, dass die 24.000 buddhistischen Klöster (Wat) Thailands ihren Besitz registrieren müssen, einschließlich Landschenkungen, Gebäude, Einrichtung, Materialien und Bargeld. Wenn ein Tempel Land für kommerzielle Zwecke verpachtet, muss er zuvor die Erlaubnis der Behörde einholen. Auch die Ausgaben der Klöster müssen registriert werden und müssen sich innerhalb des durchschnittlichen Einkommens des Tempels halten. Wer Klöstern im Wert von mehr als 100.000 Baht spendet, wird von einem Kommittee geprüft, ob er einen königlichen Orden erhalten soll.

1968-11-20 - 1968-12-02

Erstmals findet in Bangkok der Kings Cup (ฟุตบอลชิงถ้วยพระราชทานคิงส์คัพ) statt. Es ist ein internationaler jährlicher Fußballwettbewerb. Es gewinnt Indonesien vor Burma und Thailand.

1968-11-26

Hmong (ชาวม้ง) Guerillas greifen einen Posten in der Provinz Phitsanulok (พิษณุโลก) an und töten 10 Milizionäre.

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Phitsanulok (พิษณุโลก)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-11-30

Der König fordert von den Schülern Bangkoks, die Molotow-Cocktails werfen, ihr "sinnloses und dummes" Tun aufzugeben. Bei Auseinandersetzungen nach einem Football-Spiel gab es deswegen einen Toten. Derweil geht das Morden durch Militär und Polizei bei der "Kommunisten"-Hatz ungestört weiter.

1968-11-30

Thailand, Ceylon, Indien, Indonesien, Malaysia, Philippinen und Singapur gründen die Asian Coconut Community (ACC) (heute Asian and Pacific Coconut Community - APCC).

Abb.: Gründungsmitglieder der Asian Coconut Community (ACC)
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Kokosnüsse, Thailand
[Bildquelle: Dennis Yang. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dennis/1406688274/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"The Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) is an intergovernmental organization organized in 1969 under the aegis of the United Nations of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP). The APCC has 17 coconut producing member countries accounting for over 90% of world coconut production and exports of coconut products. " [Quelle: http://www.apccsec.org/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

1968-12

Die Border Patrol Police (ตำรวจตระเวณชายแดน) rühmt sich, in 13 Jahren in der Provinz Yala (ยะลา) ca. 300 Kommunisten vernichtet zu haben.

Abb.: Lage der Provinz Yala (ยะลา)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Border Patrol Police (ตำรวจตระเวณชายแดน), 2010
[Bildquelle: Watajantara / Wikipedia. -- Free Art License]

"Border Patrol Police (Thai: ตำรวจตระเวณชายแดน) is a Thai paramilitary force responsible for border security and Counter-insurgency. History The Thai Border Patrol Police was organized in the 1950s with assistance from the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Although technically part of the Royal Thai Police, the BPP has always enjoyed a great deal of autonomy within the national headquarters as well as in its multifaceted field operations. The royal family was a principal patron of the organization. This traditional relationship benefited both the palace and its paramilitary protectors. Many BPP commanders were former army officers.[1]  Organization National Organization Headquarters Border Patrol Police Bureau General Staff Division Tactical Training Division Support Division Nawut Sometya Hospital Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU) Naresuan 261 Counter-Terrorism Unit Village Scout Center BPP Regional Divisions 1, 2, 3, and 4.  Field organization Hundreds of Thirty-two-man platoons form the basic operating units of the BPP, each platoon was supported by one or more heavy weapons platoons stationed at the regional and area RTP headquarters. PARU can airlift BPP platoons to troubled areas when an emergency arises. Armed with modern light infantry equipment, the BPP also benefited from training by United States Army Special Forces advisers who helped establish an instruction program during the 1960s. The BPP served as an important adjunct to the Thai military and often operated under army (and sometimes the Royal Thai Marine Corps) control during counterinsurgency operations. BPP units stationed along the Cambodian and Laotian borders following the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1979 often served as the first line of defense and bore the brunt of Vietnamese attacks. In order to carry out its primary intelligence mission, the BPP operates numerous civic action programs to cultivate and maintain rapport with remote area villagers and hill tribes. They have built and operate numerous schools in remote areas and helping the army to construct offices for civilian administration, they also operate rural medical aid stations, gave farmers agricultural assistance, and built small airstrips for communication and transportation purposes.  Border Patrol Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit The Border Patrol Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (BPP PARU or just PARU) is the BPP's special forces unit responsible for training and supporting airborne operations, airborne reinforcement, disaster and accident rescue, and supporting special missions under the command of the Border Patrol Police. All members of PARU are trained for airborne operations including free-fall jumps. PARU provides support to the BPP Headquarters within 2 hours. PARU also conducts training for the following: unconventional warfare, international counter-terrorism prevention, and parachute training of the Royal Thai Police. disaster and accident rescue on land and water including air-sea rescue.  Subordinate paramilitary forces Volunteer Defense Corps The BPP organized the paramilitary Volunteer Defense Corps or VDC (the Or Sor, also called the Village Scouts[2][3]) in 1954 to provide law and order and emergency or natural disaster response. This was done in response to complaints of banditry and harassment by subversive organizations. The VDC had the main responsibility for protecting local inhabitants from threats and intimidation by guerrillas who had infiltrated the border provinces from neighboring Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Its mission is to deny the insurgents access to the food and other supplies that made villages and farms favorite targets. VDC members were trained by the BPP. In 1974 it was expanded by the Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC) to urban areas to fight left-wing political activism. The Village Scouts were subsequently involved in the Thammasat University massacre of 1976. In the late 1980s, VDC strength was estimated at roughly 33,000, down from a peak of about 52,000 in 1980. Part of the reduction was absorbed by the formation of the Thahan Phran, a paramilitary unit formed to counter communist insurgents. In the 21st century Internet censorship, the village-scout concept was extended to ลูกเสือบนเครือข่ายอินเทอร์เน็ต or cyber scouts.[4]  Thahan Phran The 10,600 member Thahan Phran was formed as a volunteer militia force deployed in active trouble spots along the Cambodian and Burmese borders. The organization followed a military structure and had 32 regiments and 196 companies. The Thahan Phran gained considerable publicity and incurred significant casualties during Vietnamese bombardments and local assaults along the Cambodian border[5].  References  http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13813.html  "Village Scouts: Tool Leading to Unity". Thailand's Development Strategies. National News Bureau of Thailand. Retrieved 26 July 2011. "The village scout movement in Thailand originated from the battle between Thai authorities and communist terrorists along the Thailand borders in the northeast of Thailand...."  "Southern Thailand: The Problem with Paramilitaries," Asia Report, N°140 23 Oct 2007.  Nicholas Farrelly (July 2, 2010). "From Village Scouts to Cyber Scouts". New Mandala. Retrieved February 10, 2011.  Ball D. The Boys in Black: The Thahan Phran (Rangers), Thailand's Para-Military Border Guards. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press, 2004." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Patrol_Police. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17]

1968-12

Studierende von 15 Universitäten bilden die Election Observation Group zur Überwachung der Wahlen von 1969-02-10. Daraus entsteht die Student Volunteer Group of Thailand.

1968-12

Die US-Ingenieure Douglas C. Engelbart (1925 - 2013) und William "Bill" K. English (1929 - ) stellen erstmals die von ihnen entwickelte Computermaus vor.

Abb.: Prototyp der Computermaus, 1963
[Bildquelle: SRI International / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1968-12-10

Der König eröffnet Thailands National Cancer Institute (สถาบันมะเร็งแห่งชาติ) und erklärt den 10. Dezember zum Anti-Krebs-Tag. Das Institut wurde vor allem von Japan finanziert (Einrichtung für 30 Mio. Baht).

1968-12-10

Der katholische Trappisten-Mönch Thomas Merton, O.C.S.O. (geb. 1915) wird durch einen Stromschlag (Unfall) in seinem Hotel in Bangkok zu seinem himmlischen Vater befördert.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

"Thomas Feverel Merton (* 31. Januar 1915 in Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales; † 10. Dezember 1968 in Bangkok) gehört zu den profiliertesten christlichen Mystikern des 20. Jahrhunderts. Biographie Merton wurde am 31. Januar 1915 in Prades (Ost-Pyrenäen) geboren als Sohn von Ruth und Owen Merton. Seine Mutter Ruth war Innendekorateurin, sein Vater Owen angesehener Künstler. Nach dem Tod der Mutter 1921 wuchs Tom an verschiedensten Orten auf: Bei seinen Großeltern auf Long Island, USA, in britischen und französischen Internaten, mit seinem Vater auf dessen unsteten Reisen. 1933 begann Merton in Cambridge zu studieren, und zog später zu seinen Großeltern nach New York [1], wo er ab Winter 1935 auf der Columbia-Universität Journalistik studierte. Er sympathisierte mit dem Kommunismus, feierte Partys, sah leidenschaftlich gerne Kinofilme und verstand sich eher als Atheist. 1937 starb Mertons Großvater, darauf brachen innere Krisen auf. Über die mittelalterliche Philosophie näherte er sich dem christlichen Gottesbegriff und begann sich, obwohl protestantisch getauft, für den Katholizismus zu interessieren. Am 16. November 1938 wurde er durch die sub conditione gespendete Taufe in die römisch-katholische Kirche aufgenommen. Nach Kontakten zu den Franziskanern, bei denen er dann aber doch nicht ins Noviziat eintrat, wurde Merton am 13. Dezember 1941 Postulant der Trappistenabtei Our Lady of Gethsemani in Kentucky (USA). 1942 führte Merton seinen jüngeren Bruder John Paul zur Taufe, der kurz darauf, Anfang 1943, als Soldat bei einem Luftangriff fiel. 1946 schrieb Merton im Auftrag des Abtes von Gethsemani seine Autobiographie Der Berg der Sieben Stufen, die sich schlagartig zu einem Bestseller entwickelte. Von da an fühlte er sich ständig innerlich zerrissen zwischen seiner Berufung zum Mönch und Priester und der zum Schriftsteller. 1949 wurde Merton zum Diakon, dann zum Priester geweiht. Weitere Veröffentlichungen folgen. Merton wurde zum international bekannten und gefragten Autor, er unterhielt eine umfangreiche Korrespondenz. 1951 wurde er Präfekt für die Scholastiker, 1955 Novizenmeister. Immer mehr vertiefte sich seine Vorliebe für Einsamkeit und Meditation, beschäftigte er sich mit Buddhismus und Zen. Ab 1956 bahnte sich eine akute gesundheitliche Krise an, physisch wie psychisch. Erst mit dem Zugeständnis des Abtes, sich zeitweise als Eremit in eine Klause zurückziehen zu dürfen, löste sich seine innere Spannung. Ab 1963 mischte sich Merton mehr und mehr ins politische Zeitgeschehen ein: Protest gegen die atomare Aufrüstung, Einsatz für die Gleichstellung der Schwarzen, Einschreiten gegen den Vietnam-Krieg und anderes Engagement ließen ihn in der Kommunistenhetze der USA im kalten Krieg zur verdächtigen Person werden. Als Ernesto Cardenal, zwei Jahre lang Novize unter Mertons Leitung, nach Südamerika ging, unterstützte Merton auch die revolutionären Kräfte in Nicaragua. Gleichzeitig entdeckt er das kontemplative Leben neu: Nicht als Rückzug von einer bösen Welt, sondern als eigene Art der Anteilnahme und Hinwendung zu den Wurzeln der Probleme. 1966 zog sich Merton auf Dauer in ein Leben als Eremit zurück; schrieb aber weiterhin zahlreiche Werke, unterhielt Korrespondenzen und empfing Besuche. 1968 durfte Merton erstmals das Kloster für längere Zeit verlassen, um in Bangkok an einer Konferenz asiatischer Mönchsführer teilzunehmen, zu der er als Gastredner eingeladen wurde. Er brach zu einer groß angelegten Asienreise auf. Seine Stationen waren Bangkok, Kalkutta, Neu-Delhi, Madras, Polonnaruwa und wieder Bangkok. In einer Reihe von Begegnungen, darunter unter anderem mehrere Gespräche mit dem Dalai Lama, erfuhr er eine starke Erweiterung seines Horizontes, gleichzeitig innere Bestätigung seiner Erfahrungen und Reflexionen. Am 10. Dezember, wenige Minuten nach seinem Gastvortrag in Bangkok, starb Merton im Hotel an einem Stromschlag. Am 17. Dezember wurde er in der Abtei Gethsemani beigesetzt. Nach ihm ist der Thomas Merton Award, eine Auszeichnung des Thomas Merton Center in Pittsburgh, benannt." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Merton. -- Zugriff am 2012-10-09]

1968-12-16

Die Könige von Laos (Sisavang Vatthana - สมเด็จพระเจ้ามหาชีวิตศรีสว่างวัฒนา, 1907 - 1978) und Thailand eröffnen auf einem Floß im Mekong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ / แม่น้ำโขง)  auf der thailändisch laotischen Grenze zwischen Nong Khai (หนองคาย) und Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ) die Thailand-Laos-Hochspannungs-Leitung.

Abb.: Der Mekong zwischen Nong Khai (หนองคาย) und Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Lage obigen Kartenausschnitts
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1968-12-16

Counter-Insurgency-Maßnahmen der US Airforce:

Abb.: "An U.S. Air Force airman distributes books to Thai children at Korat (โคราช), Thailand."
[Bildquelle: US Air Force / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Korat (โคราช)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

 

1968-12-25

Tod des Musikers ปิติ วาทยะกร (aka. Phra Chen Duriyang - พระเจนดุริยางค์ aka. Peter Feit, geb 1883).

Abb.: Peter Feith (1883 - 1968), der Komponist der Nationalhymne
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Peter Feit (auch Feith oder Veit; * 13. Juli 1883 in Phra Nakhon; † 25. Dezember 1968 in Bangkok) war ein deutsch-stämmiger Komponist und Schöpfer der Musik zur thailändischen Nationalhymne Phleng Chat, die seit dem 10. Dezember 1939 gespielt wird. Feit war der Sohn des deutschen Emigranten Jakob Feit aus Trier und einer thailändischen Mutter. Der Vater war bereits als Musiklehrer am Hofe. Peter Feit erhielt eine Ausbildung am Assumption College in Bangkok und war seit 1917 am Fine Arts Department angestellt. Feit, der seit 1939 mit thailändischem Namen Piti Wathayakon (Thai: ปิติ วาทยะกร) hieß, war als Phra Chen Duryang (Thai: พระเจนดุริยางค – wörtlich: Ehrenwerter Experte für Musikinstrumente) bekannt. Er wurde von König Chulalongkorn (Rama V.) zum Berater in Musikfragen ernannt. Er setzte als erster thailändische Musik in Noten um und bewahrte so wertvolles Liedgut vor der Vergessenheit. Zwischen 1940 und 1950 war er Professor an der Silpakorn-Universität, Bangkok. Peter Feit starb am 25. Dezember 1968 in Bangkok." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Feit. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-13]

1968-12-25

Weihnachten als Geschäftsidee setzt sich in Bangkok durch: Nachtklubs, Restaurants und Geschäfte erstrahlen im Weihnachtsschmuck.

Abb.: Weihnachtsschmuck, Bangkok, 2010
[Bildquelle: Mi..chael. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/rayofsun/4313055567/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-17. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

1968-12-25

Aus einem Gespräch von Daniel Ellsberg (1931 - ) mit Henry Kissinger (1923 - ) und Thomas Crombie Schelling (1921 - ):

"I added, "It’s hard for me to believe that new threats of escalation could have any effect on them. We actually bombed them for three years, and that didn’t give us any bargaining power." Nevertheless, I had included other options preferred by the Pentagon that I didn’t think would work. Kissinger finally spoke, in his gravelly accent: "How can you conduct diplomacy without a threat of escalation? Without that there is no basis for negotiations." I said, "Well, Henry, a lot of negotiation, a lot of bargaining, does go on in the world without a threat of bombing."" [Quelle: Ellsberg, Daniel <1931 - >: Secrets : a memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon papers. -- New York : Viking, 2002. -- 498 S. ; 25 cm. -- ISBN 0-670-03030-9. -- S. 235]

1968-12-27

Der Senat verabschiedet ein Gesetz, nach dem Kommunisten 480 Tage ohne Haftbefehl in Haft genommen werden können.

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm