नामलिङ्गानुशासनम्

2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam

5. vanauṣadhivargaḥ II

1. Vers 1 - 22

(Über Pflanzen)

Übersetzt von Alois Payer

mailto:payer@payer.de 

Zitierweise | cite as: Amarasiṃha <6./8. Jhdt. n. Chr.>: Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (Amarakośa) / übersetzt von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- 2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam. -- 5. vanauṣadhivargaḥ II. -  1. Vers 1 - 22.  -- Fassung vom 2011-06-15. --  URL: http://www.payer.de/amarakosa/amara205a.htm           

Erstmals hier publiziert: 2010-10-12

Überarbeitungen: 2011-06-15 [Verbesserungen] ;2011-01-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-12-31 [Verbesserungen] ; 2010-11-16 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-11-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-11-01 bis 03 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-10-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-10-23 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-10-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2010-10-14 [Ergänzungen]  ; 2010-10-13 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Sanskrit von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

Meinem Lehrer und Freund

Prof. Dr. Heinrich von Stietencron

in Dankbarkeit gewidmet.

Falls Sie die diakritischen Zeichen nicht dargestellt bekommen, installieren Sie eine Schrift mit Diakritika wie z.B. Tahoma.

Die Devanāgarī-Zeichen sind in Unicode kodiert. Sie benötigen also eine Unicode-Devanāgarī-Schrift.

"Those who have never considered the subject are little aware how much the appearance and habit of a plant become altered by the influence of its position. It requires much observation to speak authoritatively on the distinction in point of stature between many trees and shrubs. Shrubs in the low country, small and stunted in growth, become handsome and goodly trees on higher lands, and to an inexperienced eye they appear to be different plants. The Jatropha curcas grows to a tree some 15 or 20 feet on the Neilgherries, while the Datura alba is three or four times the size in>n the hills that it is on the plains. It is therefore with much diffidence that I have occasionally presumed to insert the height of a tree or shrub. The same remark may be applied to flowers and the flowering seasons, especially the latter. I have seen the Lagerstroemia Reginae, whose proper time of flowering is March and April, previous to the commencement of the rains, in blossom more or less all the year in gardens in Travancore. I have endeavoured to give the real or natural flowering seasons, in contradistinction to the chance ones, but, I am afraid, with little success; and it should be recollected that to aim at precision in such a part of the description of plants is almost hopeless, without that prolonged study of their local habits for which a lifetime would scarcely suffice."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- S. VIII f.]

2. dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam - Zweiter Teil

2.5. vanauṣadhivargaḥ II - Abschnitt über Wälder und Pflanzen II

Identifikation der lateinischen Pflanzennnamen

Bei der Identifikation der lateinischen Pflanzennamen folge ich, wenn immer es möglich ist:

Bhāvamiśra <16. Jhdt.>: Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra : (text, English translation, notes, appendences and index) / translated by K. R. (Kalale Rangaswamaiah) Srikantha Murthy. -- Chowkhamba Varanasi : Krishnadas Academy, 1998 - 2000. -- (Krishnadas ayurveda series ; 45). -- 2 Bde. -- Enthält in Bd. 1 das SEHR nützliche Lexikon (nigaṇṭhu) Bhāvamiśras.

Pandey, Gyanendra: Dravyaguṇa vijñāna : materia medica-vegetable drugs : English-Sanskrit. -- 3. ed. --  Varanasi : Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2005. -- 3 Bde. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN: 81-218-0088-9 (set)

Wo möglich, erfolgt die aktuelle Benennung von Pflanzen nach:

Zander, Robert <1892 - 1969> [Begründer]: Der große Zander : Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen  / Walter Erhardt ... --  Stuttgart : Ulmer, ©2008. -- 2 Bde ; 2103 S. -- ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7.

WARNUNG: dies ist der Versuch einer Übersetzung und Interpretation eines altindischen Textes. Es ist keine medizinische Anleitung. Vor dem Gebrauch aller hier genannten Heilmittel wird darum ausdrücklich gewarnt. Nur ein erfahrener, gut ausgebildeter ayurvedischer Arzt kann Verschreibungen und Behandlungen machen! Die Bestimmung der Pflanzennamen beruht weitgehend auf Vermutungen kompetenter Āyurvedaspezialisten.

Abkürzungen

Hortus malabaricus

Hortus Indicus Malabaricus : continens regni Malabarici apud Indos cereberrimi onmis generis plantas rariores, Latinas, Malabaricis, Arabicis, Brachmanum charactareibus hominibusque expressas ... / adornatus per Henricum van Rheede, van Draakenstein, ... et Johannem Casearium ... ; notis adauxit, & commentariis illustravit Arnoldus Syen ... --  11 Bde.  -- Amstelaedami : sumptibus Johannis van Someren, et Joannis van Dyck, 1678-1703. -- Online: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/b11939795. -- Zugriff am 2010-01-01

Zu den Identifikationen siehe:

Dillwyn, L. W. (Lewis Weston) <1778-1855>: A review of the references to the Hortus malabaricus of Henry Van Rheede Van Draakenstein [sic]. -- Swansea : Printed at the Cambrian-Office, by Murray and Rees, 1839.

Roxburgh

Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Plants of the coast of Coromandel, selected from drawings and descriptions presented to the hon. court of directors of the East India company / by William Roxburgh. Published by their order under the direction of Sir Joseph Banks <1743 - 1820> ...  -- London : Printed by W. Bulmer for G. Nicol, 1795-1819. -- 3 Bde. : 300 kolorierte Tafeln ; 59 cm. -- Online: http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12006488 usw. -- Zugriff am 2009-09-19

Wight Icones

Wight, Robert <1796 - 1872>: Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis :or figures of Indian plants. -- 6 Bde. -- Madras : published by J.B. Pharoah for the author, 1840-1853. -- Online: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/92. -- Zugriff am 2010-01-01

Wight Illustrations

Wight, Robert <1796 - 1872>: Illustrations of Indian botany :or figures illustrative of each of the natural orders of Indian plants, described in the author's prodromus florae peninsulae Indiae orientalis. -- 2 Bde. + Suppl. -- Madras : published by J. B. Pharoah for the author, 1840-1850. -- Online: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9603. -- Zugriff am 2010-01-01 

Kirtikar-Basu

Kirtikar, K. R. ; Basu, B. D.: Indian medical plants with illustrations. Ed., revised, enlarged and mostly rewritten by E. Blatter, J. F. Caius and K. S. Mhaskar. -- 2. ed. -- Dehra Dun : Oriental Enterprises. -- 2003. -- 11 Bde : 3846 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm. -- Unentbehrlich! -- Reprint der Ausgabe von 1933, die Abbildungen stammen aus der Ausgabe von 1918

"When the Sanskrit names of the Indian plants have been correctly written in a large paper-book, one page being appropriated to each, the fresh plants themselves, procured in their respective seasons, must be concisely, but accurately, classed and described ; after which their several uses in medicine, diet, or manufactures, may be collected, with the assistance of Hindu physicians, from the medical books in Sanskrit, and their accounts either disproved or established by repeated experiments, as fast as they can be made with exactness."

William Jones (1746 - 1794): The design of the treatise on the plants of India. -- In: Asiatick Researches, 1789

2.5.0. Übersicht

2.5.1. Ficus religiosa L. 1753 - Pappelfeige, Bodhibaum

Moraceae (Maulbeergewächse)

Bis zu 30 m hoher Baum mit Luftwurzeln.

1. bodhidrumaś caladalaḥ pippalaḥ kuñjarāśanaḥ
aśvatthe 'tha kapitthe syur dadhittha-grāhi-manmathāḥ

बोधिद्रुमश् चलदलः पिप्पलः कुञ्जराशनः ।
अश्वत्थे ऽथ कपित्थे स्युर् दधित्त-ग्राहि-मन्मथाः ॥१॥

Bezeichnungen für den अश्वत्थ m.: Aśvattha - Ficus religiosa L. 1753 - Pappelfeige, Bodhibaum:

  1. बोधिद्रुम - bodhidruma m.: Baum der erlösenden Einsicht Buddha Gautamas
  2. चलदल - caladala m.: Zitterblatt
  3. पिप्पल - pippala m.: Ficus religiosa L. - Pappelfeige
  4. कुञ्जराशन - kuñjarāśana m.: Elefantenfutter

Colebrooke (1807): "Holy fig-tree. Ficus religiosa."


Abb.: पिप्पलः । Ficus religiosa L. 1753 - Pappelfeige, Bodhibaum
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 27, 1678]


Abb.: अश्वत्थः ।  Sarnath - सारनाथ, U.P.
[Bildquelle: Ken Wieland. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/wieland7/3639657061/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-05. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: बोधिद्रुमः । 8. Jhdt. n. Chr.
[Bildquelle: KaDeWeGirl. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/46005017@N00/3307772174. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-05. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


Abb.: चलदलः । Ficus religiosa L. - Pappelfeige
[Bildquelle: Eric Guinther / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense] 


Abb.: कुञ्जराशनः । Bangkok - กรุงเทพฯ, Thailand
[Bildquelle: Tony Rodd. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tony_rodd/2161483848/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-05. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Ficus religiosa. Willd. iv. 1134.

[...]

Sans. Pippala. See Asiat. Res. iv. 309. also Bodhi-druma, Chulatdula, Koonjurashuna, Aswattha.

[...]

This very large tree is common in every part of India. I have frequently met with it wild upon mountains, but it is most common near houses, where it is planted for the sake of the extensive, dark, grateful shade it yields. Flowering time the hot season.

[...]

Birds eat the fruit greedily. The wood like that of F. Indica is white, light, and soon perishes, of course it is not much used. Next to the mulberry leaves I have found silk worms like the young tender leaves of this tree. Much tenacious milky juice is discharged from fresh wounds made in the bark."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 547f.]

"Ficus religiosa (Linn.)

poplar-leaved fig-tree, Eng.

Description.—Tree; [...]

Wight Icon. vi. t. 1967.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 547.

Urostigma religiosum, Miquel.—Rheede, i. t. 27.

Common all over India.

Medical Uses.—The seeds are said to possess cooling and alterative qualities, and are prescribed in electuary and in powder. Leaves and young shoots are used as a purgative, and an infusion of the bark is given internally in scabies, though of doubtful efficacy.— Ainslie. Wight

Economic Uses.—Of this tree there are two nearly-allied species. The tree is commonly distributed over the country. It is much respected by the natives, who are very unwilling to cut it down at any time. It is frequently to be met with near pagodas, houses, and other buildings. The Hindoos venerate it from a superstitious belief that their deity Vishnoo was born among the branches. The petioles being very long and slender, the leaves tremble in the air like those of the aspen-tree. Silk-worms are very fond of the leaves. The Arabs use them in tanning. Birds are very fond of the fruit, and often drop the seeds in cracks of buildings, where they vegetate, and occasion great damage if not removed in time. The wood is light and of no use.—Roxb. Wight"

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"FICUS RELIGIOSA. Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—In the Kathaka Upanishad an eternal and cosmogonic Aśvattha or Pippal tree is described; this tree is said to have its roots above and branches below (ūrdhvamūlo 'vākśakha esho 'śvatthah sanāntanah); it bears the names of 'seed,' « brahman,' ' amrita'; the worlds rest upon it; beneath it there is nothing. The wood of the Aśvattha when rubbed against that of the Sami (Acacia Suma) engenders fire, which is symbolic of reproduction, the former representing the male and the latter the female energy. At the marriage ceremony of the Hindus, both of these plants are necessary. To this mythic tree which represented the macrocosm, wonderful medicinal properties are ascribed in the Atharvaveda ; the medicine chest of the Vedie physician, and the cup to contain the Soma, are to be made of it; its  branches are the Vedas. In the Valakhilya, a collection of apocryphal hymns in the Rigveda, the marriage of the actual tree with Tulasi is enjoined; it is worshipped on Saturdays in the month of Sravan and on Somvatis or "lunar days." Women perform Pradakshina, "walking round it from left to right," to secure the survival of their husbands and good luck generally, as Savitri, the wife of Satyavan, is said to have recovered her deceased husband by its worship. The thread ceremony and marriage of the tree with the Durva (Cynodon Dactylon) is also performed by women. Sacrificial spoons are still made from its wood. F. religiosa is the Budhidru, or tree of wisdom, of the Jains and Buddhists, who relate that at the birth of the Buddha an enormous Aśvattha sprung from the centre of the universe, an offshoot, no doubt, of the Vedic and cosmogonic tree. In the Raja Nirghanta it bears the synonyms of Yajnika " sacrificial," Srimana " fortunate," Vipra " wise," Sevya " worthy of worship," &c. Its root-bark, together with that of the three other species of Ficus placed at the head of this article, and the root-bark of the Neem, form the Panchavalkala or " five barks," and a decoction of them (panchavalkala kashaya) is much used as a gargle in salivation, as a wash for ulcers, and as an astringent injection in leucorrhoea. The powdered root-bark of the Aśvattha, rubbed with honey, is applied to apthae and unhealthy ulcers to promote granulation."

[...]

Ainslie also states that the seeds of Ficus religiosa are supposed to posses cooling and alterative qualities, and quotes the following passage from Bartolomeo's Voyage to the East Indies: "Pulverised, and taken in water for fourteen days together, the fruit removes asthma, and promotes fruitfulness in women." The tree is the Areālu of Rheede, and the Arbor conciliorum of Rumphius. (Mat, Ind., ii., p. 25.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 338ff. 341]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Ficus religiosa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_religiosa.htm

2.5.2. Limonia acidissima L. 1762 - Elephant's Woodapple - Elefantenapfel

Rutaceae (Rautengewächse)

Bis 9 m hoher Baum.

1. c./d. aśvatthe 'tha kapitthe syur dadhittha-grāhi-manmathāḥ
2. a./b. tasmin dadhiphalaḥ puṣpaphala-dantaśaṭhāv api

अश्वत्थे ऽथ कपित्थे स्युर् दधित्थ-ग्राहि-मन्मथाः ॥१ ख॥
तस्मिन् दधिफलः पुष्पफल-दन्तशठाव् अपि ।२ क।

Bezeichnungen für कपित्थ m.: Kapittha  -  Limonia acidissima L. 1762 - Elephant's Woodapple - Elefantenapfel:

  1. दधित्थ -dadhittha m.: Sauermilchler
  2. ग्राहिन् - grāhin m.: Ergreifender, Hinreißender
  3. मन्मथ - manmatha m.: Aufrührer, Sex
  4. दधिफल - dadhiphala m.: Sauermilchfrucht 
  5. पुष्पफल - puṣpaphala m.: Blütenfrüchtiger
  6. दन्तशठ - dantaśaṭha m.: Für die Zähne Schlechter, Saurer

Colebrooke (1807): "Elephant, or wood apple. Feronia elephantum [Corrêa] [= Limonia acidissima L. 1762] or Crataeva valanga [= Limonia acidissima L. 1762]."


Abb.: कपित्थः - Limonia acidissima L. - Elephant's Woodapple - Elefantenapfel
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 14, 1683]


Abb.: कपित्थः - Limonia acidissima L. - Elephant's Woodapple - Elefantenapfel
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol II. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: कपित्थः । Talakona forest - తలకోన, Andhra Pradeh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: दन्तशठः । Talakona forest - తలకోన, Andhra Pradeh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Feronia elephantum. Willd. 4. 973. R. Corom, pl. 2. N. 141.

Crateva vallanga. Kön. Mss. by some written balanga, or balangas.

Capittha. Asiat. Res. 4. p. 280.

[...]

A large tree, yielding very hard, durable timber, found in most parts of India. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season. The germ is one-celled, containing numerous ovula attached to five parietal receptacles. The fruit edible, and much esteemed by many."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 411f.]
"Feronia elephantum (Corr.) N. O.. Aurantiaceae.

Elephant or Wood apple, Eng.

Description.—Tree, 50-60 feet, armed with spines; [...]

Fl. March.

W. & A. Prod. i. 96.— Wight Icon. 1.15.—

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 411.—Cor. ii. t. 141.

Coromandel. Travancore. Guzerat. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—A transparent gummy substance exudes from the stem when cut or broken which is called in Tamil Velam pisnie. It resembles much the true gum-arabic, and is used medicinally by the native Yytians, being reduced to powder and mixed with honey and then given in dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves when bruised have a fragrant smell, like anise. The natives consider them as stomachic and carminative. They are also used by native practitioners as a gentle stomachic stimulant in the bowel-complaints of children. There is a variety of this tree, the properties of which are nearly the same as this. It is called Cooti-Velam in Tamil.—Wight Ainslie. Beng. Disp.

Economic Uses.—The pulpy part of the fruit is edible. A jelly, much resembling black-currant jelly, only with a more astringent taste, is made from it. The wood is white, hard and durable, fine-grained ? and would answer well for ornamental carving.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"FERONIA ELEPHANTUM, Corr.

Wood Apple.

History, Uses, &c.--The Wood apple, or Elephant apple, so called because the fruit is like an elephant's skin, in Sanskrit Kapittha (on which monkeys dwell) and Kapipriya (dear to monkeys), is met with throughout India, and is cultivated for the sake of the fruit, which is edible. The Hindus consider the unripe fruit to be a useful astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery, and prescribe the ripe fruit in affection of the gums and throat. It is called Dadhiphala in Sanskrit, as its taste is compared with that of Dadhi or coagulated milk. The leaves are aromatic and carminative. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya says that the leaves are very astringent, and have the taste and odour of Tarragon. He describes the fruit as cold and dry in the second degree, refreshing, astringent, cardiacal and tonic, a useful remedy in salivation and sore throat, strengthening the gums and acting as an astringent; sherbet made from the fruit increases the appetite, and has alexipharmic properties. The pulp applied externally is a remedy for the bites of venomous insects; if not obtainable, the powdered rind may be used. Ainslie mentions the use of the fruit, leaves and gum. He says that the latter supplies the place of gum Arabic in Lower India and is prescribed by Tamool practitioners to relieve tenesmus in bowel affection. The Feronia elephantum is the Balong of the Portuguese. It is mentioned in the Bengal Dispensatory and Pharmacopoeia of India, but no further information as to its properties is to be gathered from these works. The fruit when cultivated, attains a diameter of four inches. The gum forms part of the country gum which is sold in the bazaars. It is the Dadhittha-rassa of Sanskrit writers. Under the name of Pancha-kāpittha, or five products of the Feronia, the Hindus prepare a medicine, which contains the flowers, bark, root, leaves and fruit of the tree. The country people pound the leaves with curds and apply the mixture to the whole body as a remedy for heat of blood supposed to be caused by bile.

[...]

Commerce.- The gum, or rather the mixed gums of which Feronia gum forms a part, is known as Ghati gum. In London these mixed gums are known as Amrads, and the term Ghati is applied to the gum of Conacarpus latifolia. The term Amrad is unknown in India, and appears to be of African origin, and to be applied to coloured Acacia gums."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 281f. 284]

2.5.3. Ficus racemosa L. 1753 - Cluster fig

Moraceae (Maulbeergewächse)

2. c./d. udumbare jantuphalo yajñāṅgo hemadugdhakaḥ

उदुम्बरे जन्तुफलो यज्ञाङ्गो हेमदुग्धकः ॥२ ख॥

Bezeichnungen für उदुम्बर m.: Udumbara - Ficus racemosa L. 1753 - Cluster fig:

  1. जन्तुफल - jantuphala m.: Früchte tragend für Nachkommenschaft, Früchte tragend für die Menschen
  2. यज्ञाङ्ग - yajñāṅga m.: Teil des Opfers, Opfergerät 
  3. हेमदुग्धक - hemedugdhaka m.: Goldmelker

Colebrooke (1807): "Glomerous fig-tree. Ficus glomerata Roxb. [= Ficus racemosa L. 1753]"


Abb.: उदुम्बरः । Ficus racemosa L. 1753 - Cluster fig
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 25, 1678]


Abb.: उदुम्बरः - Ficus racemosa L. - Cluster fig
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol II. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: जन्तुफलः ।
[Bildquelle: Pratheepps / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


 Abb.: जन्तुफलः ।
[Bildquelle: Prashanthns / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Ficus glomerata. Willd. iv. 1148. Corom. pi. ii. JV. 123.

[...]

Oodoombur. Asiat. Res. iv. 309.

[...]

A large tree, generally found in and about villages, and on the banks of rivers, and water courses, where the soil is rich and moist.

[...]

The fruit is eaten by the natives. I have often tasted them, but to me they are disagreeable. This species yields much milky juice."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 558f.]

"Ficus racemosa (Linn.)

Red-wooded Fig-tree, or Country Fig-tree

Description.—Tree

Rheede, i. t. 25.

Concans. Malabar.

Medical Uses.—The root in decoction and bark of the tree are used in medicine. The latter is slightly astringent, and sometimes used in the form of a fine powder; and, in combination with Gingeley- oil, is applied in cancerous affections. The fruit is edible. A fluid which is yielded by incisions in the root is given as a tonic by native doctors. An infusion of the bark is given in diabetes; and the young leaves reduced to powder and mixed with honey in bilious affections.—Ainslie. Rheede."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"FICUS GLOMERATA, Roxb.

[...]

The figs of the Udumbara (Ficus glomerata) are considered to be astringent, stomachic and carminative, and are given in menorrhagia and haemoptysism, in doses of one tola of the dried fruit with sugar and honey. The fresh juice of the ripe fruit is used as a vehicle (Vern. anupāna) for metallic preparations. The juice of the root is used as a tonic, is applied to glandular swellings, and is given in doses of four tolas with cumin and sugar in gonorrhoea. The small blister-like galls, which are common on the leaves, are soaked in milk and mixed with honey as a remedy for pitting in small-pox. This tree bears the synonyms of Yajniya "sacrificial," Pavitraka "purifier," &c., and is much used in Hindu ceremonial. According to the Grihya Sutra, a married woman in the fourth month of pregnancy should be rubbed with the fruit to fortify the germ.

Mahometan and European physicians do not add much to out knowledge of the medicinal properties of these trees. Ainslie, speaking of Ficus glomerata, says: -"From the root of the tree, which in Tamil is called attievayr, there exudes, on its being cut, a fluid, which is caught in earthen pots, and which the Vytians consider as a Cūlpām (Tam.), that is, a powerful tonic, when drank for several days together. This Cūlpām is termed attie-vayr tannic." (Mat. Ind., ii., p.30.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 340.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Ficus racemosa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_racemosa.htm

2.5.4. Bauhinia variegata L. 1753  - Bunte Bauhine - Mountain Ebony

Caesalpiniaceae (Johannisbrotgewächse)

Bis 12 m hoher Baum, in der Trockenzeit laubabwerfend.

3. a./b. kovidāre camarikaḥ kuddālo yugapatrakaḥ

कोविदारे चमरिकः कुद्दालो युगपत्रकः ।३ क।

Bezeichnungen für den कोविदार m.: "schwer oder leicht zu Spaltender" - Bauhinia variegata L. 1753  - Bunte Bauhine - Mountain Ebony:

  1. चमरिक - camarika m.: (zu camara m.: Jakschweif, Jakwedel), Bauhinia variegata L. 1753

  2. कुद्दाल - kuddāla m.: Haue, Spaten, Bauhinia variegata L. 1753

  3. युगपत्रक - yugapatraka m.: "Jochblatt"

Colebrooke (1807): "Mountain ebony. Bauhinia variegata."


Abb.: कोविदारः । - Bauhinia variegata L. 1753  - Bunte Bauhine - Mountain Ebony
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 32, 1678]


Abb.: कोविदारः । - Bauhinia variegata L. 1753  - Bunte Bauhine - Mountain Ebony
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 33, 1678]


Abb.: कोविदारः ।
[Bildquelle: Peter1968 / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कोविदारः । Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: युगपत्रकह् । Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]

"Bauhinia variegata. Willd. 2.

[...]

Sans. Kuvidara.

[...]

It is one of the most stately of the genus, growing to be a tree of considerable size ; I have only found it in gardens ; where it is indigenous I cannot say. Flowering time the month of February and March, the seed ripens in April and May."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 319]
"Bauhinia variegata (Linn.)

Description.—Tree, 20-30 feet; unarmed [...]

Fl. Feb.-March

W. & A. Prod. i., 296.—Rheede i., t. 32, 33.

The two varieties are:—

  1. B. purpurascens—[...] B. purpurea, Wall—B. variegata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 319. —Malabar. Coromandel.
  2. B. Candida—[...] Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 318. —Bengal. Malabar. Oude.

Medical Uses.—The bark is astringent, and used as a tonic in fevers. The natives reckon the dried buds astringent, and useful in diarrhea and worms.—Powel's Punj. Prod.

Economic Uses.—The buds are eaten as vegetables when prepared with animal food. The astringent bark is used for tanning and dyeing purposes.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"BAUHINIA VARIEGATA, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.--There are two varieties of this Bauhinia. The flowers of the one are purple, or deep rose-coloured, and of the other white, yellow and green; both are noticed in the Bhavaprakāsa under the names of Kovidara and Kanchanāra, and are said to have similar properties, the bark being described as alterative, tonic, astringent and useful in scrofula, skin diseases, and ulcers. Chakradatta recommends the bark of the first variety in scrofulous enlargements of the cervical glands, and directs it to be given in emulsion with rice-water and ginger. Sārangadhara also recommends it for a similar purpose, and prescribes it in combination with guggulu (gum-resin of Boswelia serrata), myrobalans, and a number of aromatics. In the Concan the juice of the fresh bark with the juice of the flowers of Strobilanthes citrata, 10 tolās of each, is given as an expectorant, and the bark is used with ginger as an internal remedy for scrofula. Under the name Kachnār, the author of the Makhzan describes the bark as astringent, attenuant and tonic. He says it is used to check diarrhoea, to remove intestinal worms, and prevent the decomposition of the blood and humuors; on this account it is useful in leprosy and scofula. A gargle made from the bark with the addition of Akākiā (extract of Acacia pods) and Pomegranate flowers is mentioned as a remedy in salivation and sore throat, and a decoction of the buds in cough, bleeding piles, haematuria and menorrhagia."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 536.]

2.5.5. Alstonia scholaris  (L.) R. Br. 1809 - Teufelsbaum - Devil Tree

Apocynaceae (Hndsgiftgewächse)

Bis 40 m hoher Baum.

3. c./d. saptaparṇo viśālatvak śārado viṣamacchadaḥ

सप्तपर्णो विशालत्वक् शारदो विषमच्छदः ॥३ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Alstonia scholaris  (L.) R. Br. 1809 - Teufelsbaum - Devil Tree:]

  1. सप्तपर्ण - saptaprṇa m.: Siebenblättler

  2. विशालत्वच् - viśālatvac m.: Weitrindiger

  3. शारद - śārada m.: Herbstlicher

  4. विषमच्छद - viṣamacchada m.: der eine ungleichmäßige / unebene Rinde hat

Colebrooke (1807): "Echites. Echites scholaris [L. = Alstonia scholaris  (L.) R. Br. 1809]."


 Abb.: सप्तपर्णः । Alstonia scholaris  (L.) R. Br. 1809 - Teufelsbaum - Devil Tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 45, 1678]


Abb.: सप्तपर्णः ।
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: सप्तपर्णः । Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: शारदः । Kanpur - कानपुर, U.P. , Oktober
[Bildquelle: Amar Chandra / Wikipedia. -- Gnu FDLicense]


Abb.: विषमच्छदः । Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]

"Alstonia scholaris (R. Br.) N. O. Apocynaceae.

Description.—Tree, 50 feet; [...]

Fl. Nov.— Dec.

Rheede, i. t. 45.— Wight Icon, t. 422.

Echites scholaris, Linn.

Travancore. CoromandeL Assam

Medical Uses.—The wood is bitter to the taste, and the bark is a powerful tonic, much used by the natives in bowel complaints. It is astringent, anthelmintic, and anti-periodic. It has proved a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery, and also effectual in restoring the tone of the stomach after debilitating fevers.—Pharm. of India. Gibson in Pharm. Journal, xii 422.

Economic Uses.—This tree has obtained the trivial name Scholaris from the fact of its planks being used as school-boards, on which children trace their letters, as in the Lancastrian system. The children assemble half-naked under the shade of the Cocoa palm, place themselves on rows on the ground, and trace out on the sand with the forefinger of the right hand the elements of their alphabet, and then smooth it with their left when they wish to trace out other characters. This method of teaching writing was introduced into India 200 b.c., according to Megasthenes, and still continues to be practised. The wood is white and close-grained. In Assam it is much prized for beams and light work, such as boxes, trunks, and scabbards. The whole tree abounds in milky juice.—Nimmo, Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS, Br.

History, Uses, &C—The tree is called in Sanskrit Saptaparna, Sapta-chhada, Guchha-pushpa, Vrihat-tvak and Vishala-tvak, " having large or thick bark." Hindu physicians describe it as tonic, alterative, and useful in fever, skin diseases, and dyspepsia. Susruta gives the following formula for use in catarrhal dyspepsia:—"Take of the bark of Alstonia, stems of Tinospora cordifolia, bark of Azadirachta indica, and the bark of Betula Bhojpatra, equal parts, in all two tolas (320 grains), and prepare a decoction in the usual way." It also enters into the composition of several prescriptions for boils and other diseases of the skin. The specific name scholaris has been given to this tree from the fact of its planks, covered with a layer of sand, being used as school-boards on which children trace their letters as in the Lancastrian system. The natives of Western India have a superstitious fear of it, and say that it assembles all the trees of the forest once a year to pay homage. (Graham.)

Rheede in 1678 and Rumphius in 1741 described and figured the tree and noticed the medicinal use of the bark by the natives along with salt and pepper in febrile dyspepsia, and as a local application to ulcers and rheumatic joints. Rumphius's experience is, that the bark is useful in catarrhal dyspepsia and in the febrile state consequent upon that affection, and also for enlarged spleen. He says: "Of its value in catarrhal dyspepsia I can speak from experience; the dose should be 15 grains taken at bedtime in powder or decoction." Nimmo in 1839 called attention to the bark as a powerful tonic, and suggested its use as an antiperiodic. Dr. Gibson in 1853 contributed a short, but interesting, account of the drug to the Pharmaceutical Journal (xii., p. 422). Alstonia bark is official in the Pharmacopeia of India, and is described as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, and antiperiodic. In the Concan the juice of the fresh bark with milk is administered in leprosy, and is also prescribed for dyspepsia and as an anthelmintic ; and the juice of the leaves with that of fresh ginger root or zedoary is administered to women after confinement. One of us has found the tincture of the bark to act in certain cases as a very powerful galactagogue : in one case the use of the drug was purposely discontinued at intervals, and on each occasion the flow of milk was found to fail.

In 1874 Gruppe, an apothecary of Manilla, obtained from the bark a substance which he named ditain. In the report on the Centennial Exhibition presented to the American Pharmaceutical Association (Transactions 1877), the following account of this substance and of the use of the drug in Manilla is given :—" Echites scholaris (Alstonia scholaris, Brown,) grows wild abundantly in the central provinces of the island of Luzon, where it has long been known and esteemed by the natives under the name of ' Dita,' as a most efficient tonic and febrifuge. The people having been in the habit of using it from time immemorial in decoction against malignant, intermittent, and remittent fevers with the happiest result, the attention of our leading physicians was excited, and the active principle ditain has now become a staple article, and ranks equal in therapeutical efficiency with the best imported sulphate of quinine. Numberless instances of private and hospital practice, carried out by our best physicians, have demonstrated this fact. Equal doses of ditain and of standard quinine sulphate have had the same medicinal effects; besides leaving none of the disagreeable secondary symptoms, such as deafness, sleeplessness, and feverish excitement, which are the usual concomitants of large quinine doses, ditain attains its effects swiftly, surely, and infallibly.

We use ditain generally internally in quantities of half a drachm daily for children, and double the dose for adults, due allowance being made, of course, for age, sex, temperament, &c. We derive very beneficial effects from its use, too, under the form of poultices. Powdered dita bark, cornflour, each half a pound; hot water sufficient to make a paste. Spread on linen and apply under the armpits, and on the wrists and ankles, taking care to renew when nearly dry, and provided the desired effects should not have been obtained. The results arrived at by ditain in our Manilla hospitals and private practice are simply marvellous. In our military hospital and penitentiary practice, ditain has perfectly superseded quinine, and it is now being employed with most satisfactory results in the Island of Mindanao, where malignant fevers are prevalent.""

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 386f.]

2.5.6. Cassia fistula L. 1753 - Röhrenkassie / Purgierkassie - Indian Laburnum

Caesalpiniaceae (Johannisbrotgewächse)

Bis 18 m hoher Baum, laubabwerfend.

4. āragvadhe rājavṛkṣa-śampāka-caturaṅgulāḥ
ārevata-vyādhighāta-kṛtamāla-suvarṇakāḥ

आरग्वधे राजवृक्ष-शम्पाक-चतुरङ्गुलाः ।
आरेवत-व्याधिघात-कृतमाल-सुवर्णकाः ॥४॥

Bezeichnungen für den आरग्वध m.: Āragvadha - Cassia fistula L. 1753 - Röhrenkassie / Purgierkassie - Indian Laburnum:

  1. राजवृक्ष - rājavṛkṣa m.: Königsbaum

  2. शम्पाक - śāmpaka m.: Śampāka, Cassia fistula L. 1753

  3. चतुरङ्गुल - caturaṅgula m.: "vier Finger habend", "vier Finger breit" 

  4. आरेवत - ārevata m.: Ārevata, Cassia fistula L. 1753

  5. व्याधिघात - vyādhighāta m.: Krankheitsvernichter (vgl. "Purgierkassie")

  6. कृतमाल - kṛtamāla m.: aus dem Kränze gemacht werden

  7. सुवर्णक - suvarṇaka m.: Goldfarbiger

Colebrooke (1807): "Cassia fistula."


Abb.: राजवृक्षः । Cassia fistula L. 1753 - Röhrenkassie / Purgierkassie - Indian Laburnum
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 22, 1678]


Abb.: राजवृक्षः । Cassia fistula L. 1753 - Röhrenkassie / Purgierkassie - Indian Laburnum
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: राजवृक्षः । Cassia fistula L. 1753 - Röhrenkassie / Purgierkassie - Indian Laburnum
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: सुवर्णकः । Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]

"Cassia fistula. Willd. 2. p. 518.

[...]

Sans. Soovurnuka.

[...]

A native of various parts of the East Indies, as well, I presume, as of the west ; as young trees reared from West India seed, now ten years old, do not in any respect differ from these of the East, both are now, April, in full flower, and the seeds are ripe about nine, or ten months afterwards.

[...]

The tree is uncommonly beautiful when in flower, few surpassing it in the elegance of its numerous long, pendulous racemes of large, bright yellow flowers, intermixed with the young, lively green foliage."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 333f.]
"Cathartocarpus fistula (Pers.) N. O. Leguminoae.

Pudding-pipe tree

Description.—Tree, middling size, with usually smooth bark; [...]

Fl. May—June.

W.& A. Prod. i. 285.

Cassia fistula, Linn.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 333.

Peninsula.

Medical Uses.—The mucilaginous pulp which surrounds the seeds is considered a valuable laxative. It consists chiefly of sugar and gum. It enters into the composition of confection of senna. The pulp of Cassia is employed chiefly in the essence of coffee. It is gently aperient, and recommended to persons of dyspeptic habits. The flowers, which are fragrant, are given in decoction in certain stomachic affections, and the roots are said to be an excellent febrifuge. The bark and leaves rubbed up and mixed with oil are applied to pustules. Dr Irvine states that he found the root act as a strong purgative.—Ainslie. Irvine's Top. of Ajmeer.

Economic Uses.—The bark is used for tanning, but not being very astringent is of no great value. The wood is close-grained, and when of large size is sufficient for the spars of native craft and other similar uses.—(Ainslie.) The C. Roxburghii, a beautiful tree, resembling the weeping-ash, and found on the Gingie hills, is of rare occurrence in the wild state. Its timber is hard, and handsomely marked.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"CASSIA FISTULA, Linn.

Purging cassia, Indian Laburnum.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.--The Sanskrit names for the tree are Aragbadha, Suvarnaka (golden), Rajataru, or Nripadruma (royal tree), on account of the beauty of the long racemes of yellow flowers, which resemble those of the Laburnum, but are much larger. It is sacred to Ganeshwar, the St. Januarius of India; in Mysore stakes cut from the tree are fixed in the ground and worshipped. In Hindu medicine the pulp is used as a cathartic, and the root is also sometimes given as a laxative. A compound decoction (Aragbadhadi) is directed to be used by Chakradatta; it contains Cassia pulp, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Chebulic myrobalans, long pepper root and Cyperus rotundus. (Dutt's Hindu Mat Med., p. 155.) In Mahometan works the drug is called Khiyar-shambar, an Arabic corruption of the Persian Khiyar-chambar, and the pulp Asal-i-Khiyar-chambar (honey of Khiyar-chambar). Chambar means a necklace in Persian, and is probably an allusion to the structure of the pod. Persian dictionaries Katha-el-Hind (Indian cucumber) as the Arabic name. Through the Arabians the drug became known to the later Greek physicians. Nicolaus Myrepsicus calls it γλυκοκαλαμον. Joannes Actuarius, who practised at Constantinople towards the close of the 13th century describes it minutely. (Meth. Med. v, 2.) In the Makhzan-el-adwiya the pods are directed to be slightly warmed, and the pulp extracted and rubbed up with a little almond oil for use. It is described as lenitive, useful for relieving thoracic obstructions, and heat of blood, a safe aperient for children, and women even when pregnant, but slow in its action. With tamarinds it is said to be a good purge for adust bile; with turbith or polypodium for cold humours and melancholy; with linseed or almond oil and combined with other suitable remedies, such as Dulcamara, it is recommended for the removal of obstructions of the abdominal viscera. Externally it is said to be a good application in gout, rheumatism, &c. The flowers and leaves are said to have lenitive properties, and a conserve of the former is mentioned. From 5 to 7 of the powdered seeds are prescribed as an emetic, and the shell of the pod rubbed down with saffron, sugar, and rose water, in difficult parturition. Ainslie notices the use of the pulp and flowers by the natives of India. Dr. Irvine (Topogr. of Ajmeer) states that he found the root act as a strong purgative. It is also reported to be in use as a purgative in Guzerat. In the Concan the juice of the young leaves is used to cure ringworm, and to allay the irritation caused by the application of the marking-nut juice. Rumphius remarks that the Portuguese make a confection of the young pods and also of the flowers. A peculiar gum swelling up in water like tragacanth issues from the tree when bruised. C. brasiliana and C. moschata, the Canafistola de purgar of Panama, Petite Casse d'Amerique of the French (cf. Hanbury Science Papers, p. 138), have been introduced into India, and have properties similar to those of C. Fistula."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 511f.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Cassia fistula L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cassia_fistula.htm

2.5.7. Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f. 1768  - Zitrone - Lemon

Rutaceae (Rautengewächse)

Immergrüner Baum.

5. a./b. syur jambīre dantaśaṭha-jambha-jambhīra-jambhalāḥ

स्युर् जम्बीरे दन्तशठ-जम्भ-जम्भीर-जम्भलाः ।५ क।

Bezeichnungen für den जम्बीर m.: Jambīra - Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f. 1768  - Zitrone - Lemon:

  1. दन्तशठ - dantaśaṭha m.: Zahnschädiger

  2. जम्भ - jambha m.: Gebiss, Zermalmer, Verschlinger

  3. जम्भीर - jambhīra m.: Jambhīra, Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f. 1768

  4. जम्भल - jambhala m.: Jambhala, Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f. 1768

Colebrooke (1807): "A lemon or citron."


Abb.: Citrus x limon (L.) Burm. f. 1768  - Zitrone - Lemon
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: जम्बीरः ।
[Bildquelle: Elena Chochkova / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLIcense]

"Citrus acida. R.

[...]

Sans. Jumbira, or Jumbeera. This name applies equally to all the varieties.

[...]

Under the above definition I mean to comprehend the various varieties, if not species, of the sour lemons or limes found in India, and as the petioles are very generally winged I think it necessary to separate them from the lemons and citrons which have not that mark, or have it in a very trifling degree.

In Bengal the following sorts have come under my inspection, the whole being cultivated under my own eye, in the Botanic garden, and are arranged according to the estimation in which they are held by both natives and Europeans.

  1. Pati-Leboo, or Neboo. Fruit oval, about two inches long- by one and a half or one and three quarters in diameter; apex rather pointed; skin thin and smooth, when ripe yellow, from eight to ten-celled, abounding in pale coloured very acid juice.
     

  2. Kaguji-Neboo. Like the last a small, very ramous, well armed tree. Petioles winged. Fruit oblong, smooth, thin skinned, when ripe yellow, vertical diameter from two to two and a half inches, and from four to six in circumference ; it ripens in July and yields a large proportion of sharp acid, pale juice.
     

  3. Gora-Neboo. The tree is one of the smallest, but very ramous, and equally armed. Petioles less winged than in the other varieties. Fruit oval, with a protuberant base. Skin rather thick, rougher than in the first two varieties ; the ertical diameter about three inches, and the circumference from six to eight ; it ripens in September, and is then yellow, with juice as in the former varieties.
     

  4. China-gora-Neboo. This variety was twenty years ago introduced from China. The tree is rather small but equally ramous and armed with the others. Fruit round, the vertical and transverse diameter being the same, and generally about two inches; it ripens in August, and contains abundance of rich looking, pale yellow, acid juice.
     

  5. Camaral-Neboo. A rather large, but thinly branched tree. Fruit long-oval; skin thin, and smooth ; the vertical diameter four or five inches, and from eight to twelve in circumference ; it ripens in November, is then remarkably full of pale juice. A small one which weighed eighteen ounces, yielded just half that weight of juice.
     

  6. Rungpore Lime; the vernacular name not ascertained. A very small tree, or shrub, with but few small thorns. Fruit perfectly spherical, the size of a small orange, being six or seven inches in circumference ; small, with a thin skin, of a light lively yellow colour; juice pale, and acid.
     

  7. Taba-Neboo. A small, ramous, very thorny tree, with the petioles winged. Fruit nearly round ; skin thick, spongy like the citron, pretty smooth, from twelve to eighteen inches in circumference ; it ripens in November, and contains several ounces of very acid juice.
     

  8. Arabian Lime from Muscat. The trees are young, and have not attained their full growth. Fruit nearly spherical, about the size of a small shaddock ; skin thick, and spongy, like the citron, and externally very uneven.
     

  9. Meetha Lemoo, i. e. sweet lime. A small, very ramous, well armed tree. Fruit round, very smooth and thin-skinned, in general about the size of a small orange ; juice insipidly sweet."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 390ff.]
"Citrus limonum (Risso).

Lemon

Description.—Small tree; [...]

Fl. March—May.

W.& A. Prod. i. 98.

C. medica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 392.

Foot of the Himalaya.

Medical Uses.—The useful parts of the Lemon are the juice and the rind of the fruit, and the volatile oil of the outer rind. The juice of Lemons is analogous to that of the orange, from which it only differs in containing more citric acid and less syrup. The quantity of the former is indeed so great that the acid has been named from the fruit, acid of Lemons, and is always prepared from it The simple expressed juice will not keep, on account of the syrup, extractive, mucilage, and water, which cause it to ferment. The yellow peel is an elegant aromatic, and is frequently employed in stomachic tinctures and infusions, and yields by expression or distillation water, and essential oil, which is much used in perfumery. Fresh Lemon-juice is specific in the prevention and cure of scurvy, and is also a powerful and agreeable antiseptic. Citric acid is often used with great success for allaying vomiting; with this intention it is mixed with carbonate of potass, from which it expels the carbonic acid with effervescence. Lemon-juice, as well as lime-juice, is also an ingredient in many pleasant refrigerant drinks, which are of greit use in allaying febrile heat and thirst. Lemon-juice, like other vegetable acids, is given to correct acidity in the stomach. By elevating the power of that organ it not only prevent* the formation of an excess of acid, but is useful in the same way in bilious and remittent fevers, especially when combined with port-wine and cinchona bark. It is often employed internally to excite the nervous system after narcotic poisoning, but should not be used till all the poisonous substance has been removed from the stomach, otherwise its effects may prove the reverse. Slices of Lemon are applied with good effect to scorbutic and other sores.—Don. Lindley."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"CITRUS, Several species.

History, Uses, &C.—Bitter oranges and lemons were introduced into Europe from India by the Arabians, and were used by Avicenna and the early Arabian physicians medicinally. The sweet orange was introduced from China by the Portuguese, who much improved it by cultivation, hence the European name of Portogallotto for this orange, and the Indian Sangtara, a corruption of Cintra, the name of a mountain valley near Lisbon, where the orange grows in great perfection. The Portuguese appear to have introduced the Cintra variety of orange into India towards the end of the 17th century.

According to Dutt [Hindu Materia Medica, p. 126,) the different species of Citrus described by Sanskrit writers are as follows :—

    Var.
Jambira Citrus acida, Roxb. 3
Limpaka

-"-

 1
Nimbuka

-"-

 2
Vijapura

-"-

 7
Madhukarkatika

-"-

 9
Mahalunga Citrus medica  
Karuna Citrus medica, Var.  
Nagaranga Citrus Aurantium  

"The variety of Citrus acida, called Jambira, yields the lemon juice used in medicine. Limpaka is much used as a sauce by the natives. The fruits are cut vertically into two pieces, and the fresh juice is sprinkled on soup, dal, curry, &c, to which it imparts a pleasant acid taste and agreeable flavour. A pickle of this fruit in its own juice and salt is a popular and effectual medicine for indigestion brought on by excess in eating, or by indigestible articles of diet. The fruits are first rubbed upon a stone, or their rind scraped a little so as to thin it; they are then steeped in juice obtained from other fruits of the sort, and exposed to the sun for a few days with the addition of common salt; when crisp and of a brown colour, they are preserved in jars. This preparation is called Jarak nebu (digestive lemon) in Bengal. The variety called Nimbuka has larger fruit than Limpaka, and is also used as sauce, like the latter, but is inferior to it in flavour and fragrance. Citrus Aurantium is called Kamla nebu in Bengali; the variety grown in the plains has an acid taste, and is called Narenga. The Sanskrit term Karuna nimbu is variously translated by different authorities. Wilson in his Sanskrit Dictionary calls it Citrus decumana. In the Hortus Bengalensis it is translated Citrus medica, while Drury and other Madras authorities make it Citrus limonum. The Sabdakaldruma does not give any synonym or vernacular term for it, so that it is difficult to say what form is really meant. In the vernacular the term Karuna is applied to a variety of Citrus medica (in the Makhzan-el-Advviya it is given as the Hindi for Naranj), Citrus decumana has no Sanskrit name. In the vernacular it is called Batavi nebu, from its having been orignally brought from Batavia. Madhukarkatika is probably the sweet lemon, or possibly the citron. Lemon juice is considered cooling, refrigerant, stomachic and useful in dyspepsia, thirst, fever, &c. Fresh lemon juice is recommended to be taken in the evening, for the relief of dyspepsia with vomiting. It enters into the composition of several carminative medicines, such as the Hingvashtaka, &c. In rheumatic affections, such as pleurodynia, sciatica, lumbago, pain in the hip joints, &c Sarangadhara recommends the administration of lemon juice with the addition of Yavakshara (impure carbonate of potash) and honey. The root of the variety of Citrus acida, called Limpaka, is one of the principal ingredients in a preparation of Iron called Yakridari lauha."

The genus Citrus furnishes three out of the five acid fruits (Phalamla-panchaka) of Sanskrit writers, viz., limes, oranges, and citrons ; the other two are tamarinds and sorrel.

Mahometan writers divide the genus Citrus into Utrunj, citrons; Naranj, oranges; and Limu, lemons; they describe two varieties of Citron—the large, which is broad and obtuse at the base, and the small, both ends of which taper equally ; both are yellow and fragrant, but the perfume of the small variety is greatest; the rind of both is bitter; the pulp of the small bitter, of the large sweet. Citron rind is said to be hot and dry, the pulp cold and dry if acid, but cold and moist if sweet; the seeds, leaves, and flowers hot and dry. The juice is described as refrigerent and astringent, and is said to be digestive and to check bilious vomiting ; the rind is tonic and digestive, and is best administered preserved with honey or sugar. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya states that if the rind of a citron be steeped in a vessel of wine it will convert it into vinegar. He also quotes a Mahometan Hadis (tradition), to the effect that Satan will not enter a house in which citrons are kept. The essential oil is extracted by means of sweet oil from the powdered rind, it is considered hot and dry, and is used as a stimulating liniment. The essential oil of the flowers and leaves is extracted in the same way, and is considered to have the same properties. The seeds are generally stated to be alexipharmic. With regard to oranges, the Mahometan writers describe the best kind as large, thin-skinned, and smooth; they say that the rind and flowers are hot and dry, the pulp cold and dry, and recommend the fruit in colds and coughs, when febrile symptoms are present; it is best administered baked with sugar. The juice is valuable in bilious affections, and stops bilious diarrhoea. The orange is the safest of the acid fruits; the peel is useful for checking vomiting, and the prevention of intestinal worms. Orange poultice is recommended in some skin affections, such as psoriasis, &c. Oranges are considered to be alexipharmic and disinfectant; orange water stimulating and refreshing. The essence is extracted by oil from the rind and flowers, and is used as a stimulating liniment. Lemons are stated in the Makhzan-el-Adwiya to be of many kinds; those which are thin-skinned and about the size of a hen's egg are most esteemed ; others are described as ovoid and as large as a goose egg. Of all, the juice is the most valuable part; the peel has the same properties as orange peel, but is weaker. The juice is stated to be cold and dry, or, according to some, cold and moist; to be detergent, useful in bilious headaches, and vomiting caused by excess of bile; to purify the blood in scorbutic states of the system; preserved with sugar or honey lemons are recommended for sore throat, and are considered to act as a detergent; they are administered before purgatives to prepare the body for them, and afterwards to check excessive action. Hakims pretend to dissolve jewels and pearls in the juice, and also in that of the citron. The seeds are said to be alexipharmic, and the leaves to have the same properties as those of the citron. Sweet limes and crosses with the orange and citron, produced by tying the trees together, are considered inferior in medicinal properties. Gibson tells us that the fruit of Citrus Bergamia (the common sour lime of India) eaten daily with salt, is a remedy of the utmost importance in enlargement of the spleen. Dr. Aitkin (Brit. Med. Journ., Oct. 4, 1884, 653) reports that a decoction of lemons proves to be a very valuable remedy in the treatment of ague. A dose is prepared by cutting a lemon into thin slices, add lis of water, boiling until reduced to one teacupful, and allowing the decoetion to stand all night in the open air, when, after being given the first thing in the morning. This statement lends interest to an investigation by M. Tanret of some immediate principles in the rind of the bitter orange. (See Chemical comp.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 268ff.]

2.5.8. Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. 1827  - Tempelbaum - Temple Plant

Capparaceae (Kaperngewächse)

Baum.

5. c./d. varuṇo varaṇaḥ setustiktaśākaḥ kumārakaḥ

वरुणो वरणः सेतुस् तिक्तशाखः कुमारकः ॥५ ह॥

[Bezeichnungen für Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. 18271 - Tempelbaum - Temple Plant:]

  1. वरुण - varuṇa m.: Varuṇa

  2. वरण - varaṇa m.: Abwehrer (d.h. Abwehrzauberkräftiger), Wall

  3. सेतु - setu m.: Damm, Brücke, Schranke

  4. तिक्तशाख - tiktaśākha m.: mit scharfen Zweigen

  5. कुमारक - kumāraka m.: Prinzchen

Colebrooke (1807): "Tapia. Crataeva tapia [Burm. 1768. Oft mit Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. 1827 verwechselt] or Capparis trifoliata [Roxb. = Crateva trifoliata (Roxb.) B.S.Sun]."

1 Vermutlich identisch mit Crataeva religiosa G. Forst. 1786: Tempelbaum - Temple Plant [bis 15 m hoher Baum]

 

 


Abb.: Crataeva religiosa G. Forst. 1786 - Tempelbaum - Temple Plant
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Crataeva religiosa G. Forst. 1786 - Tempelbaum - Temple Plant
[Bildquelle: Eric Guinther / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Crateva trifoliata. R.

[...]

Crateva religiosa. Willd. 2. 853.

Nurvala. Rheed. Mal. 3. t. 42.

Sans. Vuroona, also Tikta-shaka.

[...]

Common every where throughout India, it flowers about the beginning of the hot season."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 571]
"Crataeva nurvala (Ham.) N. O. Capparidaceae.

Description.—Tree, 15-20 feet; [...]

Fl. Feb.—March.

W. &  A. Prod. i. 23.

C. inermis, Linn. — Rheede, Mal. ii. t. 42. [diese Tafel ist mir nicht zugänglich]

Malabar. Mysore.

Medical Uses.—In the Society Islands, of which this tree is a native as well as of Malabar, it is planted in burial-grounds, being esteemed sacred to idols. The leaves are somewhat aromatic, slightly bitter, and considered stomachic. The root is said to possess alterative qualities. The juice of the bark is given in convulsions and flatulency, and, boiled in oil, is externally applied in rheumatism.— Ainslie.

Economic Uses.—The wood of C. Roxburghii is soft and easily cut, but tolerably tough, and is used for carving models, making writing-boards, and combs. At Jhelum the fruit is mixed with water to form a strong cement, and the rind as a mordant in dyeing. —(Stewart's Punj. Plants.) It grows well on the slopes of the Eastern Ghauts and those towards Salem, as also in the interior generally."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.9. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. 1865 - Red Kamala (?)

Euphorbiaceae (Wolfsmilchgewächse)

Strauch oder kleiner Baum.

6. a./b. puṃnāge puruṣas tuṅgaḥ kesaro devavallabhaḥ

पुंनागे पुरुषस् तुङ्गः केसरो देववल्लभः ।६ क।

Bezeichnungen für पुंनाग m.: "Elefant wie ein Mensch" - Rottleria [sic! = Rottlera] tinctoria Roxb. [= Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. 1865 - Red Kamala] (PW) (?):

  1. पुरुष - puruṣa m.: Mann

  2. तुङ्ग - tuṅga m.: Emporstehender

  3. केसर - kesara m.: Mähne, Staubfaden

  4. देववल्लभ - devavallabha m.: Götterliebling

Colebrooke (1807): "Punag. Probably Rottlera tinctoria R[oxb]. Mss. [= Mallotus philippensis J. Müll.]"

Siehe auch Amarakośa II.5. Vers 12.a./b.


Abb.: केसरः । Mallotus philippensis J. Müll. [= Rottlera tinctoria Roxb.]
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus V. Fig. 21, 1685]


Abb.: केसरः । Mallotus philippensis J. Müll. [= Rottlera tinctoria Roxb.]
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol II. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: केसरः । Mallotus philippensis J. Müll.
[Bildquelle: Medicinal plants. Being descriptions with original figures of the principal plants employed in medicine and an account of the characters, properties, and uses of their parts and products of medicinal value. / by Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen. Plates by David Blair. In four volumes., 1880. -- vol. 2, pl. 236]


Abb.: केसरः । Mallotus philippensis J. Müll.
 [Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


 Abb.: देववल्लभः । Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus)  auf  Mallotus philippensis J. Müll. [= Rottlera tinctoria Roxb.], Buxa National Park - বক্সা জাতীয় উদ্যান, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]


 Abb.: देववल्लभः । Mallotus philippensis J. Müll. [= Rottlera tinctoria Roxb.], Nandi Hills - ನಂದಿ ಬೆಟ್ಟ, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: L. Shyamal / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Rottlera tinctoria. Willd. iv. 832; R. Corom, pi. vol. ii. No. 168.

[..]

Sans, and Beng. Poonnag.

[...]

A native of Coromandel. Flowers in the cold season.

The red mealy powder, which covers the capsules is used by the natives to dye scarlet, and in Bengal the root is said to dye red also.

Compare with Croton coccineum. Willd. iv. 544."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 827]
"Mallotus Philippensis (Müller).

Description.—Small tree or under-shrub;

Dec. Prod. xv. s. 2, p. 980.

Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb.

Common almost everywhere.

Medical Uses.—The mealy powder covering the capsules yields a dye called Kamila dye, which is used as a vermifuge, and whose action, according to Dr Royle, depends on the minute stellate hairs found in the powder. Kamila is the powder rubbed off the capsules, and which is also found, though in smaller quantities, on the leaves and stalks of the plant. The powder is of a rich red colour, and has a heavy odour.

Economic Uses.—The dye is used all over India, especially for silk, to which it imparts a fine yellow colour. It is rarely used for cotton. When the capsules are ripe in February or March they are gathered; the red powder is carefully brushed off and collected for sale, no preparation being necessary. This substance is scarcely acted on by water, and has no particular taste. To spirit it gives a rich deep orange, inclining to red. Neither spirit nor alkaline solution dissolves it, for the minute grains of powder are seen adhering to the sides of the vessels if shaken, about the size of small grains of sand. Alum added to the alkaline infusion renders the colour more bright and permanent. The Hindoo silk-dyers use the following method :—Four parts of powder, one of powdered alum, two of salts of soda (sold in the bazaars), rubbed well together with a small quantity of oil of sesamum. When well mixed it is boiled in water proportionate to the silk to be dyed, and kept boiling smartly, according to the shade required, turning the silk frequently to render the colour uniform. Of the dye which is called Cupela-Rung in Hindustanee, the jurors at the Madras Exhibition reported as follows:— " The tree is widely spread over the Madras Presidency, and large supplies of the dye might be easily obtained. The colouring matter does not require a mordant, all that is necessary being to mix it with water containing about half its weight of carbonate of soda. On silk the colour is a rich flame or orange tint of great beauty and extreme stability and "the fact that the material supplied by commerce contains between 70 and 80 per cent of real colouring matter ought to induce the silk-dyers of this country to turn their attention to it."*—Roxb. Jury Rep. Mad. Exhib.

* For a careful report on the colouring matter, see Anderson in Ed. Phil. Jour., April 1858; and for its vermifuge properties, see Indian Annals of Medical Science. Also a valuable paper by D. Hanburv in the Pharm. Journal."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"MALLOTUS PHILLIPPINENSIS, Müll.-Arg.

[...]

History, Uses, &C—The glandular powder obtained from this plant has been used as a dye in India from a very remote period. It was probably collected, as at the present time, by the aboriginal tribes, who call it Ruhin, before the Hindus invaded India. In Sanskrit it is known as Kampilla, and bears the synonyms of Rochanika, Rochana-rakta and Lohita-rakta, in allusion to its red colour. In the Niganthas it is described as useful in removing phlegm, bile, stone, worms, enlarged glands, boils, &c., and the leaves are said to be astringent and cooling. In the Bhavaprakasa one tola with treacle is said to kill and expel all intestinal worms. It is also prescribed for worms in combination with the seeds of Embelia Ribes (vaverang), chebulic myrobalans, carbonate of potash, and rock salt. (Chakradatta.) The Arabs became acquainted with Kampilla at an early date, and through them it appears to have reached Europe, and to have been known to the later Greek physicians about the 7th century. Ibn Massowiyeh, physician to the Caliph Haroon-el-Raschid, speaks of it as highly astringent, a good anthelmintic, and a useful application to moist eruptions of the skin, which it soon dries up.

[...]

Rheede first figured and described the plant; he states that the leaves, fruit and root with honey are applied to poisoned bites, bruises, &c, Buchanan (Journey through Mysore in 1801) notices Kamala ; it has also been noticed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Royle, but Mackinnon of Bengal, in 1858, was the first to introduce it into European practice in India ; since then it has been used with success by many medical men in India and Europe."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 296ff.]

2.5.10. Erythrina indica Lam.  - Korallenbaum - Coral tree

Fabaceae (Hülsenfrüchtler)

Bis 27 m hoher, dorniger, laubabwerfender Baum.

6. c./d. pāribhadre nimbatarurmandāraḥ pārijātakaḥ

पारिभद्रे निम्बतरुर् मन्दारः पारिजातकः ॥६ ख॥

Bezeichnungen für पारिभद्र m.: Pāribhadra - Erythrina indica Lam.  - Korallenbaum - Coral tree:

  1. निम्बतरु - nimbataru m.: Nimba-Baum

  2. मन्दार - mandāra m.: Mandāra

  3. पारिजातक - pārijātaka m.: kleiner Pārijāta1

Colebrooke (1807): "Coral tree. Erythrina fulgens. But some apply the Sanskrit names to the Melia sempervirens."

1 पारिजातक m.: kleiner Pārijāta

"PĀRIJĀTA. The tree produced at the churning of the ocean, "and the delight of the nymphs of heaven, perfuming the world with its blossoms." It was kept in Indra's heaven, and was the pride of his wife Śacī, but when Kṛṣṇa visited Indra in Svarga, his wife Satya-bhāmā induced him to carry the tree away, which led to a great fight between the two gods and their adherents, in which Indra was defeated. The tree was taken to Dvārakā and planted there, but after Kṛṣṇa's death, it returned to Indra's heaven."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v.]

Erythrina indica Lam.  - Korallenbaum - Coral tree


Abb.: पारिभद्रः । Erythrina indica Lam.  - Korallenbaum - Coral tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 7, 1686]


Abb.: पारिभद्रः । Erythrina indica Lam.  - Korallenbaum - Coral tree
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: पारिभद्रः । Ein Elsterstar (Sturnus contra) frisst an einer Blüte von Erythrina indica Lam.  - Korallenbaum - Coral tree, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia GNU FDLicense]

"Erythrina indica. Willd. iii. 91:?.

Arboreous, armed with black prickles.

[...]

Sans. Mundar.

[...]

Dudap, or Dudap of the Malays; and when employed to support the black pepper vine, for which it is very generally used, they call it chinkereen.

A pretty large tree, and common over India and the islands. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season, in March and April. Seed ripens in June and July.

This tree is employed, in many parts of India, to support the black pepper vine. See Marsden's History of Sumatra, page 107. The best method for raising them is by planting cuttings of about eighteen inches, or two feet long, and about as thick as a man's arm, half under ground, if planted of a greater length, the wind is apt to shake them, which prevents their striking root. From ten or more feet asunder, according to the quality of the soil, and in quincunx order, is from my experience, the best way.

What seems to render these trees very proper for this purpose, is their quick growth, their firm, permanent, though smooth bark, which never peels off, and gives firm hold to the roots of the vine, which come out abundantly at the joints. And lastly, they are full of leaves, and very shady during the hottest months of the year, which shelters the vines from the intense heat of the sun, and keeps the ground moist. As soon as the hottest weather is over, the leaves drop and expose the vines to the sun and weather during the cool season, which I conceive renders them more healthy, and of course more productive. They must be kept in a dwarf state, by topping, and cutting off the lateral branches, for if allowed to grow without interruption, they would soon arrive at very great height, which would be very unfavourable for collecting the pepper.

The immense quantity of large leaves that fall annually from these trees, manures the ground below them, which becomes more and more fertile, the longer it remains in this slate; so that when the vines have done bearing, the land must be in a much better condition than when first planted. Daily experience proves the truth of this."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 249ff.]
"Erythrina Indica (Lam.) N. O. Leguminosae.

Indian Coral tree

Description.—Tree, 10-30 feet, armed with prickles; [...]

Fl. Jan.—April

W. & A. Prod. i. 260.—Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 249.— Wight Icon. t. 58.—Rheede Mal. vi. t. 7.

E. Corallodendron, Linn.

Coromandel. Concans. Bengal

Economic Uses.—This tree yields a light and soft wood called Mootchie-wood, much used for toys, sword-sheaths, and other light work. Leaves and bark are used in cases of fevers by the natives. The tree is much used in Malabar for the support of the betel vines; and from being armed with numerous prickles, it serves as an excellent hedge-plant to keep cattle from cultivated grounds.—Wight."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
ERYTHRINA INDICA, Lam.

Coral tree.

[...]

The Indian Coral tree, in Sanskrit Pārījāta or Pārijātaka and Māndāra, supposed to flower in Indra's garden. An episode in the Purānas relates the quarrels of Rakhmini and Satyabhama for the possession of the flowers which Krishna had stolen from the garden. The leaf is supposed to represent the Hindu trinity, the middle leaflet is Vishnu, on his right is Brahma, and on his left Shiva. The Portuguese have named them "Folhas da Trinidade." Rheede says that the leaves are discutient, and that their juice is given for syphilis. Rumphius relates that the leaf-juice is applied to ulcers to clean them, and that cooked with cocoanut milk the leaves are used internally and externally as a galactogogue and emmenagogue. The bark is used in dysentery. (Hort. Amb. iii., 33.) Loureiro and Wight state that the bark is used as a febrifuge. Dr. Kani Lal D‚, in a communication to the Calcutta Exhibition Catalogue, says: - "It is anthelmintic and useful as a collyrium in ophthalmia. The leaves are applied externally to disperse venereal buboes and to relieve pain in the joints." In the Concan the juice of the bark and young leaves is used to kill worms in sores and to disperse tumours; the young roots of the white-flowered variety are pounded and given with cold milk as an aphrodisiac. MM. Corre and Lejanne (Resum‚ de la Mat. Med. Coloniale) state that the bark is expectorant and febrifuge, and the leaves laxative and diuretic. In the Brazils the bark is used as a hypnotic.
The first physiological experments made with the bark of this tree were those of MM. Bochefontaine and Rey, who communicated the results arrived at by them to the Acad‚mie des Sciences in 1881 they concluded that the drug acts upon the central nervous system so as to diminish or abolish its functions.

MM. Pinet and Duprad resumed the study of the action of this drug upon frogs in 1886, and communicated the following results to the Société de Biologie: - One centigram of the watery extract of the bark was introduced under the skin of the right hind leg of a frog, weighing 30 grams. This caused considerable local irritation, but at the end of 25 to 30 minutes the frog remained motionless; placed on its back it remained in that position, only occasionally making slight spontaneous movements; if a limb were pinched only very feeble reflex movements were induced. When the left sciatic nerve was excited by a Pulvermacher's clamp, the distant end of the divided nerve responded to the stimulus, whilst the near end was hardly affected. The electric contractability of the muscles was diminished, and refex action abolished. Respiration became were slow and was sometimes suspended. Moreover the heart was observed to dilate very slowly, and the ventricle at the time of systole, which had become imperfect, assumed a folded appearance, and at the diastole the heart presented a marbled appearance, pale in some places and red in others. The strength of the contractions was not much affected.
At the end of 35 to 40 minutes the heart recovered its normal condition. (Les Nouveaux Remèdes, Sept. 15th, 1886.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 451ff.]

Melia sempervirens Willd.

"Melia sempervirens Willd. 2 559.

[...]

Sans. Muha-nimba.

[...]

A native of Persia, now common throughout India. Plants reared in the Botanic garden at Calcutta from seed received from the West Indies, did not in any respect differ from our own Asiatic sort. It blossoms the greater part of the year in our gardens, and is perfectly distinct from Azedarak which is a robust, deciduous timber tree, and this a small, delicate, ever green, of short duration, compared with the other."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 395.]

2.5.11. Ougenia dalbergioides Benth.

Fabaceae (Hülsenfrüchtler)

Baum.

7.  tiniśe syandano nemī rathadrur atimuktakaḥ
vañjulaś citrakṛc cātha dvau pītanakapītanau

तिनिशे स्यन्दनो नेमी रथद्रुर् अतिमुक्तकः ।
वञ्जुलश् चित्रकृच् चाथ द्वौ पीतन-कपीतनौ ॥७॥

Bezeichnungen für तिनिश m.: Tiniśa - Ougenia dalbergoides Benth.:

  1. स्यन्दन - syandana m.: Fahrzeug, Wagen

  2. नेमिन् - nemin m.: durch einen Radkranz / Kreis gekennzeichnet   

  3. रथद्रु - rathadru m.: Wagenbaum

  4. अतिमुक्तक - atimuktaka m.: vollständig Befreiter 

  5. वञ्जुल - vañjula m.: Vañjula 

  6. चित्रकृत् - citrakṛt m.: Staunen Erregender

Colebrooke (1807): "Tinis. Dalbergia oujeinensis [= oojeinensis], R[oxb]. Mss."


Abb.:  चित्रकृत् । Ougenia dalbergioides Benth.
[Bildquelle: Brandis 1874 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.:  चित्रकृत् । Ougenia dalbergioides Benth.
[Bildquelle: Wight Icones II. 1843]

"Dalbergia Oojeinensis. Roxb.

[...]

From seeds received in 17.95 into the Botanic garden at Calcutta from Dr. William Hunter, the surgeon to the Resident at Oojein, two young trees have been reared. In March and April they blossom, when nearly destitute of leaves. The seed ripens in September and October.

The wood of this very large tree. Dr. Hunter informs me, is highly valued for various purposes.

The pillars of Ma[ha]dajee Scindia's palace, at Oojein, are made of it."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 220f.]
"Dalbergia Oojeinensis (Roxb.)

Description.--Tree, 30 feet; [...]

Fl. April-July

Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 220.

Oujeinia dalbergoides, Benth.--Wight Icon. t. 391.

Nagpore. Godavary forests. Oude. Dheyra Dhoon.

Economic Uses.—This species yields a useful and valuable timber especially adapted for house-building.—(Roxb.) The wood in ripe trees is hard-veined and polishes well. It is used chiefly for cot posts and legs, as well as for combs and all small work, also makes handsome furniture. It is not liable to warp, nor is subject to worms. It is of slow growth, and attains full size in about thirty years.—(Powell's Punj. Prod.) A Kino extracted from the bark is useful in bowel-complaints.—Bedd. Flor. Sylv. t. 36."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.12. Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz 1875 - Gelbe Balsampflaume - Yellow Plum

Anacardiaceae (Sumachgewächse)

Bis 25 m hoher Baum.

7. c./d. vañjulaś citrakṛc cātha dvau pītanakapītanau
8. a./b.  āmrātake madhūke tu guḍapuṣpamadhudrumau

वञ्जुलश् चित्रकृच् चाथ द्वौ पीतन-कपीतनौ ॥७ ख॥
आम्रातके मधूके तु गुडपुष्प-मधुद्रुमौ ।८ क।

Bezeichnungen für आम्रातक m.: Āmrātaka - Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz 1875 - Gelbe Balsampflaume - Yellow Plum:

  1. पीतन - pītana m.: (zu pīta 3: gelb) Pītana

  2. कपीतन - kapītana m.: Kapītana

Colebrooke (1807): "Spondias. Spondias mangifera."


Abb.: आम्रातकः । Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz 1875
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 50, 1678]


Abb.: आम्रातकः । Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz 1875
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3393911783/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)] 


Abb.: पीतनः । Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz 1875
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3393914087/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)] 

"Spondias mangifera. Willd. 2. 751.

Leaflets four or five-pairs, oblong, mucronate. Panicles

diffuse. Nut oblong, nearly smooth on the outside.

Ambalam. Rheed. Mal. 1. t. 50.

Amrataca. Asiat. Res 4. p. 284.

Hind, and Beng. Amra.

Teling. Araatum.

Ponastia. Juss. Genera. plant. 410.

Spondius amara. Lamark Encycl. 4. p. 245.

Mangifera pinnata. Linn, suppl. plant, p. 56.

This is a large tree, amongst the mountains of Coromandel, but in gardens where it is frequently found cultivated, it is of a smaller size, and low. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season, when the leaves come out. The fruit ripens during the cold season, and then its leaves are deciduous.

[...]

The wood of this tree is soft, and of little or no use.

From wounds made in the bark, about the beginning of the hot season, very large quantities of a transparent juice issues, which soon hardens into a mild insipid gum, exactly like gum-arabic.

The fruit is eaten raw when ripe, and before ripe is pickled, put in curries, made into tarts, &c. &c."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 451f.]
"Spondias mangifera (Pers.) N. O. Anacardiaceae.

Hog-plum, or Wild Mango.

Description.--Large tree; [...]

Fl. March.

W. & A. Prod. i. 173. -- Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 451.--Rheede, i. t. 50.

Bengal. Peninsula. Travancore.

Economic Uses.—The fruit is eaten when ripe. It is of a yellowish-green colour. Before ripening it makes excellent pickles. A mild insipid gum exudes from the bark. This is collected and sold in the bazaars as Gum-Arabic, which it greatly resembles.—Wight."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"SPONDIAS MANGIFERA,. Willd.

Hog plum tree, Wild mango

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This tree is the Amrataka, Ararat, and Adhvaga-bhogya (traveller's delight) of Sanskrit writers, who describe the pulp of the fruit as acid and astringent and useful in bilious dyspepsia, on which account the name of Pittavriksha, or " bile tree," is applied to it. It is the Condondum Malaccense of Rumphius (I., 51). The fruit is much used by the Hindus as an acid vegetable, and they make a preparation of it resembling gooseberry fool, which is called Rayete (राएता) The leaves and bark are astringent and aromatic, and are administered in dysentery, and the gum is used as a demulcent."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 395.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/spondias_pinnata.htm

2.5.13. Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel.  = Bassia latifolia Roxb. - Butterbaum - Buttertree + Bassia longifolia L.

Sapotaceae (Breiapfelgewächse)

Bis 20 m hoher Bäume.

8. āmrātake madhūke tu guḍapuṣpamadhudrumau
vānaprastha-madhuṣṭhīlau jalaje 'tra madhūlakaḥ

आम्रातके मधूके तु गुडपुष्प-मधुद्रुमौ ।
वानप्रस्थ-मधुष्ठीलौ जलजे ऽत्र मधूलकः ॥८॥

Bezeichnungen für मधूक - madhūka m.: Biene, Süßholz - Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel.  - Butterbaum - Buttertree:

  1. गुडपुष्प - guḍapuṣpa m.: Zuckerkugel-Blume

  2. मधुद्रुम - madhudruma m.: Honigbaum

  3. वानप्रस्थ - vānaprastha m.: Waldeinsiedler

  4. मधुष्ठील - madhuṣṭhīla m.: Honigkugel

Die im Wasser wachsende Art heißt  मधूलक m.: Madhūlaka - Bassia longifolia L.

Colebrooke (1807): "Bassia. Bassia latifolia [Roxb.]." "Growing in water ; or, according to another reading, on montainous ground."

Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. = Bassia latifolia Roxb. - Butterbaum - Buttertree


Abb.: मधूकः । Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. = Bassia latifolia Roxb. - Butterbaum - Buttertree
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: मधूकः । Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia GNU FDLicense]

"Bassia latifolia. Willd. 2842. Corom. pl. 1. No. 19.

[...]

Madhaca, is the Sanscrit name. See Asiat. Res. 1. p. 300. vol. ii. p. 301, and iv. p. 280.

[...]

A middling sized tree, a native of the mountainous parts of the Circars and of Bengal. Leaves deciduous during the cold season, and appearing again with the flowers in March and April. The seed ripens in July and August.

This is a very useful tree. The wood is hard, very strong, and proper for naves of wheel carriages, &c.

The flowers are eaten raw by the natives of the mountainous parts of the Circars, and by jackals. They have a sweet spirituous taste. An ardent spirit is distilled from them by the hill people, which is strong and intoxicating.

The seeds yield a large quantity of oil by expression ; but it is thick, of a quality inferior to castor oil, and used only by the poorer people to burn. Large plantations of Bassia longifolia are to be found about Tranquebar, Karikal, Nagur and Nagapatam ; but the proprietors do not find them answer their expectations.

On the apices of the flowers, before they open, there is frequently a drop of a whitish, soft, tasteless resin to be found."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 526f.]

"Bassia latifolia (Roxb.) Do.

Mahwah-tree

Description.—Tree, 40 feet; [...]

Fl. March—April.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 526. —Cor., i. t. 19.

Circar mountains. Bengal . Concans.

Economic Uses.—The timber of this tree is hard and strong, and is in request for naves of wheels, carriages, and similar uses. An ardent spirit is- distilled from the flowers by the hill tribes (where the tree is abundant), which makes a strong and intoxicating liquor. .The flowers are sweet-tasted, and are eaten raw. Jackals are particularly fond of them. The seeds yield by expression a large quantity of concrete oil, which is used in lamps, to adulterate ghee, and

for frying cakes. The kernels are easily extracted from the smooth chestnut-coloured pericarps, when they are bruised, rubbed, and subjected to a moderate pressure. The oil concretes immediately it is expressed, and retains its consistency at a temperature of 95°. The oil is, however, thick and coarse, and only used by the poorer classes.

The following account by Dr Gibson is given of this plant in Guzerat and Rajpootana, where it abounds: "This flower is collected in the hot season by Bheels and others from the forests, also from the planted trees, which are most abundant in the more open parts of Guzerat and Rajwarra. The ripe flower has a sickly sweet taste resembling manna. Being very deciduous, it is found in large quantities under the trees every morning during the season. A single tree will afford from 200 to 400 lb. of the flowers. The seeds afford a great quantity of concrete oil, used in the manufacture of soap. The forest or Bheel population also store great quantities of the dried flowers as a staple article of food; and hence, in expeditions undertaken for the punishment or subjection of those tribes when unruly, their Bassia trees are threatened to be cut down by the invading force, and the threat most commonly insures the submission of the tribes."

" In Guzerat and Rajpootana every village has its spirit-shop for the sale of the distilled liquor from the flowers. In the island of Caranja, opposite to Bombay, the Government duty on the spirits distilled (chiefly from this flower) amounts to at least £60,000 per annum; I rather think that £80,000 is most generally the sum. The Parsees are the great distillers and sellers of it in all the country between Surat and Bombay, and they usually push their distilleries and shops into the heart of the forest which lines the eastern border and hills of those countries. The spirit produced from the Bassia is, when carefully distilled, much like good Irish whisky, having a strong, smoky, and rather fetid flavour; this latter disappears with age. The fresh spirit is, owing to the quantity of aromatic or empyreumatic oil which it contains, very deleterious; and to the European troops stationed at Guzerat some thirty years ago, appeared to be quite as poisonous as the worst new rum of the West Indies has generally proved to our soldiers. It excited immediately gastric irritation, and on this supervened the malarious fever so common in those countries."—Hook,, Journ. of  Bot., 1853, p. 90. Roxb.

In 1848 a quantity of Mahwah oil was forwarded to the Secretary of the E. L and China Association, with the view of ascertaining its market value and applicability for the manufacture of candles and soap. The managing director of Price's Patent Candle Company stated in reply: " I beg to inform you that the ' Mowah' oil, of which you furnished us samples, is worth in this country, for the manufacture of candles, £8 per ton less than Petersburg tallow. We have tried a great many experiments upon it, and found it to be of the same value as cocoa-nut oil, as its being harder makes up for the colour being inferior. Large quantities could be used in this country at about £35 per ton. I send some candles and oil, but fear that the former will not remain in a solid state through the voyage to India. We have, however, processes secured to us by which we can make candles from Mowah oil sufficiently hard for the Indian market.""

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"BASSIA LATIFOLIA, Roxb.

BASSIA LONGIFOLIA, Linn.

BASSIA BUTYRACEA, Roxb.
Indian butter tree

History, Uses, &c.--These trees are called in Sanskrit Madhuka, Madhudruma, "honey tree," Madhupushpa, "honey flower," Madhusakha, Madhusravas, Gudapushpa "sugar flower," and Kolaphala, or "the fruit of the Kols," a wild tribe inhabiting the hills and forests of Central India, who subsist, to a great extent, upon the fleshy flowers which they collect and dry. The milky juice of the bark, Madhuka-sāra, is described as a remedy for phlegm and rheumatism, astringent and a promoter of suppuration; the flowers as sweet, strengthening and cooling; the fruit as cold, sweet and strengthening; it is thought to be antibilious and anti-rheumatic, and useful in leprosy and skin diseases. The spirituous liquor prepared from the flowers is called Madhu-mādhavi or Madhvāsava and is described by Suśruta as heating, astringent, tonic and appetizing. The flowers, seeds and oil obtained from them, are more or less used as food all over India, and in many districts from a very important addition to the dietary of the agricultural classes. For further information upon this subject we would refer our readers to "The Dictionary of Economic Products of India," by Watt (Vol. I., pp. 405-416). Ibn Batuta, who visited India A.D. 1332, mentions Mahwa, and remarks that the flowers, when dried in the sun, taste like figs. The Persians have named these trees Darakht-i-gul-chakān on account of their deciduous flowers. In Guzerat the Mahometans manufacture a coarse soap from the oil of the seeds with soda and lime; this soap varies in price according to the amount of oil it contains. Medicinally, Bassia oil is used as an emollient application to the skin, and the cake as a detergent for washing the hair, and also as an emetic. The oil of B. butyracea, known as 'Phūlwa butter', may be used in the preparation of Ung. Hydrarg. Nitratis in the same manner as Kokam butter (see Garcinia indica). The bark of the Bassias is used in decoction as an astringent. From the flowers a coarse kind of molasses may be prepared. Bassia spirit when rectified loses its offence odour, and may be used for pharmaceutical purposes. The ordinary native distilled spirit is very rich in fusel oil; one of us found as much as 4 per cent. in a sample of Mahwa spirit. In the Bengal districts in which the spirit is made, the fermentation is conducted in earthen vessels containing 10 to 20 gallons of fluid, 10 to 20 seers of the flowers being a charge. The jar is then filled up with spent wash and water, and the process of fermentation occupies from 3 to 7 days, depending on the temperature. The stills are of the rudest description. Molasses and other materials are sometime added to the contents of the vats. The amount of spirit obtained varies with the quality of the flowers: Warden's experiments would indicate that on an average one maund will yield about 2.12 gallons of London proof spirit when treated in the manner usual among native distillers. In some districts a composition called bakha or muli is added to the contents of the fermenting vats; it is stated to be composed of herbs and roots, which are dried, ground, and made up into balls with flour. About half a seer (1 lb.) is added to one maund (80 lbs.) of raw material. In certain cases dhatura, nux vomica seeds and other poisonous substances are added to these balls. The use of bakha has been prohibited in Government distilleries in Calcutta and its suburbs. For further information on Mahwa spirit, we would refer the reader to the report of the Comission of 1883-84 on the excise of country spirit in Bengal. A kind of gutta-percha has been prepared from the milky juice of B. latifolia, which has the consistence of ordinary gutta, but is more adhesive and hardens much more rapidly. Used alone it cannot replace the gutta of commerce, but mixed with an equal proportion of that article, it may be used to make the moulds required in galvanoplastic operations; the mixture is as easily manipulated in hot water as ordinary gutta. (Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 354ff.]

2.5.14. Salvadora persica L. - Toothbrush Tree

Salvadoraceae

Strauch oder kleiner Baum.

9. a./b. pīlau guḍaphalaḥ sraṃsī tasmiṃs tu girisambhave

पीलौ गुडफलः स्रंसी तस्मिंस् तु गिरिसम्भवे ।९ क।

Bezeichnungen für पीलु m.: Pīlu - Salvadora persica L. - Toothbrush Tree:

  1. गुडफल - guḍaphala m.: Der Zuckerbällchen als Früchte hat

  2. स्रंसिन् - sraṃsin m.: Abführender, Abführmittel

Colebrooke (1807): "Pilu. The name is apllied in some provinces to Careya arborea (R[oxb]. Mss.) [bis 15 m hoher, laubabwerfender Baum] ; in others to Salvadora persica (R[oxb].)."

Salvadora persica L. - Toothbrush Tree


Abb.: पीलुः । Salvadora persica L. - Toothbrush Tree
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: गुडफल । Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia GNU FDLicense]

"Salvadora persica. Linn. sp. pi. ed. Willd. i. 695. R. Corom, pl. i. N. 26.

[...]

A middle sized tree, a native of most parts of the Circars, though by no means common ; it seems to grow equally well in every soil. Produces flowers and ripe fruit all the year round.

[...]

Obs. The berries have a strong aromatic smell, and taste much like garden cresses. The bark of the root is remarkably acrid, bruised and applied to the skin, soon raises blisters, for which purpose the natives often use it. As a stimulant it promises to be a medicine possessed of very considerable powers."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 389f.]
"Salvadora Persica (Linn.) N. O. Salvadoraceae

Description.-- Tree, 15-20 feet; bark very scabrous; [...]

Fl. Nearly all the year.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 399.--Cor. i. 26

S. Indica, R. W.--Wight Icon. t. 161.

Rivina paniculata, Linn.

Circars, near the sea. Both Concans.

Medical Uses.—This is not a common tree. The bark is recommended by the Vytians in decoction in cases of low fevers, and as a tonic and stimulant in amenorrhea. The bark of the root, which is very acrid, when fresh bruised acts as a vesicatory. The berries are aromatic, and taste like garden-cress. It grows equally well in any soil, and produces flower and fruit all the year round.—Roxb. Ainslie.

In Dr Imlach's Report on snake-bites in Scinde (Bombay Med. Trans, iii. N. S. p. 80), several cases are mentioned in which the fruit of this tree was administered internally with good effect. It is likewise said to be a favourite purgative. Roxburgh considered that the tree promised to be valuable as a medicinal agent. The S. oleoides (Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 144) partakes, though in a less degree, of the properties of this species. It is known by the name of Miswak or tooth-brush tree, from the fact of the younger branches being in common use among the natives of Northern India for the purpose of cleansing and strengthening the gums.—(Pharm. of India.) The fruit is sweetish, and much eaten. Aphrodisiac qualities have been attributed to it. It is often dried and kept like currants. Pieces of the wood are carried to long distances for sale, as it is much favoured for tooth-sticks by the Mohammedans, who use theirs for numbers of times, the Hindoos only once. The employment of it is said to be good for digestion, and speedily to cure bleeding gums. — (Stewart's Punj. Plants.) In Scinde and the northern parts of India it grows to be a very large tree. Dr Boyle considered it to be the mustard-tree of Scripture, and Sir Emerson Tennent was of the same opinion. He says the Salvadora Persica was the mustard-tree alluded to by our Saviour. The Greek term Sinapis (Matt. xiii. 31) is the name given to mustard, for which the Arabic equivalent is Chandul or Khandul. The same name is applied at the present day to a tree which grows freely in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, and generally throughout Palestine, the seeds of which have an aromatic pungency, which enables them to be used instead of the ordinary mustard (Sinapis nigra); besides which, its structure presents all the essentials to sustain the illustrations sought to be established in the parable, some of which are wanting or dubious in the common plant. It has a very small seed ; it may be sown in a garden; it grows into a " herb/1 and eventually becomes a " tree," so that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof. The Khandul grows abundantly in Syria, Egypt, Arabia, on the Indus, and throughout the north-west of India.— Tennent's Ceylon, i. 51, note."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"SALVADORA PERSICA, Gardn.

SALVADORA OLEOIDES, Done.

The two species of Salvadora grow upon the sea coast of Arabia, Persia and Western India, as well as in the arid districts of the interior. They are the Pilu of Sanskrit writers, and in the Nighantas bear the synonyms of Sahasrā, Karambha-priya, Tatphala, etc. The Hindus consider the fruit to be hot, digestive, lithontripic, fattening and light; and to be beneficial in enlarged spleen, rheumatism, tumours and lithiasis; it is also thought to have alchemic or alterative properties. In Marwar and other parts of Northern India the berries of S. oleoides and S. persica are largely collected and dried in the sun as an article of diet. When dry they resemble grape currants both in appearance and taste. From the seeds an oil is expressed, which is used as a stimulating application in painful rheumatic affections and after childbirth. The leaves of these trees heated and tied up in a cloth with those of Vitex trifolia are a favorite domestic remedy for rheumatic pains.

The Arabs call the Salvadoras Arāk and the Persians Darakht-i-miswāk, "tooth-brush tree," short pieces of the root, about the size of goosequill, being used to clean the teeth. On the coast of Persia bordering the Persian Gulf these shrubs are called Chūch, and are depastured by camels and buffaloes. They are said to render the milk very rich and thick. This property of the plant as a fodder is also known in India. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya describes the fruit as deobstruent, carminative and diuretic, and remarks that a poultice of the leaves, which have similar properties, is used to relieve the pain caused by tumours, piles, &c.

Forskahl (Aegypt-Arab., p. 32) has the following notice of Salvadora: -"In magno est pretio; fructus (Kabath) maturus edulis; folia contusa imponuntur tumoribus 'waram' dictis et bubonibus; sed vis antitoxica adeo famosa, ut carmine quoque celebretur." Kabāth is the Arabic name for the ripe fruit, when unripe is called 'barir.'

Ainslie gives Ooghai-puttai as the Tamil name of S. persica, and says, "the bark, which is a little warm and somewhat acrid, is recommended by the Hindu doctors, in decoction, in cases of low fever, and as a tonic and stimulant in amenorrhoea. The bark of the root when fresh acts as a vesicatory." (Mat. Ind. ii., p. 266.) In the Pharmacopoeia of India, we are told that Dr. Irvine employed the root-bark successfully as a vesicant. In Dr. Imlach's Report on Snake-bites in Sind (Bomb. Med. and Phys. Trans. New Ser., iii., p. 80), several cases are mentioned in the tabular record, in which Pilu seeds were administered internally, with good effect. They are also said to be a favorite purgative.

Royle considers S. persica to be the mustard tree of the New Testament, and says that the Syrian Arabs call it Khardal, i.e. "mustard.""

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 380ff.]

Careya arborea Roxb. - Slow Match Tree


 Abb.: पीलुः । Careya arborea Roxb. - Slow Match Tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus III. Fig. 36, 1682]


Abb.: पीलुः । Careya arborea Roxb. - Slow Match Tree
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: पीलुः । Careya arborea Roxb. - Slow Match Tree, Narsapur - నరసాపురం, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia GNU FDLicense]

"Careya arborea. R. Ind. pl 3. N. 218.

[...]

A tree of immense size, growing on the mountains of Coromandel, &c. where it blossoms during the hot season, and the seed ripens about three or four months after."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 638]
"Careya arborea (Roxb.) N. O. Barringtoniaceae

Description.--Large tree; [...]

Fl. March-April.

W. & A. Prod. i. 334.--Roxb. Fl. In. ii. 638.--Rheede, iii. t. 36.--Wight Ill. ii. 99, 100.

Mountains of Coromandel and Malabar.

Economic Uses.—The fruit is about the size of an apple, and has a peculiar and unpleasant smell. The bark of the tree is made into a coarse kind of cordage, and used by matchlockmen as a slow match for their guns. The cabinetmakers of Monghyr use the wood for boxes. It takes a polish, is of a mahogany colour, well veined, and is not very heavy. It does not resist damp, and splits in the sun, but if kept dry is pretty durable. The timber was formerly used for making the drums of Sepoy corps. It is frequently employed for wooden hoops, being very flexible.—Jury Rep. J. Grah. Cat. Martin's E. Indies."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"CAREYA ARBOREA, Roxb.

Wild Guava (Eng.)

History, Uses, &c.--C. arborea is a large deciduous tree, the leaves of which turn red in the cold season. It is the Kumbhi of Sanskrit writers, and appear to have been so named on account of the hollow on the top of the fruit giving it somewhat the appearance of a water-pot. The bark of the tree and the calices of the flowers are well-known Indian remedies, and are valued on account of their astringent and mucilaginous properties, being administered internally in coughs and colds and applied externally as an embrocation. Rheede (Hort. Mal. iii., 36), states that wild pigs are very fond of the bark, and that it is used by hunters to attract them. An astringent gum exudes from the fruit and stem, and the bark is made into coarse cordage. (Bourdillon.) The Tamil name Puta-tanni-maram signifies "water-bark-tree," in allusion to the exudation trickling down the bark in dry weather."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 19.]

2.5.15. Juglans regia L. 1753 - Walnuss - Walnut

Juglandaceae (Walnussgewächse)

Bis 25 m hoher Baum.

9. pīlau guḍaphalaḥ sraṃsī tasmiṃs tu girisambhave
akṣoṭa-kandarālau dvāv aṅkoṭe tu nikocakaḥ

पीलौ गुडफलः स्रंसी तस्मिंस् तु गिरिसम्भवे ।
अक्षोट-कन्दरालौ द्वाव् अङ्कोते तु निकोचकः ॥९॥

Wenn dieser (Pīlu) auf Bergen wächst, heißt er:

  1. अक्षोट - akṣoṭa m.: Akṣoṭa - Juglans regia L. 1753 - Walnuss - Walnut

  2. कन्दराल - kandarāla m.: in Schluchten Wohnender

Colebrooke (1807): "Walnut. Described as a species of the preceeding, growing on mountains; but the corresponding Hindi name belongs to Juglans regia, and also to Croton mollucanum or Aleurites triloba [= Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 1805 - Lichtnussbaum - Candlenut tree; Euphorbiaceae (Wolfsmilchgewächse). Bis 20 m hoher, immergrüner Baum]."

Juglans regia L. 1753 - Walnuss - Walnut


 Abb.: अक्षोटः । Juglans regia L. 1753 - Walnuss - Walnut
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: अक्षोटः । Juglans regia L. 1753 - Walnuss - Walnut
[Bildquelle: Böhringer Friedrich / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Juglans regia. Willd. iv. 455.

[..]

Beng, Akroot.

[...]

Sans. Ukshadu, also Kundurala.

A native of the mountainous countries immediately to the north and north-east of Hindoostan, on the plains of Bengal, it grows pretty well, but is not fruitful there."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 631]

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 1805 - Lichtnussbaum - Candlenut tree

Bis 20 m hoher, immergrüner Baum


Abb.: Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 1805 - Lichtnussbaum - Candlenut tree
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 1805 - Lichtnussbaum - Candlenut tree, Hawaii
[Bildquelle: Forest Starr & Kim Starr. -- http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=020803-0118&o=plants. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Aleurites triloba. Forst. gen. JST. 56. Willd. iv. 590.

[...]

Juglans Camirium. Lourier. Cochin Ch, 702.

Croton moluccanum. Willd. iv, 551.

Beng. Akroot, which is also the name of the common Walnut.

A large tree, now pretty common in gardens about Calcutta, originally from the Malay countries. Flowering time the hot season ; seed ripe in August.

[...]

The kernels taste very much like fresh Walnuts, and are reckoned wholesome; they yield by expression a large portion of very pure, palatable oil."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 629ff.]
"Aleurites triloba (Forst.) N. O. Euphorbiaceae

Bekgaum walnut

Description.--Large tree; [...]

Fl. May.

J. Grah. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 629.

Belgaum. Travancore. Mysore. Northerns Circars. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—An oil is extracted from the kernel of the nut, which is employed medicinally as a sure and mild purgative, approximating nearer in its effects to castor-oil. It has neither taste nor smell, nor does it produce nausea, either administered pure or in emulsion. It has been pronounced superior to linseed-oil, especially for purposes connected with the arts. It is easily extracted, being separated from the kernel with less labour and simpler machinery than the oil from the Cocoa-nut, which requires great pressure.— Pharm. of India. O'Rorke, Ann. Therap., 117.

Economic Uses.—This is a large tree, the newly-formed parts of which are covered with a farinaceous substance. The natives are fond of the nut, which is palatable, and something like our English Walnut. In the Sandwich Islands they are employed for candles. A number of them strung upon a stick will burn for hours, giving a clear and steady light. The tree grows most readily from seed, and might be extensively cultivated. The cake after expression of the oil is a good food for cattle, and useful as manure. According to Simmonds, " 31 1/2 gallons of the nut yield 10 gallons of oil, which bears a good price in the home market." About 10,000 gallons are yearly produced in the Sandwich Islands. In Ceylon it is manufactured, and there known as the " kekuna" oil. It is supposed to be a good substitute for rape-oil.—Lindley. Simmonds. Comm. Prod. Jury Rep. M. E."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"ALEURITES MOLUCCANA, Willd.

History, Uses, &c.—Rumphius (iii., 12) states that the Javanese and Macassars make candles of the seeds of this tree, either pounded and mixed with cocoanut or cotton seeds, or simply strung upon a piece of split bamboo ; they also eat the seeds raw and roasted. In the South of India, where the tree is much cultivated, the seeds are known as Indian walnuts. When pressed they yield a large proportion of oil, used as drying oil for paint, and known as country walnut oil, bankoul-nut oil and artist's oil.  In Ceylon it is called Kekuni oil, and in the Sandwich Islands, where it is used as a mordant for their vegetable dyes, Kakui oil. In these islands alone about 10,000 gallons are annually produced. It has been imported into Europe for soap-making, but not to any considerable extent, and fetches about £20 per imperial ton. The oil is stated to possess powerful desiccative properties. The cake, after the oil has been expressed, is esteemed as a manure. The root of the tree affords a brown dye, which is used by the Sandwich Inlanders for their native cloths. In India the oil is used as a dressing for ulcers ; its medicinal properties were examined by Dr. O. Rorke (Ann. de Thérap., 1859, p. 117), who found that in doses varying from 1 to 2 ounces it acted as a mild and sure purgative, producing in from three to six hours after ingestion, free bilious evacuations, its operation being unattended either by nausea, colic or other ill-effects. (Phar. of India, p. 203.) From more recent experiments it appears that half an ounce of the oil is a sufficient aperient, MM. Corre and Lejanne (Résumé de le Mat. Med. et Tox. Coloniale) remark :—" There is no doubt that the properties of this oil differ when the oil is prepared in different ways." When cold drawn from the fresh nuts, Heckel, who used it at the Military Hospital at Noumea, found that it was only purgative in 80 gram doses, that is to say, it simply acted as a fatty oil : he found that the drastic resinuous constituents remained in the oil-cake. M. Jugant, at Nosi-Bé, found that the oil extracted by the hot process acted freely as a purgative in 40 gram doses. Many observations were made in the Military Hospital with the result that the oil was found to operate in from 1 to 31 hours. Dr. Grasourdy considers the oil to equal castor oil in purgative properties. The oil, if intended to be used as a purgative, should be extracted by pressure between hot plates."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 278f.]

2.5.16. Alangium salviifolium (L.) Wang. - Anlangie - Alangium

Alangiaceae

Bis 10 m hoher, dorniger Baum.

9. c./d. akṣoṭa-kandarālau dvāv aṅkoṭe tu nikocakaḥ

अक्षोट-कन्दरालौ द्वाव् अङ्कोते तु निकोचकः ॥९ ख॥

Der अङ्कोत m.: Aṅkoṭa - Alangium salviifolium (L.) Wang. - Anlangie - Alangium - heißt auch: निकोचक - nikocaka m.: Augen-Zukneifer

Colebrooke (1807): "Alangium. Alangium hexapetalum [Alangium salviifolium (L. f.) Wang. subsp. hexapetalum Wang.]."


 Abb.: अङ्कोतः । Alangium salviifolium (L.) Wang
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 17, 1683]


Abb.: अङ्कोतः । Alangium salviifolium (L.) Wang., Keesara - కీసర, Andhra Pradesh
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Alangium hexapetalum. Willd. 2. 1174.

[...]

Greevia salvifolia. Linn, suppl 409,

[...]

A native of Coromandel, Malabar and Bengal. It flowers during the hot season. The germ has one cell, and contains a single ovula attached to the top of the cell. The embryo is inverse and furnished with a perisperm. The wood beautiful."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 502f.]
"Alangium decapetalum (Linn.) N. O. Alangiaceae

Sage-leaved Alangium

Description.--Tree [...]

Fl. April and May.

W. & A. Prod. i. 325.--Rheede, iv. t. 17.--Wight Icon. t. 194.

A. tomentosum, Dec.

A. hexapetalum, Roxb.

Rocky places in Malabar. Coromandel. Assam.

Medical Uses.—The juice of the root is reckoned anthelmintic and purgative. It is also employed in dropsical cases; and, pulverised, is a reputed antidote in snake-bites.—Roxb.

Economic Uses.—The timber is very beautiful and strong, according to Dr Wight sustaining a weight of 310 lb. The wood of the A. hexapetalum is also considered valuable. This latter is called Kara-angolam in Malayalum, and Wooduga in Telugu. It is a native of Bengal and Malabar.—Wight"

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"ALANGIUM LAMARCKII, Thwaites.

History, Uses, &C This tree, in Sanskrit Ankota, Nikochaka, and Gupta-sneha, " the oil of which is hidden," described in the Nighantas as bitter, mucilaginous, pungent, light and aperient; it expels worms, wind, phlegm and poison. The fruit is cold and sweet, and begets phlegm, it is strengthening and aperient, and cures wind, bile, inflammations, phthisis and skin diseases. Rheede says:—" Caeterum arbo haec varias ob causas emblema Regiae majestatis Malabarensibus habetur, quarum praecipua est, quod flores diademati Imperiali haud absimiles, rigidis inhereant spinis. Insuper succus ex arboris radice expressus, et exhibitus vermes necat, nec non biliosos ac pituitosos humores per alvum expurgat, et aquas hydropicorum ducit."

Mr. Moodin Sheriff has drawn attention to the emetic properties of the bark in the Pharmacopeia of India. He says:—" It has proved itself an efficient and safe emetic in doses of fifty grains; in smaller doses it is nauseant and febrifuge. The bark is very bitter, and its repute in skin diseases is not without foundation. If it is continued for a sufficient period its influence over them is greater than that of Calotropis gigantea." Mr. Moodin Sheriff, in a further report upon this drug (1883), states:—" It is a good substitute for Ipecacuanha, and proves useful in all diseases in which the latter is indicated, except dysentery. As a diaphoretic and antipyretic it has been found useful in relieving pyrexia. Dose as a nauseant, diuretic and febrifuge, 6 to 10 grains of the root bark; as an alterative, 2 to 5 grains; it is given in leprosy and syphilis ; the natives consider it to be alexiteric, especially in cases of bites from rabid animals."

Dr. S. Arjun (Bomb. Drugs, p. 70,) states that the leaves are used as a poultice to relieve rheumatic pains.

The reports of several medical officers are quoted by Dr. Watt in his Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, but none of them, except Mr. Moodin Sheriff, appear to speak from personal experience."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 164f.]

2.5.17. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. 1894 - Lackbaum - Forest flame

Fabaceae (Hülsenfrüchtler)

Bis 15 m hoher, laubabwerfender Baum.

10. a./b. palāśe kiṃśukaḥ parṇo vātapotho 'tha vetase

पलाशे किंशुकः पर्णो वातपोथो ऽथ वेतसे ।१० क।

Bezeichnungen für पलाश - palāśa m.: Blatt, Laub, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. 1894 - Lackbaum - Forest flame:

  1. किंशुक - kiṃśuka m.: "ist das ein Papagei?"

  2. पर्ण - parṇa m.: Blatt (= पलाश)

  3. वातपोथ - vātapotha m.: Windschlag

Colebrooke (1807): "Butea frondosa [Roxb. ex Willd = Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub]."


Abb.: किंशुकः । Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. - Lackbaum - Forest flame
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 16, 1686]


Abb.: किंशुकः । Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. - Lackbaum - Forest flame
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 17, 1686]


Abb.: किंशुकः । Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. - Lackbaum - Forest flame
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: किंशुकः । Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: पर्णः । Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Butea frondosa. Corom. pl. i. No. 21. Willd. m.p. 917.

Arboreous.

Sans. Pulasa.

Beng. Pulas.

Erythrina monosperma. Lamarck. Encycl. ii. p. 388.

[...]

A middle-sized, or rather a large tree, not very common on the low land of the coast, but much more so among the mountains, and still more in Bengal. Leaves deciduous, during the cool season; they come out again, with the flowers, about the months of March and April ; seed ripe in June and July.

[...]

From natural fissures, and wounds made in the bark of this tree, during' the hot season, there issues a most beautiful red juice, which soon hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent gum ; but it soon loses its beautiful colour, if exposed to the air. To preserve the colour, it must be gathered as soon as it becomes hard, and kept closely corked up in a bottle.

This gum held in the flame of a candle swells, and burns away slowly without smell or the least flame into a coal, and then into fine light white ashes. Held in the mouth it soon dissolves; its taste is strongly, but simply astringent. Heat does not soften it, but rather renders it more brittle. Pure water dissolves it perfectly; the solution is of a deep, clear red colour. It is in a great measure soluble in spirits, but this solution is paler, and a little turbid ; the watery solution also becomes turbid when spirit is added, and the spirituous more clear by the addition of water ; diluted vitriolic acid renders both solutions turbid, and caustic ; vegetable alkali changes the colour of the watery solution to a clean, deep, fiery blood red.* The spirituous, it also deepens, but in a less degree. Sal martis changes the watery solution into a good durable ink.

* With an alkalized decoction of this gum, I tried to dye cotton cloth prepared with alum, with sugar of lead, and with a solution of tin in aqua-regia ; but the reds produced thereby were bad ; that where alum was employed, was the best.

These are, I think, proofs that a very small proportion of resin is present in this substance. In this it differs essentially from the gum-resin called Kino or Gummi rubrum astringens Gambiense, which the Edinburgh College has taken into their Materia Medica* but as this can be most perfectly dissolved in watery menstruum it may prove of use, where a spirituous solution of the former, being the most complete, cannot be so properly administered ; consequently it may prove a valuable acquisition also. I have used the recent gum in making my experiments, which may make some difference.

* A specimen of the tree which produces this African substance in the Banksian herbarium, convinces me that it is a species of Elaeocarpus.

Infusions of the flowers, either fresh or dried, dyed cotton cloth, previously impregnated with a solution of alum, or alum and tartar, of a most beautiful bright-yellow, which was more or less deep, according to the strength of the infusion. A little alkali added to the infusion, changes it to a deep reddish orange. It then dyed unprepared cotton cloth of the same colour, which the least acid changes to a yellow, or lemon. These beautiful colours I have not been able to render perfectly permanent.

Amongst numberless experiments, I expressed a quantity of the juice of the fresh flowers, which was diluted with alum water, and rendered perfectly clear by depuration. It was then evaporated by the heat of the sun, into a soft extract; this proves a brighter water colour than any gamboge I have met with. It is now one year since I first used it, and it remains bright.

Infusions of the dried flowers yielded me an extract very little, if any thing, inferior to this last mentioned. They yield also a very five durable yellow lake, and all these in a very large proportion.

The Lac insects are frequently found on the small branches and the petioles of the leaves of this tree. Whether the natural juice of its bark contributes to improve the colour of their red nidus, or colouring, matter, I cannot say. It would require a set of experiments accurately made on specimens of lac gathered from the various trees it is found on, at the same time, and as nearly as possible from the same place, to determine this point.

I do not find that the natives make any use of the gum, or flowers, although they promise to be valuable. The former as a medicine ; and the latter as a pigment, and dying drug."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 244ff.]
"Butea frondosa (Roxb.) N. O. Leguminosae

Bastard Teak

Description.--Middle-sized tree; [...]

Fl. Dec.-Feb.

W. & A, Prod. i. 261. -- Roxb. Cor. i. t. 21. -- Fl. Ind. iii. 244.

Erythrina monosperma, Lam.

Malabar. Circars.

Medical Uses.—The seeds are reckoned an excellent vermifuge, especially with the Mohammedan doctors. English practitioners have also testified to their value in this respect. The 6eeds are first soaked in water, the testa removed, and the kernel then dried and pulverised. In large doses, however, this medicine is apt to produce vomiting; and, further, is apt to irritate the kidneys. The pounded seeds made into a paste have been found useful in ringworm. The inspissated juice obtained from the stem by incision is known as the Bengal Kino, and is an efficient substitute for the real Kino. A similar exudation is yielded by the B. superba and B. parviflora. Both are employed medicinally by the natives, being possessed of some efficiency as astringents.—(Pharm. of India,) The flowers are used as a fomentation in dysuria. The seeds are considered warm purgatives, and are used in fevers, and also as anthelmintics. The juice is used in diarrhea, pyrosis, and after parturition.— (Powell's Punj. Prod.) The Butte Kino is one of the most valuable articles of the class to which it belongs. It appears to be one of the most useful kinds of gum, and might be supplied to any extent from the province of Pegu.—(M'Clelland.) The exudation of the Butea or Pulos Kino, when exported to England a few years ago, was recognised as being "gummi rubrum astringens" of the old druggists. M. Guibert of Paris, to whom some of it had been sent, states his opinion in his work on drugs that it is the original Kino, which had entirely disappeared from commerce, and was once so much valued as to be sold for nearly a guinea a-pound. Amherst province can furnish almost any quantity of the article, the tree which produces it being one of the most common denizens of its forests.—(Mason.) The true Pulos goond or Bengal Kino is of brittle texture and ruby- red colour, freely soluble in the mouth, inodorous, of excessively astringent taste, soluble in water, the solution being of a deep-red colour, partially soluble in alcohol, giving a pale tincture. The juice is at first very fluid and red, then becomes paler and hardens. Its extraction takes place during the hot season. In the ' Dublin Pharmacopoeia' the exudation is described as a variety of Kino. The true Kino, however, proceeds from a different source; but in chemical effects and medical properties both are identical. The Pulos Kino is extremely rich in tannic and gallic acids, and contains, moreover, arabine and ulnine. From this composition, as might be expected, it exercises the most powerful astringent effects. In two or three grain doses it is an excellent remedy in many forms of chronic diarrhea; and as an external astringent application it is quite unrivalled.—O'Shaughnessy.

Economic Uses.—This tree, when in flower, has a very striking appearance, from the gaudy appearance of its bright scarlet corollas. Peacock in his ' Greece in India' has remarked that the name of  Pelassi has been derived from this plant. In modern times the name of Plassy, so celebrated in Indian history, is nothing more than Palas or Palasie, the Hindoostanee name for this beautiful tree.

The natives are very fond of offering the flowers in their temples; and the women, by intertwining the rich scarlet blossoms in their hair, assume a very attractive and pleasing appearance. The natives in the North-Western Provinces employ the Kino for precipitating their indigo, and in tanning; but in England it is objected to on account of the discoloration it imparts to leather. The lac insects are frequently found upon the smaller branches and petioles of the tree; but whether the natural juices of its bark contribute to improve the red colouring matter of the lac has  not been determined. The expressed juice of the fresh flowers,-and infusion of the dried flowers, yield a water-colour brighter than gamboge; they also yield a fine durable yellow lake in a large proportion. The wood of the tree is one of those burnt for gunpowder charcoal. Strong ropes are made from the fibre of the roots, used immediately after the bark has been stripped off.—G. Don. Roxb. Ainslie."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]
"BUTEA FRONDOSA, Roxb.

Bastard teak

[...]

History, Uses, &c.--This tree has long been known to the Hindus under the Sanskrit name of Palāsha, as possessing valuable medicinal properties. It is also a sacred tree, being called the treasurer of the gods and sacrifice; from its wood are made sacred utensils and the staff of the Brahmin, which is placed in his hand on the day of the Sodmunj. The red flowers are offered in the temples at the bloody sacrifices of the goddess Kālī. The leaf, like that of Erythrina indica, is supposed to represent the Hindu trinity, and is used for making the platters required at the Chaul ceremony, when the last tuft of hair being removed, the Brahmin boy becomes a Sādhu and must eat from a leaf platter (Brahma-pattra).

The dry twigs of the plant called Samidhās are used to feed the Hom, or sacred fire. The tree is also known in Sanskrit as Lākshataru or "lac tree," because large quantities of lac are collected from its branches. Its flowers are likened by the Buddhists to penitents dressed in red. A strophe of the Saptashataka says- "In the spring the earth shines with the flowers of the Palasha as if it were covered with Bhikshus." It is the anthropogonic tree of several castes. In the Bhavaprakasa the use of the seeds of Palāsa as an aperient and anthelmintic is noticed; they are directed to be beaten into a paste with honey for administration. Sārangadhara also recommends them as an anthelmintic. The use of the gum as an external astringent application is mentioned by Chakradatta; it is directed to be combined with other astringents and rock salt. He recommends this mixture as a remedy for pterygium and opacities of the cornea. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya describes the leaves of Palās as very astringent, depurative, diuretic and aphrodisiac, and says that they are used to disperse boils and pimples, and are given internally in flatulent colic, worms and piles. The flowers are astringent, depurative, diuretic and aphrodisiac; as a poultice they are used to disperse swellings and promote diuresis and the menstrual flow. The seed is anthelmintic, and, combined with astringents and rock salt, as already mentioned, is used to remove white spots from the cornea. (Cf. Makhzan, article Palās.) Ainslie notices the use of the seeds by Tamil practitioners as an anthelmintic, in doses of a tablespoonful and a half twice daily, both in cases of tapeworm and ascarides. He quotes Roxburgh's description of the gum and flowers, but remarks that the native appear to make no use of either of them. From the Hortus Malabaricus, it appears that the bark is given in conjunction with ginger in cases of snake-bite. Dr. Sherwood informed Ainslie that a decoction of the seeds with nitre was prescribed in gravelly complaints by native practitioners. In India at the present time the gum is much used as a substitute for kino by natives and Europeans with satisfactory results. We have tried the seeds as an anthelmintic, and are inclined to think favourably of them; they have an aperient action. An infusion of two or three seeds is used for this purpose. When pounded with lemon-juice and applied to the skin they act powerfully as a rubefacient. We have used them successfully for the cure of the form of herpes known as Dhobie's itch. In the Concan a poultice of the flowers boiled in water is applied to the abdomen in difficult micturition, and two tolās of the water with nitre is given internally. Dr. Fancourt Willis informs us that the Arab horse-dealers put one seed into each feed of corn to keep their horses in condition."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 454ff.]

2.5.18. Salix caprea L. 1753 - Sal-Weide - Goat Willow, oder: Calamus tenuis Roxb. - Rotang

Salicaceae (Weidengewächse)

Laubabwerfender Strauch oder bis 12 m hoher Baum.

10. palāśe kiṃśukaḥ parṇo vātapotho 'tha vetase
rathābhrapuṣpa-vidura-śīta-vānīra-vañjulāḥ

पलाशे किंशुकः पर्णो वातपोथो ऽथ वेतसे ।
रथाभ्रपुष्प-विदुर-शीत-वानीर-वञ्जुलाः ॥१०॥

Bezeichnungen für वेतस - vetasa m.: Rotang - Calamus tenuis Roxb.; Salix caprea L. 1753 - Sal-Weide - Goat Willow:

  1. रथ - ratha m.: Wagen

  2. अभ्रपुष्प - abhrapuṣpa m.: Wolkenblütler

  3. विदुर - vidura m.: Kluger

  4. शीत - śīta m.: Kalter

  5. वानीर - vānīra m.: Vānīra

  6. वञ्जुल - vañjula m.: Vañjula

Colebrooke (1807): "Bayas, or Bēnt. The Sanskrit name ist by some referred to the Ratan : but a different plant appears to be meant."

Salix caprea L. 1753 - Sal-Weide - Goat Willow


Abb.: अभ्रपुष्पः । Salix caprea L. 1753 - Sal-Weide - Goat Willow
[Bildquelle: CAM Lindman: Bilder zu Nordens Flora / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"SALIX CAPREA, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—The willow ιτεα was well-known to the ancient Greeks, and the Greek name is considered to be cognate to the Sanskrit Vitika, the old German Wida, and the old English With or Withy. Herodotus (i.,194) mentions it, and Theophrastus (H. P. iii., 13) mentions two kinds, λεθκη and μελαινα. Dioscorides (i.,121) notices its astringent properties, and the various medicinal uses to which the bark, leaves, seed and juice were put. Pliny (17, 20) describes the cultivation of the willow, and (24, 9) its medicinal properties. The ancients considered it to be very cooling, "Porro impediunt et remittunt coitum folia salicis trita et epota"; it was also thought to occasion sterility in women. The concrete juice of the plant mentioned by Greek and Latin writers is considered by Fée to have been a kind of manna.

[...]

In China and Persia the tree is considered to be symbolic of immortality. S. babylonica is planted in burial grounds in the latter country, and has been introduced into India by the Moghals for this purpose ; among the Romans it was sacred to Juno Fluonia. For an account of the funereal use of the willow in China, the reader is referred to Schlegel's Uranographie Chinoise, or De Gubernatis' Myth, des Plantes, article Saule.

The Persian settlers in India have introduced the flowers (bidmishk) and the distilled water (ma-el-khilaf) of S. Caprea, both of which are used by the upper classes of Mahometans and Parsees, who consider them to be cephalic and cardiacal, and use them as domestic remedies in almost every kind of slight ailment.

Raughan-i-bid, an oil prepared by boiling two parts of the distilled water with one of sesamum oil until the water has all evaporated, is a favorite remedy for cough."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 364ff.]

Calamus rotang L. 1753 - Rattanpalme - Rattan Palm

bis ca. 10 m hoch


Abb.: वेतसः । Calamus rotang L. 1753 - Rattanpalme - Rattan Palm
[Bildquelle: James Sowerby (1757-1822) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

2.5.19. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. 1795 - Indian Willow

Salicaceae (Weidengewächse)

Laubabwerfender Baum.

11. a./b. dvau parivyādha-vidulau nādeyī cāmbuvetase

द्वौ परिव्याध-विदुलौ नादेयी चाम्बुवेतसे ।११ क।

Bezeichnungen für Wasser-वेतस - ambuvetasa m.: Salix tetrasperma Roxb. 1795 - Indian Willow:

  1. परिव्याध - parivyādha m.: Beschießer, Verwunder

  2. विदुल - vudula m.: Vudula

  3. नादेयी - nādeyī f.: zum Fluss Gehörende

Colebrooke (1807): "The same growing in water."


Abb.: अम्बुवेतसः । Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: अम्बुवेतसः । Salix tetrasperma Roxb., Mahabaleshwar - महाबळेश्वर, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/91314344@N00/2195566880. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-02. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)] 

"Salix tetrasperma. Willd. iv. 657. Corom. pl. 1. N. 97.

[...]

Sans. Burun.

[...]

This is the only species of Salix I have yet found in India. It is a middle-sized tree, a native of the banks of rivulets and moist places among the Circar mountains. Flowering time the cold season."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 753f.]
"Salix tetrasperma (Roxb.) N. O. Salicaceae

Description.--Small tree; [...]

Fl. March-July.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 753.--Wight Icon. t. 1953. --Roxb. Cor. i. t. 97.

Rivulets on the Ghauts and similar places in the Peninsula. Neilgherries. Khasia hills. Oude.

Medical Uses.—The bark is stated to be valuable as a febrifuge. —(Dalz. Bomb. Flor.) Under the Hindustani names of Khilaf and Bed-i-musk is included Salix caprea (Linn.), the flowers of which yield, on distillation, an aromatic water which has valuable stimulant properties assigned to it, and is held in high repute in a variety of diseases. The ashes of the wood are also prescribed in haemoptysis.—Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. Punj. Feb. 1852, p. 161."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.20. Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783 - Meerrettichbaum - Horseradish Tree

Moringaceae (Bennussgewächse)

Bis 10 m hoher Baum.

11. c./d. śobhāñjane śigrutīkṣṇagandhakākṣīvamocakāḥ
12. a./b. rakto 'sau madhuśigruḥ syād ariṣṭaḥ phenilaḥ samau

शोभाञ्जने शिग्रु-तीक्ष्ण-गन्धकाक्षीव-मोचकाः ॥११ ख॥
रक्तो ऽसौ मधुशिग्रुः स्याद् अरिष्टः फेनिलः समौ ।१२ क।

Bezeichnungen für शोभाञ्जन - śobhāñjana m.: prächtige Salbe Habender - Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783 - Meerrettichbaum - Horseradish Tree:

  1. शिग्रु - śighru m.: Śigru

  2. तीक्ष्ण - tīkṣṇa m.: Scharfer, Spitzer

  3. गन्धक - gandhaka m.: Riechender

  4. अक्षीव - akṣīva m.: Salziger

  5. मोचक - mocaka m.: Befreiender, Lösender

Die rote Varietät davon heißt मधुशिग्रु - madhu-śighru m.: Honig-Śigru

Colebrooke (1807): "Morunga. Hyperanthera morunga [(L.) Vahl. = Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783] or Guilandina morunga [L. = Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783]."


 Abb.: तीक्ष्णः ।  Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783 - Meerrettichbaum - Horseradish Tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 11, 1686]


 Abb.: तीक्ष्णः ।  Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783 - Meerrettichbaum - Horseradish Tree
[Bildquelle: Icones plantarum rariorum / editae Nicolao Josepho Jacquin. -- Vol. 3. -- 1786 - 1793. -- Tab. 461]


Abb.: तीक्ष्णः ।  Moringa oleifera Lam. 1783 - Meerrettichbaum - Horseradish Tree
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: अक्षीवः । Früchte, Hawaii
[Bildquelle: Forest Starr & Kim Starr. -- http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=080609-7915&o=plants. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-08. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Hyperanthera moringa. Willd. 2. 536. Asiat. Res. 11. 168.

[...]

Common in a cultivated state all over India. The leaves, flowers, and tender seed-vessels, are eaten by the natives in their curries.

A red flowered species, or variety is found in the vicinity of Malda, its Sanscrit name Mudhoo-shigroo."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 368]
"Moringa pterygosperma (Gaertn.) N. O. Moringaceae

Horse-radish tree

Description.--Tree, 30-35 feet; [...]

Fl. Jan.-July.

W. & A. Prod. i. 178.

Guilandia Moringa, Linn. sp.

Hyperanthera Moringa, Vahl.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 368. -- Rheede vi. t. 11

Common in gardens in the Peninsula.

Medical Uses.—The native practitioners prescribe the fresh root as a stimulant in paralysis and intermittent fevers. They also use it in epilepsy and hysteria, and reckon it a valuable rubefacient in palsy and chronic rheumatism. In Java the roots have been reported beneficial in dropsy. The same virtues have been ascribed to the horse-radish of Europe, a syrup made with an infusion of which the celebrated Dr Cullen found efficacious in removing hoarseness. The root has a pungent odour and a heavy aromatic taste. Dr Wight suggested that it would greatly increase the activity of sinapisms. An oil is prepared from the seeds which is used externally for pains in the limbs, gout, and rheumatism. In the West Indies it is used as a salad oil, because it does not congeal or turn rancid. The leaves, bark, and root, according to Rheede, are antispasmodic. The juice of the leaves mixed with pepper is applied over the eyes in vertigo; and mixed with common salt is given to children in flatulency. It is also used to hasten suppuration in boils. The bark, rubbed up in rice-water mixed with cumin-seed, is a cure for gumboils and toothache. The leaves simply warmed are applied in hydrocele, and also good for ulcers and guinea-worm. A gum resembling tragacanth exudes from this tree if an incision be made in the bark. It is used, in headache, mixed with milk and externally rubbed on the temples. It is also locally applied to buboes and venereal pains in the limbs. In Jamaica the wood is employed for dyeing a blue colour.—Ainslie. Rheede."

Economic uses.—The root of this tree is much like the English horse-radish. The long legumes are well known as a vegetable so often used both by Europeans and natives in curries. The seeds were formerly known as the Ben nuts, from which the oil of Ben was extracted. It is chiefly used by perfumers and watchmakers. Both leaves and flowers are eaten by the natives.—Wight. Lindley."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"MORINGA PTERYGOSPERMA, Gdrin.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—The root of this very common-tree, the Sobhanjana, Murungi and Danshamula (pungent root) of Sanskrit writers, is described by the Hindus as acrid, pungent, stimulant and diuretic, and is applied externally as a rubefacient. The seeds are said to be stimulant and are called Sveta maricha (white pepper). The Bhavaprakasa mentions two varieties of the tree, viz., white and red (Probably M. concanensis, Nimmo which has red flowers). The white is said to be the stronger rubefacient, but the red is preferred for internal use; it is given in ascites arising from enlargement of the liver and spleen. In internal and deep-seated inflammation and abscess (vidradhi), a decoction of the root bark is recommended to be given with the addition of asafoetida and rock salt. The root bark is besides used externally as a plaster, and the inflamed part fomented with its decoction. A decoction of the root bark is considered useful in calculous affections. The seeds are an ingredient in some stimulant applications. The gum of the tree, mixed with sesamum oil, is recommended to be poured into the ears for the relief of otalgia; it is also rubbed with milk and applied in headache to the temples. Mahometan writers describe Sahjna flowers as hot and dry, and consider that they expel cold humours, disperse swellings, act as a tonic and diuretic, and increase the Row of bile. The juice of the root with milk is diuretic, antilithic and digestive, and is useful in asthma. A poultice made with the root reduces swellings, but is very irritating and painful to the skin. The pods are a wholesome vegetable, and act as a preventive against intestinal worms (vide Makhzan, article Sahjna). Ainslie mentions the use of the Morunghy root by Europeans as a substitute for Horseradish. He also says that the native doctors prescribe it as a stimulant in paralytic affections and intermittent fever in doses of about one scruple ; that they also employ it in epilepsy and hysteria, and consider it a valuable rubefacient in palsy and chronic rheumatism. He wrongly supposes the seeds to be the Hab-el-ban of the Arabians. Rumphius and Loureiro state that the bark is emmenagogue and even abortifacient. In Bengal half ounce doses of the bark are said to be used to procure abortion. In Madras the following prescription is said to be a good remedy for scorpion stings:—Moringa bark and nut of each 4 ozs., tobacco 2 ozs., gunpowder 2 drachms. Make into a smooth paste, roll into a pencil and dry. When required rub it with a little water over the sting. According to Fleming, the oil of the seeds is used as an external application for rheumatism in Bengal. In India the root is generally accepted by Europeans as a perfect substitute fur Horse-radish. The unripe pods are used as a vegetable ; they may be boiled and served with melted butter, or cut in pieces and mixed with curries. The flowers are eaten in curries, and also fried with butter. The young leaves are boiled with onions and spices and used in the same manner. A decoction of the root bark is used as a fomentation to relieve spasm. In the Concan the bark of the wild tree is ground with Plumbago root, pigeon's dung, and chicken's dung and applied to destroy Guinea-worms. Four tolas of the juice of the leaves of the cultivated tree are given as an emetic. The gum is said to be used to produce abortion, but it is difficult to obtain any reliable evidence upon a point of this nature ; it would be quite possible to use it as a tent to dilate the os uteri, as it is very tough, and swells rapidly when moistened. In many parts of India the right of collecting the pods upon Government lands, for sale as a vegetable, is leased; they are never allowed to ripen, and the oil is not expressed. The Bengal Pharmacopoeia furnishes formulas for a compound spirit and compound infusion. In the Pharmacopoeia of India the plant is placed in the  secondary list, and its principal uses are briefly noticed."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 396ff.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Moringa oleifera Lam. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/moringa_oleifera.htm

2.5.21. Sapindus trifoliatus L. 1753 - Seifenbaum - Round soap nut tree

Sapindaceae (Seifenbaumgewächse)

Bis 25 m hoher Baum.

12. a./b. rakto 'sau madhuśigruḥ syād ariṣṭaḥ phenilaḥ samau

रक्तो ऽसौ मधुशिग्रुः स्याद् अरिष्टः फेनिलः समौ ।१२ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Sapindus trifoliatus L. 1753 - Seifenbaum - Round soap nut tree:]

  1. अरिष्ट - ariṣṭa m.: Unversehrter, Unglück

  2. फेनिल - phenila m.: Schaumiger [vgl. Seifenbaum]

Colebrooke (1807): "Soap berry. Sapindus saponaria [L.] and other species; but applied also to Mimosa abstergens [Roxb. ex Spreng.] R[oxb.]."

Sapindus trifoliatus L. 1753 - Seifenbaum - Round soap nut tree


Abb.: फेनिलः । Sapindus trifoliatus L. 1753 - Seifenbaum - Round soap nut tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 19, 1683]


Abb.: फेनिलः । Sapindus trifoliatus L. 1753 - Seifenbaum - Round soap nut tree
 [Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3363302196/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-0८. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Sapindus detergens R.

[...]

Sans. Urista.

I have found this tree only in Bengal, though a native of most parts of India. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season.

[...]

With the pulp of the fruit the Hindoos wash linen, &c.

In January, 1808, a healthy young tree of about twenty feet in height, reared from seed, received from North America, under the name Sapindus Saponaria, flowered abundantly, and ripened many seeds. It differs from my detergens ; 1st. in being a larger tree, and more ramous. 2nd, In the leaflets being acute, and lanceolar, that is taper at each end. 3rd. In the calyx, and corol consisting of six parts each, which are round, and shorter than the germ ; and in the petals being without the two woolly scales, so conspicuous in detergens. I therefore conclude they are distinct species, and doubt if the American tree is to be found indigenous in India, probably not in Asia."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 280ff.]
"Sapindus detergens (Roxb.) N. O. Sapindaceae

Description.--Tree, 20 feet; bark smooth, ash-coloured; [...]

Fl. March-April.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 280.

Bengal.

Economic Uses. — The Hindoos use the pulp of the fruit for washing linen. Several of the species are used for the same purpose instead of soap, owing to the presence of the vegetable principle called saponine. The root and bark, too, of many species are said to be saponaceous.—Roxb. Royle."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"SAPINDUS TRIFOLIATUS, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—The soapnut, in Sanskrit Phenila ans Arrishta, has probably been in use among the Hindus from the earliest ages as a detergent, and is still used in preference to soap for certain purposes, just as the soapworts were formerly used in the West. Malachias (3) writes: '« He is like a refiner's fire and like fuller's Borith, &c. In the Septuagint (270 B. C.) Borith is translated ' ποα ' and in the Vulgate 'herba'; the old English translation has 'sope.' Malachias' description of the purgation of the sons of Levi is exactly similar to the process to which the Indian goldsmith submits his ornaments. Both Hindus and Mahometans use it medicinally; the latter give it the name of Banduk or Finduk-i-Hindf (Indian Filbert). In the Nighantas it is described as hot, and a preventive of conception. The following account of its properties is extracted from the Makhzan-el-Adwiya :—"The pulp of the fruit is at first sweetish to the taste, afterwards very bitter; it is hot and dry, tonic and alexipharmic ; four grains in wine and sherbet cure colic; one miskal rubbed in water until it soaps, and then strained, may be given to people who have been bitten by venomous reptiles, and to those suffering from diarrhoea or cholera. Three or four grains may be given by the nose in all kinds of fits producing insensibility. Fumigations with it are useful in hysteria and melancholy; externally it may be applied made into a plaster with vinegar to the bites of reptiles and to scrofulous swellings. The root is said to be useful as an expectorant. Pessaries made of the kernel of the seed are used to stimulate the uterus in child-birth and amenorrhcea. One miskal of the pulp with one-eighth of a miskal of scammony acts as a good brisk purgative." Rheede describes the tree as anti-arthritic and says a bath is prepared with the leaves, and the root is administered internally. Ainslie mentions the use of soap-nuts by the Vytians as an expectorant in asthma. In India the pulp of the fruit is given as an anthelmintic in small doses. The bark is astringent. Soap berries are used in France for washing silk dyed with aniline colours. We have no record of the use of this fruit as a poison for human beings, doses of 70 grains and more appear to have no injurious effect upon the system when taken as a purge."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 367ff.]

Sapindus emarginatus Vahl

mittelgroßer Baum


Abb.: Sapindus emarginatus Vahl
[Bildquelle: Wight: Illustrations I, Tab. 51, 1840]

"Sapindus emarginatus. Vahl. symb. 3. 54. Willd. 2. 469.

A handsome, middling-sized tree, with a short trunk, and very large, dense, spreading head, decorated with beautiful thick, deep green foliage the whole year. Flowering time in Bengal, October ; the seeds ripen in April."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 279.]
"Sapindus emarginatus (Vahl)

Soapnut-tree

Description.--Tree, middling size; [...]

Fl. Oct.-Nov.

W. & A. Prod. i. 111.--Wight Ill. i. t. 51. -- Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 279.

Bengal. Northern Circars. Mysore. Bombay. Annamullaya.

Medical Uses.—The capsule is considered by the Vytians to be expectorant, and is prescribed in humoral asthma. It also has a detergent quality when bruised, forming suds if agitated in hot water. The natives use this as a soap for washing the hair, silk, &c. The seeds are said to be applied to the mouth of persons in epileptic fits with success. Dr Wight had never seen the tree in the Peninsula, and remarks that it is only distinguishable from S. detergent (Roxb.) by the leaflets being glabrous on both sides, and from four to six pair.—Ainslie. Wight.

Economic Uses.—The wood is yellow, hard, and prettily grained, and is used for ordinary work, but not very durable.—(Beddome Flor. Sylv. t. 154.) The wood of the S. rubiginosus (Roxb.) is useful for various purposes, being strong and durable. It is of a chocolate colour towards the middle. The leaves resemble those of the ash, and are very soft to the touch.—J. Graham. Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.22. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa 1800  - Belbaum - Bael Tree

Rutaceae (Rautengewächse)

Bis 15 m hoher, laubabwerfender Baum.

12. c./d. bilve śāṇḍilya-śailūṣau mālūra-śrīphalāv api

बिल्वे शाण्डिल्य-शैलूषौ मालूर-श्रीफलाव् अपि ॥१२ ख॥

Bezeichnungen für den बिल्व - bilva m.: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa 1800 - Belbaum - Bael Tree:

  1. शाण्डिल्य - śāṇḍilya  m.: Śāṇḍilya

  2. शैलूष - śailūṣa m.: Schauspieler, Tänzer

  3. मालूर - mālūra m.: Mālūra

  4. श्रीफल - śrīphala m.: Frucht der Glücksgöttin (Śrī).

Colebrooke (1807): "Marmelos. Aegle marmelos [(L.) Corrêa 1800] or Crataeva marmelos [L. = Aegle marmelos]."


 Abb.: बिल्वः । Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa 1800 - Belbaum - Bael Tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus III. Fig. 37, 1683]


Abb.: बिल्वः । Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa 1800 - Belbaum - Bael Tree
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol II. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: बिल्वः । Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa 1800 - Belbaum - Bael Tree
[Bildquelle: Medicinal plants. Being descriptions with original figures of the principal plants employed in medicine and an account of the characters, properties, and uses of their parts and products of medicinal value. / by Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen. Plates by David Blair. In four volumes., 1880. -- vol. 1, pl. 55]


Abb.: श्रीफलः । Florida, USA
[Bildquelle: Asit K. Ghosh / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Aegle Marmelos. Corom. pl. 2. N. 143. Corr in act. Soc. Linn. 5. 222.

Bilva, or Mabua. Asiat. Res. 2. p. 349.

[...]

Grows to be a pretty large tree. Is a native of the mountainous parts of the coast of Coromandel ; is also found sparingly, in the low lands. It flowers during the hot season, and the fruit ripens after the rains.

[...]

This is the Bilva or Matura of the Asiat. Res. vol. 2. page 349, from whence the following is an extract. "Uses. The fruit is nutritious, warm, cathartic ; in taste delicious, in fragrance exquisite ; its aperient, and detersive quality, and its efficacy in removing habitual costiveness, have been proved by constant experience. The mucus of the seed is for some purposes a very good cement." Note " This fruit is called Shreephula, because it sprang, say the Indian poets from the milk of Shree, the goddess of abundance, who bestowed it on mankind at the request of Jowarra, whence he alone wears a chaplet of Bilva flowers, to him only the Hindoos offer them ; and when they see any of them fallen on the ground, they take them up with reverence, and carry them to his temple."

The root, bark, leaves, and flowers are reckoned refrigerants by the Malabar physicians. The ripe fruit they esteem most wholesome.

In Bengal there is a small variety, which the natives call Shreephala and is I presume that just mentioned by Sir W. Jones."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 579ff.]
"Aegle marmelos (Corr.) N. O. Aurantiaceae

Bael or Bel tree

Description.--Tree, middling size, armed with sharp spines; [...]

Fl. May.

W. & A. Prod. i. 96.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 579. -- Cor. ii. 143.

Crataeva marmelos, Linn.--Wight Icon. t. 16.--Rheede iii. t. 37.

Peninsula. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—The fruit of this tree is somewhat like an orange. The cells contain, besides the seeds, a large quantity of tenacious transparent gluten, which becomes hard on drying, but continues transparent. The fruit is nutritious, and occasionally employed as an alterative. It is very palatable; and its aperient qualities in the removal of habitual costiveness have been well ascertained. The root, bark, and leaves are reckoned refrigerant in Malabar. The bark of the root especially is given in compound decoctions in intermittent fevers, and the leaves made into poultices in ophthalmia. When dried before it is ripe the fruit is used in decoction in diarrhea and dysentery; and when ripe and mixed with juice of tamarinds, forms an agreeable drink. A water distilled from the flowers is reputed to be alexipharmic. A decoction of the bark of the tree is given in palpitation of the heart, and of the leaves in asthma.—(Roxb. Ainslie. Rheede.) According to Br Green, a sherbet of the ripe fruit taken every morning proves serviceable in moderate cases of dyspepsia. He further adds that the unripe fruit baked for six hours is a powerful astringent—(Ind. Ann. Med. Sc., ii. 224.) The fullest accounts of the properties and uses of the Bael are given in the papers by Grant and Cleghorn in Indian Annals of Med. Science ii. 222- 234.

Economic Uses.—The mucus of the seeds is used as an excellent addition to mortar, especially in the construction of wells. A yellow dye is procured from the astringent rind of the fruit—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"AEGLE MARMELOS, Corr.

Bael tree (Eng.)

This is a sacred tree amongst the Hindus, its leaves being used in the worship of Siva. On this account it is to be found cultivated everywhere in Hindu gardens. It is considered sacrileguous to destroy it; enormous quantities of the leaves are gathered for use in the temples at certain seasons. In ancient Sanskrit poems it is frequently alluded to as an emblem of increase and fertility, it is considered to be very auspicious (ati-mangalya). The baten of the Vaisya or third caste of Hindus is obtainded from this tree. The fruit is the subject of several Solar-phallic myths. Hindu physicians regard the unripe or half ripe fruit as astringent, digestive, and stomachic, and presribe it in diarrhoea and dysentery. The ripe fruit is considered aromatic, cooling and laxative. A thick sherbet of the ripe fruit has a reputation among Europeans as an agreeable laxative; the dose is a tumbler-full. The dried pulp of the fruit is called Vilva peshika in Sanskrit. The root bark is used as a remedy in hypochondriasis, melancholia and palpitation of the heart (diseases supposed to be caused by deranged air); it is one of the Dasamula or ten plants (vīde Tribulus terrestris). The fresh juice of the leaves is given with honey as a laxative and febrifuge; it is used in asthmatic complaints, and with the addition of black pepper in anasarca with constiveness and jaundice; moreover, in external inflammations it is given to correct the supposed derangement of the humours. The Mahometans use the Bel as a medicine, and Muhammad bin Zakarieh describes it; they consider the ripe fruit to be hot and dry, the very young fruit cold in the second degree, and the half ripe fruit cold in the first and dry in the second degree; its properties are described in the Makhzan-el-Adwiya as cardiacal, restorative, tonic and astringent; it is directed to be combined with sugar for administration to prevent its giving rise to piles. The pulp of the half-ripe fruit baked and mixed with sugar and rose water when given on an empty stomach is said to be a good remedy for diarrhoea. Garcia d'Orta, physician to the Viceroy of Goa in the 16th century, describes the Bel fruit under the name of Marmelos de Benguala, and mentions its use in dysentery. Bontius also mentions it. Rheede in his Hort. Malab. (Vol. iii., p. 37), notices its use on the Malabar coast. Rumphius remarks that the gum is like cherry gum, it tastes at first sweet but afterwards slightly acrid. He also tells us that the Chinese make an extract of the leaves and young fruit which they use for adulterating opium. Ainslie and the author of the Bengal Dispensatory quote Rheede, but give no further information upon the use of the fruit in dysentery. In 1853, Sir B. Martin, writing in the Lancet (Vol. II., p. 58), called the attention of the profession to it; finally, in 1869, it was made official in the Pharmacopoeia of India, where it is recommended as a remedy of much value in atonic diarrhoea and dysentery and in the advanced stages of those diseases, in irregularity of the bowels, and in habitual constipation. In the Concan the small unripe fruit (Bal belphal) is given with fennel seeds and ginger in decoction for piles; a compound pill containing two parts each of Bāl belphal, Mimusops Elengi fruit, and galls, one part each of nutmags, cloves, saffron, nāgkesar and mace, is used as a remedy for diarrhoea; the dose is one pill for a child and three for an adult. Two tolās of the juice of the bark is given with a little cummin in milk as a remedy for poverty of the seminal fluid. The best preparation of Bael fruit is a marmelade made from the full grown but still tender fruit cut in thin slices; it keeps well, which is not the case with the conserve made from the pulp of the ripe fruit usually met with in the shops."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 277ff.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/aegle_marmelos.htm

2.5.23. Ficus virens Aiton 1789 - White Fig

Moraceae (Maulbeergewächse)

Bis 32 m. hoher Würgfeigenbaum.

13. a./b. plakṣo jaṭī parkaṭī syān nyagrodho bahupādvaṭaḥ

प्लक्षो जटी पर्कटी स्यान् न्यग्रोधो बहुपाद्वटः ।१३ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Ficus virens Aiton 1789 - White Fig:]

  1. प्लक्ष - plakṣa m.: Plakṣa

  2. जटिन् - jaṭin m.: Haarflechtenträger

  3. पर्कटिन् - parkaṭin m.: Parkaṭin

Colebrooke (1807): "Waved leaved fig-tree. Ficus venosa."


Abb.: Ficus virens L. - White fig
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus III. Fig. 64, 1682]


Abb.: प्लक्षः । Coppersmith Barbet - Megalaima haemacephala frisst Frucht von Ficus virens L. - White fig, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: जटी ।
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/91314344@N00/3155124261. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-0८. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Ficus infectoria. Willd. iv. 1137.

[...]

Placsha (Plucksha.) Asiat. Res. iv. 310.

[...]

A large and most beautiful tree with a far extended uncommonly dense head ; a native of Bengal, I never met with it on the Coromandel coast. The trunk is large, and irregular like that of Ficus religiosa, sometimes dropping- roots of considerable magnitude from the trunk and branches."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 551.]
"Ficus rubescens (Vahl)

[...]

Medical Uses.—The juice of the root of this shrub is internally administered in colic pains, and the juice of the leaves mixed with milk in dysentery. The bark of the root, which is very bitter, pulverised and mixed with Coriander seed, is considered a good remedy in coughs and asthma, and similar affections of the chest—(Rheede. Roxb.) The F. tsiela appears to have similar virtues. From the bark of the root of the F. infectoria a peculiar kind of bow-string is made, and a red dye is prepared from the root used for dyeing cloths. Most of the species of Ficus have been removed to the new genus Urostigma."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.24. Ficus benghalensis L. 1753 - Banyan-Feige - Banyan Tree

Moraceae (Maulbeergewächse)

Epiphyte mit Luftwurzeln, bis 20 m hoch, bis über 14.000 m² sich ausbreitender Baum.

13. a./b. plakṣo jaṭī parkaṭī syān nyagrodho bahupādvaṭaḥ

प्लक्षो जटी पर्कटी स्यान् न्यग्रोधो बहुपाद्वटः ।१३ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Ficus benghalensis L. 1753 - Banyan-Feige - Banyan Tree:]

  1. न्यग्रोध - nyagrodha m.: Abwärtswachsender

  2. बहुपाद् - bahupād m.: Vielfüßler

  3. वट - vaṭa m.: Vaṭa

Colebrooke (1807): "Indian fig-tree. Ficus indica [L. = Ficus benghalensis L. 1753]."


 Abb.: न्यग्रोधः । Ficus benghalensis L. 1753 - Banyan-Feige - Banyan Tree
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 28, 1678]


Abb.: न्यग्रोधः । Pune - पुणे, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: Olof Werngren. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/olofw/2742969163/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-08. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: बहुपात् । Great Banyan, Kolkata, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: McKay Savage. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckaysavage/2798682443/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-08. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


Abb.: वटः । Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) auf Ficus benghalensis, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia GNU FDLicense]

"Ficus Indica. Amoen. Acad. i. p, 27. Martyn's ed. Mill. Dict. N. 9.

[...]

Sans. Vuta. See Asiat. Res. iv. 310.

[...]

Banyan tree.

An account of this immense, and most beautiful tree, is to be met with in almost every history of India.

It grows wild about the skirts of the Circar mountains, but in greatest perfection about, and in villages, where it is planted for the sake of its extensively cool, grateful shade; it is there the tree is found in its greatest perfection and beauty. Flowering time the hot season. I know of no other species of Ficus, which sends forth fibres from the branches, that descend to the ground, and become trunks.

[...]

The Brahmins are partial to the leaves of this tree to make their plates to eat off ; they are jointed together by inkles.

Bird-lime is prepared from the tenacious milky juice which every part of the tree yields in abundance on being wounded.

Birds eat the fruit, and the seeds grow the better for having passed through them ; if they drop in the alae of the leaves of the Palmyra tree, ( Borassus flabelliformis) they grow and extend their descending parts so as in time to embrace entirely the parent Palmyra, except its upper parts. In very old ones the top thereof is just seen issuing from the trunk of the Banyan as if it grew from thence, whereas it runs down through its centre and has its roots in the ground, the Palm being the oldest. For such the Hindoos entertain a religious veneration, saying it is a holy marriage instituted by Providence."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 539ff.]
"Ficus Bengalensis (Linn.) N. O. Moraceae.

Common Banyan-tree

Description.--Tree; branches spreading very much; [...]

Wight. Icon t. 1989.

F. Indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 539.

Urostigma Bengalense, Miquel.--Rheede i. t. 28

Common everywhere.

Medical Uses.—The seeds of the fruit are considered as cooling and tonic, being prescribed in the form of electuary. The white glutinous juice which flows from the stems is applied as a remedy in toothache, and also to the soles of the feet when cracked and inflamed. The bark given in infusion is said to be a tonic, and is also used in diabetes.—A indie.

Economic Uses.—There are several species as well as varieties of the Banyan-tree which throw out roots from their branches. The present one may perhaps be considered the best type of the family. It is remarkable, as every one knows, for the singular property of letting a gummy kind of rootlet fall from its branches. These on reaching the ground soon form a natural support to the larger branches of the parent tree, and several of these extending and increasing from year to year, forming a vast assemblage of pillar-like stems, cover a considerable area round the original trunk,—

" Branching so broad and long that in the ground
The bending twigs take root, and daughters grow
About the mother tree, a pillared shade—
High over-arched with echoing walks between."

Many instances are on record of the immense extent of some of these trees, which form so peculiar a feature in an Oriental landscape. One tree of the kind near Fort St David was computed to cover nearly 1700 yards. Colonel Sykes mentions one at Mhow with 68 stems descending from the branches, and capable of affording a shade under a vertical sun to 20,000 men. Roxburgh says that he has seen such trees fully 500 yards round the circumference of the branches and 100 feet high, the principal trunk being more than 25 feet to the branches, and 8 or 9 feet in diameter. Travelers in this country have described them large enough to shelter a regiment of cavalry, and how they have formed a natural canopy for public meetings and other assemblages. The ancients were acquainted with the tree, and both Strabo and Pliny have accurately described it. The wood is of no value, being light and porous. The Brahmins use the leaves as plates to eat off. Bird-lime is manufactured from the milky juice which abounds in every part of the tree. If the seeds drop into the axils of the leaves of the Palmyra-tree, the roots grow downwards embracing the trunk in their descent, until by degrees they envelop every part except the top. In very old specimens the leaves and head of the Palmyra are seen emerging from the trunk of the Banyan-tree, as if they grew from it. These the Hindoos regard with reverence, and call them holy marriages.— Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Ficus bengalensis, the Vata or Nyagrodha, has been sometimes confounded with the Aśvattha; both trees bear the synonyms Bahupada "many-footed," and Sikhandin "crested," but the Vata is specially described as Skandaja "born of the trunk," Ava-roha-śāyin "sending down branches," Skanda-ruha "growing from its own trunk," Pāda-rohana, &c. In Indian mythology an enormous Vata tree is supposed to grow upon mount Supārśva, to the south of the celestial mount Meru, and to cover eleven yojanas; in the Vishnu Purana we find a similar account of the Pippala growing on mount Vipula and covering eleven hundred yojanas. Devaki, when pregnant with Krishna, is said to have taken refuge under a Vata tree from Kansa, who had destroyed her first six children. The tree was a special favourite of the Buddha, and Arrian speaks of the Indian sages as sitting under it. There is one famous tree mentioned in the Ramayana, the Uttara Rama-charita, the Kurma-purana, and elsewhere, which still grows on an island in the Nerbudda; it is said to have been planted by the sage Kabira some two thousand years ago, and is popularly known as the Kabir Bar. Owing to the peculiar growth of these trees, there is no reason why they should not last for an indefinite period.

[...]

The white glutinous juice of F. bengalensis is applied as a remedy for toothache, and to the soles of the feet when cracked and inflamed. The leaves, after they have turned yellow, are given in the Concan with roasted rice in decoction as a diaphoretic; dose three leaves."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 339f. 341.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Ficus benghalensis L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_benghalensis.htm

2.5.25. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. 1814 - Rechenblume - Symplocos

Symplocaceae

Immergrüner Strauch oder Baum.

13. c./d. gālavaḥ śābaro lodhras tirīṭas tilva-mārjanau

गालवः शाबरो लोध्रस् तिरीटस् तिल्व-मार्जनौ ॥१३ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Symplocos racemosa Roxb. - Rechenblume - Symplocos:]

  1. गालव - gālava m.: Gālava

  2. शाबर - śābara m.: Śābara

  3. लोध्र - lodhra m.: Lodhra

  4. तिरीट - tirīṭa m.: Kopfputz, Turban, Diadem

  5. तिल्व - tilva m.: Tilva

  6. मार्जन - mārjana m.: Abwischer, Reiniger

Colebrooke (1807): "Lodh, The pale sort. The lodh is a bark used in dying, of which two sorts are in use. Some restrict the first term to this species, and make the rest common to both."


Abb.: तिल्वः । Symplocos racemosa Roxb. 1814 - Rechenblume - Symplocos
Abb.: Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]

"Symplocos racemosa. Roxb.

Racemes axillary. Leaves oblong, smooth, serrulate.

Sans. Savura, Lodhra.

Beng. Lodh.

A small tree of from twelve to twenty feet high, a native of Burdwan and Midnapore in Bengal. Flowering time the month of December ; the seed ripens in May.

[...]

The bark of this small tree is in request amongst the dyers of red in Calcutta, and is met with in the markets in that city for a trifling price.

It seems to be used as a mordant only. To dye with Munjeet (East India madder,) in which the bark called Lodh is an ingredient. For three yards of cloth take Lodh, the bark is meant, Bura Hur (Myroholana Chebula. Mat. Med. Terminalia chebula Roxb.) of each one chatuk, or two ounces, pound and rub them with water on a stone ; mix them up with water, and steep the cloth in it, then dry it. Take one chatuk of alum, dissolve it in water, and boil it, put the cloth into this solution, and let it boil for an hour, then wash and dry it. Then take Al, viz. Morinda tinctoria. Roxb. one chatuk Dhawra flowers, Grislea tomentosa. Roxb. one chatak Munjeet Rubia Munjeet. Roxb. half a seer, nearly a pound, separately, mix them with lukewarm water, and let it boil. Then put in the cloth, and let it remain boiling for forty minutes.

Aboor the red powder used by the natives during the Hoolee holidays is made about Kheerpaee, of the bark of this tree."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 539ff.]
"Symplocos racemosa (Roxb.) N. O. Styraceae

Description.--Tree; [...]

Fl. Dec.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.539.--Dec. Prod. viii. 255.

S. theaefolia, Don. Prod. Flor. Nep. 145.

Bengal. Western Ghauts.

Economic Uses.—This tree grows in the Kotah jungles. Xbe bark is used to dye red, and is exported for that purpose.—Fleming."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"SYMPLOCOS RACEMOSA, Roxb.

History, Uses, &c.--This tree, in Sanskrit Lodhra or Rodhra, Srimata, "propitious," and Tilaka, "because it is used in making the Tilaka mark on the forehead," is described in the Nighantas as hot, alterative, and useful in phlegmatic diseases and leprosy. In the Bhāvaprakāsa it is said to be absorbent, stomachic, refrigerent, astringent, expectorant and haemostatic, and to be useful in eye diseases, liver, fevers, dysentery and dropsy. A decoction of the bark is used as a gargle when the gums are spongy and bleeding. (Suśruta.) It enters into the composition of various pastes which are applied to inflamed parts; it is supposed to promote the maturation and resolution of stagnant humours. In fevers, dysentery and liver complaints, compound decoction and infusions are used, and in dysentery a compound powder containing liquorice root, Myrica sapida bark, and pomegranate rind in equal proportions to the Lodhra bark. (Sarangadhara, Chakradatta.)

Roxburgh remarks that the bark is in request among the dyers of red in Calcutta, and seems to be used as a mordant only. He gives the following receipt: -"For three yards of cloth take Lodh bark, Chebulic myrobalans of each 2 ozs., rub them down with water, then add more water, steep the cloth and dry it. Next take 2 ozs. of alum, dissolve it in water and boil the cloth and dry it. Next take 2 ozs. of alum, dissolve it in water and boil the cloth in the solution for an hour, then wash and dry it. Lastly, take bark of Morinda tinctoria and flowers of Woodfordia floribunda of each 2 ozs., Madder root 1 lb., mix them with lukewarm water and let it boil, then put in the cloth and keep it in the boiling liquid for forty minutes." In this receipt the Lodh appears to be used as a dye to modify the colour afterwards produced by the Morinda and Madder. The middle layers of Lodh bark contain much red colouring matter.

In Europe it was formerly looked upon as a cinchona bark, and has been known at various times as "Ecorce de lautor," "China nova," "China Calafornica," "China Bradilensis," and "China Paraquatan." It is now known as "Lotur bark." Drs. Charles and Kanny Loll Dey recommend the bark in 20 gr. doses mixed with sugar as a remedial agent in menorrhagia due to relaxation of the uterine tissue; it should be given two to three times a day for three or four days. Dr. K. L. Dey considers that the drug has a specific action upon relaxed mucous membranes. (Pharm. Journ., Sept. 24, 1881.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 373f.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Symplocos racemosa Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/symplocos_racemosa.htm

2.5.26. Mangifera indica J. König ex L. 1753 - Echte Mango - Mango

Anacardiaceae (Sumachgewächse)

Bis 45 m hoher, immergrüner Baum.

14. a./b. āmraś cūto rasālo 'sau sahakāro 'tisaurabhaḥ

आम्रश् चूतो रसालो ऽसौ सहकारो ऽतिसौरभः ।१४ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Mangifera indica J. König ex L. 1753 - Echte Mango - Mango:]

  1. आम्र - āmra m.: Āmra

  2. चूत - cūta m.: Cūta 

  3. रसाल - rasāla m.: Stätte der Geschmäcker

Colebrooke (1807): "Mango. Mangifera indica."


 Abb.: आम्रः । Mangifera indica J. König ex L. 1753 - Echte Mango - Mango
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 1, 1683]


 Abb.: आम्रः । Mangifera indica J. König ex L. 1753 - Echte Mango - Mango
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 2, 1683]


 Abb.: आम्रः । Mangifera indica J. König ex L. 1753 - Echte Mango - Mango
[Bildquelle: Icones plantarum rariorum / editae Nicolao Josepho Jacquin. -- Vol. 2. -- 1786 - 1793. -- Tab. 337]


Abb.: आम्रः । Mangifera indica J. König ex L. 1753 - Echte Mango - Mango
[Bildquelle: Walter Hood Fitch (1817-1892) / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: आम्रः ।
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880. -- Public domain]

 
Abb.: चूतः । Mumbai - मुंबई, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/367639315/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-08. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: रसालः ।
[Bildquelle: Atamari / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Mangifera indica. Willd. spec. i. 1150. Vahl, en.pl. i. 7. Corom. pl.

[...]

Of this tree, though one of the most common in India, I have not yet met with any description which deserves the name.

It is universally cultivated all over India, and all the warmer parts of Asia. Is generally raised from seed, though sometimes by layers, or grafting by approach, which are the only methods of certainly continuing a good sort, probably of improving them. The stones must be sown soon after they are taken from the fruit, otherwise they do not vegetate, but there is no depending on the quality of the fruit so raised. The seed of a very superior sort will produce fruit of a bad kind ; and vice versa, hence such an infinite variety. Colonel Kyd in Bengal, and Dr. Anderson at Madras, have lately begun to graft by approach ; which will no doubt be a means of improving this excellent fruit. Flowering time January, February, and March ; the fruit is ripe in May, June, and July.

The tree grows to be of a very great size, with an erect trunk, covered with dark-coloured, scabrous, cracked bark ; (large old trees of from ten to fifteen feet in circumference are meant.)

[...]

It is by no means necessary for me to mention that the ripe fruit of this tree, (when of a good sort,) is universally eaten, and esteemed the best fruit in India. Jellies, preserves, tarts, pickles, &c. are made of them before ripe.

The kernels are large, and seem to contain much nourishment, however they are made no use of, except during times of scarcity and famine ; they are then boiled in the steam of water, and used as an article of diet.

The wood is of a dull gray colour, porous, yet pretty durable if kept dry, but soon decays if exposed to wet. In very large old trees it acquires a light chocolate colour towards the centre of the trunk, and larger branches. This is hard, closer grained, and much more durable.

From wounds made in the bark, there issues a soft, reddish, brown gum resin, which age hardens, and renders exceedingly like bdellium. Laid on the point of a knife and held in (he flame of a candle, it readily melts, catches flame and burns with a cracking noise: emitting a smell exceedingly like that of Cashew nuts when roasting. It softens in the mouth, and adheres to the teeth. Its taste is slightly bitter with some degree of pungency. It dissolves almost entirely in spirits, and in a great measure in Mater ; both solutions are milky with a small tinge of brown."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 641ff.]
"Mangifera Indica (Linn.) N. O. Terebinthaceae

Common Mango

Description.--Tree; [...]

Fl. Jan-March.

W. & A. Prod. i. 170.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.641.--Rheede iv. t. 1,2.

Common everywhere.

Medical Uses.—The kernel of the fruit is used in India as well as in Brazil as an anthelmintic. Dr Kirkpatrick states having used it in this character in doses of 20 to 30 grains, and found it most effectual in expelling lumbrici. It contains a large proportion of gallic acid, and has been successfully administered in bleeding piles and menorrhagia. — (Pharm. of India.) As the fruit contains much acid and turpentine, it acts as a diaphoretic and refrigerant. —(Powell Punj. Prod.) From wounds in the bark issues a soft reddish-brown gum-resin, hardening by age, and much resembling bdellium. Burnt in the flame of a candle, it emits a smell like that of cashew-nuts when roasting. It softens in the mouth and adheres to the teeth, and in taste is somewhat pungent and bitter. It dissolves entirely in spirit, and partly so in water. Mixed with lime- juice or oil, it is used externally in scabies and cutaneous affections. The bark of the tree is administered in infusion in menorrhagia and leucorrhoea; and the resinous juice, mixed with white of egg and a little opium, is considered a good specific on the Malabar coast for diarrhoea and dysentery.—Ainslie.

Economic Uses.—The Mango is well known as the most delicious of Indian fruits. It is esteemed very wholesome, and when unripe is much used in tarts, preserves, and pickles. There are many varieties, all more or more less having a peculiar turpentine flavour, though the best kinds are generally free from it. The kernels of the nut seemingly contain much nourishment, but are only used in times of scarcity and famine, when they are boiled and eaten by the poorer classes. In the pulp of the fruit there is sugar, gum, and citric acid; gallic acid has also been procured from the seed, and also stearic acid. Interesting experiments were made some time ago, by a French chemist, upon the process of procuring the gallic acid, which he stated might be used in the preparation of ink instead of galls. Whenever the fruit is cut with a knife, a blue stain is seen on the blade, which is due to the presence of gallic acid. The timber is soft, of a dull-grey colour, porous, soon decaying if exposed to wet, but useful for common purposes. In large old trees the wood acquires a light chocolate colour towards the centre of the trunk and larger branches, and is then hard, close-grained and somewhat durable. The Mango-tree is best propagated by grafting, though it will readily grow from seeds. In the latter case the seed must be sown soon after it is taken from the fruit, but the produce is so inferior that it is hardly worth the trouble bestowed upon it. The wood, burnt with sandal-wood, is one of those used by the Hindoos for burning corpses, and is reckoned sacred for this purpose. The natives use the leaves as tooth-brushes, and the stalks instead of betel for chewing: powdered and calcined, they employ the latter also to take away warts.—Roxb. Journ. of As. Soc."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"MANGIFERA INDICA, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—The Mango, in Sanskrit Amra, Chuta and Sahakara, is said to be a transformation of Praj&pati (lord of creatures), an epithet in the Veda originally applied to Savitri, Soma, Tvashtri, Hiranya-garbha, Indra, and Agni, but afterwards the name of a separate god presiding over procreation. (Manu xii., 121.) In more recent hymns and Br&hmanas Prajapati is identified with the universe.

The tree provides one of the pancha-pallava or aggregate of five sprigs used in Hindu ceremonial, and its flowers are used in Shiva worship on the Shivaratri. It is also a favourite of the Indian poets. The flower is invoked in the sixth act of Sakuntala as one of the five arrows of K&madeva. In the travels of the Buddhist pilgrims, Fah-hian and Sung-yun (translated by Beal) a Mango grove (Amravana) is mentioned which was presented by Amradarika to Buddha in order that he might use it as a place of repose. This Amradarika, a kind of Buddhic Magdalen, was the daughter of the mango tree. In the Indian story of Surya Bai (see Cox, Myth. of the Arian Nations) the daughter of the sun is represented as persecuted by a sorceress, to escape from whom, she became a golden Lotus. The king fell in love with the flower, which was then burnt by the sorceress. From its ashes grew a mango tree, and the king fell in love first with its flower, and then with its fruit; when ripe the fruit fell to the ground, and from it emerged the daughter of the sun (Surya Bai), and was recognized by the prince as his lost wife. Long articles upon the virtues of the mango in its ripe and unripe state (kéri) may be found in Hindu and Mahometan works on Materia Medica.

The Turkoman poet, Amir Khusru, who lived in Delhi in the time of Muhammad Tughlak Shah, says of it:—

" The mango is the pride of the garden, the choicest fruit of Hindustan; other fruits we are content to eat when ripe, but the mango is good in all stages of its growth/'

Shortly, we may say that they consider the ripe fruit to be invigorating and refreshing, fattening, and slightly laxative and diuretic; but the rind and fibre, as well as the unripe fruit, to be astringent and acid. The latter when pickled is much used on account of its stomachic and appetising qualities. Unripe mangos peeled and cut from the stone and dried in the sun form the well-known Amchur or Ambosi (Amrapesi, Sans.,) so largely used in India as an article of diet; as its acidity is chiefly due to the presence of citric acid, it is a valuable antiscorbutic ; it is also called Am-ki-chhitta and Am-khushk. The blossom, kernel and bark are considered to be cold, dry and Astringent, and are used in diarrhoea, &c., &c. The smoke of the burning leaves is supposed to have a curative effect in some affections of the throat. According to the author of the Makhzan, the Hindus make a confection of the baked pulp of the unripe fruit mixed with sugar, which in time of plague or cholera they take internally and. rub all over the body ; it is also stated in the same work that the midribs of the leaves calcined are used to remove warts on the eyelids. Mangos appear to have been known to the Arabs from an early date as a pickle; they were doubtless carried to Arabian ports by Indian mariners. Ibn Batuta, who visited India A.D. 1332, notices their use for this purpose. The powdered seed has been recommended by Dr Kirkpatrick as an anthelmintic (for lumbrici) in doses of 20 to 30 grains, and also as an astringent in bleeding piles and menorrhagia. (Phar. of India, p. 59.) From the fruit just before ripening, a gummy and resinous substance exudes, which has the odour and consistence of turpentine, and from the bark a gum is obtained which is partly soluble in cold water. Ainslie says that the gum-resin mixed with lime-juice or oil is used in scabies and cutaneous affections. The juice of the ripe fruit dried in the sun so as to form thin cakes (Amras, or Amaut, Hind., Arabapoli, Mar., Amravarta, Sans.,) is used as a relish and antiscorbutic. Mango bark and fruit have been lately introduced by

Dr. Linguist to the notice of European physicians (Practitioner, 1882, 220); he recommends it for its extraordinary action in cases of haemorrhage from the uterus, lungs, or intestines. The fluid extract of the bark or rind may be given in the following manner:—Ext. Fl. Mangif. Ind., 10-grams; water, 120 grams. Dose—One teaspoonful every hour or two, or the juice of the fresh bark' may be administered with white of egg or mucilage and a little opium.

The wood is used largely for packing cases and tea chests, but it should be previously seasoned, otherwise the acid juice it naturally contains corrodes the lead."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 381ff.]

2.5.27. Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks) Engl. - Balsambaum - Indian Bdellium

Burseraceae (Balsambaumgewächse)

Strauch oder bis 4 m hoher Baum.

14. c./d. kumbholūkhalakaṃ klībe kauśiko gugguluḥ puraḥ

कुम्भोलूखलकं क्लीबे कौशिको गुग्गुलुः पुरः ॥१४ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks) Engl. - Balsambaum - Indian Bdellium:]

  1. कुम्भ - kumbha n.: Topf

  2. उलूखलक - ulūkhalaka n.: Mörserchen 

  3. कौशिक - kauśika m.: Seidener

  4. गुग्गुलु - guggulu m.: Guggulu

  5. पुर - pura m.: Festung

Colebrooke (1807): "Bdellium [= Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks) Engl.]."


 Abb.: Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks) Engl. - Balsambaum - Indian Bdellium
[Bildquelle: Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei Schoenbrunnensis descriptiones et icones / Opera et sumptibus Nicolai Josephi Jacquin. -- vol. 2. -- 1797 - 1804. -- Tab 249]


Abb.: Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stocks) Engl. - Balsambaum - Indian Bdellium
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]


Abb.: पुरः ।
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2094760397/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Amyris commiphora. R.

[...]

Commiphora Madagascarensis. Jacq. Schoenbr. 2. p. 66. t. 249.

Sans, and Beng. Googgula.

The tree is a native of Silhet, Assam, &c. E. and N. E. from Bengal, in the Botanic garden at Calcutta it blossoms about the beginning of the hot season, in February and March, but seldom ripens its seed.

[...]

The whole plant, while growing is considerably odoriferous, particularly when any part is broken or bruised, and diffuses a grateful fragrance, like that of the finest myrrh, to a considerable distance round, which for some time induced me to think it might be the plant from which that drug was procured, particularly as I observed on being wounded, there exuded much pale coloured juice, but unfortunately for my conjecture, it is soon carried off by evaporation, leaving little or nothing behind.

I have at various times of the year wounded the plant in different places, and placed various contrivances to collect the juice, but all I could ever procure, was a very minute portion of a gummy matter, which certainly resembled myrrh, both in smell and appearance, but had no tendency to be tenacious, or elastic, hence I conclude there must be a mistake in its being the elastic gum tree of Madagascar, as mentioned by Jacquin."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 244ff.]
"Balsamodendron agallocha (W. & A.) N. O. Amyridaceae

Googul.

Description.--Tree; trunk crooked [...]

Fl. Feb.-March.

Wight Ill. i. 185

Amyris commiphora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 244.

Silhet. Assam.

Economic Uses.—This tree is said to yield the Indian bdellium, a substance like myrrh. Dr Royle has remarked that all the species of this genus require to be carefully examined from good and authentic specimens, accompanied by their respective products, so much doubt still remains in the opinions of botanists regarding the tree producing this substance. From an interesting paper by Dr Stocks in Hooker's 'Journal of Botany* (vol. L p. 257), it would appear that this plant is not identical with the B. Mukul which grows in Scinde, and which, from the similarity of the native name ' Googul' has been mistaken for it. It is important to notice this fact, especially when so much doubt exists as to the true plant yielding Indian bdellium, though in all probability the exudation of both species is similar in its properties. Of the one under notice, Dr Roxburgh observes, that the whole plant while growing is very odoriferous, and if broken in any part diffuses around a grateful fragrance, like that of the finest myrrh, yet that the juice never congeals, but is carried off by evaporation, leaving little or nothing behind; and all that he could procure was a minute portion of gummy matter, which certainly resembles myrrh both in smell and appearance, but has no tendency to be even tenacious or elastic. The Googul is collected in the cold season by making incisions in the tree and letting the resin fall on the ground. This accounts for the dirty condition in which it is found in the shops. Bdellium is properly a gum-resin, of which there are several kinds. It occurs in brittle masses of different sizes and shapes, of a red, yellow, or brownish colour, sometimes transparent, with a bitterish balsamic taste like myrrh. It is soluble in potass, and contains resin, gum, bassorine, and a volatile oil. It is often used as a substitute for myrrh, to which it has some resemblance in its effect upon the human frame. The odour is more faint and more agreeable than myrrh, by which it may be distinguished. It will melt in the mouth, while myrrh, when chewed, adheres to the teeth and imparts a milky colour to the saliva.—Boxb. Boyle. Hookers Jour."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"BALSAMODENDRON, Sp. var.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—Myrrh was known to the ancient Egyptians, Professor Dümichen has discovered an inscription at Deir el Bahari which records an expedition to the balsam land of Punt (the modern Somali country), undertaken by Hatasu, a queen of the XVIIIth dynasty, who lived about 1700 years B. C. Through this expedition, we learn from the inscriptions, "thirty-one verdant myrrh trees" were introduced into Egypt, besides a large quantity of myrrh. In a drawing on the walls of Hiatus's temple at Deir el Bahari there is a representation of myrrh trees planted in wooden tubs and heaps of myrrh, which are recorded as having been " brought over the ocean to Egypt." The inscriptions which refer to these trees give very exactly the place from whence they came. They were, we are told, "brought over the sea in ships from the incense mountains of the Somali country." These mountains, we are further told, formed the "best district of the incense-land." In another drawing on the Deir el Bahari monument, may be seen a figure of one of these trees. It represents a medium size tree with somewhat thick trunk and spreading branches. The leaves are oval, and appear to terminate in an acute point. There is also shown, exuding from the stem in the form of tears, a gum-resin, which in the original is coloured red. Myrrh was also imported into Egypt from Socotra. An inscription on the walls of Thothmes III.'s temple at Karnak, erected about 1600 B. C., records an expedition undertaken by that king to this island, for the purpose, it is related, of introducing "all the beautiful plants of that country." Many of the plants are figured on the walls of the Karnak temple, and among them is undoubtedly one which represents the myrrh tree. Myrrh was also imported from Arabia, as is shown from a sentence in the Papyrus Harris written in the time of Ramses the III.,, about 1250 B. C., and several inscriptions of a later date. (Newberry in Pharm. Journ., Nov. 17, 1888.) Myrrh is not much used by the Hindus. It is called Vola in Sanskrit, a word which appears to be the same as the Greek βωλοσ and the English Bole, signifying a lump of earth or clay. It is described as useful in fever, epilepsy, and uterine affections, and is given to women for eleven days .after confinement mixed with molasses to purify the womb. The similarity of its properties to those of Bdellium, which is an article of importance in Hindu medicine, probably accounts for its not having greatly attracted the attention of the Hindus upon its introduction into India from the West. ' The Greeks and Romans used it to flavour their wine; they also anointed their hair with a perfumed unguent made from it: " lautissima apud priscos vina erant, myrrhae odore condita." Plin. 14, i5; "crines myrrha madidi," Ovid. M. 10, 298, et seq. It is the σμυρνα of Dioscorides, I., 69. According to a Greek myth, Myrrha, ashamed of her incest with her father Cinyrus, begged the gods to change her into some object neither dead or alive : she became the Myrrh tree. With the Mahometans Myrrh is an important article of the Materia Medica. They describe the tree which produces it as tall and handsome, with knotted branches, a native of Socotrar and neighbouring countries, and say that spears are made of the branches, which are solid and free from pith; * that the juice when it first exudes is white and milky, and that the best Myrrh is obtained by making incisions in the tree. What exudes of itself is called Batareh. After the trees have been wounded, mats and vessels are placed to catch the juice. Balfour found several species of Balsamodendron growing in Socotra, one of which was a tree 30 feet high and very fragrant, but he did not "obtain any of the gum-resin. This plant is named by him B. socotranum, and has points of resemblance with B. Myrrha, Nees, a myrrh-bearing tree of Somali land. According to Mir Mohammad Husain the best Myrrh should be of a reddish yellow colour, and the surface covered with a pale dust. When broken it should show white marks like those at the root of the finger nail. The same authority says that Myrrh is hot and dry; detergent, siccative, astringent, and aperient, a disperser of cold tumours, and one of the most .important of medicines, as it preserves the humours from corruption. It is much used externally as- a stimulant and disinfectant application to ulcers, sores, &c. Dissolved in women's or asses' milk it is dropped into the eye in purulent ophthalmia. As an internal remedy it is given in coughs, in atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea, amenorrhea, worms, &c. It is also thought to keep away fever, and prevent the hair falling off. Administered by means of fumigation it is said to have the same effect &s when taken in the ordinary way. The leaves, fruit, and wood are said to partake of the same properties as the gum-resin. The history of the, use of Myrrh in Europe goes back to a very early date. A good summary will be found in the. Pharmacographia. Bombay is the centre of the Myrrh-trade. The merchants who deal in the gums which come from the north-east of Africa and Southern Arabia, have their chief houses here, and employ partners or agents at Aden and Makalla; the Aden agents also attend the great annual fair at Berbera on the opposite coast, and exchange English and Indian goods for Myrrh, Bdellium and other African produce. The bags or bales which contain the Myrrh, when opened in Bombay, are found to be made up of—Istf, a large proportion of roundish masses of fine Myrrh; 2nd, a considerable proportion of small .semi-transparent pieces of Myrrh of irregular shape; 3rd, numerous pieces of dark-coloured Myrrh, mixed with bark and other refuse; 4th, a small proportion of an opaque gum-resin (Bdellium opaque of Guibourt), occasionally pieces of resin (jumper?) are also met with. In Bombay the contents of the package are sorted; the best Myrrh goes to Europe; the darker pieces form a second quality, and the refuse is exported to China, where it is said to be used as an incense. True Myrrh iff known in the Bombay market as Karam or Bandar Karam. From Makalla and Aden another kind of Myrrh is received, Arabian Myrrh. The trade name of this drug in Bombay is Meetiya; it is mostly sold in India as true Myrrh, for which it might easily be mistaken by any one not specially acquainted with drugs. The dealers here say that no true Myrrh is ever received from Arabia. A kind of myrrh resembling Meetiya is sometimes sold in Bombay as Chenai-bol or "Chinese myrrh," and it is curious that Ibn Batuta (1340) amongst the articles of trade at Thana, mentions musk and myrrh from China. Persian Myrrh has only recently made its appearance in the market; it occurs in very large masses of a rich reddish brown colour and considerable translucency; very oily; in taste and odour it resembles African Myrrh very closely. Pieces of papery bark are found adhering to it. It comes principally from Mekran, and is probably the Myrrh mentioned by Arrian as having been found by Alexander's army in the country of the Γαδροσοι. It readily forms an emulsion with water, and appears to have all the properties of commercial Myrrh.

The botany of the Myrrh trees is still encompassed with uncertainty, which cannot be removed until the very localities in which the drug is collected shall have been explored by a competent observer. At present all we can say is that it is probable that Ehrenberg's or Carter's Balsamodendron produces the Arabian Myrrh, and that a much larger species, probably B. Myrrha, Nees., growing in north-eastern Africa, produces the true Myrrh of commerce. It Seems probable also that Balfour's B. socotranum is a myrrh tree. Of the source of the Persian Myrrh we know nothing as yet."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 304ff.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Commifora wightii Arn. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/commifora_wightii.htm

2.5.28. Cordia myxa Roxb. - Sehestan Fruit

Boraginaceae (Borretschgewächse)

Laubabwerfender Baum.

15. a./b. śeluḥ śleṣmātakaḥ śīta uddālo bahuvārakaḥ

शेलुः श्लेष्मातकः शीत उद्दालो बहुवारकः ।१५ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Cordia myxa Roxb. - Sehestan Fruit:]

  1. शेलु - śelu m.: Śelu

  2. श्लेष्मातक -śleṣmātaka m.: Schleimer

  3. शीत - śīta m.: Kalter

  4. उद्दाल - uddāla m.: Uddāla

  5. बहुवारक - bahuvāraka m.: Vieles Abwehrender

Colebrooke (1807): "Sebesten. Cordia myxa. Also Cordia latifolia, R[oxb.] Mss."


 Abb.: शेलुः । Cordia myxa Roxb. - Sehestan Fruit
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 37, 1683]


Abb.: शेलुः । Cordia myxa Roxb. - Sehestan Fruit
[Bildquelle: Marco Schmidt / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: उद्दालः ।
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2392739598/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: शेलुः ।
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3381980681/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Cordia Myxa. Willd. i. 1072.

[...]

The dried fruit of this tree is the Sebestena of the Materia Medica.

It is a pretty large, but low tree, growing in most parts of the Circars, but chiefly in gardens, hedges, &c. near villages. Flowers about the end of the temperate, (or cold) season, and the fruit is ripe in May and June.

[...]

The smell of the nut when cut, is heavy and disagreeable, the taste of the kernels like that of fresh filberts. The fruits are not used in this part of India, (the Northern Circars), for any medicinal purpose. When ripe they are eaten by the natives and also, most greedily, by several sorts of birds, being of a sweetish taste.

The wood is soft, and of little use except for fuel. It is reckoned one of the best kinds for kindling fire by friction."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 590f.]
"Cordia myxa (Linn.)

Sephistan-plum.

Description.--Tree, middling size; [...]

Fl. Feb-March.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Car. ii. 332.--Wight Icon. t. 1378.

C. officinalis or Sebestana domestica, Lam.--Rheede iv. t. 37.

Both Peninsulas. Bengal. N. Circars.

Medical Uses.—The fruit was formerly known among medical writers as the Sebesten, and was occasionally sent to Europe as an article of Materia Medica. Horsfield mentions that the mucilage of the fruit is of a demulcent nature, useful in diseases of the chest and urethra, and also employed in Java as an astringent gargle. The seeds are a good remedy in ringworm, being powdered and mixed with oil, and so applied. The smell of the nuts when cut is heavy and disagreeable: the taste of the kernels is like that of fresh filberts. The wood is soft, and is said to have furnished the timber from which the Egyptian mummy-cases were made. It is one of those used for procuring fire by friction. Graham states that in Otaheite the leaves are used in dyeing. The bark is much used as a mild tonic in Java. —Lindley. Ainslie."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"CORDIA MYXA, Linn.

CORDIA OBLIQUA, Willd.

"CORDIA MYXA, Linn,

CORDIA OBLIQUA, Willd.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—The fruits of these trees are the Selu, Bahuvara, or Sleshmataka of Sanskrit writers, the Sapistan of the Mahometans, and the Sebestens of old European works on Materia Medica. C. Myxa is supposed by some to be the κοκομηλεα αιγυπτια of Theophrastus. The natives of India pickle the fruit of both trees. Medicinally the dried fruit is valued on account of its mucilaginous nature and demulcent properties; it is much used in coughs and chest affections, also in irritation of the urinary passages; in larger quantities it is given in bilious affections as a laxative. Mahometan writers describe two kinds of Sapistan; the greater (C. obliqua)t the pulp of which is separable from the stone, and the lesser (C. Myxa), the pulp of which is adherent. The word Sapiptan is an abbreviation of Sag pistan, which means in Persian 'Dog's dugs.' In Arabic they are called Dibk and Mukhitah, in allusion to their glutinous pulp. Both trees are minutely described by Roxburgh. According to Horsfield the bark of C. Myxa is used by the Javanese as a tonic. This tree is the Vidimaram of Rheede, the Fruita d' Entrude of the Portuguese, and the Arbor glutinosa or Kleeverige Boom of Rumphius."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 518f.]

2.5.29. Buchanania lanzan  Spreng.

Anacardiaceae (Sumachgewächse)

Bis 15 m hoher, laubabwerfender Baum

15. c./d. rājādanaṃ priyālaḥ syāt sannakadrur dhanuḥ paṭaḥ

राजादनं प्रियालः स्यात् सन्नकद्रुर् धनुः पतः ॥१५ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Buchanania lanzan  Spreng.:]

  1. राजादन - rājādana n.: Königsessen

  2. प्रियाल - priyāla m.: Liebe Stätte 

  3. सन्नकद्रु - sannakadru m.: Sannakadru (sitzender Rotgelber)

  4. धनु - dhanu m.: Bogen

  5. पत - pata m.: Flug 

Colebrooke (1807): "Piya. Chironjia sapida, R[oxb.] Mss. But the name is in some places applied to Grewia orientalis and didyma."

Buchanania lanzan  Spreng.


Abb.: प्रियालः । Buchanania lanzan  Spreng.
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2681998424/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)] 


Abb.: प्रियालः । Buchanania lanzan  Spreng.
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3244071289/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: प्रियालः । Buchanania lanzan  Spreng.
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3244887406/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Buchanania latifolia. R.

[...]

Larmzon. Buch, in Asiat. Res. 5. p. 123.

A large tree, a native of the mountainous parts of the coast. It flowers in January and February.

[...]

The wood of this tree is used for various purposes, and the kernels are a very general substitute for almonds, amongst the natives."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 385f.]
"Buchanania latifolia (Roxb.) N. O. Terebinthaceae.

Description.--Tree, 30 feet; [...]

Fl. Feb.-March.

W. & A. Prod. i. 169.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 385.

Mountains of Coromandel and Malabar. Belgaum forests. Mysore.

Economic Uses.—The wood is used for various purposes. The kernels are a general substitute for almonds among the natives. They are much esteemed in confectionery, or roasted and eaten with milk. The bark is used in tanning. An oil is extracted from the seeds, of a pale straw colour, known as the Cheroonjie oil, and also a black varnish, similar to that obtained from the nuts of the Semecarpus anacardium and other trees of the same order. Another species, the B. lanciolia (Roxb.), grows in Chittagong, the tender unripe fruit of which is eaten by the natives in their curries.—(Jury Rep. Roxb. Lindley.) The B. angustifolia (Colah Mavuh in Tamil) is common in the Trichore forests. The bark is much used on the western coast for its adhesive properties, for which purpose it is frequently mixed with chunam. An oil exudes from the cut bark, used in lamps, and would probably serve as an excellent varnish.— Pers. Obs."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"BUCHANANIA LATIFOLIA, Roxb.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—This tree is called in Sanskrit Piyala, Chara and Tapasa-priya, or "dear to hermits." The seeds are an article of commerce, and appear to have been in use from a remote period in the preparation of sweet-meats, and as an ingredient in demulcent cough mixtures, generally in combination with dates, almonds, sesamum and cucumber seeds. Similar mixtures are also prescribed as a nourishment in debility. Charred slightly over the fire they form an excellent after-dinner dish. The oil has been recommended for baldness. The bark is used in Tranvancore for tanning."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 394.]

Grewia pilosa Lam. [= Grewia orientalis L.]


Abb.: Grewia pilosa Lam. [= Grewia orientalis L.]
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus V. Fig. 46, 1685]

2.5.30. Gmelina arborea Roxb. 1814

Verbenaceae (Eisenkrautgewächse)

Bis 30 m hoher, laubabwerfender Baum.

16. gambhārī sarvatobhadrā kāśmarī madhuparṇikā
śrīparṇī bhadraparṇī ca kāśmaryaś cāpy atha dvayoḥ

गम्भारी सर्वतोभद्रा काश्मरी मधुपर्णिका ।
श्रीपर्णी भद्रपर्णी च काश्मर्यश् चाप्य् अथ द्वयोः ॥१६॥

[Bezeichnungen für Gmelina arborea Roxb. 1814:]

  1. गम्भारी - gambhārī f.: Gambhārī

  2. सर्वतोभद्रा - sarvatobhadrā f.: rundum Glücksbringende

  3. काश्मरी - kāśmarī f.: Kāśmarī

  4. मधुपर्णिका - madhuparṇikā f.: Honigblatt

  5. श्रीपर्णी - śrīparṇī f.: Glücksblatt

  6. भद्रपर्णी - bhadraparṇī f.: Glücksblatt

  7. काश्मर्य - kāśmarya m.: Kāśmarya

Colebrooke (1807): "Gambhārī. Probably Gmelina arborea, R[oxb.]."


 Abb.: गम्भारी । Gmelina arborea Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 41, 1678]


Abb.: गम्भारी । Gmelina arborea Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: सर्वतोभद्रा ।
[Bildquelle: Mauricio Mercadante. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mercadanteweb/4842499914/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: श्रीपर्णी ।
[Bildquelle: Mauricio Mercadante. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mercadanteweb/4842499678/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Gmelina arborea. Roxb. Corom. pl.

[...].

Gumbharee, the Sanscrit name of the tree.

[...]

A large timber tree, a native of the mountainous parts of India. Flowering time the beginnings of the hot season.

[...]

The wood of this tree is used for a variety of economical purposes by the natives of various countries where it grows. That of such trees as will square into logs from eighteen to twenty-four inches resembles Teak more than any other sorts I have yet met with. The colour is almost exactly the same, the grain rather closer, at the same time it is fully as light, if not lighter, and as easily worked.

Some years ago I received from Mr. M'Cleish, a Timber Merchant, then residing at Patna, but since dead, a large square log, of what I conceive to be this wood, which measured nearly thirty feet in length, and at the thickest end was full twenty-four inches square.

This piece afforded ample supplies for various experiments. One of them, and the most interesting, was made by placing part of an outside plank in the river, a little above low water mark, exactly where the worm is thought to exert its greatest powers. After remaining three years in this situation, though examined from time to time, the piece was cut, with the view of carrying a specimen of it to England, and to my great joy, I found it as sound and every way as perfect throughout, as it was when first put into the river.

Amongst other things, a valuable flood door was made of it, to keep the tides out of the Botanic garden. It is now seven years and a half since the door (which is four feet square) was made, and though much exposed to the sun and water, yet it remains good ; while similar doors, through much smaller, made of Teak, were so much decayed, a year ago, as to render it necessary to replace them.

In addition to my own experiments, I have lately learned that the decks of pinnacles to the eastward, about Chittagong, Dacca, &c. are made of this timber, because it bears the weather better than any other they know, without shrinking, or warping.

These favourable circumstances induce me to hope, that experiments will be made to ascertain its value when used for the bottoms, and upper works, of vessels, as well as for knees, curved timbers, &c."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 84f.]
"Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) N. O. Verbenaceae

Description.--Arboreous, unarmed; [...]

Fl. April-May.

Wight Icon. t. 1470.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 84.--Cor. iii t. 246.--Rheede i. t. 41.

Coromandel. Neilgherries. Concans. Oude.

Economic Uses.--A small tree not infrequent in the Paulghaut jungles, and generally distributed in Malabar. The light wood of this tree is used by natives for making the cylinders of their drams called Dholucks, also for making chairs, carriages, panels, &c., as it combines lightness with strength. It is common in the Ganjam and Vizagapatam districts. The wood is not readily attacked by insects. The shade is good. It grows rapidly, and the seeds may be planted in beds.—Wight. Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"GMELINA ARBOREA, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.--In the Nighantas this tree bears the Sanskrit names of Ghambhāri, Sriparni, Kāsmari, &c. The root is described as bitter, tonic, stomachic, laxative, and useful in fever, indigestion, anasarca, &c. It is an ingredient of the Dasamula, or "ten roots," and is therefore much used in a variety of diseases. Bangasena says that Gambhāri root taken with liquorice, honey, and sugar increases the secretion of milk. The fruit is bitter-sweet and cooling, and enters into the composition of several cooling decoctions which are recommended for fever.

The following is an example: Take of the fruits of G. arborea and Grewia asiatica (parushaka), liquorice root, red sandal wood, and the root of Andropogon muricatus (ushira), equal parts, in all two tolās (360 grains), water thirty-two tolās, and boil till reduced to one half. (Chakradatta, quoted by Dutt, Hind. Mat. Med., p. 128). The juice of the young leaves is used as a demulcent in gonorrhoea, cough, &c., alone or with other demulcents (Pharmacopoeia of India, p. 164). The bark of the tree is used by arrack manufacturers in the Madura district to regulate the fermentation of toddy.
The wood of this tree on account of its lightness and toughness is much valued for carriage building and all ornamental work; it is light yellow with a reddish hoart wood, close and even-grained, easily worked, and readily takes paint or varnish. At the Government Medical Store Dep"t Workshops it has been found to be the best wood for making artificial limbs, stethoscopes, &c. It turns well. Weight 30 to 40 lbs. per cubic foot."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 70f.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Gmelina arborea Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/gmelina_arborea.htm

2.5.30a. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 1754 (Brustbeere - Jujube) + Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.

Rhamnaceae (Kreuzdorngewächse)

Laubabwerfender Strauch oder bis 10 m hoher Baum.

16. c./d. śrīparṇī bhadraparṇī ca kāśmaryaś cāpy atha dvayoḥ
17. karkandhūr badarī koliḥ kolaṃ kuvala-phenile
sauvīraṃ badaraṃ ghoṇṭāpy atha syāt svādukaṇṭakaḥ

श्रीपर्णी भद्रपर्णी च काश्मर्यश् चाप्य् अथ द्वयोः ॥१६ ख॥
कर्कन्धूर् बदरी कोलिः कोलं कुवल-फेनिले ।
सौवीरं बदरं घोण्टाप्य् अथ स्यात् स्वादुकण्टकः ॥१७॥

[Bezeichnungen für Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 1754 (Brustbeere - Jujube) + Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.:]

  1. कर्कन्धू - karkandhū f., m.: Karkandhu, "Judendorn, Ziziphus jujuba Lam., die Species mit der größeren Frucht (fructu oblongo, Voigt)" (PW)

  2. बदरी - badarī f., m.: Badarī  

  3. कोलि - koli f., m.: Koli 

  4. कोल - kola n.: Kola

[Bezeichnungen für die Frucht von Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 1754 (Brustbeere - Jujube) + Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.:]

  1. कुवल - kuvala n.: Kuvala (zu Kola)

  2. फेनिल - phenila n.: Schaumiges

  3. सौवीर - sauvira n.: Heldenhaftes

  4. बदर - badara n.: Badara (zu Badarī)

  5. घोण्टा - ghoṇṭā f.: Ghoṇṭā

Colebrooke (1807): "Jujube. Ziziphus jujuba, and other species. Some make the three last [17c], others the two last, signify the wild sort; others again explain the last, as denoting both plant and fruit ; and the rest, as indicating the fruit of the common Jujube."


Abb.: बदरी । Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 1754 - Brustbeere - Jujube
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 41, 1683]


Abb.: बदरी । Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 1754 - Brustbeere - Jujube
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: सौवीरम् । Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 1754 - Brustbeere - Jujube, Portugal
[Bildquelle: Júlio Reis / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

"Ziziphus Jujuba. Willd. sp. i. 1104.

[...]

On the coast of Coromandel this grows to be a small tree. Flowering time the rainy season ; the fruit ripens after the rains.

[...]

The fruit is eaten by all classes of persons."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 608f.]
"Zizyphus jujuba (Lam.)

Jujube-tree.

Description.--Small tree, 16 feet; [...]

Fl. Aug-Oct.

W. & A. Prod. i. 162.--Wight Icon. t. 99.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 608.

Rhamnus jujuba, Linn.--Rheede iv. t. 41.

Peninsula. Bengal. Travancore.

Economic Uses.—The fruit is eatable. It is sweet and mealy. There is a variety of the tree which produces a long fruit, which is excellent to the taste, called in Bengal Nari-kela-kool. Of the former the wood is tough and tolerably strong, and is used in ordinary constructive work. The bark is used by tanners.—(Ainslie. Stewart's Punj. Plants.) The timber is good for saddle-trees and ornamental work, as well as for sandals. It is close and even- grained. A kind of Kino is procured from the bark.—Beddome, Flor. Sylv. t. 149.

This is the most common species in Northern India; but in gardens there is a variety or distinct species with oblong fruit which attains a considerable size, and when grafted yields a pleasant-tasted fruit called Ber, which may be styled the Indian jujube. The fruit of the wild kind is dried and powdered, as was done with the lotus of the Lotophagi. This powder is called in Hindee, Berchoonee. This species bears a kind of lac in Northern India, called Beree-ki-lakh, which is used for dyeing leather, cotton, and silk. Some of the species of this order are said to possess astringent leaves, and some are remarkable for the goodness and denseness of their wood.—Royle."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"In India we have also several cultivated varieties of Zizyphus Jujuba (Sans. Vadari or Badari, Dviparni and Vanakoli) which afford edible fruit, as well as a wild variety; their bark is powerfully astringent, and a kind of lac, known as Bori-lak, is found upon them. The fruit is dried and powdered; this powder is called in Hindi Ber-chuni, and is used as an article of diet. The young leaves are pounded with those of Ficus glomerata, and applied to scorpion stings; they are also with Acacia Catechu leaves given as a cooling medicine in hot weather in doses of two tolas (360 grains). According to Ainslie, the root is prescribed in decoction by the Vytians in conjunction with sundry warm seeds, as a drink in certain cases of fever."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 351.]

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Zizyphus jujuba Mill. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/zizyphus_jujuba.htm

2.5.31. Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. 1917 - Ramontchi - Governor's Plum

Flacourtiaceae (Flakourtiengewächse)

Strauch oder kleiner Baum.

17. c./d. sauvīraṃ badaraṃ ghoṇṭāpy atha syāt svādukaṇṭakaḥ
18. a./b. vikaṅkataḥ suvāvṛkṣo granthilo vyāghrapād api

सौवीरं बदरं घोण्टाप्य् अथ स्यात् स्वादुकण्टकः ॥१७ ख॥
विकङ्कतः सुवावृक्षो ग्रन्थिलो व्याघ्रपाद् अपि ।१८ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. 1917 - Ramontchi - Governor's Plum:]

  1. स्वादुकण्टक - svādukaṇṭaka m.: Süßdorn
  2. विकङ्कत - vikaṅkata m.: Gepanzerter
  3. सुवावृक्ष - suvāvṛkṣa m.: Suvā-Baum
  4. ग्रन्थिल - granthila m.: kleiner Knoten (zu grantha m.: Knoten)
  5. व्याघ्रपाद् - vyāghrapād m.: Tigerpfote

Colebrooke (1807): "Buiñchi. Flacourtia sapida, R[oxb.]."


Abb.: Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. - Ramontchi - Governor's Plum
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: विकङ्कतः । Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: सुवावृक्षः । Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia GNU FDLicense]

"Flacourtia sapida. Willd. iv. 830. R. Corom. pl. 1. N. 69.

[...]

Sans. Swadoo-Kuntuka.

[...]

A native of Coromandel and Bengal, though by no means so common as [Flacourtia] sepiaria."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 835]
"Flacourtia sapida (Roxb.)

Description.--Small tree or shrub; thorns scattered, naked; [...]

Fl. Dec-Jan.

W. & A. Prod. i. 29.--Roxb. Cor. t. 69.

Peninsula. Bengal.

Economic Uses.—This species has but few trifling points of difference between it and F. Ramontchi, the Mauritius plum. The fruit is eatable, but by no means good. The wood is hard and close-grained, and does not warp. The native inoculators for the small-pox use the thorns of this shrub for breaking the pustules of the small-pox on the ninth or tenth day.—J. Grah. Wight. Lang on Med. Plants of Bengal."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.32. Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange ; Citrus reticulata Blanco - Gewöhnliche Mandarine - Common Mandarin

Rutaceae (Rautengewächse)

Bis 10 m hoher, immergrüne Bäume.

18. c./d. airāvato nāgaraṅgo nādeyī bhūmijambukā

ऐरावतो नागरङ्गो नादेयी भूमिजम्बुका ॥१८ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange ; Citrus reticulata Blanco - Gewöhnliche Mandarine - Common Mandarin:]

  1. ऐरावत - airāvata m.: Airāvata1, Voll Erfrischungstrank
  2. नागरङ्ग - nāgaraṅga m.: "Schlangenfarbiger", Orangenbaum
  3. नादेयी - nādeyī f.: Zum Fluss Gehörige
  4. भूमिजम्बुका - bhūmijambhukā f.: Erd-Rosenapfelbaum

Colebrooke (1807): "Orange."

1 ऐरावत m.: Airāvata

""AIRĀVATA. 'A fine elephant.' An elephant produced at the churning of the ocean, and appropriated by the god Indra. The derivation of this name is referred to the word Irāvat, signifying produced from water. He is guardian of one of the points of the compass. See Loka-pāla."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v.]


Abb.: Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange
[Bildquelle: Medicinal plants. Being descriptions with original figures of the principal plants employed in medicine and an account of the characters, properties, and uses of their parts and products of medicinal value. / by Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen. Plates by David Blair. In four volumes., 1880. -- vol. 2, pl. 51]


Abb.: Citrus reticulata Blanco - Gewöhnliche Mandarine - Common Mandarin
[Bildquelle: Adam Cebula / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Citrus Aurantium. Willd. iii. 1427.

[...]

Sans. Nagarunga.

[...]

Hind. Narenj, Narangee; of the orange like the lime, we have many varieties to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, (See Rumph. Herb. Amb. vol. ii.) but as they do not thrive in any part where I have yet been stationed, 1 cannot well enter into any satisfactory account of them."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 392f.]
"Citrus aurantium (Linn.) N. O. Aurantiaceae.

Sweet Orange.

Description.--Tree, 20-25 feet; [...]

Fl. Feb.

W. & A. Prod. i. 97.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 392.

Circars. Aurangabad. Cultivated.

Medical Uses.—It has been remarked that the Orange is a rare instance of a plant having at once beautiful foliage, fragrant flowers, and nourishing fruit. India and China are the native countries of the Sweet Orange. Dr Boyle found two plants having the character of the lemon and citron, growing wild in the forest at the base of the Himalaya. He has also stated that a kind of lime grows in the jungles at Rungpore. The Orange is indigenous in Silhet and on the slopes of the Neilgherry mountains.

There are several varieties cultivated in India. Those of Sautgur, near Vellore, are much esteemed. The Mandarin Orange has a large loose skin, and is found in the Northern Circars, where it is called Cumbla nabla The large China Orange (Burra chin) is a fine smooth-skinned and sweet kind. Another species has the skin very rough, and is called the Caffrie Orange, a sweet and pleasant-tasted fruit The common Orange of the country, called Koda in Hindoo- -stanee and Kitchlee in Tamil, is of an indifferent flavour. The Hindoo Vytians think that Oranges are great purifiers of the blood and improve the appetite. The rind is well known as a useful carminative, and a valuable addition to bitter infusions in cases of dyspepsia. Oranges are used to form various perfumes and pomades, and the flowers distilled produce orange-water, used in cooking, medicine, and as a perfume; but the chief use of the Sweet Orange is for the dessert. Every part of the ripe fruit is used either in diet or medicine. It is invaluable in scurvy. The rind pulverised and added to magnesia and rhubarb affords a grateful tonic to the stomach in gout and dyspepsia. The roasted pulp is an excellent application to foetid ulcers.—(.Ainslie. Boyle.) Dr Royle remarks: " So great a diversity of opinion being entertained regarding the different plants of the genus Citrus, whether they should constitute species or varieties, it becomes difficult to say what are such if only seen in a state of cultivation; but as some are still found wild, an opinion may be formed at least respecting those. In the valleys within the Himalaya I have seen two plants growing apparently wild—one called Bijouree, the other Beharee nimboo—the first having the characteristics of the citron, and the other, called also Peharee ka guzee, those of the lemon. Both, when transferred to gardens, retain their peculiar characters. Mr Saunders, who accompanied Captain Turner in his travels in Thibet, states that he found the wild 0ranges delicious, and that many orange-trees and lime- trees were found at the foot of the hills approaching Buxendwar.— (Turner's Thibet, p. 20, 387.) Citrus decumanus, the shaddock or pumplemoose, does not appear indigenous to India, as its name, Batavi niniboo, or Batavian lime, denotes, as remarked by Dr Roxburgh, it being an exotic; and as it retains its characteristics even where it does not succeed as a fruit, it may also be reckoned as a distinct species. I feel therefore inclined to consider as distinct species the orange, lemon, lime, citron, and shaddock, without being able to say whether the sweet kinds should be considered varieties of the acid or ranked as distinct species."—(Boyle Him. Bot.) The most full information on this difficult genus is contained in Risso's work on 'The Natural History of Orange-Trees,' lately translated by Lady Reid."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.5.33. Diospyros embryopteris Pers. - Gaub Persimon

Ebenaceae (Ebenholzgewächse)

Baum.

19. a./b. tindukaḥ sphūrjakaḥ kālaskandhaśca śitisārake

तिन्दुकः स्फूर्जकः कालस्कन्धश् च शितिसारके ।१९ क।

Bezeichnungen für den शितिसारक - śitisāraka m.: Diospyros embryopteris Pers. - Gaub Persimon:

  1. तिन्दुक - tinduka m.: Tinduka
  2. स्फूर्जक - sphūrjaka m.: Hervorbrecher 
  3. कालस्कन्ध - kālaskandha m.: Schwarzstamm (= Schwarzholz)

Colebrooke (1807): "Sort of ebony. Diospyros melanoxylon R[oxb.], and glutinosa, Koen."

Diospyros embryopteris Pers. - Gaub Persimon


Abb.: Diospyros embryopteris Pers. - Gaub Persimon
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus III. Fig. 41, 1682]


Abb.: Diospyros embryopteris Pers. - Gaub Persimon
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"DIOSPYROS EMBRYOPTERIS, Pers.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—D. Embryopteris is the Tinduka of Sanskrit writers; its bark is described in the Nighantas as a good application to boils and tumours, and the juice of the fresh bark as useful in bilious fever. The fruit when unripe is said to be cold, light, and astringent, and when ripe beneficial in blood diseases, gonorrhoea and leprosy. A kind of Tinduka called Visha-tinduka, "poisonous tinduka," is said to have similar properties; as well as a plant called Kanki or Kinkini. Mir Muhammad Husain, speaking of Ebony, mentions Gab as a kind of Indian ebony, but is silent as to its medicinal uses. Rheede (Hort. Mal. iii. p. 46), speaking of D. Embryopteris, says—" Arboris cortex in pulverem redactus ac cum oryzse infuso, et expresso e matura nuce Indica lacteo succo mixtus, atque febricitantibus exhibitus aestum potenter extinquit; ex seminibus oleum exprimitur." The circumstance that the unripe fruit abounds in an astringent viscid juice, which is used by the natives of India for daubing the bottoms of boats, was communicated by Sir William Jones to Roxburgh in 1791. The introduction of the fruit into European medical practice in India is due to O'Shaughnessy. In 1868 it was made official in the Pharmacopeia of India. The fruit is eaten by the poorer classes. The seeds are preserved by the country people and given as an astringent in diarrhoea. The testa is the astringent part, the albumen being almost tasteless. Although the ripe fruit is very sweet, insects will not touch it."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 366f.]

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. - Coromandel-Ebenholz


Abb.: तिन्दुकः । Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. - Coromandel-Ebenholz
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: स्फूर्जकः । Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. - Coromandel-Ebenholz
[Bildquelle: S. K. Gawali / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Diospyrus melanoxylon. Willd. 4.1109. Corom. pl. 1. N. 46.

[...]

The Ebony tree is a native of most woody mountainous countries in India, viz. Ceylon, Malabar, Coromandel, Orissa, &c. It grows to be very large, particularly the male tree; the wood of this sort is also more esteemed. Leaves deciduous in the cold season ; the new ones appear with the flowers in April and May.

[...]

The black part of the wood of this tree is too well known to require any description in this place. It is only the centre of large trees that is black and valuable ; which part is more or less in quantity, according to the age of the tree. The outside wood is white and soft, which time and insects soon destroy, leaving the black untouched. The ripe fruit is eaten by the natives ; it has an astringent taste, and is not very palatable. The bark is also astringent. Powdered and mixed  with pepper, it is given for the dysentery by the native doctors."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 530ff.]
"Diospyros melanoxylon (Roxb.) N. O. Ebenaceae

Coromandel Ebony-tree.

Description.--Large tree; [...]

Fl. April-May.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 530.--Cor. i. t. 46.

Malabar. Coromandel. Orissa.

Medical Uses.—The bark is astringent, and, reduced to an impalpable powder, is applied to ulcerations, and mixed with black pepper is administered in dysentery.

Economic Uses.—The true Ebony of commerce is obtained from the D. ebenum (Linn.), a native of Ceylon, but in fact other species scarcely differing from one another yield this timber. The great peculiarity of Ebony-wood is its extreme heaviness and dark black colour. Some species have the wood variegated with white or brownish lines. Ebony was known and appreciated by the ancients as a valuable wood. Virgil said that it only came from India, though it is well known that Ethiopia was famous for it, a fact recorded by Pliny. Dioscorides said that Ethiopia's Ebony was the best. Herodotus wrote concerning the latter country, " It produces much gold, huge elephants, wild trees of all kinds, Ebony," &c.

This species yields a fine kind of Ebony. It is only the centre of the larger trees that is black and valuable, and the older the trees the better the quality. The outside wood is white and spongy, which decaying or destroyed by insects displays the central Ebony. It is much affected by the weather, on which account European cabinetmakers seldom use it except in veneer. The ripe fruit is eatable, but rather astringent. There is a slight export trade or Ebony from Madras. Other species which yield a kind of Ebony are D. chloroxylon (Roxb.), of which the wood is very hard and durable; the D. cordifolia (Roxb.), whose timber is used for many economical purposes.

Sir E. Tennent (Ceylon, i. 117) has some valuable remarks upon the different species of Ebony growing in that island. The Ebony (D. ebenum) grows in great abundance throughout all the flat country west of Trincomalee. It is a different species from the Ebony of the Mauritius (D. reticulata), and excels it and all others in the evenness and intensity of its colour. The centre of the trunk is the only portion which furnishes the extremely black part which is the Ebony of commerce; but the trees are of such magnitude that reduced logs of 2 feet in diameter, and varying from 10 to 15 feet in length, can readily be procured from the forests. There is another cabinet-wood of extreme beauty; it is a bastard species of Ebony (D. ebenaster), in which the prevailing black is stained with stripes of rich brown, approaching to yellow and pink. But its density is inconsiderable, and in durability it is far inferior to that of true Ebony.

The most valuable cabinet-wood of the island, resembling Rosewood, but much surpassing it in beauty and durability, has at all times been in the greatest repute in Ceylon; it is the D. hirsuta. It grows chiefly in the southern provinces, and especially in the forests at the foot of Adam's Peak, but here it has been so prodigally felled that it has become exceedingly rare. Wood of a large scantling is hardly procurable at any price, and it is only in a very few localities that even small sticks are now to be found. A reason assigned for this is, that the heart of the tree, neither of this species nor of D. ebenaster is ever sound. The twisted portions, and especially the roots of the latter, yield veneers of unusual beauty, dark wavings and blotches, almost black, being gracefully disposed over a delicate fawn-coloured ground. The density is so great (nearly 60 lb. to a cubic foot) that it takes on excellent polish, and is in every way adapted for the manufacture of furniture. Notwithstanding its value, the tree is nearly eradicated ; but as it is not peculiar to Ceylon, it may be restored by fresh importations from the S.E. coast of India, of which it is equally a native.

The D. montana (Roxb.) is a timber variegated with dark and white coloured veins. It is very hard and durable. The D. tomentosa (Roxb.) is a native of the northern parts of Bengal. The wood is black, hard, and heavy. Roxburgh compares this latter tree to a cypress, from its tall and elegant form. The leaves all fall off in the cold season: The D. calycina (Bedd.) has been found in the Tinnevelly district and southern provinces of Madura, being very abundant up to 3000 feet of elevation. It is called in those districts Vellay Toveray, and yields a valuable light-coloured wood much used in those parts.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 68."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

Diospyrus glutinosa König

"Diospyrus glutinosa. König.

[...]

Tindooka, the Sanscrit name.

[...]

A middle sized tree, growing in the moist cool vallies, amongst the mountains in the Circars. Leaves not deciduous. Flowering time, March and April.

[...]

The ripe fruit is eaten by the natives, but I cannot say it is palatable ; it is strongly astringent.

Sir William Jones writes me from Calcutta on the 29th December 1791, that the name by which this tree is generally known in Bengal is Gaub, (in Sanscrit it is called Tindooka,) and that the astringent viscid mucus of the fruit, is used all over that country, for paying the bottom of boats. The unripe fruits contain a very large proportion of Tannin. An infusion is employed to steep fishing nets in, to make them more durable, and probably adds to their strength."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 533f.]

2.5.34. Strychnos nux-vomica L. 1753 - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine

Loganiaceae (Brechnussgewächse)

Bis 25 m hoher Baum.

19. c./d. kākenduḥ kulakaḥ kākatindukaḥ kākapīluke

काकेन्दुः कुलकः काकतिन्दुकः काकपीलुके ॥१९ ख॥

Bezeichnungen für  काकपीलुक - kākapīluka m.: Krähen-Pīluka - Strychnos nux-vomica L. 1753 - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine:

  1. काकेन्दु - kākendu m.: Krähen-Tropfen, Krähen-Mond
  2. कुलक - kulaka m.: kleine Menge
  3. काकतिन्दुक - kākatinduka m.: Krähen-Tinduka

Colebrooke (1807): "Another sort. Diospyros tomentosa, R[oxb]."

Strychnos nux-vomica L. - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine


Abb.: काकपीलुकः । Strychnos nux-vomica L. - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 37, 1678]


Abb.: काकपीलुकः । Strychnos nux-vomica L. - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine
[Bildquelle: Medicinal plants. Being descriptions with original figures of the principal plants employed in medicine and an account of the characters, properties, and uses of their parts and products of medicinal value. / by Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen. Plates by David Blair. In four volumes., 1880. -- vol. 1, pl. 178]


Abb.: काकपीलुकः । Strychnos nux-vomica L. - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: काकतिन्दुकः । Strychnos nux-vomica L. - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: काकेन्दुः । Samen von Strychnos nux-vomica L. - Gewöhnliche Brechnuss - Strychnine
[Bildquelle: H. Zell / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Strychnos nux vomica (Linn.)

Vomit-nut or Poison-nut.

Description.--Tree, middling-sized; [...]

Fl. Dec.-Jan.

Roxb. Flor. Ind. i. 575.--Cor. i. t. 4.--Rheede i. t. 37.

Peninsula.

Medical Uses.—The wood of this tree, being hard and durable, is used for many purposes. It is exceedingly bitter, particularly that of the root, which is used in the cure of intermittent fevers and the bites of venomous snakes. The seeds are employed in the distillation of country spirits, to render them more intoxicating. The pulp of the fruit is harmless. Birds eat it greedily. Nux vomica is one of the narcotico-acrid class of poisons, and seems to act directly upon the spinal cord. Mr Duprey has ascertained that by numerous experiments the fruit of Feuillea cordifolia is a powerful antidote against this and other vegetable poisons. It has for a long time been known as a powerful medicine, and is employed in a variety of diseases. s It has been effectually used in paralysis, as it acts upon the spinal marrow without affecting the brain. It is also given in partial or general palsies, and various kinds of local and general debility. Strychnine is a preparation of N. vomica. The Vytians say that the seeds will produce mental derangement, or death itself, if an overdose be taken. The nut, when finely pounded and mixed with margosa-oil, is considered tonic and astringent given in minute doses. The seeds are given in leprosy, paralysis, and bites of venomous serpents, and are used by the lower class of natives as a stimulant, like opium, in very small

doses. A decoction of the leaves is employed externally in paralysis and rheumatic swelling of the joints.—(Ainslie.) Professor Christi- son considers it probable that the bark might be advantageously substituted for the seed in the preparation of strychnia. It forms the principal ingredient in the chief of the medicated oils commonly in use among the natives as local applications to leprous, syphilitic, and other obstinate eruptions.—(Pharm. of India.) In 1870-71 were exported from Bombay 2568 cwt. of seeds, valued at Us. 10,966; and from Madras, in 1869-70, 4805 cwt., valued at Rs. 12,262.— Trade Reports."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &C—No mention of Nux-vomica can be found in the older Sanskrit medical works. A drug called Vishamushti, mentioned by Sarangadhara, has by some been supposed to be nux-vomica, but according to the Bhavaprakasha, Vishamushti has an edible fruit, and is called Karerua in Hindi. The latter work gives Kupilu and Kulaka as Sanskrit names for Kuchila, but these names are generally referred to a kind of ebony. Another Sanskrit name given to the drug in recently compiled works is Kurachilla, an incorrect form of Kuruchilla, "a crab," to which animal the seeds bear some resemblance in shape. We think there can be little doubt that nux-vomica was not used medicinally by the ancient Hindus, but the Hindi name Kuchila or Kuchula occurs in ancient Persian, and appears to be derived from the Sanskrit kuñc to make crooked. We also find an unidentified plant called Kuchela, mentioned by Sanskrit writers, with the synonyms of Avi-karni and Viddha-parni; the name Kuncha-phala is also met with, but it may possibly be only an incorrect rendering of Kucha-phala, a term for the pomegranate. We can hardly suppose that a plant having such marked poisonous properties can have escaped the notice of the earliest settlers in India, and there can be no doubt that the wood has been in use from a very early date as one of the kinds of Mushadi in Southern and Western India. We also find that in the Indian Archipelago, which was colonised at a very early date by the Hindus, the wood is used as a popular remedy for dysentery, fevers and dyspepsia, under the name of Bidara-laut by the Malays. This name appears to be of Sanskrit origin and to be derived from Vidara, "splitting or rending," and lata, "a tree or shrub," in allusion to the tetanic spasms produced by over-doses of the drug.

In the Raja Nirghanta two kinds of Katuka are noticed ; one of these with the vernacular synonym Kedar-kutuki is doubtless Picrorhiza Kurroa, the other Katukavalli with the Cannarese synonym Tonremattu, which does not appear in the vernacular Niganthas, must, we think, be reffred to the bitter woods used as lignum colubrinum. (See Strychnos colubrina)

[...]

Ainslie speaks of nux-vomica as a drug which is little used; he rightly states that the pulp of the fruit is poisonous, and the authors of the Pharmacographia have since shown that it contains strychnine; nevertheless it is eaten by the hornbill and other birds. He also tells us that the Vytians are of opinion that if the seeds are not taken in sufficient quantity to cause death, they will produce mental derangement. Loureiro states that the seeds roasted to blackness are really useful, and can be given without danger in fluor albus. In the Concan small doses of the seeds are given with aromatics in colic, and the juice of the fresh wood (obtained by applying beat to the middle of a straight stick to both ends of which a small pot has been tied) is given in doses of a few drops in cholera and acute dysentery. In some districts small quantities of the seeds are taken, apparently as a stimulant, or in lien of opium. They also enter into the composition of the bakha pills, used in the preparation of Mahwa and other country spirit (see Bassia)."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 458ff.]

Diospyrus tomentosa Roxb.

"Diospyrus tomentosa. Roxb.

[...]

Kakindoo, the Sanscrit name.

A native of the northern parts of Bengal, where it grows to be a tree of great size ; the wood is black, hard, and heavy ; in short the Ebony of that country. In a garden at Allipore, formerly belonging to Mr. Hastings, are some of the oldest trees about Calcutta. They may be about thirty years old. The trunk and whole tree very erect, tall and slender, not unlike the form of the common Cypress. The leaves are completely deciduous during the cold season, and appear again with the flowers in April."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 532]

2.5.35. Schrebera swietenoides Roxb. + Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. - Ceylon Tea

Oleaceae (Ölbaumgewächse) + Celastraceae (Spindelbaumgewächse)

Schrebera swietenoides: bis 20 m hoher Baum.

Elaeodendron glaucum: bis 5 m hoher, immergrüner Baum.

20. a./b.  golīḍho jhāṭalo ghaṇṭāpāṭalir mokṣa-muṣkakau

गोलीढो झाटलो घण्टापाटलिर् मोक्ष-मुष्ककौ ।२० क।

[Bezeichnungen für Schrebera swietenoides Roxb. + Elaeodendron glaucum Pers.:]

  1. गोलीढ - golīḍha m.: Rindsgelecktes 
  2. झाटल - jhāṭala m.: Jhāṭala
  3. घण्टापाटलि - ghaṇṭāpāṭali m.: Glocken-Pāṭali
  4. मोक्ष - mokṣa m.: Befreiung
  5. मुष्कक - muṣkaka m.: kleiner Hoden

Colebrooke (1807): "Ghantā-pātali."

Schrebera swietenoides Roxb.


Abb.: मुष्ककः । Schrebera swietenoides Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol II. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

"Schrebera swietenoides (Roxb.) N. O. Bignoniaceae.

Weaver's-beam tree.

Description.--Large tree; [...]

Fl. March-April.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 109.--Cor. ii. t. 101.

Circar mountains.

Economic Uses.—A large timber-tree. The wood is of a grey colour, close-grained, hard, and durable. It is used for a great variety of purposes, being less liable to warp than most other woods. It is employed by weavers chiefly for the beams of the loom, not being liable to bend or warp.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Schrebera swietenioides. R. Corom. pl. 2. N. 101.

[...]

A large timber tree, a native of vallies over the mountainons parts of the Raja-mundri Circar, Balaghata mountains, &c. Flowering time the beginning of the hot season.

[...]

Obs. The wood of this tree is of a gray colour, very close-grained, heavy and durable. It is reckoned less subject to bend or warp than any other hereabouts ; on which account, it is employed by weavers in many parts of their looms, particularly the beam. It is also used for a great variety of other purposes.

I am inclined to think it would answer well for scales to mathematical instruments ; it does not look so well as box, but its not being subject to warp may render it fitter, though not so handsome."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 109f.]

Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. - Ceylon Tea

"Elaeodendrum glaucum. Persoon. Synops. ii. 241. Roxb. Corom. ii. 2.

[...]

Schrebera albens. Willd. spec. i. 1092.

Celastrus glaucus. Vahl. symb. ii. 42.

Mangifera glauca. Rottb. in. Nov. Act. Havn. ii. 534. t.4.f.l.

A middle-sized, or rather small tree, native of various parts of India. From Ceylon it was received into the Botanic garden at Calcutta, under the name Ceylon tea; its leaves are like those of that plant but much longer; their taste slightly bitter and astringent. It flowers in May ; the seeds ripen in September and October."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 638ff.]

2.5.36. Wendlandia exserta (Roxb.) DC. 1830

Rubiaceae (Rötegewächse)

Kleiner, immergrüner Baum.

20. c./d. tilakaḥ kṣurakaḥ śrīmān samau picula-jhāvukau

तिलकः क्षुरकः श्रीमान् समौ पिचुल-झावुकौ ॥२० ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Wendlandia exserta (Roxb.) DC. 1830:]

  1. तिलक - tilaka m.: Schönheitsmal
  2. क्षुरक - kṣuraka m.: Messerchen
  3. श्रीमत् - śrīmat m.: Prächtiger

Colebrooke (1807): "Tilā."


Abb.: Wendlandia exserta (Roxb.) DC. 1830
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Rondeletia exserta. R.

[...]

A native of the interior parts of Bengal, and particularly over the ruins of the ancient city of Gour ; Mr. Henry Creighton found it there, and sent plants to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, where they thrive luxuriantly, and blossom in March, at which period they form one of its greatest ornaments."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 523]

2.5.37. Tamarix sp. (?)

Tamaricaceae (Tamariskengewächse)

20. c./d. tilakaḥ kṣurakaḥ śrīmān samau picula-jhāvukau

तिलकः क्षुरकः श्रीमान् समौ पिचुल-झावुकौ ॥२० ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Tamarix sp. (?):]

  1. पिचुल - picula m.: Picula
  2. झावुक - jhāvuka m.: Jhāvuka

Colebrooke (1807): "Tamarix. Tamarix indica [Willd. Strauch oder bis 8 m hoher Baum] and dioeca [Roxb. ex Roth]."

Tamarix Gallica L. 1753 - Französische Tamariske - French Tamarisk


Abb.: झावुकः । Tamarix Gallica L. 1753 - Französische Tamariske - French Tamarisk
[Bildquelle: Wight: Illustrations I, Tab. 24, 1840]

"Tamarix indica. Kön. Mss.

[...]

Sans. Jhavuka.

[...]

This species grows to be a middling tree, is a native of sandy islands in large rivers or on their sandy banks, or in the vicinity of the sea, between Upara and Pantacota, on the coast of Coromandel. It flowers during the latter part of the rainy season.

[...]

When it meets with a good soil, it has a very elegant appearance, particularly when in flower."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 100f.]
"Tamarix Gallica (Linn.) N. O. Tamaricaceae.

Indian Tamarix.

Description.--Shrub, 6 feet; [...]

Fl. July-Aug.

W. & A. Prod. i. 40.--Wight Ill. i. t. 24, f. 1.

Tamarix Indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100.

Coromandel. Banks of the Indus and Ganges.

Medical Uses.—The twigs of this shrub are considered astringent, and are valuable for the galls which are formed on the plant, and which are used for dyeing and in medicine. The ashes of the shrub, when it grows near the sea, are remarkable for containing a quantity of sulphate of soda, and cannot be used as a ley for washing, as they coagulate soap. When grown in sweet soil they are free from soda. —(Royle. Wight.) The late Dr Stocks spoke highly of the astringent properties of the Tamarix Gall, and from personal experience recommended a strong infusion of them as a local application to foul ulcers and buboes. By the natives they are administered internally in dysentery and diarrhoea. The T. orientalis (Vahl) also yields galls, but of smaller size; they are likewise employed as an astringent. The bark is bitter, astringent, and probably tonic.—Pharm. of India."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"TAMARIX GALLICA, Linn.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This small tree or bush is widely distributed in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Dioscorides, speaking of μυρικη says that in Egypt and Syria it bears a seed like a gallnut, which is used as an astringent. (I., 101.) Pliny calls the same tree Tamarica (24, 41). It is the Tamarix. of Columella (8,15). Nicander calls the Tamarix μαντιν (prophetic). The Apollo of Lesbos is represented with a branch of the tree in his hand. The Persian Magi also prophesied with a branch in their hands. Herodotus and Pliny mention a similar use of the Tamarix. In Sanskrit it is called Jhavuka, and in Hindustani Jhau. The galls have probably long been used in Northern India as a substitute for the true gall. The manna is not produced in India, but in Persia and Arabia ; in the month of June it drops from the tree, and is collected. In Persian works the galls of the Tamarix are called the fruit, and the manna is described as a dew which falls upon this and other trees, notably the willow and oak, and becomes solidified. The Hakims consider the manna to be detergent, aperient, and expectorant. It is probably the δροσμελι of Galen. In modern medicine manna is still used as a laxative; it slightly increases the action of the bowels, causing more frequent and softer stools without irritation. Its sweet taste makes it acceptable to children. The galls like those of the oak contain tannic and gallic acids, and may be used as an astringent in the same manner as true galls. (See Quercus.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 159f.]

Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth


Abb.: Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth
[Bildquelle: Brandis 1874 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Tamarix dioeca. R.

[...]

A native of the islands in the Ganges and of its banks above Sook-saugor, where it blossoms during the rains, at which period, in some situations, little more than the tops of the plants are to be seen above water. In our gardens it is in flower the greater part of the year and is highly ornamental."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 101f.]

2.5.38. Nageia nagi  (Thunb.) Kuntze 1891 - Gagelstrauch - Box mirtle

Myricaceae (Gagelstrauchgewächse)

Bis 15 m hoher, immergrüner Baum.

21. a./b. śrīparṇikā kumudikā kumbhī kaiṭarya-kaṭphalau

श्रीपर्णिका कुमुदिका कुम्भी कैटर्य-कट्फलौ ।२१ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Nageia nagi  (Thunb.) Kuntze 1891 - Gagelstrauch - Box mirtle =Myrica nagi  Thumb:]

  1. श्रीपर्णिका - śrīparṇikā f.: Prachtblatt
  2. कुमुदिका - kumudikā f.: Kumudikā
  3. कुम्भी - kumbhī f.: Topf
  4. कैटर्य - kaiṭarya m.: Kaiṭarya
  5. कट्फल - kaṭphala m.: Kaṭ-Frucht

Colebrooke (1807): "Kayaphal."


Abb.: Nageia nagi  (Thunb.) Kuntze 1891 - Gagelstrauch - Box mirtle
[Bildquelle: Flora Japonica, 1870 / Wikimedia. -- public domain]


Abb.: Nageia nagi  (Thunb.) Kuntze 1891 - Gagelstrauch - Box mirtle, Botanical Garden, Berkeley, USA
[Bildquelle: James Gaither. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/jim-sf/4443893021/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-11. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


  Abb.: Nageia nagi  (Thunb.) Kuntze 1891 - Gagelstrauch - Box mirtle, Shirahama - 白浜町, Japan
[Bildquelle: Keisotyo / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"MYRICA NAGI, Thunb.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—The bark of this tree is its most valuable product, and is largely exported to the plains. It is called in Sanskrit Katphala. and bears among other synonyms those of Kumuda, Kumbhi-paki, Sriparnika, Somavalka, and Mahakumbhi. According to the Nighantas, it is useful in diseases caused by deranged phlegm, such as fever, asthma, gonorrhoea, piles, cough, and other affections of the throat. It is an ingredient in numerous formulae for these diseases, such as the Katphaladi churna, for which Sarangadhara gives the following prescription:—Take of the bark of M. Nagi, tubers of Cyperus rotundus (Mustaka),  root of Picrorhiza Kurrooa (Katuki,), Curcuma Zedoaria (Sati), galls of Pistacia integerrima (Karkata-sringi), and root of Saussurea Lappa (Kushta) equal parts; powder and mix. This powder is given in doses of about a drachm with the addition of ginger juice and honev in affections of the throat, cough and asthma. The powdered bark is used as a snuff in catarrh, and mixed with ginger as an external stimulant application in cholera, &c.

Under the names of Dar-shishaan, Kandul, and Ud-el-bark, Mahometan writers state that the bark is resolvent, astringent, carminative, and tonic; that it cures catarrh and headache; with cinnamon they prescribe it for chronic cough, ley &c. Compounded with vinegar it  strengthens the gums and cures toothache ; an oil prepared from it is dropped into the ears in earache. A decoction is a valuable remedy in asthma, diarrhoea and diuresis; powdered or in the form of lotion the bark is applied to putrid sores; pessaries made of it promote uterine action. The usual dose for internal administration is about 60 grains. Duhn-el-kandul, an oil prepared from the flowers is said to have much the same properties as the bark. We have never met with it, nor does it appear to be known in commerce."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 355f.]

2.5.39. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. - Rechenblume - Symplocos, rote Varietät

Symplocaceae

Immergrüner Strauch oder Baum.

21. c./d. kramukaḥ paṭṭikākhyaḥ syāt paṭṭī lākṣāprasādanaḥ

क्रमुकः पट्टिकाख्यः स्यात् पट्टी लाक्षाप्रसादनः ॥२१ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für die rote Varietät von Symplocos racemosa Roxb. - Rechenblume - Symplocos:]

  1. क्रमुक - kramuka m.: Kramuka
  2. Alle Bezeichnungen für पट्टिका - paṭṭikā f.: Plättchen
  3. पट्टी - paṭṭī f.: Paṭṭī
  4. लाक्षाप्रसादन - lākṣāprasādana m.: Lack-Klärer

Siehe oben!

Colebrooke (1807): "Red Lodh."

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Symplocos racemosa Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/symplocos_racemosa.htm

2.5.40. Morus alba L. - Maulbeerbaum - Mulberry

Moraceae (Maulbeergewächse)

Bis 20 m hoher Baum.

22. tūdas tu yūpaḥ kramuko brahmaṇyo brahmadāru ca
tūlaṃ ca nīpa-priyaka-kadambās tu haripriyaḥ

तूदस् तु यूपः क्रमुको ब्रह्मण्यो ब्रह्मदारु च
तूलं च नीप-प्रियक-कदम्बास् तु हरिप्रियः ॥२२॥

[Bezeichnungen für Morus alba L. - Maulbeerbaum - Mulberry:]

  1. तूद - tūda m.: Tūda
  2. यूप - yūpa m.: Opferpfosten
  3. क्रमुक - kramuka m.: Kramuka 
  4. ब्रह्मण्य - brahmaṇya m.: Brahmischer
  5. ब्रह्मदारु - brahmadāru n.: Brahma-Holz
  6. तूल - tūla n.: Rispe, Wedel, Flaum

Colebrooke (1807): "Mulberry. Morus indica. But some make it the Hibiscus populneoides. See 23."


Abb.: क्रमुकः । Morus alba L. - Maulbeerbaum - Mulberry
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: यूपः । Morus alba L. - Maulbeerbaum - Mulberry, Spanien
[Bildquelle: Manuel M. Ramos. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/_mm_/707963105/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: तूलम् । Spanien
[Bildquelle: Bambo. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/bambolia/344635953/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Morus Alba. Willd. iv.368.

[...]

Found in gardens in several parts of India and varying so much by culture as to render it difficult to give a better definition than the above. It does not appear to be cultivated in every part of India for its leaves to feed silk-worms. The fruit rather small, juicy, but insipid.

In Bengal it blossoms about the end of the cold season, and the fruit ripens in about six weeks, or two months afterwards. It appears to be dioecous, for I have only met with female flowers on the plants cultivated in the Botanic garden at Calcutta."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 594.]
"Morus Indica. Willd. iv. 370.

[...]

Sans. Toola.

I have never found this tree in its wild state, but always in gardens, or plantations, or where it had been planted Where it is indigenous I cannot say. Flowering time the beginning of the hot weather, in February, at which time the young leaves also make their appearance, though by culture they may be continued the year round.

[...]

This is the species cultivated in Bengal to feed silkworms. It is kept down by frequent cutting that the branches may become more numerous, consequently the foliage more abundant, and more easily gathered. The cultivators of these bushes, do not always rear the worm. When they do not, they sell the leaves upon the tender branches to the ryots who rear the worm, but do not cultivate the mulberry, by the basket, a measure called in some parts a Koopee, weighting on an average, one hundred pounds avoirdupois. The average price is about three Koopees for the Rupee. While the worms are very young they not only strip the leaves from the twigs but cut them small. Afterwards when the worms are larger, the whole leaves upon the twigs are given, and the sticks are removed when the leaves are consumed.

The annual value of the biga which is a third of an English acre, taking the general average of markets, and also the general average of lands in point of quality of soil, may be about eight Rupees; deduct for the rent of the land two Rupees, this leaves a profit of six to the ryot for his labour.

The plant is usually cut four times in the year, and stripped of its leaves twice. The latter mode is practised during the rains, when cutting the plants would injure them, by the water penetrating- the cut parts ; besides, by having the branches at this season at their full length, there is less danger of their being overflowed during inundations of the Ganges.

A plantation once formed, requires no great labour to keep it in order, as the close luxuriant growth of the plants keeps the weeds pretty well under ; however, it is necessary to dress the ground now and then, and to earth up the plants while young, or when the rain washes away the earth. The ground is generally so moist at all tines of the year in Bengal, as to render irrigation almost unnecessary ; an advantage the coast of Coromandel cannot boast of, and which will ever render it impossible for that country to cultivate silk at as low a rate as is done in Bengal. For this plant a light, rich, elevated soil is made choice of; for the Hindoo cultivators say clayey ground, or such as allows the water to settle about the roots of the plants, will not do. The plantation, they say, requires to be renewed once in three or four years, to insure a succession of the best leaves. Cuttings are employed, and planted about the close of the rains, in rows three feet asunder, and about half that distance in the rows."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 596ff.]

2.5.41. Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. - Kadam

Rubiaceae (Rötegewächse)

Bis 45 m hoher Baum.

22. c./d. tūlaṃ ca nīpa-priyaka-kadambās tu haripriyaḥ

तूलं च नीप-प्रियक-कदम्बास् तु हरिप्रियः ॥२२॥

[Bezeichnungen für Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. (= Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) - Kadam:]

  1. नीप - nīpa m.: tief Liegender, Nīpa
  2. प्रियक - priyaka m.: kleiner Liebling
  3. कदम्ब - kadamba m.: Kadamba, Menge, Schar
  4. हरिप्रिय - haripriya m.: Dem Hari (Viṣṇu) Lieber

Colebrooke (1807): "Nauclea orientalis [= Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.]."


Abb.: कदम्बः । Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. - Kadam
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus III. Fig. 33, 1682]


Abb.: कदम्बः । Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. - Kadam, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कदम्बः । Frucht von Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. - Kadam, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कदम्बः । Blüte von Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. - Kadam, Kolkata - কলকাতা, West Bengal
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: कदम्बः ।
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2078211786/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-12. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)] 

"Nauclea Cadamba. R.

[...]

Sans. Neepa, Priyuka, and Cudumha.

[...]

Is common about Calcutta, where it grows to be a large tree, and is not only highly ornamental, but very useful from the extensive close shade it yields. Flowering time the hot season. Seed ripe in October and November."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 512.]
"Nauclea Cadamba (Roxb.) N. O. Cinchonaceae.

Description.--Large tree with a perfectly straight erect trunk; [...]

Fl. April-May.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 516.

Bengal. Wynaad. Malabar on river banks.

Economic Uses.—This is a large and ornamental tree. It is common about Calcutta, and is planted for the extensive shade it yields. The wood is of a yellow colour, and is used for various kinds of furniture.—Roxb. Jury Rep."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Anthocephalus Cadamba, Rubiaceae

Wild Cinchona (Eng.)

This tree is sacred to Kālī or Pārvatī, the consort of Śiva; it is the Arbor Generationis of the Maratha Kunbis, and a branch of it is brought into the house at the time of their marriage ceremonies. The tree is planted near villages and temples, and is held to be sacred. In Sanskrit it is called Kadamba or Kalamba, and has also many synonyms, such as Sisu-pāla, 'protecting children'; Hali-priya, 'dear to agriculturists,' &c. The Kadamba blossoms at the end of the hot seasons, and its night-scented flowers, form a large, globular, lemon-coloured head, from which the white clubbed stigmas project. They are compared by the Indian poets to the cheek of a maiden mantling with pleasure at the approach of her lover, and are supposed to have the power to irresistibly attracting lovers to one another. This idea is expressed in the following couplet of the Saptasatika of Hāla: -"Sweet-heart, how I am bewitched by the Kadamba blossoms, all the other flowers together have not such a power. Verily Kama wields now-a-days a bow armed with the honey balls of the Kadamba." The flowers are fabled to impregnate with honey the water, which collects in holes in the trunk of the tree. Beal, in his Catena of Buddhist scriptures from the Chinese, informs us that according to the Dirghagama Sutra, to the east of mount Sumeru rises a great king of trees called Kadamba; in girth seven yoganas, height a hundred yoganas, and in spread fifty yoganas. M. Senārt (Essai sur la l‚gende du Buddha) says: -"L'arbre de Bouddha sort spontanément d'un noyau de Kadamba déposé dans le sol; en un moment, la terre se fend, une pousse paraît, et le géant se dresse ombrageant une circonférence de trois cents coudées. Les fruits qu'il porte troublent l'esprit des adversaires du Buddha contre lesquels les Dévas déchaînent toutes les fureurs de la tempéte." (De Gubernatis.)  The fruit, which is about the size of a small orange, is eaten by the natives and is considered to be tonic and febrifuge, and its fresh juice is applied to the heads of infants when the fontanelle sinks; at the same time a small quantity mixed with cumin and sugar is given internally. In inflammation of the eyes the bark-juice with equal quantities of lime-juice, opium and alum is applied round the orbit."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 169f.]

Zu 2.5b. vanauṣadhivargaḥ II, Vers 23 - 43