नामलिङ्गानुशासनम्

2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam

7. vanauṣadhivargaḥ IV

(Über Pflanzen)

Übersetzt von Alois Payer

mailto:payer@payer.de 

Zitierweise | cite as: Amarasiṃha <6./8. Jhdt. n. Chr.>: Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (Amarakośa) / übersetzt von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- 2. Dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam. -- 7. vanauṣadhivargaḥ IV.  -- Fassung vom 2011-01-22. --  URL: http://www.payer.de/amarakosa/amara207.htm          

Erstmals hier publiziert: 2011-01-08

Überarbeitungen: 2011-01-22 [Verbesserungen]

©opyright: Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Sanskrit von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

Meinem Lehrer und Freund

Prof. Dr. Heinrich von Stietencron

in Dankbarkeit gewidmet.

Falls Sie die diakritischen Zeichen nicht dargestellt bekommen, installieren Sie eine Schrift mit Diakritika wie z.B. Tahoma.

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"Those who have never considered the subject are little aware how much the appearance and habit of a plant become altered by the influence of its position. It requires much observation to speak authoritatively on the distinction in point of stature between many trees and shrubs. Shrubs in the low country, small and stunted in growth, become handsome and goodly trees on higher lands, and to an inexperienced eye they appear to be different plants. The Jatropha curcas grows to a tree some 15 or 20 feet on the Neilgherries, while the Datura alba is three or four times the size in>n the hills that it is on the plains. It is therefore with much diffidence that I have occasionally presumed to insert the height of a tree or shrub. The same remark may be applied to flowers and the flowering seasons, especially the latter. I have seen the Lagerstroemia Reginae, whose proper time of flowering is March and April, previous to the commencement of the rains, in blossom more or less all the year in gardens in Travancore. I have endeavoured to give the real or natural flowering seasons, in contradistinction to the chance ones, but, I am afraid, with little success; and it should be recollected that to aim at precision in such a part of the description of plants is almost hopeless, without that prolonged study of their local habits for which a lifetime would scarcely suffice."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- S. VIII f.]

2. dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam - Zweiter Teil

2.7. vanauṣadhivargaḥ IV - Abschnitt über Wälder und Pflanzen IV

Identifikation der lateinischen Pflanzennnamen

Bei der Identifikation der lateinischen Pflanzennamen folge ich, wenn immer es möglich ist:

Bhāvamiśra <16. Jhdt.>: Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra : (text, English translation, notes, appendences and index) / translated by K. R. (Kalale Rangaswamaiah) Srikantha Murthy. -- Chowkhamba Varanasi : Krishnadas Academy, 1998 - 2000. -- (Krishnadas ayurveda series ; 45). -- 2 Bde. -- Enthält in Bd. 1 das SEHR nützliche Lexikon (nigaṇṭhu) Bhāvamiśras.

Pandey, Gyanendra: Dravyaguṇa vijñāna : materia medica-vegetable drugs : English-Sanskrit. -- 3. ed. --  Varanasi : Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2005. -- 3 Bde. ; 23 cm. -- ISBN: 81-218-0088-9 (set)

Wo möglich, erfolgt die aktuelle Benennung von Pflanzen nach:

Zander, Robert <1892 - 1969> [Begründer]: Der große Zander : Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen  / Walter Erhardt ... --  Stuttgart : Ulmer, ©2008. -- 2 Bde ; 2103 S. -- ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7.

WARNUNG: dies ist der Versuch einer Übersetzung und Interpretation eines altindischen Textes. Es ist keine medizinische Anleitung. Vor dem Gebrauch aller hier genannten Heilmittel wird darum ausdrücklich gewarnt. Nur ein erfahrener, gut ausgebildeter ayurvedischer Arzt kann Verschreibungen und Behandlungen machen! Die Bestimmung der Pflanzennamen beruht weitgehend auf Vermutungen kompetenter Āyurvedaspezialisten.

Abkürzungen

Hortus malabaricus

Hortus Indicus Malabaricus : continens regni Malabarici apud Indos cereberrimi onmis generis plantas rariores, Latinas, Malabaricis, Arabicis, Brachmanum charactareibus hominibusque expressas ... / adornatus per Henricum van Rheede, van Draakenstein, ... et Johannem Casearium ... ; notis adauxit, & commentariis illustravit Arnoldus Syen ... --  11 Bde.  -- Amstelaedami : sumptibus Johannis van Someren, et Joannis van Dyck, 1678-1703. -- Online: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/b11939795. -- Zugriff am 2010-01-01

Zu den Identifikationen siehe:

Dillwyn, L. W. (Lewis Weston) <1778-1855>: A review of the references to the Hortus malabaricus of Henry Van Rheede Van Draakenstein [sic]. -- Swansea : Printed at the Cambrian-Office, by Murray and Rees, 1839.

Roxburgh

Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Plants of the coast of Coromandel, selected from drawings and descriptions presented to the hon. court of directors of the East India company / by William Roxburgh. Published by their order under the direction of Sir Joseph Banks <1743 - 1820> ...  -- London : Printed by W. Bulmer for G. Nicol, 1795-1819. -- 3 Bde. : 300 kolorierte Tafeln ; 59 cm. -- Online: http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12006488 usw. -- Zugriff am 2009-09-19

Wight Icones

Wight, Robert <1796 - 1872>: Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis :or figures of Indian plants. -- 6 Bde. -- Madras : published by J.B. Pharoah for the author, 1840-1853. -- Online: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/92. -- Zugriff am 2010-01-01

Wight Illustrations

Wight, Robert <1796 - 1872>: Illustrations of Indian botany :or figures illustrative of each of the natural orders of Indian plants, described in the author's prodromus florae peninsulae Indiae orientalis. -- 2 Bde. + Suppl. -- Madras : published by J. B. Pharoah for the author, 1840-1850. -- Online: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9603. -- Zugriff am 2010-01-01 

Kirtikar-Basu

Kirtikar, K. R. ; Basu, B. D.: Indian medical plants with illustrations. Ed., revised, enlarged and mostly rewritten by E. Blatter, J. F. Caius and K. S. Mhaskar. -- 2. ed. -- Dehra Dun : Oriental Enterprises. -- 2003. -- 11 Bde : 3846 S. : Ill. ; 26 cm. -- Unentbehrlich! -- Reprint der Ausgabe von 1933, die Abbildungen stammen aus der Ausgabe von 1918

2.7.0. Übersicht

2.7.1. Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana

Musaceae (Bananengewächse)

1. kadalī vāraṇabusā rambhā mocāṃśumatphalā
kāṣṭhīlā mudgaparṇī tu kākamudgā sahety api

कदली वारणबुसा रम्भा मोचांशुमत्फला ।
काष्ठीला मद्गपर्णी तु काकमुद्गा सहेत्य् अपि ॥१॥

[Bezeichnungen für Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana:]

  • कदली - kadalī f.:  Banane
  • वारणबुसा - vāraṇabusā f.: Abwehr-Abfall, Elefanten-Abfall, Elefantenspreu
  • रम्भा - rambhā f.: Stütze, Stock
  • मोचा - mocā f.: Befreierin (Abführmittel?)
  • अंशुमत्फला - aṃśumatphalā f.: Strahlenreiche Frucht
  • काष्ठीला - kāṣṭhīlā f.: Was für Kerne?

Colebrooke (1807): "A banana. Musa sapientum [L. = Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753."


 Abb.: वारणबुसा  । Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 12, 1678]


 Abb.: रम्भा । Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 13, 1678]


 Abb.: कदली । Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 14, 1678]


Abb.: Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: अंशुमत्फला । Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana, Trivandrum - തിരുവനന്തപുരം, Kerala
[Bildquelle: Adam Jones. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/3773748783/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Blüte von Musa x paradisiaca L. 1753 - Ess-Banane - Edible Banana
[Bildquelle: Muhammad Mahdi Karim / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: काष्ठीला । Wildbanane
[Bildquelle: Warut Roonguthai / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Bananenblatt als Essteller, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Pamri / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Bananen als Opfergabe an den Fluss Kaveri (காவிரி) in Tiruchirappalli - திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி, Tamil Nadu
[Bildquelle: P.Periyannan / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Musa sapientum. Willd. spec. iv. p. 894.

[...]

Bata. Rheed. Mal. i. 17. t. 12, 13, and 14.

Musa. Rumph. Amb. v. 130. t. 894.

[...]

The varieties of the banana, cultivated over India, are very numerous, but fewer of the plantain, as I have hither to obtained knowledge of only three ; whereas, I may safely say, not less than ten times that number of the former have come under my inspection.

Their duration, culture, habit, and natural character are already well known; I shall therefore confine myself to (what I think,) the original wild Musa, from which I conclude all the cultivated varieties of both plantain and banana proceed, and which I consider as varieties of that one species.

In the course of two years, from the seed received from Chittagong, these attained to the usual height of the cultivated sorts which is about ten or twelve feet. They blossom at all seasons, though generally during the rains ; and ripen their seed in five or six months afterwards ; the plant then perishes down to the root, which long before this time has produced other shoots; these continue to grow up, blossom, &c. in succession for several years. Their leaves are exactly as in the cultivated sorts.

[...]

Berry oblong, tapering to each end ; of a soft fleshy consistence, smooth and yellow, marked longitudinally with five ribs, three-celled ; the partitions distinct, but soft and pulpy, and no doubt disappear when dry, and long kept. Seeds numerous, the size of a small pea, round, turbinate, tubercled ; the exterior half dark-chesnut or blackish toward the umbilicus, which is a large circular cavity ; light brown."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 663ff.]
"Musa paradisiaca (Linn.) N. O. Musaceae.

Common Plantain

Description.—Herbaceous; [...] flowers yellowish whitish.

 Fl. All the year.

 M. sapientum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 663.—Cor. iii. 275.—Rheede, i. t. 12-14.

Cultivated everywhere. Chittagong.

Medical Uses.—The tender leaves are in common use for dressing blistered surfaces. For this purpose a piece of the leaf, of the required size, smeared with any bland vegetable oil, is applied to the denuded surface, and kept on the place by means of a bandage. The blistered surface is generally found to heal after four or five days. For the first two days the upper smooth surface of the leaf is placed next the skin, and subsequently the under side, until the healing process is complete. This is considered better than the usual mode of treatment with spermacetti ointment. Dr Van Someren occasionally employed the plantain leaf as a substitute for gutta-percha tissue in the water-dressing of wounds and ulcers, and found it answer very well. A piece of fresh plantain leaf forms a cool and pleasant shade for the eyes in the various forms of ophthalmic so common in the East. The preserved fruit, which resembles dried figs, is a nourishing and antiscorbutic article of diet for long voyages. In this state they will keep for a long time.—(Pharm. of India.) Long, in his History of Jamaica, says that on thrusting a knife into the body of the plant the astringent lumped water that issues out is given with great success to persons subject to spitting blood, and in fluxes.

Economic Uses.—This extensively cultivated plant is common to both Indies. The ancients were acquainted with the fruit; and the name of Pala, which is used in Pliny's description of it, is identical with the word Vala, which is the Malayalum name to the present day. Probably all the cultivated varieties in this country have sprung from a single species, of which the original, according to Dr Roxburgh, was grown from seeds procured from Chittagong. A wild variety, probably the M. superba, which is found in the Dindigul valleys, I have often met with on the mountains in Travancore, at high elevations.

In the Himalaya it is cultivated at 5000 feet, and may be found wild on the Neilgherries at 7000 feet. It is cultivated in Syria as far as latitude 34°, but, Humboldt says, ceases to bear fruit at a height of 3000 feet, where the mean annual temperature is 68°, and where, probably, the heat of summer is deficient. Lindley enumerates ten species of Musa, some of which grow to the height of 25 or 30 feet, but the Chinese species (M. Chinensis or Cavendishii) does not exceed 4 or 5 feet in height. The specific name of the plant under consideration was given by botanists in allusion to an old notion that it was the forbidden fruit of Scripture. It has also been supposed to be what was intended by the grapes, one branch of which was borne upon a pole between two men that the spies of Moses brought out of the Promised Land. The plantain is considered very nutritious and wholesome, either dressed or raw; and no fruit is so easily cultivated in tropical countries. There is hardly a cottage in India that has not its grove of plantains. The natives live almost upon them; and the stems of the plantain, laden with their branches of fruit, are invariably placed at the entrance of their houses during their marriage or other festivals, appropriate emblems of plenty and fertility. Its succulent roots and large leaves are well adapted for keeping the ground moist, even in the hottest months. The best soil for its cultivation is newly-cleared forest-land where there is much decayed vegetation. Additional manure will greatly affect the increase and flavour of the fruit. Some of the varieties are far inferior to the rest; the Guindy plantains are the best known in Madras, which, though small, are of delicious flavour. The plant must be cut down immediately after the fruit is gathered; new shoots spring up from the old stems; and in this way it will grow on springing up and bearing for twenty years or more. In America and the Society Isles the fruit is preserved as an article of trade. A meal is prepared from the fruit, by stripping off the skins, slicing the core, and, when thoroughly dried in the sun, powdering and sifting it. It is much used in the West Indies for infants and invalids, and is said to be especially nourishing. Regarding its nutritive qualities, Professor Johnston published the following information in the ' Journal of the Agricultural Society of Scotland:' " We find the plantain fruit to approach most nearly in composition and nutritive value to the potato, and the plantain meal to those of rice. Thus, the fruit of the plantain gives 37 per cent, and the raw potato 25 per cent of dry matter. In regard to its value as a food for man in our northern climates, there in no reason to believe that it is unfit to sustain life and health; and as to warmer or tropical climates, this conclusion is of more weight. The only chemical writer who has previously made personal observations upon this point (M. Boussingault) says, ' I have not sufficient data to determine the nutritive value of the banana, but I have reason to believe that it is superior to that of potato. I have given as rations to employed at hard labour about 6 1/2 lb. of half-ripe bananas and 2 ounces of salt meat.' Of these green bananas he elsewhere states that 38 per cent consisted of husk, and that the internal eatable part lost 56 per cent of water by drying in the sun. The composition of the ash of the plantain also bears a close resemblance to that of potato. Both contain much alkaline matter, potash, and soda salts; and in both there is nearly the same percentage of phosphoric acid and magnesia. In so far, therefore, as the supply of those mineral ingredients is concerned, by which the body is supported as necessarily as by the organic food, there is no reason to doubt the banana, equally with the potato, is fitted to sustain the strength of the animal body."

Dried plantains form an article of commerce at Bombay and other parts of the Peninsula. They are merely cut in slices and dried in the sun, and being full of saccharine matter, make a good preserve for the table. Exports from the former place to the extent of 267 cwt., valued at rupees 1456, were shipped in 1850-51. The juice of the unripe fruit and lymph of the stamens are slightly astringent In the West Indies the latter has been used as a kind of marking ink.

All the species of Musa are remarkable for the number of the spiral vessels they contain, and one species (M. textilis) yields a fine kind of flax, with which a very delicate kind of cloth is fabricated. The plantain fibre is an excellent substitute for hemp in linen thread. The fine grass cloth, ship's cordage and ropes, which are made and used in the South Sea fisheries, are made from it. The outer layers of the sheathing foot-stalks yield the thickest and strongest fibres. It is considered that there would be no difficulty in obtaining from this plant alone any required quantity of fibre, of admitted valuable quality, which might be exported to Europe. It can be used with no less facility and advantage in the manufacture of paper. A profitable export made of plantain and aloe fibre has been established on the western coast. The best mode of preparing the fibre is thus given by Dr Hunter :—

"Take the upright stem and the central stalk of the leaves; if the outer ones are old, stained, or withered, reject them; strip off the different layers, and proceed to clean them, in shade if possible, soon after the tree has been cut down. Lay a leaf-stalk on a long flat board with the inner surface uppermost, scrape the pulp off with a blunt piece of hoop-iron fixed in a grove in a long piece of wood. (An old iron spoon makes a very good scraper.) When the inner side, which has the thickest layer of pulp, has been cleaned, turn over the leaf and scrape the back of it. When a good bundle of fibres has been thus partially cleaned and piled up, wash it briskly. in a large quantity of water, rubbing it all well and shaking it about in the water, so as to get rid of all the pulp and sap as quick as possible. Boiling the fibres in an alkaline ley (potash or soda dissolved in water), or washing with Europe soap, gets rid of the sap quickly. The common country soap, which is made with quicklime, is too corrosive to be depended upon. After washing the fibres thoroughly, spread them out in very thin layers, or hang them up in the wind to dry. Do not expose the fibres to the sun when damp, as this communicates a brownish-yellow tinge to them, which cannot be easily removed by bleaching. Leaving the fibres out at night in the dew bleaches them, but it is at the expense of part of their strength. All vegetable substances are apt to rot if kept long in a damp state."

In the Jury Reports of the Madras Exhibition it is stated : "It yields a fine white silky fibre of considerable length, especially lighter than hemp, flax, and aloe fibre, by one-fourth or one-fifth, and possessing considerable strength. There are numerous varieties of the plantain, which yield fibres of different qualities, viz.:—

  • Rustaley, superior table plantain.
  • Poovaley, or small Guindy variety.
  • Payvaley, a pale ash-coloured sweet fruit.
  • Monden, 3-sided coarse fruit.
  • Shevaley, large red fruit.
  • Putchay Laden, or long curved green fruit

"These varieties, as might be expected, yield fibres of very different quality. This plant has a particular tendency to rot, and to become stiff, brittle, and discoloured, by steeping in the green state; and it has been ascertained by trial that the strength is in proportion to the cleanness of the fibre. If it has been well cleaned, and all the sap quickly removed, it bears immersion in water as well as most other fibres, and is about the same strength as Russian hemp. The coarse large-fruited plantains yield the strongest and thickest fibres; the smaller kinds yield fine fibres, suited for weaving, and if carefully prepared, these have a glossy appearance like silk. This gloss, however, can only be got by cleaning rapidly, and before the sap has time to stain the fibre; it is soon lost if the plant be steeped in water."

In Dr Royle's experiments on its strength, some prepared at Madras broke at 190 lb., that from Singapore at 390 lb., a 12- thread rope broke at 864 lb.; proving that it is of great strength, and applicable to cordage and rough canvas. Perhaps its value in the European markets might be £50, or at any rate £35 a-ton the coarser fibres, if sent in sufficient quantity and in a proper state. Respecting the manufacture of paper from the plantain fibres, the subjoined information is selected from Dr Royle's memorandum :—

"Among cultivated plants there is probably nothing so well calculated to yield a large supply of material, fit for making paper of almost every quality, as the plantain, so extensively cultivated in all tropical countries on account of its fruit, and of which the fibre- yielding stems are applied to no useful purpose. As the fruit already pays the expenses of the culture, this fibre could be afforded at a cheap rate, as from the nature of the plant consisting almost only  of water and fibre, the latter might easily be separated. One planter calculates that it could be afforded for £9, 13s. 4d. per ton. Some very useful and tough kinds of paper have been made in India from the fibres of the plantain, and some of finer quality from the same material both in France and in the country."

Plantains and bananas are mere varieties of the same plant.— Roxb. Royle, Fib. Plants. Simmonds. Indian Journal of Arts and Sciences."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"MUSA PARADISIACA, Linn.

Fig.—Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii., t. 275; Rheecle, Hort. Mal. i. tt. 12—14.

Plantain

Hab.—Cultivated throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—The cultivated plantains are called Kadali in Sanskrit, and the wild plantains, which, we believe, to be their progenitors, such as Bhānuphala or Ansumatphala "having luminous fruit," Chāruphala "having delicious fruit," Rājeshtha "liked by kings," Vana-lakshmi "beauty of the woods," &c. We think there can be little doubt that the plantain has been under cultivation in India from prehistoric times. The Greeks under Alexander must have become acquainted with it; Theophrastus and Pliny describe a tree called Pala, with leaves like the wing of a bird, three cubits in length, which puts forth its fruit from the bark, a fruit remarkable for the sweetness of its juice, a single one (bunch?) containing sufficient to satisfy four persons; this tree is supposed to have been the plantain. The word pāla signifies "leaves," but we are not aware of its ever having been applied to the plantain. The Arabs call it Mauz and Talk, and under the latter name it is mentioned in the Koran

(and the companions of the right hand, happy companions of the right hand among Lotus trees free from thorns, and plantains with their lapping clusters of fruit).

Under the name of Mauz, Mosne describes the fruit as useful in soreness of the throat and chest with dry cough, and in irritability of the bladder; he considers it to be aphrodisiac, diuretic and aperient, and recommends it to be cooked with sugar and honey. Eaten in excess it gives rise to indigestion. Abu Hanifeh in the 9th century described very accurately the manner of growth of the plantain, and quotes a saying of Ash'ab, to his son, as related by As, "Wherefore dost thou not become like me?" to which he answered, "Such as I is like the Mauzah, which does not attain to a good state until its parent dies." (Madd-el-kamus.) The early Italian travellers called the plant Fico d' Adamo, and thought they saw in the transverse section of the fruit a cross or even a crucifix. Mandeville calls it the Apple of Paradise. The varieties of the plantain are very numerous; Rumphius describes sixteen (Herb. Amb., viii., 2). Some of these, like the large yellow Manyel, are only used after they have been cooked; others, as the Iclāhi, are small and delicate in flavour. The abortive flowers at the end of the spike are removed and used as a vegetable by the Hindus, and the unripe fruit, called Mochaka in Sanskrit, is used medicinally on account of its astringent properties in diabetes; it is made into a ghrita with the three myrobalans and aromatics. Young plantain leaves are universally used as a cool dressing for blisters and to retain the moisture of water dressings; they serve also as a green shade for the eyes. Emerson notices the use of the sap to allay thirst in cholera. Mīr Muhammad Husain in the Makhzan tells us that the centre of the stem, Kanjiyāl, is eaten with fish as a vegetable in Bengal, that the kind called Mālbhok is used as a poultice to burns, and that called Bolkad is boiled and used as an ointment to the syphilitic eruptions of children; he also notices the use of the ashes on account of their alkaline properties, and of the root as an anthelmintic. MM. Corre and Lejanne state that the fruit stems sliced and macerated in water all night, yield a sudorific drink; and that the charcoal of the skin of the fruit is recommended by Chevalier as an application to the cracks in the sole of the foot from which Negroes suffer. Pereira (Mat. Med., ii., p. 222) has drawn attention to the nutritive properties of the meal prepared from the fruit. In India the lower portion of the stem of the wild plantain is a valuable resource in famine seasons on account of the large quantity of starch it contains. Starch prepared from the unripe fruit is used in the treatment of bowel complaints in Bengal. A specimen we examined consisted almost wholly of pure starch, with a trace of astringent extractive. In America syrup of bananas is said to be singularly effective in relieving chronic bronchitis. The preparation is simple, requiring only that the fruit shall be cut in small pieces and with an equal weight of sugar be placed in a closed jar, which is set in cold water and slowly heated to the boiling point, when it is to be removed from the fire and allowed to pool. The dose mentioned is a teaspoonful every hour.

Commerce.- Dried plantains are an article of commerce in India, and are excellent when stewed with sugar or fried in butter. Bombay exports annually from 300 to 400 cwts."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 443ff.]

2.7.2. Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal 1969 - Mattenbohne - Mat Bean / Moth Bean

Fabaceae (Hülsenfrüchtler)

1. c./d. kāṣṭhīlā mudgaparṇī tu kākamudgā sahety api

काष्ठीला मुद्गपर्णी तु काकमुद्गा सहेत्य् अपि ॥१ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal 1969 - Mattenbohne - Mat Bean / Moth Bean:]

  • मुद्गपर्णी - mudgaparṇī f.: Bohnenblatt
  • काकमुद्गा - kākamudgā f.: Krähenbohne
  • सहा - sahā f.: Überwältigende, Bezwingende, Starke (d.h. sich überall Durchsetzende, überall Vorkommende)

Colebrooke (1807): "Mugani"

"Phaseolus aconitfolius. Willd, iii. 1034.

Annual, diffuse.

[...]

This plant I have reared from seed sent me by Dr. Hunter from the province of Oude where it is much cultivated, as it also is over the adjoining- provinces to the westward, and used for feeding cattle ; seed-time there, June and July ; harvest in November.

Root annual, [...]

The uncommon luxuriance of this plant gives reason to think it will yield a much larger crop of fodder than any other I am acquainted with."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 299f.]

2.7.3. Solanum violaceum Ortega 1798

Solanaceae (Nachtschattengewächse)

2. a./b. vārtākī hiṅgulī siṃhī bhaṇṭākī duṣpradharṣiṇī

वार्ताकी हिङ्गुली सिंही भण्टाकी दुष्प्रधर्षिणी ।२ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Solanum violaceum Ortega 1798:]

  • वार्ताकी - vārtākī f.: zur Wachtel gehörig, von der Wachtel stammend, Wachtelfraß
  • हिङ्गुली - hiṅgulī f.: Zinnoberrote
  • सिंही - siṃhī f.: Löwin
  • भण्टाकी - bhaṇṭākī f.: Bhaṇṭākī
  • दुष्प्रधर्षिणी - duṣpradharṣiṇī f.: sehr Lästige, sehr Misshandelnde

Colebrooke (1807): "Egg plant. Solanum melongena [L. 1753 - Aubergine]."

Solanum violaceum Ortega 1798


Abb.: दुष्प्रधर्षिणी । Solanum violaceum Ortega 1798
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus II. Fig. 36, 1679]


Abb.: हिङ्गुली । Solanum violaceum Ortega 1798
[Bildquelle: Fragmenta botanica, figuris coloratis illustrata : ab anno 1800 ad annum 1809 per sex fasciculos edita / opera et sumptibus Nicolai Josephi Jacquin.  -- Wien, 1809. -- Tafel 132.] 

"Solanum indicum. Willd. sp. i. 1042.

Shrubby, armed, very ramous.

[...]

Cheru-chunda. Rheed. Mal. ii. t. 36.

Solanum fructescens, &c. Burm. Zeyl. p. 220. t. 102, is a pretty good representation of this plant, but I think Dillenius's S. indicum spinosum flore boragineo, t. 270. f. 349. must have been taken from a very different species, the flowers being much too large, and the leaves too deeply divided for our East Indian plant."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 570.]

"Solanum indicum (Linn.) N. O. Solanaceae

Indian Nightshade. [...]

Description. -- Shrub, armed; [...] berries orange yellow.

Fl. Nearly all the year.— Wight Icon. t. 346—Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 570.—Rheede, ii. t. 36.

All over India.

Medical Uses.—The root is used by Indian doctors in cases of dysuria and ischuria, in the form of decoction. It is said to possess strong exciting qualities, if taken internally, and is employed in difficult parturition. It is also used in toothache. There are varieties of the plant, differing chiefly in the shape of the leaves. —Ainslie."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Solanum indicum

Hab.—Throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant is of importance in Hindu medicine as the source of one of the drugs required for the preparation of the Dasamula Kvatha. In the Nighantas it bears the Sanskrit names of Bhantaki, Vrihati, Mahati, "large egg plant," Vārtāki, Mahotika, &c; and is described as cardiacal, aphrodisiacal, astringent, carminative and resolvent; useful in asthma, cough, chronic febrile affections, worms, &c The author of the Makhza-el-adwiya notices it under the name of Birhatta, and repeats what the Hindu writers say about it. Chakradatta gives the following prescription as useful in bronchitis with fever: Take of the roots of S. indicum, S. xanthocarpum, Sida cordifolia, and Justicia adhatoda, raisins one part, and prepare a decoction in the usual manner. Rheede notices its use in Malabar, and Ainslie (ii., 207) remarks that the root has little sensible taste or smell, but is amongst the medicines which are prescribed in cases of dysuria and ischuria in decoction to the quantity of half a teacupful twice daily. He also notices that Horsfield in his account of Java medicinal plants says, that the root taken internally, possesses strongly exciting qualities, and that Rumphius states tha it is employed in difficult parturition. The berries, which are bitter, are sometimes cooked and eaten by the natives of India as a vegetable."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 555f.]

Solanum melongena L. 1753 - Aubergine


 Abb.: Solanum melongena L. 1753 - Aubergine
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus X. Fig. 74, 1690]


Abb.: Solanum melongena L. 1753 - Aubergine
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Solanum melongena L. 1753 - Aubergine
[Bildquelle: Noumenon / Wikimedia commons. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Solanum melongena L. 1753 - Aubergine
[Bildquelle: laminfo / Wikimedia commons. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Solanum melongena L. 1753 - Aubergine, Thailand
[Bildquelle: Mattes / Wikipedia commons. -- Public domain]

"Solanum Melongena. Willd. sp. i. 1036.

Perennial. [...]

Nila-Barudena. Rheed. Mal. x. 147. t. 74.

Trongum hortense. Rumph. Amb. v. 238. t. 85.

Of this very universally useful, esculent species, there are many varieties cultivated in India. The plants are annually renewed from seed, though all the varieties are perennial; but like the Capsicums not so productive after the first year. They continue to blossom and bear fruit the whole year, but chiefly during the cold season. In Bengal, in a rich soil, they have very few prickles, but in a poor one many.

"Solanum longum. R.

Perennial.

[...]

Sans. Koolee.

Long Brinjal of Europeans.

I consider this to be a species clearly distinct from melongena, for the fruit is always cylindrical, never changing by culture into any other form. The plant is biennial, and in every respect like Melongena, the fruit excepted. I have only met with it in gardens, where it is cultivated for the table, and have had it nine years in mine without producing any change in it. The cold season is the proper time for rearing it.

The plants will exist several years, but are either dug up or neglected after the first."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 566f.]
"Solanum melongena (Linn.)

The Brinjal or Egg-plant [...]

Description.—Perennial; [...]

Fl. Nearly all the year.

The varieties are—

  1. Stem, leaves, and calyxes unarmed or nearly so. Solanum ovigerum, Dun. Rom. and Sch.—S. Melongena, Linn. Willd. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 566, Egg-plant [...] Tel. All over India. Fl. largish, violet.
  2. Stem, leaves, and calyxes more or less aculeate. Solanum esculentum, Dun. — S. Melongena, Linn, suppl.— S. insanum, Linn. Willd. (not Roxb.)—S. longum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 567.—Neelavaloothana, Rheede, x. t. 74.—Long Brinjal. Fl. largish, bright bluish purple.

The fruit of each of these varieties is either ovate-oblong or oblong, violet or white; or globular (larger and smaller), violet; or more and less globular, white, or white-striped on a violet ground.

Economic Uses.—The Brinjal is universally cultivated in India as an esculent vegetable, belonging to an order of plants remarkable for their poisonous as well as harmless qualities. On this subject Dr Lindley has well remarked : "The leaves of all are narcotic and exciting, but in different degrees,—from the Atropa Belladonna, which causes vertigo, convulsions, and vomiting—the well-known Tobacco, which will frequently produce the first and last of these symptoms—the Henbane, and Stramonium, down to some of the Solanum tribe, the leaves of which are used as kitchen herbs. It is in the fruit that the greatest diversity of character exists. Atropa Belladonna, Solanum nigrum, and others, are highly dangerous poisons; Stramonium, Henbane, and Physalis are narcotic; the fruit of Physalis Alkekengi is diuretic, that of Capsicum is pungent, and even acrid; some species of Physalis are sub-acid, and so wholesome as to be eaten with impunity {e. g.} the well-known Tepariga) ; and finally, the Egg-plant (Solatium Melongena, Brinjal), and all the Tomato tribe of Solanum, yield fruits which are common articles of cookery. It is stated that the poisonous species derive their properties from the presence of a pulpy matter which surrounds the seeds; and that the wholesome kinds are destitute of this, the pulp consisting only of what botanists call the sarcocarp—that is to say, the centre of the rind, in a more or less succulent state. It must also be remembered that if the fruit of the Egg-plant is eatable, it only becomes so after undergoing a peculiar process, by which all its bitter acrid matter is removed, and that the Tomato is always exposed to heat before it is eaten.""

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.7.4. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper

Apocynaceae (Hundsgiftgewächse)

2. c./d. nākulī surasā rāsnā sugandhā gandhanākulī
3. a./b. nakuleṣṭā bhujaṃgākṣī chatrākī suvahā ca sā

नाकुली सुरसा रास्ना सुगन्धा गन्धनाकुली ॥२ ख॥
नकुलेष्टा भुजंगाक्षी छत्राकी सुवहा च सा ।३ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper:]

  • नाकुली - nākulī f.: Zum (grauen) Mungo1 Gehörige, Mungofraß (weswegen der Mungo angeblich immun gegen Schlangengift ist)
  • सुरसा - surasā f.: sehr Würzige
  • रास्ना - rasnā f.: Würzige
  • सुगन्धा - sugandhā f.: gut Riechende
  • गन्धनाकुली - gandhanākulī f.: Duft-Nākulī (s. oben)
  • नकुलेष्टा - nakuleṣṭā f.: Mungo1-Liebling
  • भुजंगाक्षी - bujaṃgākṣī f.: Schlangenauge, Auge eines Charmeurs
  • छत्राकी - chatrākī f.: die einen Schirm hat
  • सुवहा - suvahā f.: gut Führende (Geburts-Beschleunigerin)

Colebrooke (1807): "Rasan. Uncertain. See As. Res. vol. iv. p. 309."

1 Mungo:


Abb.: Herpestes edwardsii E. Geoffroy, 1818 - Indian Gray Mongoose - Indischer Mungo, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Herpestes javanicus E. Geoffroy, 1818 - Small Asian Mongoose - Kleiner Mungo, Hawaii, USA
[Bildquelle: Carla Kishinami. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/kishlc/3480814568/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-04. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine bearbeitung)]


 Abb.: Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 47, 1686]


 Abb.: छत्राकी । Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 20 (1804), Tab. 784]


Abb.: सुगन्धा । Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper, Mangalore - ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/505526733/s. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: गन्धनाकुली । Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper, Karlsruhe, Deutschland
[Bildquelle: H. Zell / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: भुजंगाक्षी । Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper, Karlsruhe, Deutschland
[Bildquelle: H. Zell / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: सुरसा । Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 1877 - Java-Teufelspfeffer - Java Devil Pepper, Samen
[Bildquelle: Tracey Slotta @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. -- Public domain]

"Ophioxylon serpentinum. Willd. iv. 979.

Tsiovanna-Amel-Podi. Rheed. Mal. vi. 81. I. 47.

Radix Mustela. Rumph. Amb. vii. 29. t. 16.

Sans. Chundrika, Churmuhuntree, Pushoomehunukarika, Nundunee, Karuvee, Bhudra, Vasoopooshpa, Vasura, Chundrushoora.

[...]

This, in a rich soil, is a large climbing or twining shrub : in a poor soil, small and erect. It is a native of the Circar mountains. In my garden it flowers all the year round.

[...]

The root of this plant is employed for the cure of various disorders by the Telinga physicians. First, in substance, inwardly, as a febrifuge. Secondly, in the same manner, after the bite of poisonous animals. The juice is also expressed, and dropt into the eye, for the same purpose. And thirdly, it is administered, in substance, to promote delivery in tedious cases."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 694f.]

"Ophioxylon serpentinum (Linn.) N. O. Apocynaceae.

[...]

Description. — Twining ; [...] flowers white, with the tube pale rose-lilac. Fl. All the year.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 694.— Wight Icon. t. 849,—Rheede, vi. t 47.

Peninsula. Bengal. Malabar.

Medical Uses.—Few shrubs, says Sir W. Jones, in the world are more elegant, especially when the vivid carmine of the perianth is contrasted, not only with the milk-white corolla, but with the rich green berries, which at the same time embellish the fascicles. Rheede says it is always bearing, the berries and flowers appearing together at all times. The root is used internally in various disorders both as a febrifuge and for the bites of poisonous animals, such as snakes and scorpions, the dose being a pint of the decoction every twenty-four hours; the powder being also applied to the parts. The juice is also expressed and dropped into the eye for the same purpose. It is also administered to promote delivery in tedious cases, acting upon the uterine system in the same manner as ergot of rye.—Roxb. Wight."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, Benth.

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 849; Bot. Mag. t. 784 ; Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 64.

Syn. Ophioxylon serpentinum.

Hab.—Throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c. This shrub is mentioned in Sanskrit works under the names of Sarpagandhi and Chandrika. The Hindus use the root as a febrifuge, and as an antidote to the bites of poisonous reptiles, also in dysentery and other painful affections of the intestinal canal. By some it is supposed to cause uterine contraction and promote the expulsion of the foetus. Ainslie gives the following account of it:—"Tsjovanna amelpodi is the name given, on the Malabar Coast (Rheede, Mai. vi. 81, t. 47), to a plant, the bitter root of which is supposed to have sovereign virtues in cases of snake-bites and scorpion-stings ; it is ordered in decoction, to the extent of a pint in twenty-four hours, and the powder is applied, externally, to the injured part. The plant is the Radix mustela of Rumphius. (Amb. vii. 29, t. 16.) The Javanese class it among their anthelmintics, and give it the name of pulipandak. It may be found noticed both by Burman in his Thesaur. Zeylan. (t. 64) and Garcia ab Horto; the latter recommends it as stomachic; Rumphius speaks of it as an antidote to poisons ; and Bontius, in his Hist. Mat. Med. Ind. tell us that it cures fever." (Mat. Ind. II. 441.) It will be seen that Ainslie confounds it with the Radix mustela or ichneumon root (Ophiorhiza Mungos), and the natives of some other parts of India Appear to make the same mistake. Sir W. Jones (Asiat. Research. iv., p. 308,) thinks it possible that this plant may perhaps be the true ichneumon plant. In the Pharmacopoeia of India its use in labours to increase uterine contractions is noticed upon the authority of Dr. Pulney Andy, but we have no other evidence of its efficacy in such cases. In Bombay most of the labourers who come from the Concan keep a small supply of the root, which they value as a remedy in painful affections of the bowels. In the Concan the root with Aristolochia indica (Sapsan) is given in cholera; in colic 1 part of the root with 2 parts of Holarrhena root and 3 parts of Jatropha Curcas root is given in milk; in fever the root with Andrographix paniculata, ginger and black salt is used. The dose of the combined drugs in each case is from 3 to 4 tola's."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 414f.]

2.7.5. Desmodium gangeticum DC.

Fabaceae (Hülsenfrüchtler)

3. c./d. vidārigandhāṃśumatī sālaparṇī sthirā dhruvā

विदारीगन्धांशुमती सालपर्णी स्थिरा ध्रुवा ॥३ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Desmodium gangeticum DC.:]

  • विदारीगन्धा - vidārīgandhā f.: Zerreissende-Duftende (oder zwei Bezeichnungen: vidārī f.: Zerreissende, gandhā f.: Duftende)
  • अंशुमती - aṃśumatī f.: Strahlenreiche
  • सालपर्णी - sālaparṇī f.: Salbaum-Blättrige1
  • स्थिरा -  sthirā f.: Feste, Dauerhafte
  • ध्रुवा - dhruvā f.: Feste, Beständige

Colebrooke (1807): "Satparni. Hedysarum Gangeticum [Roxb. = Desmodium gangeticum DC.]"

1 sāla - Salbaum: Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.


Abb.: Altes Blatt von Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. - Salbaum, Buxa Tiger Reserve - বক্সা জাতীয় উদ্যান, West Bengal
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Desmodium gangeticum DC.
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Desmodium gangeticum DC, Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2891693549/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: Desmodium gangeticum DC., Ananthagiri Hills, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Desmodium gangeticum DC., Ananthagiri Hills, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Desmodium gangeticum DC., Ananthagiri Hills, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"DESMODIUM GANGETICUM, DC.

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 271.

Hab.—The Himalayas to Pegu and Ceylon.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant is of interest as being an ingredient of the Dasamula Kvatha so often mentioned in Sanskrit works; it is considered to be febrifuge and anti-catarrhal. In the Dasamula it is placed among the five minor plants (see Tribulus terrestris), a decoction of these is directed to be used in catarrhal fever, cough and other diseases supposed to be caused by deranged phlegm. The five major plants are prescribed in fever and other diseases supposed to be caused by deranged air. The ten together are used in remittent fever, puerperal fever, inflammatory affections within the chest, affections of the brain, and many other diseases supposed to be caused by derangement of all the humours. (For further information upon these points, consult Chakradatta.) The Sanskrit name is Shalaparni, "having leaves like the Shal" (Shorea robusta). In the Nighantas the root is described as alterative and tonic, and a remedy for vomiting, fever, asthma and dysentery."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 428.]

2.7.6. Gossypium arboreum L. 1753 - Baumförmige Baumwolle - Tree Cotton

Malvaceae (Malvengewächse)

4. a./b. tuṇḍikerī samudrāntā kārpāsī badareti ca

तुण्डिकेरी समुद्रान्ता कर्पसी बदरेति च ।४ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Gossypium arboreum L. 1753 - Baumförmige Baumwolle - Tree Cotton:]

  • तुण्डिकेरी - tuṇḍikerī f.: Tuṇḍikererin1
  • समुद्रान्ता - samudrāntā f.: vom Meer Begrenzte, bis zum Meer Reichende
  • कर्पसी - karpasī f.: Karpasī, Baumwollbaum
  • बदरा - badarā f.: Badarā

Colebrooke (1807): "Cotton."

1 Tuṇḍikererin: Tuṇḍikera: ein Volksstamm (s. z.B. Mahābhārata VIII.4.47)


Abb.: कर्पसी । Gossypium arboreum L. 1753 - Baumförmige Baumwolle - Tree Cotton
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 31, 1678]


Abb.: Gossypium herbaceum L. 1753 und Gossypium arboreum L. 1753 - Baumförmige Baumwolle - Tree Cotton
[Bildquelle: Royle, J. Forbes <1799-1858>: Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains :and of the flora of Cashmere. -- Vol 2: Plates. -- London : Allen, 1839. -- Pl. 23.]


Abb.: कर्पसी । Gossypium arboreum L. 1753 - Baumförmige Baumwolle - Tree Cotton
[Bildquelle: KENPEI / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Samen von Gossypium arboreum L. 1753 - Baumförmige Baumwolle - Tree Cotton
[Bildquelle: USDA / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Gossypium herbaceum. Willd. iii. 803.

Bi-triennial ; [...] Seeds free, clothed with firmly adhering, white down, under the long- white wool.

Gossypium. Capas. Rumph. Amb, iv. p. 33. t. 12.

Sans. Karpassee.

G. herhaceum. Cavan. Diss. vi. p. 310. t. 164. f. 2.

[...]

This and its varieties are by far the most universally cultivated by the natives of India. The most conspicuous of these varieties are the Dacca, Berar, and China cottons. Dacca Cotton may be reckoned the first variety, or deviation, from the last mentioned common sort.

G. herbaceum is in general cultivation all over Bengal and Coromandel.

It is reared about Dacca, and furnishes that exceedingly fine cotton wool employed in manufacturing the very delicate, beautiful muslins of that place. The Dacca variety differs from the common G. herbaceum in the following respects.

  1. In the plant being more erect, with fewer branches, and the lobes of the leaves more pointed.

  2. In the whole plant being tinged of a reddish colour, even the petioles, and nerves of the leaves, and being less pubescent.

  3. In having the peduncles which support the flowers longer, and the exterior margins of the petals tinged with red.

  4. In the staple of the cotton being longer, much finer, and softer.

These are the most obvious disagreements, but whether they will prove permanent I cannot say at present. The most intelligent people of that country (Dacca) think the great difference lies in the spinning, and allow little for the influence of soil.

Berar Cotton, I call the second variety. It is in cultivation over the Berar country ; and is from thence imported into the Circars, or Northern Provinces, by Sada, Balawansa, &c. to Yourma-goodum, in the Musulipfttam district. With this cotton the fine Madras, more properly, Northern Circar long cloth is made.

It differs from the above-mentioned two sorts in the following respects.

  1. In growing to a greater size ; in being more permanent, or living longer; and in having smooth and straight branches.

  2. In having the leaflets of the exterior calyx more deeply divided, and the wool of a finer quality, than in the first variety.

China Cotton, I call the third variety. It has lately been introduced into Bengal, from China; where it is cultivated, and its wool reckoned 25 per cent, better than that of Surat. It differs from the former sorts,

  1. In being much smaller, with but very few, short, weak branches.

  2. In being, so far as my experience yet goes, annual.

  3.  In having the leaflets of the exterior calyx entire, or nearly so.

Lamarck's G. Indicum, (Encyl. ii. p. 134,) is no doubt one of these varieties, and from him Willdenow has given it a place in his Ed. of the Sp. Pl. vol. iii. p. 803."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 184ff.]
"Gossypium Indicum (Linn.) N. O. Malvaceae.

Indian Cotton plant [...]

Description.--Herbaceous ; [...]

Royle.

G. herbaceum, Linn.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii 184.—Royle. Ill. Him. Bot. t. 23, fig. 1.

Cultivated.

Economic Uses. — As flax is characteristic of Egypt, and the hemp of Europe, so cotton may truly be designated as belonging to India. Long before history can furnish any authentic account of this invaluable product, its uses must have been known to the inhabitants of this country, and their wants supplied from time immemorial, by the growth of a fleecy-like substance, covering the seeds of a plant, raised more perhaps by the bounty of Providence than the labour of mankind.

In Sanscrit, cotton is called kurpas, from whence is derived the Latin name carbasus, mentioned occasionally in Roman authors. This word subsequently came to mean sails for ships and tents. Herodotus says, talking of the products of India,—" And certain wild trees bear wool instead of fruit, that in beauty and quality exceeds that of sheep: and the Indians make their clothing from these trees" (iii. 106). And in the book of Esther (i. 6) the word green corresponds to the Hebrew kurpas, and is in the Vulgate translated carbasinu8. The above shows from how early a period cotton was cultivated in this country. "The natives," says Royle (alluding to its manufacture in India), " of that country early attained excellence in the arts of spinning and weaving, employing only their Angers and the spinning-wheel for the former; but they seem to have exhausted their ingenuity when they invented the hand- loom for weaving, as they have for ages remained in a stationary condition."

It has sometimes been considered a subject of doubt whether the cotton was indigenous to America as well as Asia, but without sufficient reason, as it is mentioned by very early voyagers as forming the only clothing of the natives of Mexico; and, as stated by Humboldt, it is one of the plants whose cultivation among the Aztec tribes was as ancient as that of the Agave, the Maize, and the Quinoa (Chenopodium). If more evidence be required, it may be mentioned that Mr Brown has in his possession cotton not separated from the seeds, as well as cloth manufactured from it brought from the Peruvian tombs; and it may be added that the species now recognised as American differ in character from all known Indian species (Royle).

Cotton is not less valuable to the inhabitants of India than it is to European nations. It forms the clothing of the immense population of that country, besides being used by them in a thousand different ways for carpets, tents, screens, pillows, curtains, &c. The great demand for cotton in Europe has led of late years to the most important consideration of improvements in its cultivation. The labours and outlay which Government has expended in obtaining so important an object have happily been attended with the best results. The introduction of American seeds and experimental cultivation in various parts of India have been of the greatest benefit. They have been the means of producing a better article for the market, simplifying its mode of culture, and proving to the Ryots how, with a little care and attention, the article may be made to yield tenfold, and greatly increase its former value. To neither the soil nor the climate can the failure of Indian cotton be traced: the want of easy transit, however, from the interior to the coast, the ruinous effect of absurd fiscal regulations, and other influences, were at work to account for its failure. In 1834, Professor Boyle drew attention to two circumstances : " I have no doubt that by the importation of foreign, and the selection of native seed—attention to the peculiarities not only of soil but also of climate, as regards the course of the seasons, and the temperature, dryness, and moisture of the atmosphere, as well as attention to the mode of cultivation, such as preparing the soil, sowing in lines so as to facilitate the circulation of air, weeding, ascertaining whether the mixture of other crops with the cotton be injurious or otherwise, pruning, picking the cotton as it ripens, and keeping it clean—great improvement must take place in the quality of the cotton. Experiments may at first be more expensive than the ordinary culture; the natives of India, when taught by example, would adopt the improved processes as regularly and as easily as the other; and as labour is nowhere cheaper, any extra outlay would be repaid fully as profitably as in countries where the best cottons are at present produced."

The experiments urged by so distinguished an authority were put in force in many parts of the country, and notwithstanding the great prejudice which existed to the introduction of novelty and other obstacles, the results have proved eminently successful. It has been urged that Indian cotton is valuable for qualities of its own, and especially that of wearing well. It is used for the same purposes as hemp and flax, hair and wool, are in England. There are, of course, a great many varieties in the market, whose value depends on the length, strength, and fineness as well as softness of the material, the chief distinction being the long stapled and the short stapled. Cotton was first imported into England from India in 1783, when about 114,133 lb. were received. In 1846, it has been calculated that the consumption of cotton for the last 30 years has increased at the compound ratio of 6 per cent, thereby doubling itself every twelve years. The chief parts of India where the cotton plant is cultivated are in Guzerat, especially in Surat and Broach, the principal cotton districts in the country; the southern Mahratta countries, including Dharwar, which is about a hundred miles from the seaport; the Concans, Canara, and Malabar. There has never been any great quantity exported from the Madras side, though it is cultivated in the Salem, Coimbatore, and Tinnevelly districts, having the port of Tuticorin on one coast, and of late years that of Cochin on the other, both increasing in importance as places of export In the Bengal Presidency, Behar and Benares, and the Saugor and Nerbudda territories, are the districts where it is chiefly cultivated.

The present species and its varieties are by far the most generally cultivated in India. Dacca cotton is a variety chiefly found in Bengal, furnishing that exceedingly fine cotton, and employed in manufacturing the very delicate and beautiful muslins of that place, the chief difference being in the mode of spinning, not in any inherent virtue in the cotton or soil where it grows. The Berar cotton is another variety with which the N. Circar long-cloth is made. This district, since it has come under British rule, promises to be one of the most fertile and valuable cotton districts in the whole country.

Much diversity of opinion exists as to the best soil and climate adapted for the growth of the cotton plant; and considering that it grows at altitudes of 9000 feet, where Humboldt found it in the Andes, as well as at the level of the sea, in rich black soil and also on the sandy tracts of the sea-shore, it is superfluous to attempt specifying the particular amount of dryness or moisture absolutely requisite to insure perfection in the crop. It seems to be a favourite idea, however, that the neighbourhood of the sea-coast and islands are more favourable for the cultivation of the plant than places far inland, where the saline moisture of the sea-air cannot reach. But such is certainly not the case in Mexico and parts of Brazil, where the best districts for cotton-growing are far inland, removed from the influence of sea-air. Perhaps the different species of the plant may require different climates. However that may be, it is certain that they are found growing in every diversity of climate and soil, even on the Indian continent; while it is well known that the best and largest crops have invariably been obtained from island plantations, or those in the vicinity of the sea on the mainland.

A fine sort of cotton is grown in the eastern districts of Bengal for the most delicate manufactures; and a coarse kind is gathered in every part of the province from plants thinly interspersed in fields of pulse or grain. Captain Jenkins describes the cotton in Cachar as gathered from the Jaum cultivation : this consists in the jungle being burnt down after periods of from four to six years, the ground roughly hoed, and the seeds sown without further culture. Dr Buchanan Hamilton, in his statistical account of Dinagepore, gives a full account of the mode of cultivation in that district, where he says some cotton of bad quality is grown along with turmeric, and some by itself, which is sown in the beginning of May, and the produce collected from the middle of August to the middle of October, but the cultivation is miserable. A much better method, however, he adds, is practised in the south-east parts of the district, the cotton of which is finer than that imported from the west of India: The land is of the first quality, and the cotton is made to succeed rice, which is cut between August and the middle of September. The field is immediately ploughed until well broken, for which purpose it may require six double ploughings. After one-half of these has been given, it is manured with dung, or mud from ditches. Between the middle of October and the same time in November, the seed is sown broadcast; twenty measures of cotton and one of mustard. That of the cotton, before it is sown, is put into water for one-third of an hour, after which it is rubbed with a little dry earth to facilitate the sowing. About the beginning of February the mustard is ripe, when it is plucked and the field weeded. Between the 12th of April and 12th of June the cotton is collected as it ripens. The produce of a single acre is about 300 lb. of cotton, worth ten rupees; and as much mustard-seed, worth three rupees. A still greater quantity of cotton, - Dr Hamilton continues, is reared on stiff clay-land, where the ground is also high and tanks numerous. If the soil is rich it gives a summer crop of rice in the same year, or at least produces the seedling rice that is to be transplanted. In the beginning of October the field is ploughed, and in the end of the month the cotton-seed is sown, mingled with Sorisha or Lara (species of Sinapis and Eruca); and some rows of flax and safflower are generally intermixed. About the end of January, or later, the oil-seeds are plucked, the field is hoed and manured with cow-dung and ashes, mud from tanks, and oil-cake; it is then watered once in from eight to twelve days. The cotton is gathered between the middle of April and the middle of June, and its produce may be from 360 to 500 lb. an acre.

In the most northern provinces of India the greatest care is bestowed on the cultivation. The seasons for sowing are about the middle of March and April, after the winter crops have been gathered in, and again about the commencement of the rainy season. The crops are commenced being gathered about the conclusion of the rains, and during October and November, after which the cold becomes considerable, and the rains again severe. About the beginning of February the cotton plants shoot forth new leaves, produce fresh flowers, and a second crop of cotton is produced, which is gathered during March and beginning of April. The same occurs with the cottons of Central India, one crop being collected after the rains and the other in February, and what is late in the beginning of March.

I venture to insert here the following interesting particulars about cotton manufacture : " The shrub Perutti, which produces the finer kind of cotton, requires in India little cultivation or care. When the cotton has been gathered it is thrown upon a floor and threshed, in order that it may be separated from the black seeds and husks which serve it as a covering. It is then put into bags or tied up in bales containing from 300 to 320 lb. of 16 oz. each. After it has been carded it is spun out into such delicate threads that a piece of cotton cloth 20 yards in length may almost be concealed in the hollows of both hands. Most of these pieces of cloth are twice washed; others remain as they come from the loom, and are dipped in cocoa-nut oil in order that they may be longer preserved. It is customary also to draw them through conjee or rice-water, that they may acquire more smoothness and body. This conjee is sometimes applied to cotton articles in so ingenious a manner that purchasers are often deceived, and imagine the cloth to be much stronger than it really is; for as soon as washed the conjee vanishes, and the cloth appears quite slight and thin.

"There are reckoned to be no less than 22 different kinds of cotton articles manufactured in India, without including muslin or coloured stuffs. The latter are not, as in Europe, printed by means of wooden blocks, but painted with a brush made of coir, which approaches near to horse-hair, becomes very elastic, and can be formed into any shape the painter chooses. The colours employed are indigo (Indigofera tinctoria), the stem and leaves of which plant yield that beautiful dark blue with which the Indian chintzes, coverlets, and other articles are painted, and which never loses the smallest shade of its beauty. Also curcuma or Indian saffron, a plant which dyes yellow; and lastly, gum-lac, together with some flowers, roots, and fruits which are used to dye red. With these few pigments, which are applied sometimes singly, sometimes mixed, the natives produce on their cotton cloths that admirable and beautiful painting which exceeds anything of the kind exhibited in Europe.

" No person in Turkey, Persia, or Europe has yet imitated the Betilla, a certain kind of white East Indian chintz made at Masulipatam, and known under the name of Organdi. The manufacture of this cloth, which was known in the time of Job, the painting of it, and the preparation of the colours, give employment in India to male and female, young and old. A great deal of cotton is brought from Arabia and Persia and mixed with that of India."—Bart. Voy. to East Indies.

The remaining uses of this valuable plant must now claim our attention. The seeds are bruised for their oil, which is very pure, and is largely manufactured at Marseilles from seeds brought from Egypt. These seeds are given as a fattening food to cattle. Cottonseed cake is imported from the West Indies into England, being used as a valuable food for cattle. The produce of oil-cake and oil from cotton-seeds is, 2 gallons of oil to 1 cwt. of seeds, and 96 lb. of cake. A great quantity is shipped from China, chiefly from Shanghai, for the English market. It forms an invaluable manure for the farmer.—Royle on Cotton Cultivation. Simmonds. Lindley. Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"GOSSYPIUM STOCKSII, Mast., var.herbaceum, Linn.

Fig.—Wight Ic, t. 9,11 ; Royle Ill. t. 23.

Cotton plant

Hab.--Sindh. Cultivated in most hot coutries.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—Cotton, the Karpasi of Sanskrit writers, was doubtless first known and made use of by the Hindus; it is the βυσσος of the later Greek writers, such as Philostratus and Pausanias, but not of the earlier Greeks, who applied this term to a fine kind of flax used for making mummy cloths. Theophrastus calls it Eriophora, Pliny Gossympinus, Gossypion, and Xylinum. In Arabic cotton is kuttun and kurfuss, the latter term being evidently derived from the Sanskrit. Eastern physicians consider all parts of the cotton plant to be hot and moist; a syrup of the flowers is prescribed in hypochondriasis on account of its stimulating and exhilarant effect; a poultice of them is applied to burns and scalds. Cotton cloth or mixed fabrics of cotton with wool or silk are recommended as the most healthy for wear. Burnt cotton is applied to sores and wounds to promote healthy granulation ; dropsical or paralysed limbs are wrapped in cotton after the application of a ginger or zedoary lep (plaster); pounded cotton seed, mixed with ginger and water, is applied in orchitis. Cotton is also used as a moxa, and the seeds as a laxative, expectorant, and aphrodisiac. -The juice of the leaves is considered a good remedy in dysentery, and the leaves with oil are applied as a plaster to gouty joints ; a hip bath of the young leaves and roots is recommended in uterine colic. In the Concan the root of the Deokapas (fairy or sacred cotton bush) rubbed to a paste with the juice of patchouli leaves, has a reputation as a promoter of granulation in wounds, and the juice of the leaves made into a Paste with the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica is applied to eruptions of the skin following fever. In Pudukota the leaves ground and mixed with milk are given for strangury.

Cotton root bark is official in the United States Pharmacopoeia, also a fluid extract of the bark ; it appears to have first attracted attention from being used by the female negroes to produce abortion. There appears to be little doubt that it acts like ergot upon the uterus, and is useful in dysmenorrhea and suppression of the menses when produced by cold; a decoction of 4 ounces of the bark in two pints of water boiled down to one pint may be used in doses of two ounces every 20 or 30 minutes, or the fluid extract may be prescribed in doses of from 30 to 60 minims. Cotton seed tea is given in dysentery in America; the seeds are also reputed to be galactagogue. (Stillé and Maisch., Nat. Disp., p. 678.) By treating cotton first with a dilute alkali, then with a 5 per cent, solution of chloride of lime, and lastly with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, and afterwards well washing it with water, it loses its greasiness and becomes absorbent and a valuable dressing for wounds; this absorbent cotton may be medicated by sprinkling it with solutions of carbolic acid, salicylic acid, boracic acid, &c. Pyroxylin or Gun Cotton is made by dipping cotton into a mixture of equal parts of nitric and sulphuric acids, washing freely with water, and drying."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 224ff.]

2.7.7. Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei 1916

Malvaceae (Malvengewächse)

4. c./d. bhāradvājī tu sā vanyā śṛṅgī tu ṛṣabho vṛśaḥ

भारद्वजी तु सा वन्या शृङ्गी तु ऋषभो वृशः ॥४ ख॥

Die Waldform davon [Baumförmiger Baumwolle] heißt भारद्वजी - bhāradvajī f.: von Bharadvāja1 Stammende, zu Bharadvāja Gehörige, Bharadvāja-Pflanze

Colebrooke (1807): "Wild cotton. In Bengal, Hibiscus vitifolius [L. 1753 = Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei 1916] is called wild cotton, वनकार्पसः"

1 Bharadvāja


Abb.: Rāma, Sīta und Lakṣmaṇa bei Bharadvāja, Kangra - काँगड़ा, Himachal Pradesh, ca. 1780
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"BHARADVĀJA. A Ṛṣi to whom many Vedic hymns are attributed. He was the son of Bṛhaspati and father of Droṇa, the preceptor of the Pāṇḍavas. The Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa says that "he lived through three lives" (probably meaning a life of great length), and that "he became immortal and ascended to the heavenly world, to union with the sun." In the Mahābhārata he is represented as living at Hardwār ; in the Rāmāyaṇa he received Rāma and Sītā in his hermitage at Prayāga, which was then and afterwards much celebrated. According to some of the Purāṇas and the Hari-vaṃśa, he became by gift or adoption the son of King Bharata, and an absurd story is told about his birth to account for his name : His mother, the wife of Utathya, was pregnant by her husband and by Bṛhaspati. Dīrgha-tamas, the son by her husband, kicked his half-brother out of the womb before his time, when Bṛhaspati said to his mother, Bhara-dvā-jam, Cherish this child of two fathers.

BHĀRADVĀJA. 1. Droṇa. 2. Any descendant of Bharadvāja or follower of his teaching. 3. Name of a grammarian and author of Sūtras."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]


Abb.: भारद्वजी । Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei 1916
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 46, 1686]


Abb.: भारद्वजी । Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei 1916, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/1843262323/. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: भारद्वजी । Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei 1916, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/1843245075/. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Hibiscus vitifolius. Willd. iii. 829.

Annual, or biennial, bushy and villous. [...]

Bharadwaja, the Sanscrit name.

Katu beloeren. Rheed. Mal. vi. t. 46.

A native of rubbish, gardens, &c. all over India ; in flower during the rainy and cold seasons."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 200.]

2.7.8. Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal 1852 (???)

4. c./d. bhāradvājī tu sā vanyā śṛṅgī tu vṛṣabho vṛśaḥ

भारद्वजी तु सा वन्या शृङ्गी तु वृषभो वृषः ॥४ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal 1852 ???:]

  • शृङ्गी - śṛṅgī f. / śṛṅgin m.: Gehörnte / Gehörnter
  • वृषभ - vṛṣabha m.: Stier
  • वृषः - vṛṣa m.: Männchen, Stier

Colebrooke (1807): "Rishabha. A medicinal drug."

Alles sind Bezeichnungen für Stier. Als Vṛṣa kennt die Pharmacographia indica nur Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal 1852, eine Solanacea (Nachtschattengewächs), die aber üblicherweise aśvagandhā heißt.


Abb.: Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal 1852
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IV. Fig. 55, 1683]


Abb.: Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal 1852
[Bildquelle: Wight Icones III, Tab. 853, 1846]


Abb.: Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal 1852
[Bildquelle: Satheesan.vn / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Withania somnifera (Dunal.)

Winter Cherry

Description.—Perennial, 2-3 feet; [...]

Fl. Nearly all the year.— Wight Icon, t. 853.

Physalis flexuosa, Linn.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 561.— Rheede, iv. t. 55.

Coromandel. Concans. Travancore. Bengal

Medical Uses. — The root is said to have deobstruent and diuretic properties. The leaves moistened with warm castor-oil are useful, externally applied in cases of carbuncle. They are very- bitter, and are given in infusion in fevers. The seeds are employed in the coagulation of milk in making butter. The fruit is diuretic. The root and leaves are powerfully narcotic, and the latter is applied to inflamed tumours, and the former in obstinate ulcers and rheumatic swellings of the joints, being mixed with dried ginger and so applied. The Telinga physicians reckon the roots alexipharmic.— Roxb. Ainslie."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"WITHANIA SOMNIFERA, Dunal.

Fig.—Jacq. Ecl. tt. 22,23 ; Sibth, Fl. Graec, t. 233 ; Wight I., t. 853; Bheede, Hod. Mai. iv., t. 55.

Hab.—Dry sub-tropical India, West Coast. Southern Europe.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant bears the Sanskrit names of Asvagandha, Turagi or Turangi, and Turagi-gandha, "smelling like a horse or mare"; Varāha-karni, "boar-eared"; Vrisha, "amorous," &c. It is described in the Nighantas as tonic, alterative, pungent, astringent, hot and aphrodisiac, and is recommended in rheumatism, cough, dropsy, consumption and senile debility. Chakradatta recommends it in decoction with long pepper, butter and honey in consumption and scrofula. A ghrita or medicinal butter prepared by boiling together one part of the root with one part of clarified butter and ten of milk may be used in such cases. As an aphrodisiac and as a remedy for rheumatism the drug is usually combined with a number of aromatics, each dose contains about 30 grains of the root. It is also made into a paste with aromatics for local application in rheumatism. Indian Mahometan writers merely repeat what the Hindus say about this drug, and do not recognise in it the Kaknaj-el-manoum of the Arabs, which is supposed to represent the στρυχνος υπνοτικοσ of the Greeks, the description of which by Theophrastus agrees tolerably well with W. somnifera. Rheede calls it Pevetti, and states that a vulnerary ointment is prepared from the leaves. Prosper Alpinus (i., cap. 33) describes and figures it under the name of Solanum somniferum antiquorum. Roxburgh states that the Telinga physicians reckon the roots alexipharmic. Ainslie (ii. 14) says:—"The root as found in the medicine bazars, is of a pale colour, and in external appearance not unlike our gentian ; but it has little sensible taste or smell, though the Tamool Vytians suppose it to have deobstruent and diuretic qualities, given in decoction to the quantity of about half a teacupful twice daily ; the leaves moistened with a little warm castor oil, are a useful external application in cases of carbuncle." The authors of the Bombay Flora say that the seeds are employed to coagulate milk like those of W. coagulans. We have tried the experiment and find them to have some coagulating power.

The plant is very common along the shores of the Mediterranean, where it has always been reputed to be hypnotic. The properties of W. somnifera have recently been investigated by Br. Trebut with regard to its reputation for hypnotic properties ; he states that he has obtained an alkaloid from it which has hypnotic action and does not produce mydriasis. P. L. Simmonds (Amer. Journ. Pharm., Feb., 1891) states that the plant is employed at the Civil Hospital, Alger, as a sedative and hypnotic."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 566ff.]

2.7.9. Grewia hirsuta Vahl. 1790

Tiliaceae (Lindengewächse)

5. a./b. gāṅgerukī nāgabalā jhaṣā hrasvagavedhukā

गाङ्गेरुकी नागबला झषा ह्रस्वगवेधुका ।५ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Grewia hirsuta Vahl. 1790:]

  • गाङ्गेरुकी - gāṅgerukī f.: Gāṅgerukī (zu gāṅga 3: zum Ganges gehörig ?)
  • नागबला - nāgabalā f.: Schlangenkraft, Elefantenkraft
  • झषा - jhāṣā f.: zu den Fischen Gehörige
  • ह्रस्वगवेधुका - hrasva-gavedhukā f.:  kurze (kleine) Gavedhukā1

Colebrooke (1807): "Gorakha. Uncertain ; many different plants being shown under this name."

1 gavedhukā f.: Coix lachryma-jobi Linn. - Hiobsträne - Job's Tears


Abb.: गवेधुका । Coix lachryma-jobi Linn. - Hiobsträne - Job's Tears
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Grewia hirsuta Vahl. 1790 (= Grewia polygama Roxb.)
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]


Abb.: Grewia hirsuta Vahl. 1790, Talakona (తలకోన) Forest, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Grewia hirsuta Vahl. 1790, Talakona (తలకోన) Forest, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Grewia hirsuta. Vahl. symb. 1. 34. Willd. 2. 1166.

Shrubby. [...]

A large shrub, a native of Coromandel; it blossoms during the hot and rainy season, and the fruit, which is very generally eaten by the natives, ripens in three or four months."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 587.]

2.7.10. Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. 1768 - Schwammgurke - Vegetable Sponge

& Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 1832 - Gerippte Schwammgurke - Angled Loofah

Cucurbitaceae (Kürbisgewächse)

5. c./d. dhāmārgavo ghoṣakaḥ syān mahājālī sa pītakaḥ

धामार्गवो घोषकः स्यान् महाजाली स पीतकः ॥५ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. 1768 - Schwammgurke - Vegetable Sponge & Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 1832 - Gerippte Schwammgurke - Angled Loofah:]

  • धामार्गव - dhāmārgava m.: Dhāmārgava
  • घोषक - ghoṣaka m.: Lärmer

Die gelbe Varietät heißt महाजाली -  mahājālī f.: Große Jālī (Netzige)2

Colebrooke (1807): "Ghosha with white flowers.1 [5d.:] With yellow flowers."

1 Eine weißblütige Luffa kann ich nicht nachweisen.

2 jālī = Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. 1832 - Pointed Gourd (siehe unten!)

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. 1768 - Schwammgurke - Vegetable Sponge


Abb.: घोषक । Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. 1768 - Schwammgurke - Vegetable Sponge
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. 1768 - Schwammgurke - Vegetable Sponge
[Bildquelle: Dalgial / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. 1768 - Schwammgurke - Vegetable Sponge
[Bildquelle: Pekinensis / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: महाजाली । Luffa-Schwamm
[Bildquelle: Mcyjerry / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Luffa amara. R.

[...]

This species grows wild in hedges and dry uncultivated places. It flowers during the latter part of the rains and the cold season.

It is Cucumis indicus striatus opercula donata of Plukenet, t. 172. f. 1. which is a very good figure of it.

[...]

Every part of this plant is remarkably bitter, the fruit is violently cathartic and emetic. The juice of the roasted young fruit is applied to the temples by the natives to cure headache. The ripe seeds either in infusion or substance are used by them to vomit and to purge."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 715.]
"Luffa amara (Roxb.)

[...]

Description.—Climbing; [...] flowers large, yellow.

FL Aug.—Oct.

W. & A. Prod. i. 343.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii 715.

Peninsula. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—This is bitter in every part. The fruit is violently cathartic and emetic, and the juice of the young roasted fruit is applied by the natives to their temples in cases of headache. The seeds in substance or infusion are used as emeto-cathartic.—(Roxb.) Dr Green states that the plant is not only a grateful bitter tonic, but a powerful diuretic when given in infusion in doses of from one to two fluid ounces three or four times a-day, two drachms of the fresh stalks being put to one pint of boiling water. Combined with nitro-hydrochloric acid, he found it useful in dropsy supervening on enlargement of the spleen and liver from malarious poison.—(Pharm. of India.) The L. pentandra is edible. In the Peshawur valley the seeds are given, mixed with black pepper in warm water, as emetic or cathartic.—Stewart Punj. Plants."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832


Abb.: Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VIII. Fig. 7, 1688]


Abb.: Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 40 (1814), Tab. 1638]


Abb.: Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2810805876/. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2875561452/. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Luffa acutangula. Roxb.

[...]

Cucumis acutangulus. Willd. iv. 612.

Picinna. Rheed. Mal. viii. t. 7.

Luffa foetida. Willd. viii. 380.

[...]

It is very generally cultivated by the natives during the wet and cold seasons. I have never found it wild.

[...]

The half grown fruit is one of the best native vegetables we have in India ; the natives use it much in their curries; when peeled, for the skin is hard, boiled, and dressed with butter, pepper, and salt, they are little inferior to green pease."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 713f.]
"Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) N. O. Cucurbitaceae.

[...]

Description.—Climbing; [...] flowers large, yellow.

Fl. Nearly all the year.

W. & A. Prod. i. 343.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 713.—

Cucumis acutangulus, Linn.—Rheede, viii. t. 7.

Peninsula. Hedges and waste lands. Cultivated.

Economic Uses.—The half-grown fruit is one of the best native vegetables in India. The natives use it much in their curries. Peeled, boiled, and dressed with butter, pepper, and salt, it is little inferior to boiled peas.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"LUFFA ACUTANGULA, Roxb. Var. amara.

Fig.—Bot. Mag. 1638.

Hab.—Throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant is called in Sanskrit Koshataki, a general name for the genus Luffa, from kosha, the cocoon of a silk-worm, and in allusion to the way in which the seeds are enclosed within a fibrous network. The names Dalika and Ghoshaka appear more particularly to appertain to this species. The Hindus apply the juice of the immature gourd, which has been slightly roasted, to the temples to cure headache, and administer an infusion of the ripe fruit as a vomitif and purge. Roxburgh notices the cathartic and emetic properties of the fruit. In the Pharmacopoeia of India the plant is described as a bitter tonic and diuretic, and is recommended in enlargements of the spleen on the authority of Dr. J. A. Green and Mr. J. C. Dickenson. The juice of the leaves is used as an external application to sores, and the bites of venomous animals, and the pulp of the fruit is administered internally in the latter class of cases to cause vomiting and purging, just as colocynth is used where that plant is abundant. The dried fruit is powdered and made into a snuff for those suffering from jaundice, and the root with equal parts of Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis root and Hemidesmus is given with milk, cumin and sugar in gonorrhoea."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 80f.]

2.7.11. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. 1832 - Pointed Gourd

Cucurbitaceae (Kürbisgewächse)

6. a./b.  jyotsnī paṭolikā jālī nādeyī bhūmijambukā

ज्योत्स्नी पटोलिका जाली नादेयी भूमिजम्बुका ।६ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. 1832 - Pointed Gourd:]

  • ज्योत्स्नी - jyotsnī f.: Mondschein, Licht
  • पटोलिका - paṭolikā f.: Muschelartige
  • जाली - jalī f.: Netzige

Colebrooke (1807): "A small cucumber. Trichosanthes dioeca, R[oxb]. Applied also to Luffa acutangula, ([(L.)] R[oxb. 1832 - Gerippte Schwammgurke - Angled Loofah]) or Cucumis acutangulus [L. 1753 = Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832]."

Luffa acutangula, (L.) Roxb. 1832: s. oben Vers 5.c./d.!


Abb.: पटोलिका । Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. 1832 - Pointed Gourd
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]

"Trichosanthes dioeca. R.

Dioecous, herbaceous.

[...]

Sans. Putulika.

This is by far the most useful species of Trichosanthes I am yet acquainted with. It is much cultivated by the natives about Calcutta, during the rains. It is unknown on the coast of Coromandel.

Root perennial. Stems creeping and running to a great

extent, [...]

The unripe fruit and tender tops are much eaten both by Europeans and natives in their curries, and are reckoned exceedingly wholesome."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 701f.]

"The Trichosanthes dioica (Roxb.) is cultivated as an article of food. An alcoholic extract of the unripe fruit is described as a powerful and safe cathartic, in doses of from 3 to 5 grains, repeated every third hour as long as may be necessary. —(Beng. Disp.) The plant is a wholesome bitter, which imparts a tone to the system after protracted illness. It has also been employed as a febrifuge and tonic. The old Hindoo physicians used it in leprosy.—Pharm. of India."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v. Trichosanthes cucumerina.]

"TRICHOSANTHES DIOICA, Roxb.

Hab.—Throughout the plain of North India, Guzerat to Assam, Bengal.

TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA, Linn.

Fig.—Rheede Hort. Mal. viii., t. 15.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—In Northern India, Bengal and Guzerat the fruit of T. dioica is considered to be the Patola of Sanskrit writers, and in Western and Southern India, where T. dioica is not found, T. cucumerina is used as Patola. Patola or Patolaka, "shaped like a muscle shell," is a medicine in great repute amongst the Hindus as a febrifuge and laxative in bilious fevers, the decoction of the whole plant being administered in combination with other bitters. It is also considered to purify the blood and remove boils and skin eruptions; aromatics may be added to the decoction. The following prescription from Chakradatta may be taken as an example:—Take of Patola, Tinospora, Cyperus, Chiretta, Neembark, Catechu, Oldenlandia, Root bark of Adhatoda, equal parts, in all two tolas (360 grains), and prepare a decoction which is afterwards to be boiled down to one-fourth, and taken in divided doses during 24 hours. The drug is also administered in combination with Turbith as a drastic purgative in jaundice and dropsy ; the Patoladya churna is a compound purgative powder of this kind. Both of these plants are found in a wild and in a cultivated condition; for medicinal purposes, the wild plants are used, the cultivated fruits, though still bitter, are favourite vegetables with the Hindus and exert a mild aperient action when freely eaten.

Mahometan writers describe the plant as cardiacal, tonic, alterative and antifebrile, and say that it is a useful medicine for boils and intestinal worms. The author of the Makhzan remarks that the Hindus in obstinate cases of fever infuse 180 grains of the plant with an equal quantity of Coriander for a night, and in the morning add honey to it and strain the liquor; this quantity makes two doses, one of which is taken in the morning and one at night. la the Concan the leaf juice is rubbed over the liver or even the whole body in remittent. In Guzerat the fruit of the cultivated T. dioica is steamed, stuffed with spices, fried in melted butter, and eaten with wheaten bread as a remedy for spermatorrhoea. Ainslie, under the name of T. laciniosa, notices the use of T. cucumerina as a stomachic and laxative medicine among the Tamools, and says it is the Patola of Southern India. Rheede gives the following account of its medicinal properties :—" Decoctum cum saccharo sumptum, digestioni confert, tormina intestinorum, ac alios ventris dolores sedat, phlegmata expectorat, pectoris angustiam tollit; febres minuit, humores attemperat, vermes enecat. Succus expressus idem praestat et vomitum provocat. Radicis succus ad quantitatem duarum unciarum epotus, valde purgativus est, in ipsa accessione februm quotidianarum ac quartanarum ex pituita provenientium, frigus vel diminuit vel in totum tollit, per vomitum scilicet: stipes in decocto datus phlegmati expectorando conducit:  fructus quaquo modo sumpti tumores expellunt."

From our observation of the action of these plants we cannot find that they differ in any way from colocynth ; like that drug they require to be combined with aromatics to prevent griping. Their febrifuge action appears to depend upon their purgative properties."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 72ff.]

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. 1753 -- Schlangenhaargurke - Snake Gourd

Siehe Unten Vers 6.c./d.

2.7.12. Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange
& Citrus reticulata Blanco - Gewöhnliche Mandarine - Common Mandarin

6. a./b.  jyotsnī paṭolikā jālī nādeyī bhūmijambukā

ज्योत्स्नी पटोलिका जाली नादेयी भूमिजम्बुका ।६ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange:]

  • नादेयी - nādeyī f.: Zum Fluss Gehörige
  • भूमिजम्बुका - bhūmijambhukā f.: Erd-Rosenapfelbaum

 

Siehe II.2. Vers 18.c./d.

Colebrooke (1807): "Bhuinjamb. Interpretations differ much. Some remark, that the terms are here repeated by mistake. See § 2.18."


 Abb.: भूमिजम्बुका । Citrus aurantium L. 1753 - Bitterorange - Bitter Orange
[Bildquelle: Medical botany : containing systematic and general descriptions, with plates of all the medicinal plants, comprehended in the catalogues of the materia medica, as published by the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, together with the principal medicinal plants not included in those pharmocopoeias, accompanied with a circumstantial detail of their medicinal effects, and of the diseases in which they have been most successfully employed / by William Woodville. -- London, 1842. -- Vol 4, Tab. 188.]

"Citrus Aurantium. Willd. iii. 1427.

[...]

Sans. Nagarunga.

[...]

Hind. Narenj, Narangee; of the orange like the lime, we have many varieties to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, (See Rumph. Herb. Amb. vol. ii.) but as they do not thrive in any part where I have yet been stationed, 1 cannot well enter into any satisfactory account of them."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 392f.]
"Citrus aurantium (Linn.) N. O. Aurantiaceae.

Sweet Orange.

Description.--Tree, 20-25 feet; [...]

Fl. Feb.

W. & A. Prod. i. 97.--Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 392.

Circars. Aurangabad. Cultivated.

Medical Uses.—It has been remarked that the Orange is a rare instance of a plant having at once beautiful foliage, fragrant flowers, and nourishing fruit. India and China are the native countries of the Sweet Orange. Dr Boyle found two plants having the character of the lemon and citron, growing wild in the forest at the base of the Himalaya. He has also stated that a kind of lime grows in the jungles at Rungpore. The Orange is indigenous in Silhet and on the slopes of the Neilgherry mountains.

There are several varieties cultivated in India. Those of Sautgur, near Vellore, are much esteemed. The Mandarin Orange has a large loose skin, and is found in the Northern Circars, where it is called Cumbla nabla The large China Orange (Burra chin) is a fine smooth-skinned and sweet kind. Another species has the skin very rough, and is called the Caffrie Orange, a sweet and pleasant-tasted fruit The common Orange of the country, called Koda in Hindoo- -stanee and Kitchlee in Tamil, is of an indifferent flavour. The Hindoo Vytians think that Oranges are great purifiers of the blood and improve the appetite. The rind is well known as a useful carminative, and a valuable addition to bitter infusions in cases of dyspepsia. Oranges are used to form various perfumes and pomades, and the flowers distilled produce orange-water, used in cooking, medicine, and as a perfume; but the chief use of the Sweet Orange is for the dessert. Every part of the ripe fruit is used either in diet or medicine. It is invaluable in scurvy. The rind pulverised and added to magnesia and rhubarb affords a grateful tonic to the stomach in gout and dyspepsia. The roasted pulp is an excellent application to foetid ulcers.—(.Ainslie. Boyle.) Dr Royle remarks: " So great a diversity of opinion being entertained regarding the different plants of the genus Citrus, whether they should constitute species or varieties, it becomes difficult to say what are such if only seen in a state of cultivation; but as some are still found wild, an opinion may be formed at least respecting those. In the valleys within the Himalaya I have seen two plants growing apparently wild—one called Bijouree, the other Beharee nimboo—the first having the characteristics of the citron, and the other, called also Peharee ka guzee, those of the lemon. Both, when transferred to gardens, retain their peculiar characters. Mr Saunders, who accompanied Captain Turner in his travels in Thibet, states that he found the wild 0ranges delicious, and that many orange-trees and lime- trees were found at the foot of the hills approaching Buxendwar.— (Turner's Thibet, p. 20, 387.) Citrus decumanus, the shaddock or pumplemoose, does not appear indigenous to India, as its name, Batavi niniboo, or Batavian lime, denotes, as remarked by Dr Roxburgh, it being an exotic; and as it retains its characteristics even where it does not succeed as a fruit, it may also be reckoned as a distinct species. I feel therefore inclined to consider as distinct species the orange, lemon, lime, citron, and shaddock, without being able to say whether the sweet kinds should be considered varieties of the acid or ranked as distinct species."—(Boyle Him. Bot.) The most full information on this difficult genus is contained in Risso's work on 'The Natural History of Orange-Trees,' lately translated by Lady Reid."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.7.13. Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily

Colchicaceae (Zeitlosengewächse)

6 c./d. syāl lāṅgaliky agniśikhā kākāṅgī kākanāsikā

स्याल् लाङ्गलिक्य् अग्निशिखा काकाङ्गी काकनासिका ॥६ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily:]

  • लाङ्गलिकी  - laṅgalikī f.: Pflugartige (wegen der pflugartigen Wurzel)
  • अग्निशिखा - agniśikhā f.: Feuer-Krone, Feuer-Flamme

Siehe auch 2.V.2./a./b.!

Colebrooke (1807): "Langaliya."


 Abb.: लाङ्गलिकी  । Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VII. Fig. 57, 1686]


 Abb.: लाङ्गलिकी  । Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily, Wurzel
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VII. Fig. 57 (Detail), 1686]


 Abb.: Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily
[Bildquelle: The Botanical register, v. 1 (1815), Pl. 77.]


 Abb.: Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 52 (1825), Tab. 2539]


Abb.: अग्निशिखा । Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 82 (1856), Tab. 4938]


Abb.:  अग्निशिखा । Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily, bei Bangalore - ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: L. Shyamal / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.:  अग्निशिखा । Gloriosa superba L. 1753 - Ruhmeskrone - Climbing Lily, Hyderabad - హైదరాబాద్ - حیدرآباد, Andhra Pradesh
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Gloriosa superba. Willd. 2. 95.

Root bulbous, biennial.

[...]

Mendoni. Rheed. Mal. 7. t. 57.

[...]

Native of forests of India ; it appears during the rainy season in Bengal, and is one of the most ornamental plants any country can boast of; the root is said to be a violent poison."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 143.]
"Gloriosa superba (Linn.) N. O. Liliaceae.

[...]

Description. — Climbing, with herbaceous stem; [...]

Fl. Aug.—Oct.

Wight Icon. vi. t. 2047.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 143.

Methonica superba, Lam.—Rheede, vii. t. 57.

CoromandeL Malabar. Concans. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—This splendid creeper, designated by Linnaeus as "vere gloriosus flos," is commonly to be met with in the Travancore forests. Roxburgh says it is one of the most ornamental plants any country can boast of. The root of the plant is reckoned poisonous. The natives apply it in paste to the hands and feet of women in difficult parturition. A salt is procured from the root by repeated washing and grinding, throwing away the liquor, and washing the residuum carefully. The white powder so found is bitter to the taste. Mixed with honey it is given in gonorrhoea.—(Lindley. Roxb.) The native practitioners say it possesses nearly the same properties as the root of Aconitum ferox, hence its name of Country or Wild Aconite. Its taste is faintly bitter and acrid. It is farinaceous in structure. It is not poisonous in 12-grain doses, but, on the contrary, is alterative, tonic, and anti-periodic. It might be poisonous in larger quantities.—Modeen Sheriff in Suppl. to Pharm. of India."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"GLORIOSA SUPERBA, Linn.

Fig. Bot. Reg., t. 77 ; Wight Ic. t. 2047 ; Rheede, Hort. Mal. vii., t. 57.

 Superb Lily

Hab. Throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This very ornamental creeper is common on hedges during the rainy season, and its flowers are used by the Hindus in the Worship of Siva and the Lingam. It is one of the seven minor poisons of Sanskrit writers, and is described in the Raja Nirghanta under the name of Kalikāri. The synonyms are numerous; amongst those which are descriptive we may mention Ckihna-mukhi "having a spotted mouth," Sukra-pushpika "having splendid flowers," Agni-sikha "having a crest of fire," and Langalika "plough-like," in allusion to the shape of the root.

Other synonyms, such as Garbha-ghātini, Garbha-pātani, Garbha-nud, allude to the use of a paste of the root as an application to the lower part of the abdomen for the purpose of promoting labour pains. In retained placenta a paste of the root is applied to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, whilst powdered Nigella seeds and long popper are given internally with wine. According to the Nighantas, the root is purgative, hot, light, and pungent; it increases the secretion of bile, and is useful in leprosy, piles, colic, boils, and to expel intestinal worms. The starch obtained from the root by washing is given internally in gonorrhoea.

Moodeen Sheriff, who has experimented with the root, states that it is not so poisonous as is generally supposed; he has taken it in small quantities, gradually increasing the dose to 15 grains. There were no bad effects, but on the contrary he found his appetite improved and felt more active and stronger. He has also used it in his practice for many years, and considers it to be a tonic and stomachic in doses of from 5 to 12 grains given three times a day. In the Concan it is given to cattle to expel worms, and in Madras it is believed to be a specific against the bites of poisonous snakes, and the stings of scorpions, and is also used as an external application in parasitical skin affections. Surgeon-Major Thomson states that before being used for these purposes it is cut up into thin slices and soaked in butter-milk and salt for four or five days, and then dried, by which process its poisonous properties are supposed to be removed. He also says that the natives select those roots which are dichotomous and which they suppose to be those of the male plant, whilst single roots, which they suppose to be those of the female plant, are rejected. (Dict. Econ. Prod. India, iii., p. 507.)"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 480ff.]

2.7.14. Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock 1955

6 c./d. syāl lāṅgalikyagniśikhā kākāṅgī kākanāsikā

स्याल् लाङ्गलिक्य् अग्निशिखा काकाङ्गी काकनासिका ॥६ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock 1955:]

  • काकाङ्गी - kākāṅgī f.: Krähen-Glied1
  • काकनासिका - kākanāsikā f.: Krähen-Nase

Colebrooke (1807): "Cac-janghi. Leea aequata [L.]. But, according to other Hindi synonyms, Trichosanthes Cucumerina [L. 1753 - Schlangenhaargurke]."

1 kāka m. = Corvus splendens - Glanzkrähe - House Crow


Abb.: काकः । kāka m.: Corvus splendens - Glanzkrähe - House Crow, Bangalore -  ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Muhammad Mahdi Karim / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock 1955


Abb.: काकनासिका । Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock 1955 (?)
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus IX. Fig. 17, 1689]

"Asclepias tetrapetala Denn. Quoted by Roxburgh for his Asclepias microphylla, i. e. Pentatropis microphylla of Wight, but Rheede has figured and described the flowers to be tetrapetalous."

[Quelle: Dillwyn, L. W. (Lewis Weston) <1778-1855>: A review of the references to the Hortus malabaricus of Henry Van Rheede Van Draakenstein [sic]. -- Swansea : Printed at the Cambrian-Office, by Murray and Rees, 1839. -- Zu dieser Abb.]

"Asclepias microphylla, R. [= Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock 1955]

[...]

Parparam. Rheed. Mal. 9. t. 17.

A long, small, delicate twining perennial, a native of hedges, &c. Flowering time, the wet season. It is probably Cynanchum parviflorum of the Banksian herbarium."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 35f.]

Leea aequata L.


Abb.:  Leea aequata L.
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]

"Leea aequata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 627; Mant. Pl. 1: 124. 1767.

圆腺火筒树 yuan xian huo tong shu

Leea hirta Roxburgh ex Hornemann; L. hispida Gagnepain; L. kurzii C. B. Clarke.

Erect shrubs or small trees. [...]

Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 24.

Forests, shrublands; 200-1100 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam]."

[Quelle: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220007382. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07]

Trichosanthes Cucumerina L. 1753 - Schlangenhaargurke


Abb.: Trichosanthes Cucumerina L. 1753 - Schlangenhaargurke
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VIII. Fig. 15, 1688]


Abb.: Trichosanthes Cucumerina L. 1753 - Schlangenhaargurke
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 19 (1803), Tab. 722]


Abb.: Trichosanthes Cucumerina L. 1753 - Schlangenhaargurke, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2897859567/. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]


Abb.: Trichosanthes Cucumerina L. 1753 - Schlangenhaargurke, Japan
[Bildquelle: suika. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/_suika/2826748153/. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

"Trichosanthes cucumerina. Willd. iv. 600.

[...]

Pada valam. Rheed. Mal. viii. t. 15.

A pretty extensive, climbing annual, a native of hedges, &c. where it has shelter. It flowers during the cold season.

[...]

The unripe fruit is eaten in stews, by the natives, it is exceedingly bitter, for which it is reckoned the more wholesome, and is said to be anthelminlic."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 702f.]
"Trichosanthes cucumerina (Linn.) N. O. Cucurbitaceae.

[...]

Description.—Annual, climbing; [...] flowers small, white.

Fl. Aug.—Dec.

W.& A. Prod. i. 350.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 702.—Rheede, Mal. viii. t. 15.

Peninsula. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—The seeds are reputed good in disorders of the stomach on the Malabar coast. The unripe fruit is very bitter, but is eaten by the natives in their curries. The tender shoots and dried capsules are very bitter and aperient, and are reckoned among the laxative medicines by the Hindoos. They are used in infusion. In decoction with sugar they are given to assist digestion. The seeds are anti-febrile and anthelmintic. The juice of the leaves expressed is emetic, and that of the root drank in the quantity of 2 oz. for a dose is very purgative. The stalk in decoction is expectorant.

One species, the T. cordata (Roxb.), is found on the banks of the Megna, where the inhabitants use the root as a substitute for Columba- root It has been sent to England as the real Columba of Mozambique.—(Ainslie. Rheede. Roxb.) The T. dioica (Roxb.) is cultivated as an article of food. An alcoholic extract of the unripe fruit is described as a powerful and safe cathartic, in doses of from 3 to 5 grains, repeated every third hour as long as may be necessary. —(Beng. Disp.) The plant is a wholesome bitter, which imparts a tone to the system after protracted illness. It has also been employed as a febrifuge and tonic. The old Hindoo physicians used it in leprosy.—Pharm. of India."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"TRICHOSANTHES DIOICA, Roxb.

Hab.—Throughout the plain of North India, Guzerat to Assam, Bengal.

TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA, Linn.

Fig.—Rheede Hort. Mal. viii., t. 15.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—In Northern India, Bengal and Guzerat the fruit of T. dioica is considered to be the Patola of Sanskrit writers, and in Western and Southern India, where T. dioica is not found, T. cucumerina is used as Patola. Patola or Patolaka, "shaped like a muscle shell," is a medicine in great repute amongst the Hindus as a febrifuge and laxative in bilious fevers, the decoction of the whole plant being administered in combination with other bitters. It is also considered to purify the blood and remove boils and skin eruptions; aromatics may be added to the decoction. The following prescription from Chakradatta may be taken as an example:—Take of Patola, Tinospora, Cyperus, Chiretta, Neembark, Catechu, Oldenlandia, Root bark of Adhatoda, equal parts, in all two tolas (360 grains), and prepare a decoction which is afterwards to be boiled down to one-fourth, and taken in divided doses during 24 hours. The drug is also administered in combination with Turbith as a drastic purgative in jaundice and dropsy ; the Patoladya churna is a compound purgative powder of this kind. Both of these plants are found in a wild and in a cultivated condition; for medicinal purposes, the wild plants are used, the cultivated fruits, though still bitter, are favourite vegetables with the Hindus and exert a mild aperient action when freely eaten.

Mahometan writers describe the plant as cardiacal, tonic, alterative and antifebrile, and say that it is a useful medicine for boils and intestinal worms. The author of the Makhzan remarks that the Hindus in obstinate cases of fever infuse 180 grains of the plant with an equal quantity of Coriander for a night, and in the morning add honey to it and strain the liquor; this quantity makes two doses, one of which is taken in the morning and one at night. la the Concan the leaf juice is rubbed over the liver or even the whole body in remittent. In Guzerat the fruit of the cultivated T. dioica is steamed, stuffed with spices, fried in melted butter, and eaten with wheaten bread as a remedy for spermatorrhoea. Ainslie, under the name of T. laciniosa, notices the use of T. cucumerina as a stomachic and laxative medicine among the Tamools, and says it is the Patola of Southern India. Rheede gives the following account of its medicinal properties :—" Decoctum cum saccharo sumptum, digestioni confert, tormina intestinorum, ac alios ventris dolores sedat, phlegmata expectorat, pectoris angustiam tollit; febres minuit, humores attemperat, vermes enecat. Succus expressus idem praestat et vomitum provocat. Radicis succus ad quantitatem duarum unciarum epotus, valde purgativus est, in ipsa accessione februm quotidianarum ac quartanarum ex pituita provenientium, frigus vel diminuit vel in totum tollit, per vomitum scilicet: stipes in decocto datus phlegmati expectorando conducit:  fructus quaquo modo sumpti tumores expellunt."

From our observation of the action of these plants we cannot find that they differ in any way from colocynth ; like that drug they require to be combined with aromatics to prevent griping. Their febrifuge action appears to depend upon their purgative properties."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 72ff.]

2.7.15. Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. 1911

7. a./b. godhāpadī tu suvahā musalī tālamūlikā

गोधापदी तु सुवहा मुसली तालमूलिका ।७ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. 1911:]

  • गोधापदी - godhāpadī f.: Waran-Fuß1 (da fünfblättrig)
  • सुवहा - suvahā f.: gut Führende (Abführende oder: die die Geburt Beschleunigende)

Colebrooke (1807): "Cissus. C. pedata, Vahl. [Lam. 1783 = Columella pedata Lour. 1790 = Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep.]"

1 Waran-Fuß


Abb.: (Fünfzehiger) Fuß von Varanus bengalensis Daudin 1802 - Bengal Monitor; Wynaad - വയനാട്, Kerala
[Bildquelle: Shyamal / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: गोधापदी । Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. 1911
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VII. Fig. 10, 1686]


Abb.: गोधापदी । Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. 1911
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Cissus pedata. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. i. 659.

Perennial, scandent.

[...]

Belutta-Tsjori-Valli. Rheed. Mal. vii. p. 19. t. 10.

C. heptaphylla. Retz. Obs. v. 22.

This is another very extensively climbing species, as indeed they all are ; a native of forests, hedges, &c. Flowering time the rainy season."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 513.]

2.7.16. Asparagus adscendens Roxb. 1832

Asparagaceae (Spargelgewächse)

7. a./b. godhāpadī tu suvahā musalī tālamūlikā

गोधापदी तु सुवहा मुसली तालमूलिका ।७ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Asparagus adscendens Roxb. 1832:]

  • मुसली - musalī f.: Stößel, Keule, Glocken-Klöppel
  • तालमूलिका - tālamūlikā f.: Takt-Wurzel1, Palmyrapalm2-Wurzel

Colebrooke (1807): "Musal. Perhaps Anthericum tuberosum [Roxb. = Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Bak.]."

1 die Wurzel wurde vermutlich zum Taktgeben (tāla) beim Tanz verwendet

2 Palmyrapalme = Borassus flabellifer L. 1753 - Toddy Palm

Asparagus adscendens Roxb. 1832


Abb.: Asparagus adscendens Roxb. 1832
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]

"Asparagus adscendens. R.

Herbaceous, erect. Thorns solitary, straight. [...]

This very elegant species, is a native of Rohilkhund ; from thence Mr. A. Gott sent seeds to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta in 1804, and in November 1807, the plants began to blossom, and ripened their seeds in February."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 153.]
"Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) N. O. Liliaceae.

[...]

Description.—A straggling climbing shrub; [...] flowers small, white.

FL Nov.—Dec.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 151.— Wight Icon. t. 2056.

Travancore. Deccan.

Medical Uses.—This plant, says Roxburgh, will perfume the air to a considerable distance, owing to the delightful fragrance of its flowers. The root boiled in milk is given in bilious affections. It is necessary to remove the bark previous to administering it, as it is considered poisonous. The leaves boiled and mixed with ghee are applied externally to promote suppuration in boils and tumours.— (Roxb. Aiml.) It acts also as a diuretic, and is used in special diseases. It increases the appetite and removes pains in the bowels, and is also considered to prevent the confluence of small-pox.—(Punj. Prod.) The A. sarmentosus (Willd.), also a native of the Peninsula, has also medicinal qualities. It is known as the Sufed Mush; and on this Modeen Sheriff remarks (Suppl. to Pharm. of India, p. 59): " There are two kinds of Sufed Mush, one found in the bazaars of Southern India, and the other elsewhere. The former is the dried and split roots of Asparagus sarmentosus. Dried it is useless as a medicine, but when fresh it is nutrient and demulcent The Sufed Mush of all other parts is the real drug to which the name is applicable, and is the root of Asparagus ascendens. It is a useful medicine, and is better than Salep, for which it is used as a substitute. It is known under the Dukhanee name of Shakakul-hindi. It grows in Rohilcund (Pharm. of India, Suppl.) The roots of the A. sarmentosus are often candied, in which state they are occasionally brought from China. They are also pickled in vinegar, and used as tonics, and also boiled in oil and applied in diseases of the skin."—Ainslie. J. Graham."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Asparagus adscendens, Roxb., is an herbaceous, erect, thorny plant growing in Rohilkhand, Guzerat, and other parts of Central India. Though not mentioned in the Nighantas, the tuberous root, decorticated and dried, is in general use in India under the names of Suffed-mūsli, Dholi-mūsali, or Ujli-māsali. The commercial article consists  of shrivelled decorticated tubers, from 2 to 2 1/2 inches long, the largest being about 1/4 inch in diameter ; they are of an ivory white colour, often twisted, hard and brittle ; adhering to some of the pieces may be seen portions of a yellowish epidermis ; when soaked in water they swell up and become spindle-shaped, the thickest part being about the size of a lead pencil. [...] Suffed-mūsli has an agreeable mucilaginous taste; we have used it largely as an article of diet; it is far nicer than Salep, and is generally relished by Europeans. To prepare it, take 200 grs. of the powder, 200 grs. of sugar, pour upon them slowly a large teacupful of boiling milk, stirring constantly all the time. The best white picked roots are worth Rs. 25 per maund of 37 1/2 lbs."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 484f.]

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Bak.


Abb.:  Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Bak.
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol II. -- 1795. -- Tab. 138. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

"Anthericum tuberosum. R,

Roof tuberous. [...]

Sans. Chitra, also Vrishna.

A native of the moist vallies up amongst the Circar mountains. Flowering time the rainy season.

Root perennial, consisting of many, fleshy, round fibres ending in small, oblong tubers. [...]

I have had many of the plants in my garden for several years ; they are very beautiful when in blossom, and have a long succession of flowers."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 149f.]
"In Western and Southern India Anthericum tuberosum, Roxb., is in common use as a vegetable, boiling appears to remove the acrid properties of these plants."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 479, Fußnote.]

2.7.17. Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

Apocynaceae (Hundsgiftgewächse)

7. c./d. ajaśṛṅgī viṣāṇī syād gojihvā-dārvike same

अजशृङ्गी विषाणी स्याद् गोजिह्वा-दार्विके समे ॥७ ख॥

[Bezeichnunge für Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.:]

  • अजशृङ्गी - ajaśṛṅgī f.: Ziegenhorn
  • विषाणी - viṣāṇī f.: Horn

Colebrooke (1807): "Merasringi. Described as a milky and thorny plant, with a fruit shaped like a ram's horn ; and used as a medicine for the eyes."


 Abb.: Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.
[Bildquelle: Wight Icones II, Tab. 195, 1843]


Abb.: Gymnema sylvestre R. Br., Ranga Reddy District - రంగా రెడ్డి జిల్లా, Andhra Pradesh
 [Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.
[Bildquelle: jennyhsu. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/jennyhsu47/2743667993/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: अजशृङ्गी । विषाणी । Gymnema sylvestre R. Br., Taiwan
[Bildquelle: Ting Cheng. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ting0308/53413736/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, share alike)]

"Asclepias geminata. R.

[...]

This is also a large twining woody plant ; a native of

hedges. Flowering time the same as that of the last

species. [...] Flowers numerous, small, yellow, with the globular apex of the white common stigma projecting in the centre ; it looks like a fine pearl set in gold. "

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 45.]

"GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE, Br.

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 349.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This shrubby climbing plant is called Meshasringi, "ram's horn," in Sanskrit, but it is not mentioned in the Raja Nirghanta. It is considered to be the Meshasringi of Madanpal's Nighanta and of the Marathi and Guzerathi Nighantas, which are little more than translations of that work. It bears the following synonyms—Mesha vishānika, Meshavalli, Sarpa-darushtrika, Anyāda, Kshina-vartta, Vrikshikāli and Vishānika, and is described as having a pungent taste and the properties of an astringent and bitter stomachic ; useful in cough, biliousness, boils, sore eyes, &c.

It is also in repute amongst the Hindus as a remedy for snake bite, the powdered root being applied to the part bitten, and a decoction administered internally. Its use for this purpose is well known to the natives of the Concan, and as appears from Ainslie (Mat. Ind. II., 390), also to the natives of Southern India. The root is also said to have virtues similar to Ipecacuanha. Roxburgh describes the plant under the name of Asclepias geminata, and remarks that the small yellow flowers, with the globular apex of the white common stigma, projecting in the centre, look like fine pearls set in gold. He says nothing of its medicinal properties. G. sylvestre is said to be the binnuge of the Cingalese. A curious circumstance connected with this plant was first noticed by Mr. Edgeworth, namely, that if chewed it destroys the power of the tongue to appreciate the taste of sugar and all saccharine substances. This property of the leaves has been recently (1887) tested carefully by Mr. D. Hooper, who says :—"After chewing one or two leaves it was proved undoubtedly that sugar had no taste immediately afterwards. Sugar in combination with other compounds in dietetic articles is plainly destroyed as to its taste after using these leaves. In ginger bread, for instance, the pungency of the ginger is alone detected, the rest is tasteless meal; in a sweet orange the taste of the sugar is so suppressed and that of the citric acid consequently developed, that in eating, it resembles a lime in sourness. Among the several kinds of foods, drugs and beverages which affect the palate, Gymnema does nut pretend to render them all tasteless. It doea not affect pungent saline things, astringents and acids. It is limited to apparently two diverse substances—sweets and bitters. It has been noted that sugar taken after the leaf tastes like sand, so I have found that sulphate of quinine taken after a good dose of the leaf tastes like so much chalk. I am not going to propose its use in the administration of nauseous drugs, until the medical properties of the Gymnema have been more studied, otherwise the quantity of the vehicle taken may prove to counteract the effect of the medicines. The experience of several friends as well as my own is that the effect does not last for twenty-four hours as stated, but for only one or two hours, after that time the tongue resumes its appreciation of all that is sweet or bitter." In the Concan the dried and powdered leaf is used as an errhine, and the fresh leaves crushed and mixed with water, as a cooling bath for children in the hot weather."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 450ff.]

2.7.18. Onosma bracteatum Wall.

Boraginaceae (Raublattgewächse)

7. c./d. ajaśṛṅgī viṣāṇī syād gojihvā-dārvike same

अजशृङ्गी विषानी स्याद् गोजिह्वा-दार्विके समे ॥७ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Onosma bracteatum Wall.:]

  • गोजिह्वा - gojihvā f.: Kuh-Zunge
  • दार्विका - dārvikā f.: Hölzerne

Colebrooke (1807): "Goyi. A potherb wild in corn fields, perhaps Phlomis esculenta [Roxb. = Leucas aspera Willd.]."

Onosma bracteatum Wall.


Abb.: Onosma bracteatum Wall.
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]

"Several other plants belonging to this order are used as substitutes for Borage [Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. 1810 - Camel Bush], such as Onosma echioides and Onosma bracteatum in Northern India (Stewart, Boyle), Heliotropium Ophioglossum in Sind (Stocks)."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 524.]

Leucas aspera Willd.


Abb.: Leucas aspera Willd. (?)
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus X. Fig. 91, 1690]


Abb.: गोजिह्वा । Leucas aspera Willd., Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: गोजिह्वा । Leucas aspera Willd., Hyderabad - హైదరాబాదు, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Phlomis esculenta. Roxh,

Annual, erect, ramous.

[...]

This species is annual, it grows common on dry cultivated land. Flowers during the wet season.

[...]

The plant possesses a considerable degree of a peculiar fragrance; its leaves are used as a potherb by the natives."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, 3. 10.]
"Leucas linifolia (Spreng). N. O. Labiatae.

Description. — Herbaceous, erect, [...] flowers white.

Fl. Dec.—Jan.—Dec.

Prod. xii. 533.

Phlomis zeylanica, Roxb. Jacq. Ic. rar. i. t. 111.

Bengal. Peninsula.

Medical Uses.—The Cinghalese attribute miraculous curative powers to this plant. The leaves are bruised, and a teaspoonful of the juice given, which is snuffed up by the nostrils, and used by the natives in the North-West Provinces as a remedy in snake-bites. The fresh juice is also employed in headache and colds.—(Long. Ind. Plants of Bengal.) The juice of the leaves of the L. aspera is applied successfully in psora and other chronic eruptions.—Pharm. of India."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"LEUCAS ASPERA, Spreng.

Fig.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. x., t. 91.

Hab.—Plains of India.

LEUCAS LINIFOLIA, Spreng.

Fig.—Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. i., 11, t. 111; Humph. Herb. Amb. vi., t. 16, f. 1.

Hab.—Plains of India.

LEUCAS ZEYLANICA, Br.

Fig.— Wight Ill., t. 176.

Hab.—Assam to Ceylon.

LEUCAS CEPHALOTES, Spreng.

Fig.—Wight Ic, t. 337; Desf. in Mem. Mus. xi., 8, t. 4.

Hab.—Himalaya. Plains of N. India and Deccan.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—At least four species of Leucas are used in Hindu medicine under the Sanskrit name of Dronapushpi or "cup-flower," so called from the resemblance of the calyx of these plants to a little cup. The synonyms for these plants are Kumbha-yoni, Kurumba, Kharva-yattra, Chitrapattrika, Chitrākshupa and Su-pushpa: they are described in the Nighantas as heavy, dry, sweet, hot, and aperient, generators of wind and bile, and are prescribed for jaundice and to expel phlegmatic humors and worms; they are also considered to be stimulant and diaphoretic.

In the cough or catarrh of children, Tumba juice 1 part, with 2 parts of honey and a few grains of Borax, may be mixed, and a few drops given occasionally, and in intestinal catarrh 6 drops of the juice may be given with a little powdered Khārik (dry dates).

These plants are also used in Hindu ritual; during the ceremonial bath, early in the morning on the Naraka Chaturdasi, or first day of the Divali, the religious manuals direct the whirling round the body, while bathing, of a sprig of Drona-pushpi of Achyranthes aspera (apāmārga), and of Cassia Tora (prapunāta). cf. Vol. II., p. 65.

The Mahometan physicians have given these plants the name of Sisāliyūs, and use them as a substitute for the true Sisāliyūs (Myrrhis odorata), as stimulant diaphoretics.

Bheede notices the use of L. aspera in Malabar, and the same species is given in amenorrhoea at Reunion. Under the name of Herba admirationis a species of Leucas, probably L linifolia, is described by Rumphius. in Western India L. zeylanica is much used, and in the Punjab L. cephalotes. These plants are a popular local application to itch and mange, and the juice of the leaves snuffed up by the nostrils is used as a remedy in snakebites, and for headache and colds. An infusion is known as an insecticide, and planters and others on the Nilgiris find that blight and insect pests may be kept away from trees by a diligent application of this remedy.

The flowers are offered in the Hindu temples.

In Reunion L. zeylanica is known Tombée, and is considered to be stimulant and antirheumatic.

Description.—L. aspera is annual, erect or diffuse [...] L. aspera is more fragrant than the others."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 122ff.]

Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. 1810


Abb.: Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. 1810
 [Bildquelle: Icones plantarum rariorum / editae Nicolao Josepho Jacquin. -- Vol. 1. -- 1786 - 1793. -- Tab. 111.]

2.7.19. Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel

Piperaceae (Pfeffergewächse)

8. a./b. tāmbūlavallī tāmbūlī nāgavally apy atha dvijā

ताम्बूलवल्ली ताम्बूली नागवल्ल्य् अप्य् अथ द्विजा ।८ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel:]

  • ताम्बूलवल्ली - tāmbūlavallī f.: Betelranke
  • ताम्बूली - tāmbulī f.: Betel
  • नागवल्ली - nāgavallī f.: Schlangenranke, Elefantenranke

Colebrooke (1807): "Betel. Piper betel."


 Abb.: ताम्बूलवल्ली । Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VII. Fig. 15, 1686]


Abb.: ताम्बूली । Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: ताम्बूली । Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 59 (1832), Tab. 3132]


Abb.: नागवल्ली । Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel, Jaflong, Sylhet - সিলেট বিভাগ, Bangla Desh
[Bildquelle: Md. Shahnoor Habib / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel
[Bildquelle: Pamri / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Piper betle  L. 1753 - Betel-Pfeffer - Betel, Vellalore - தேனீஸ்வரர், Tamil Nadu
[Bildquelle: Vilma Bharatan. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/16454146@N06/2415184343/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: Paan-Verkäufer (पान), Yangon - ရန်ကုန, Myanmar
[Bildquelle: Wagaung / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Piper Betle. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 159.

Perennial, dioecous, creeping.

[...]

P. qui saururus, &c. Burm. Zeil. p. 193. t. 83. f. 2.

Beetla codi. Rheed. Mal. 7. 29. t. 15.

Sans. Tambooluvullee, Tamboolee, Naguvullee.

Hind. and Beng. Pan.

I have never met with this plant in its wild state. It is much cultivated over India and the Malay countries.

[...]

Obs. The plants are constantly raised from the slips, and cuttings, these are carefully planted in a rich moist soil, well inclosed, and shaded, so that they are in great measure, protected from both sun and wind. In some places, small plantations of Aeschynomene grandiflora, are made to train them to, and to keep off the sun; in others, poles are employed for the first, and a thin shed of mats over them for the latter purpose, they require to be frequently watered during the dry weather. Every history of India describes, and every body knows, the use the Hindoos of all ranks make of the leaves of this plant."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 158f.]
"Chavica betle (Miq.) N. O. Piperaceae.

Betle-leaf Pepper [...]

Description.—Shrubby, scandent, [...]

Wight Icon. t 1926.

Piper betle, Linn.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 158.—Rheede, vii. t. 15.

Cultivated.

Medical Uses.—The leaves in conjunction with lime are masticated by all classes of natives, and for this purpose the plant is extensively cultivated. The juice of the leaves is regarded as a valuable stomachic. In catarrhal and pulmonary affection, especially of children, the leaves warmed and smeared with oil are applied in layers over the chest. They thus afford great relief to coughs and difficulty of breathing. A similar application has afforded marked relief in congestion and other affections of the liver. The leaves simply warmed and applied in layers to the breasts will arrest the secretion of milk. They are similarly employed as a resolvent to glandular swellings.—(Pharm. of India.) Dr Elliott of Colombo has observed several cases of cancer, which, from its peculiar characteristics, he has designated the Betle-chewer's cancer.

Economic Uses.—The leaf is chewed by the natives mixed with chunam and the nut of the Areca palm. It has been found wild in the island of Java, which is probably its native country. Marco Polo writes: "The natives of India in general are addicted to the custom of having continually in their mouths the leaf called 'tembul;' which they do partly from habit, and partly from the gratification it affords. Upon chewing it they spit out the saliva which it occasions. Persons of rank have the leaf prepared with camphor and other aromatic drugs, and also with a mixture of quicklime. I have been told that it is conducive to health. It is capable, however, of producing intoxicating effects, like some other species of Pepper, and should be used in moderation." In Travancore it is extensively cultivated, but only sufficient for home consumption. It is planted in rows, requires a moist situation and a rather rich soiL The leaves should -not be plucked indiscriminately at all seasons, as this is apt to destroy the plant—Lindley. Ainslie."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"PIPER BETLE. Linn.

Fig.--Wight, Ic. t. 2926 ; Miq. Ill. Pip. t. 39 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3132 ; Reehde, Hort. Mal. vii.., t. 15.

Betle Pepper.

Habitat. -- Cultivated in the hotter parts of India, Ceylon, and Malay Islands.

[...]

History, Uses, &C—According to the Hitopadeśa, the Betle-leaf (tāmbūla) has thirteen properties (tāmbūlasya trayodaśa guṇāḥ svarge 'pi te durlabhāḥ). It is

  1. sour,

  2. bitter,

  3. heating,

  4. sweet,

  5. salt,

  6. astringent;

  7. it expels flatulence (vātagha),

  8. phlegm (kaphanāśana),

  9. worms (krimihara);

  10. it removes bad odours;

  11. beautifies the mouth,

  12. cleans it, and

  13. excites voluptuous sensations.

According to Hindu tradition, the plant (Nāga-vallī) was brought from heaven by Arjuna, who stole a branch of it, which he planted on his return to earth. The leaves with Betle-nut and spices form the vira, or pān-sūpāri, so much used by the natives of India as a token of civility or affection. It is also given in confirmation of a pledge, promise, or betrothal, and, among the Rajpoots, is sometimes exchanged as a challenge ; thus the expression bira uthanai signifies "to take up the gauntlet,'" or take upon oneself any enterprise; bira dalna, "to propose a premium" for the performance of a task: the phrase originated in a custom that prevailed of throwing a bira into the midst of an assembly in token of an invitation to undertake some difficult affair ; for instance, in the first story of the Vetalapañcaviṃśati, the king, when he sends the courtesan to seduce the penitent who was suspended from a tree, nourishing himself with a smoke, gives her a bira. Bira dena signifies "to dismiss" either in a courteous sense or otherwise. A bira is sometimes the cover of a bribe, and a bira of seven leaves (sat pan ka bira) is sent by the father of the bride to the bridegroom as a sign of betrothal. At marriages the bride or bridegroom places a biri or cigarette-shaped vira between the teeth, for the other party to partake of by biting off the projecting half ; one of the tricks played on such occasions is to conceal a small piece of stick in this viri, so that the biting it in two is not an easy matter.

The betle-leaf was probably the Malabhraton or Indian leaf of the Greeks, sometimes called simply "leaf" (φυλλον), and sold in rolls in a dried state. Dioscorides speaks of its being threaded on strings to dry, a practice which, before the introduction by steam carriage by sea, was common in Bombay among the Indian traders who sent the leaves to their friends at foreign ports. The passage in Dioscorides εν τω μελανιζειν τε αθραυστον και ολοκληρον is probably corrupt, and should be as suggested by his commentator, M. Vergilius,  εν τω μαλακιυειν τε αθραυστον και ολοκληρον, a reading which he found in one manuscript. As regards the fabulous growth of Malabathron as recorded by Dioscorides, it may possibly have originated from a confused account of the method of ripening betle leaves followed in some parts of India. The author of the Makhzan states that the leaves, which, when plucked, are always green, are packed in a large kind of basket and covered with rice or wheat straw. A hole is then dug in the ground, of the size of the basket, and a fire lighted in it until the ground becomes warm. The fire is then removed, and the basket of leaves is placed in the hole and covered with stones or any heavy weight so as to press the leaves together; it is kept in this position for 24 hours, and after removal the basket is exposed to the night dew, if it is the hot season, or kept in a warm place, if it is the cold season, until the leaves are of a pale yellow colour and become brittle. That Malabathron was not a cinnamon leaf, is, we think, clear from Dioscorides in his chapter on Cassia, describing its leaves as like those of the pepper plant, thus stowing that he was acquainted with cinnamon leaves as distinct from Malabathron.

Ibn Sina describes Tambul as cold and dry, astringent and desiccative, and notices its use by the Hindus. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya, who wrote in India, gives a full account of the different varieties of Betle-leaf produced by cultivation; of the method of ripening the leaves for the market; and of their properties and uses.

Dutt (Hind. Mat. Med,, p. 244) has the following concise account of their uses:—"The leaves of this creeper are, as is well known, masticated by the natives of India. The poorer classes make their packet of betle with the addition of lime, catechu, and betle-nuts. The rich add cardamoms, nutmegs, cloves, camphor, and other aromatics; betle-leaf thus chewed acts as a gentle stimulant and exhilarant. Those accustomed to its use feel a sense of langour when deprived of it. The ancient Hindu writers recommend that betle-leaf should be taken early in the morning, after meals and at bed-time. According to Susruta, it is aromatic, carminative, stimulant, and astringent. It sweetens the breath, improves the voice, and removes all foulness from the mouth. According to other writers it acts as an aphrodisiac. Medicinally it is said to be useful in diseases supposed to be caused by deranged phlegm, and its juice is much used as an adjunct to pills administered in these diseases, the pills being rubbed into an emulsion with the juice of the betle-leaf and licked up. Being always at hand, Pān leaves are used as a domestic remedy in various ways. The stalk of the leaf smeared with oil is introduced into the rectum in constipation and tympanitis of children, with the object of inducing the bowels to act. The leaves are applied to the temples in headache for relieving pain, to painful and swollen glands for promoting absorption, and to the mammary gland with the object of checking the secretion of milk. Pan leaves are used as a ready dressing for foul ulcers, which seem to improve under them."

The spittle, after chewing pān sūpāri, is red, and is freely ejected by natives, preferably over recently white-washed walls ; the dry stains are often mistaken by the police for blood stains, and pieces of plaster, leaves, grass, &c, thus stained have frequently been forwarded to the Chemical Examiner, Bengal, for detection of blood !

Of late years the medicinal properties of betle leaves have been investigated in Europe. Dr. Kleinstuck of Zwatzen, near Jena, has found that the essential oil is of much use in catarrhal affections, inflammations of the throat, larynx and bronchi; it has an antiseptic action. He has also used it in diphtheria as a gargle and by inhalation. The dose is one drop in one hundred grams of water. In India the juice of four leaves may be used similarly diluted.

Cultivation.—The betle garden (pān-mala) is a work of art. The best site is the well-drained alluvial bank of a river or stream. The vine is rather fond of an iron soil, but lime, salt, or soda are fatal to it. The well must last throughout the year, be perfectly sweet, and not more than forty feet deep, otherwise the cost of raising the water eats up the greater part of the profits. The betle-leaf, it is said, cannot be grown from channel water, which is very cold. After the site has been chosen, the next point is to fence it from cattle, thieves, and strong winds. First is an outer line (kumpan) of substantial wicker-work, split bamboos, Zizyphus twigs, or other pliable material. Inside of this fence is a thick milk-bush hedge (Euphorbis neriifolia). Then comes a belt of the large castor plant, and last of all, a row of plantains. The garden is laid out in an invarying pattern. The whole, crosed by water channels and roads, forms beds of different shapes and sizes. Each bed, known by a particular name, such as the cheritang, the bertang, and the vāfa, is stocked with a certain number of vines, so that the outturn and other particulars of a garden can be calculated with great nicety. After the ground has been laid out and properly levelled, tree seeds are sown for the vines to train on. Bound the edge of each bed is a line of shevri (Sesbania aegyptiaca), and in the centre from two to three feet apart, the seeds of hadga  (Sesbania grandiflora) and pangāra (Erythrina indica), and from four to six feet apart, single seeds of the nimb (Melia Azadirachta), are planted. In addition to these, the popai (Carica Papaya), singly, and plantains in pairs are dotted about, according to the amount of shade required. These seeds are sown in the first week in June (mṛga nakṣatra), and after that, hand-weeding and watering every eight days is all that is wanted up to the end of December (puṣya nakṣatra), when the nurse-trees are eighteen inches to two feet high, or large enough for planting the vines. From the tops of the best ripened shoots, in the old plantations, seven-inch cuttings are taken. They are first made into small bundles, wrapped in plantain leaves, soaked in the water they have been accustomed to, carried to the new plantation, soaked in the new water, and all but the tips buried in the ground. For some time water is given daily; later on once in two days ; and afterwards, except during the hot months when it is given every other day, once in six days. From each unburied tip a shoot springs. When they are a few inches long, the shoots are led up the stems of the nurse-trees, and lightly tied with strips of a dried sedge (path), so elastic that, without untying it, the pressure of the growing vine keeps it loose. When the vine has grown to the proper height, it is turned back and trained down, until it reaches the ground, where it is layered in the earth and again turned up. This is repeated until the tree-stem is fully cöthed with vines, when the whole is firmly tied with the dried reeds of the lavāla grass (Scirpus subulatus, Vahl., and Cyperus pertenuis, Roxb., are both known by this name). After this the management of the plantation closely resembles the cultivation of the grape vine in Southern Europe. Leaf-picking may be begun eighteen months after planting, but in the best gardens it is put off till the end of the second year. The leaves may be gathered green and ripened artificially, or they may be left to ripen on the vine, though this reduces their value. The leaf-picker uses both hands, the thumbs sheathed in sharp-edged thimble-like plates, which nip the leaves clean off without wrenching the plant. The vine-grower is either himself a leaf-dealer, or he sells his crop in bulk to a leaf-dealer. Their table of measures is: 400 leaves make a kavli; 44 kavlis a kurtan; and four kurtans or 70,400 leaves an ajhe. In retail the leaves are sold at from 1—2 annas the hundred. (Khandesh Gazetteer, p. 174.)."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 183ff.]

2.7.20. Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree

Verbenaceae (Eisenkrautgewächse)

8. tāmbūlavallī tambūlī nāgavally apy atha dvijā
hareṇū reṇukā kauntī kapilā bhasmagandhinī

ताम्बूलवल्ली तम्बूली नागवल्ल्य् अप्य् अथ द्विजा ।
हरेणू रेणुका कौन्ती कपिला भस्मगन्धिनी ॥८॥

[Bezeichnungen für Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree:]

  • द्विजा - dvijā f.: Zweimalgeborene
  • हरेणू - hareṇū f.: Hareṇū
  • रेणुका - reṇukā f.: Staubige, Blütenstaubige
  • कौन्ती - kauntī f.: Speerige; Kuntierin1; zu Kuntī2 Gehörige
  • कपिला - kapilā f.: Rotbraune
  • भस्मगन्धिनी - bhasmagandhinī f.: Nach Asche Riechende

Colebrooke (1807): "Renuca. This and the five following articles are perfumes of different sorts."

1 Kuntierin: Kunti = ein Volksstamm


Abb.: Wohngebiet der Kunti
[Bildquelle: JIJITH NR / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

2 Kuntī

"KUNTĪ (also called Pṛthā and Pārṣṇī). Daughter of the Yādava prince Śūra, king of the Śūrasenas, whose capital was Mathurā on the Yamunā. She was sister of Vasu-deva, and was given by her father to his childless cousin Kunti-bhoja, by whom she was brought up. In her maidenhood she showed such respectful devotion to the sage Dur-vāsas, that he gave her a charm by means of which she might have a child by any god she pleased to invoke. She called upon the sun, and by him had a son named Karṇa, but without any detriment to her virginity ; still, to keep the affair secret, the child was exposed on the banks of the Yamunā. Subsequently she married Pāṇḍu, whom she chose at a svayam-vara, and bore three sons, Yudhiṣṭhira, Bhīma, and Arjuna, who were called Pāṇḍavas although they were said to be the sons of the gods Dharma, Vāyu, and Indra respectively. This may have happened, as is stated, from the potency of the old charm, but if so, it is strange that Mādrī, the second wife of Pāṇḍu, should have enjoyed the same privilege, and have borne twin children to the Aśvins. This difficulty, however, is got over by a statement that Kuntī imparted to her the charm. Kuntī was a discreet and devoted mother, and although rather jealous of Mādrī, she was a kind mother to her children after Mādrī was burnt on her husband#s pyre. After the end of the great war she retired into the forest with Dhṛṭarāṣṭra ra and his wife Gāndhārī, and there they all perished in a forest fire."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]


Abb.: Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree
[Bildquelle: Medical botany : containing systematic and general descriptions, with plates of all the medicinal plants, comprehended in the catalogues of the materia medica, as published by the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, together with the principal medicinal plants not included in those pharmocopoeias, accompanied with a circumstantial detail of their medicinal effects, and of the diseases in which they have been most successfully employed / by William Woodville. -- London, 1842. -- Vol 4, Tab. 222.]


Abb.: Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree, Madrid, Spanien
[Bildquelle: Cillas / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree, Texas, USA
[Bildquelle: Diotime 1. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/8956529@N05/556031774/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: रेणुका । Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree, Las Vegas, USA
[Bildquelle: Stan Shebs / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Vitex agnus-castus L. 1753 - Mönchspfeffer - Chaste Tree
[Bildquelle: Maggie. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/13389908@N03/1450615676/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

"Vitex Agnus-castus, Linn. Mahometan physicians, under the Aravic name of Athlak and the Persian Panjangusht, describe the αγνος of the Greeks and the Vitex of the Romans. The berries under the names of Hab-el-fakad and Sambhālu-ke- bij are imported into India and are considered to be astringent, resolvent, and deobstruent, and useful for removing obstructions of the brain and liver; they are also given for enlargement of the spleen and dropsy. V. Agnus-castus is also called by the Arabs Zu-khamsata aurāk, " the five-leaved," and in Egypt is known as Kaf Miryam, " the hand of Mary." Among the ancients it was sacred to Esculapius, and was considered symbolical of chastity. In the Middle Ages the fruit was known as "Monks' pepper.'' The fruit is sold in Bombay as Renuka, the true renuka (Piper aurantiacum) is not known in Western India.

Description.—A small, dull gray, ovoid fruit, the size of a duckshot, half enclosed in the calyx, to which a portion of the peduncle remains attached. Upon section it is found to be extremely hard, and, if perfect, to consist of four cells, each containing a small flat seed. Generally one or more of the cells are abortive."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 75f.]

2.7.21. Prunus cerasus L. 1753 - Sauer-Kirsche - Sour Cherry

Rosaceae (Rosengewächse)

9.  elāvālukam aileyaṃ sugandhi harivālukam
vālukaṃ cātha pālaṅkyāṃ mukundaḥ kunda-kundurū

एलावालुकम् ऐलेयं सुगन्धि हरिवालुकम् ।
वालुकं चाथ पालङ्क्यां मुकुन्दः कुन्द-कुन्दुरू ॥९॥

[Bezeichnungen für Prunus cerasus L. 1753 - Sauer-Kirsche - Sour Cherry:]

  • एलावालुक - elāvāluka n.: Kardamom-Sand
  • ऐलेय - aileya n.: Kardamomiges
  • सुगन्धि - sugandhi n.: Wohl-Riechendes
  • हरिवालुक - harivāluka n.: Gelb-Sand; Hari-Sand (= Viṣṇu-Sand)
  • वालुक - vāluka n.: Sandiges

Colebrooke (1807): "Elabaluca."


 Abb.: Prunus cerasus L. 1753 - Sauer-Kirsche - Sour Cherry
[Bildquelle: Icones plantarum medico-oeconomico-technologicarum cum earum fructus ususque descriptione =Abbildungen aller medizinisch-ökonomisch-technologischen Gewächse mit der Beschreibung ihres Gebrauches und Nutzens. -- Wien, 1800 - 1822. -- Bd. 1, Tab. 51]


Abb.: Prunus cerasus L. 1753 - Sauer-Kirsche - Sour Cherry
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1887. -- Public domain]

"Prunus sp.? Alūbālū (Ind.). The stones. [...] The third drug has exactly the appearance of common cherry stones, the kernels of which contain the elements of hydrocyanic acid. It is the κερασια of Greeks and the الوبوعلي (Alū-bū-ali) of Mahometan writers on Materia Medica. Alūbālu being an Indian corruption of the name. Mahometan physicians describe these drugs as strengtheners of the nervous system, and antilithics."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 568.]

2.7.22. Harz von Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. 1807

Burseraceae (Balsambaumgewächse)

9. c./d. vālukaṃ cātha pālaṅkyāṃ mukundaḥ kunda-kundurū

वालुकं चाथ पालङ्क्यां मुकुन्दः कुन्द-कुन्दुरू ॥९॥

Bezeichnungen für पालङ्की - pālaṅkī f.: Harz von Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. 1807:

  • मुकुन्द - mukunda m.: Mukunda (= Viṣṇu)
  • कुन्द - kunda m.: Kunda
  • कुन्दुरु - kunduru m.: Kunduru (= arabisch کندر- Kundur)

Colebrooke (1807): "Cunduru. Perhaps the resin of Boswellia serrata."

Siehe auch unten Vers 11c/12b!


Abb.: Harz (Weihrauch) von Boswellia sp.
[Bildquelle: אביהו / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Bowswellia thurifera. Colebrooke in Asiat. Res. 9. 317 and 11. 158.

[...]

Canarium hirsutum. Willd. 4. 760.

Canarium odoriferum ; hirsutum. Rumph. Amb. 2. t. 51.

Sans. Salaci the tree, and Koondooroo the drug, or incense.

A large timber tree, a native of the mountainous parts of Coromandel, Bundelkhuud, &c. Flowering time the hot season, March and April, and the seeds ripen about the end of the year. From the researches of Mr. Colebrooke, above quoted, in the 11th Vol. of the Asiatic Researches it appears that the oblibanum or Frankincense of the ancients is the produce of this tree, and not of Juniperus lycia, as hitherto thought.

Boswellia glabra. R. Corom. pl. 3. N. 207.

[...]

Canarium odoriferum laeve. Rumph. Amb. 2. t. 50.

Canarium balasamiferum. Willd. 4. 760.

This as well as thurifera yields a resin, which is used as incense, and for pitch, in some parts of India. It is a native of the mountainous districts of Coromandel where it blossoms during the dry season."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 383f.]
"Boswellia glabra (Roxb.) N. O.. Terebinthaceae.

[...]

Description.—Tall erect tree covered with greenish ash-coloured bark; [...]

Fl. March—April.

W. & A. Prod. i. 174.—Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii 384—Cor. iii. t. 207.

Coromandel mountains. Deccan,

Medical Uses.—This tree yields a fragrant resinous substance known as Koondricum. It is bitter and pungent, and is soluble in ether and spirits of wine. Resin exudes from wounds in the bark. It soon becomes hard and brittle, and is often used, when boiled with oil; as a substitute for pitch, and called Googul by the Telingies. Mixed with ghee, the native doctors prescribe it in gonorrhoea and other complaints. The resin is much burnt as an incense in the religious ceremonies of the Hindoos. Mixed with lime-juice or cocoa-nut oil, it is applied as a plaster in cutaneous affections, as well as in cases of ulcers and bad wounds.—(Ainslie. Roxb.) The resin both of this and the following species is employed as an incense in India, and both might be much more extensively collected than they are at present, as there is reason to believe that Central India alone furnishes the greatest portion of the Indian olibanum of commerce, as it is chiefly exported from Bombay.—(Royle.) There are extensive tracts of Googalam jungles in Goomsur and Cuttack provinces. The Khoonds and Woodias living in or near these jungles wound the trees in several places. The resin flows out, and is collected when sufficiently solid. The dammer collected from the decayed parts of the tree is of a dark colour. The Khoonds and Uryas make the leaves into the plates from off which they eat their food, and also roll up tobacco in them to smoke like a cheroot. In times of famine the above tribes live on a soup made from the fruit of the tree.—Rep. Mad. Exhib.

Boswellia thurifera (Roxb.)

[...]

Description. — Large tree; [...]

Fl. March—April.

W. & A. Prod. i. 174. —Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 383.

Mountains of CoromandeL Belgaum.

Economic Uses.—This is a large tree, affording good timber. Colebrooke, in the Asiatic Researches, has identified the olibanum or frankincense of the ancients with the balsamic gum-resin which it produces. It is called Koondooroo, or Ghundurus, or Cundun, in Bengal. For a long time this substance was supposed to have been produced by various species of junipers, and this opinion is held to this day by some; but it is known that the coniferae, to which family the junipers belong, yield pure resin only, but not gum-resin. Of the present olibanum there are two varieties, one of which is far inferior to the other. The best is found in pieces as large as a walnut, of a high yellowish colour, inclining to red or brown, covered on the outside with a white powder, the whole becoming a whitish powder when pounded. It burns with a clear and steady light, not easily extinguished, and diffuses a pleasant fragrance. In taste it is slightly bitter, and not perfectly soluble in water or alcohol. It is seldom used in medicine, but has astringent and stimulant properties. The incense burnt in Roman Catholic churches is the produce of this tree.—Colebr. in As. Res., ix. 377. Roxb. Ainslie.

Dr Royle says, "The Salai or Saleh of the Hindoos is common in Central India and Bundlecund, where I have seen it, especially about the Bisrumgunge Ghaut. It is probably also produced by the B. glabra, which has the same native name, and, though extending to a more northern latitude, is distributed over many of the same localities. It is common on the hills above Mohun Chowkee, where I have collected some very clear, pure, and fragrant resin, which burns rapidly away with a bright light, diffusing a pleasant odour."—(Royle.) The timber both of this and the preceding species is hard, heavy, and durable.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"BOSWELLIA SERRATA, Roxb.

Fig.—Colebr. in Asiat. Res. IX., 379, t. 5.

Salai tree

Hab.—W. Himalaya, Central India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—The history of this drug is involved in much obscurity, owing to its having been confounded by both native and European writers with true Frankincense and Bdellium. Sanskrit writers may possibly sometimes allude to it when they speak of Kunduru, but as this word is evidently the same as the Arabic Kundur, it is much more likely that they allude to the true Frankincense imported from Africa and Arabia, and which we know to have been introduced into India at a very remote period. Mahometan writers have probably included the produce of B. serrata among the different kinds of Mukul for which they give as the Indian synonym Guggul. It seems probable that the true Sanskrit name for B. serrata is Sallaki, from which the Hindi word Salai has been derived. The exudation from the tree is called Sallaki-drava or Sihla, and Guggulu. Ainslie notices B. glabra as producing Guggul, and B. serrata the olibanum of commerce, but calls the latter Salai, and quotes Dr. F. Hamilton's MS. account of Shahabad, where the tree is said to be very common and to yield a resin called Sa!e-gond or Sale-lassa, which is not used. Dr. Hamilton describes it as of the consistence of turpentine when it flows from the tree ; in this state it is called at Chandalghar Gandah-biroza, and in the dry state Sukha-biroza. (Mat. Ind. 1, 226.) Other European authors make the same mistake with regard to the source of commercial olibanum. B. glabra is now considered to be only a variety of B. serrata. B. serrata is one of the commonest trees in some parts of Khandesh, Loonawara, and other neighbouring territories; the gum-resin is obtained by incising the bark. Dr. Hooker, when ascending from Belcuppee in Behar to the height of 1,360 feet, came upon a  small forest of these trees, which he likens to the mountain ash. Dr. Irvine remarks that the tree is very plentiful in the Ajmeer hills, where the gum-resin is called Ganda-biroza, and is similar in appearance to Venice turpentine. Dr. O'Shaughnessy obtained fine specimens from the Shahabad country. The collection of Guggul is a source of revenue to the Bhils, and a stake cut from the tree is set in the ground when a marriage takes place among them. Sanskrit writers describe Guggulu as moist, viscid, fragrant, and of a golden colour when freshly exuded—a description which is not applicable to the exudation of the Balsamodendrons, but is exactly so to the exudation of B. serrata. It is said to be demulcent, aperient, alterative, and a purifier of the blood. The Yogaraja guggula is a well known alterative compound; it contains Guggal 25 parts,Triphala 15 parts, ginger, long pepper, chavak, pipalimul, chitrak, hing, ajmod, siras, jira, shahjira, renuka, indrajao, paharmul, baberang, kutki, atis, bharingi, vekhand, of each one part, morvel two parts. The whole is made into a pill mass, the dose of which is from 3 to 5 grains, to be taken with a decoction of Sphaeranthus indicus. It is used in rheumatism, nervous diseases, scrofulous affections, urinary disorders and skin diseases, and is generally combined with aromatics.

Description.—The fresh exudation has the colour and consistence of Canada Balsam ; it hardens very slowly, retaining its golden colour and transparency. The odour is that of olibanum, but fainter and more terebinthinate; cold water converts it into a soft whitish pulp, which, when rubbed in a mortar, forms an emulsion. Spirit also makes it white and opaque by dissolving the resin. In short, it has the characters of olibanum, but does not harden like that article. It burns readily, and diffuses an agreeable odour.

Commerce.—Guggal is not exported from India, but is consumed in Central and Northern India as an incense and medicine.

A large quantity is collected in the Satpoora forest, where it is sold on the spot at 12 lbs for a rupee."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 302f.]

2.7.23. Pavonia odorata Willd. 1800

Malvaceae (Malvengewächse)

10. a./b. bālaṃ hrībera-barhiṣṭhodivyaṃ keśāmbunāma ca

बालं ह्रीबेर-बर्हिष्ठोदिव्यं केशाम्बुनाम च ।१० क।

[Bezeichnungen für Pavonia odorata Willd.:]

  • बाल - bāla n.: Junges, Kind, Dummes
  • ह्रीबेर - hrīvera n.: Hrīvera (zu hrī f.: Scham ?)
  • बर्हिष्ठ - barhiṣṭha n.: auf dem Opferstreu (barhi) Stehendes
  • उदिव्य - udivyaa n.: Udivya
  • केशाम्बुनाम - keśāmbu-nāma: alle Synonyme für (Kopf)haar und Wasser

a var. lect. उदीच्य - udīcya n.: aufwärts Gerichtetes, Nördliches, nach Norden Gerichtetes

Colebrooke (1807): "Bala. Perhaps Andropogon schoenanthus [L. = Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 1815 - Kamelgras - Geranium Grass]." [10b:] "All the synonyms of hair and of water."

Pavonia odorata Willd.


Abb.: Pavonia odorata Willd., Talakona (తలకోన) Forest, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Pavonia odorata Willd., Talakona (తలకోన) Forest, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Pavonia odorata. Willd. iii. 837.

Erect, ramous, covered with clammy pubescence. [...]

A native of Coromandel. In the Botanic garden at Calcutta, it is in flower all the year."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 214.]
"Pavonia odorata (Willd.) N. O. Malvaceae.

[...]

Description.—Shrub, 2-3 feet; [...] flowers rose-coloured.

Fl. Nearly all the year.—W. & A. Prod. i. 47.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 214.

Dindigul hills. Vendalore. Coromandel.

Medical Uses.—The root is used in infusion as a diet-drink among the Hindoos in fevers. It is thick as a quill and light-coloured.—Wight."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"PAVONIA ODORATA, Willd.

Fig.—Wall Cat. 1836, 1, 2. D., E.

Hab.—N.-W. Provinces, Sind, W. Peninsula, Burmah, Ceylon.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant is called Bala and Hrivera in Sanskrit, The root is used in Hindu medicine to prepare a fever drink known as Shadanga paniya, which is made by boiling one drachm each of the roots of Andropogon muricatus and Cyperus rotundus or pertenuis, Red Sandalwood, the herb of Oldenlandiaa herhacea, the roots of Pavonio, odorata, and dry ginger, in two sers of water down to one ser. It is considered to be cooling and stomachic. The genus Pavonia is named after Don Josef Pavon, a botanical traveller in Peru. Ainslie (Mat. Med. ii., 297,) notices the use of P. odorata by the Hindus, but expresses no opinion as to its medicinal properties. In Bombay, Serpentary root imported from Europe, is universally substituted for this drug. In P. odorata, as in the Musk Mallow, the mucilaginous properties of the genus are combined with an odorous matter having the stimulating and carminative action of musk.

Description.—Roots 7 to 8 inches long."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 224f.]

Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 1815 - Kamelgras - Geranium Grass


Abb.: Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 1815 - Kamelgras - Geranium Grass
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XII. Fig. 72, 1703]


 Abb.: Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 1815 var. pachnodes  - Kamelgras - Geranium Grass
[Bildquelle: Species Graminum, iconibus et descriptionibus / illustravit C.B. Trinius. -- Petersburg, 1828-1836. -- Vol. 3]


Abb.: Cymbopogon achoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 1815 - Kamelgras - Geranium Grass
[Bildquelle: A handbook of some south Indian grasses / by K. Rai Bahadur K. Ranga Achariyar ; assisted by C. Tadulinga Mudaliyar. -- Madras,1921. - S. 209]


Abb.: Cymbopogon achoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 1815 - Kamelgras - Geranium Grass
[Bildquelle: A handbook of some south Indian grasses / by K. Rai Bahadur K. Ranga Achariyar ; assisted by C. Tadulinga Mudaliyar. -- Madras,1921. - S. 10]

"Andropogon Schoenanthus. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. iv. 915.

Perennial, erect. [...]

Sans. Malatrinukung, Bhoostrinung.

Ramacciam. Rheed. Hort. Mai. 12. p. 137. t. 72.

Schoenanthum amboinicum. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 181. t. 72.

Schoenanthus, or Juncus odoratus of the Materia Medica.

On the coast I have only found this elegant valuable species in a state of cultivation, few gardens being without it ; I have but twice found it in flower and both times during the rainy season.

Root perennial, [...]

Obs. The fresh leaves are much used as a substitute for tea. The white succulent centre of the leaf-bearing culms is often put into curries, to give them an agreeable flavour."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 274f.]
"Andropogon citratum (Dec.) N. O.. Graminaceae.

Lemon-grass [...]

Description.—Root perennial; [...]

Rheede, xii t. 72,

A. schoenanthus, Linn.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 274.

Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Spreng.

Travancore. Bengal. Cultivated in Coromandel.

Medical Uses.—An infusion of the fragrant leaves, which are bitter and aromatic, is given to children as an excellent stomachic. It is also diaphoretic. An essential oil is prepared from them, which is a most valuable remedy in rheumatism, applied externally. Mixed with butter-milk, the leaves are used in cases of ringworm. It is a remedy of considerable value in affections of the bowels. It allays and arrests vomiting in cholera, and aids the process of reaction. Externally applied, it forms a useful embrocation in chronic rheumatism, neuralgia, sprains, and similar painful affections.— (Pharm. of India.) The rhizomes and flowers have similar qualities.— (Lindley.) The essential oil, when first distilled, is of a high colour, owing to the quantity of resin in it. To remove this, as also to have the oil clear, it is saturated in charcoal grits that have been previously well washed and thoroughly dried. The grits saturated with the oil are thrown into the still with the required quantity of water, made slightly sharp to the taste and distilled. The oil thus obtained is not only clear, but in a great measure free from resin, and this passes in England as essence of Verbena or Citronelle. The oil of the first distilling, which is of a high colour, is known as the Lemon- grass oil. Mr C. Kohlhoff, for some time Conservator of Forests in Travancore, has used the double-distilled oil as an embrocation in cases of rheumatism, and found it a most efficacious remedy, and has also administered it in cases of cholera with great advantage. The dose is from 12 to 20 drops on a lump of sugar, repeated till the symptoms abate, at the same time applying it externally to the lips, back, and stomach, to prevent the cold and cramp so invariably accompanying that disorder. A decoction made from the fresh leaves is used by the natives to allay thirst in various disorders.— Pers. Obs.

Economic Uses.—When fresh and young, the leaves are used in many parts of the country as a substitute for tea, and the white centre of the succulent leaf-culms is used to impart a flavour to curries. In Bengal, large tracts of waste land are covered with this grass. The export of Lemon-grass oil from Ceylon amounts in value to nearly £7000 annually.—Roxb. Simmonds."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"ANDROPOGON SCHOENANTHUS, Linn,

'Fig.—royle, Ill., t. 97; Trin. Sp. Gr. iii., t. 327.

Rusa grass, Ginger grass

Hab.—Indian Peninsula, Western Ghauts, extending sparingly to the coast.

[...]

History, Uses, &C—This grass is the Bhustrina or Bhutrina "earth grass" of the Raja Nirghanta, and is also known as Rohisha in Sanskrit. Among the synonyms which it bears, we may mention Gandha-kheda and Gandha-trina "odorous grass," Su-rasa "well flavoured," and Su-gandha "having an agreeable odour." It is described as aromatic and stimulant and useful in bilious and phlegmatic affections.

Mahometan writers upon Indian Materia Medica confound A. Schoenanthus with Izkhir (A. laniger), and Mir Muhammad Husain gives Rus as an Indian name for Izkhir; he also mentions several other Indian names, such as Gandhis, Gandhbel, &c, showing that he was well acquainted with Rusa grass. The author of the Tuhfat-el-muminin mentions a distilled water prepared from Izkhir, and also an oil made by macerating the grass in sweet oil exposed to the sun ; it is therefore probable that in his time (1669) the essential oil was not made from A. Schoenanthus. The industry probably commenced in the 18th century whilst Khandesh was in a nourishing condition under its Mahometan rulers.

A. Schoenanthus was first brought to the notice of Europeans by General Martin, who collected the seeds in the Balaghat, during the war with Tippu Sultan, and cultivated the plant at Lucknow, whence he sent seeds to Roxburgh, in Calcutta. The first mention of the oil is by Maxwell in 1825 (Calcutta Med. Phys. Trans., i., p. 367); it was afterwards described by Forsyth, 1827 (Ibid., iii., p. 213). The A. Nardus of Ainslie, which he calls ginger or spice grass, is doubtless the same plant; he notices its use in infusion as a stomachic, and states that an essential oil is prepared from it which is useful in rheumatism.

Preparation of the oil.—The oil distillers in Khandesh call the grass Motiya, when the inflorescence is young and of a bluish-white colour; after it has ripened and become red, it is called Sonfiya. The oil obtained from it in the first condition has a more delicate odour than that obtained from the ripened grass. The Motiya oil is usually mixed with the second kind, which by itself would not fetch a good price in the European market.

The grass grows freely, though not very widely, on open hillsides in West Khandesh, especially in Akrāni. The original seat of the manufacture was Pimpalner, but as the oil is in great demand, the manufacture has of late spread to Nandurbār, Shāhāda, and Taloda. The makers are Musalmans, who, at the close of the rains, about September, when the grass is ripening, buy it from the Bhils, stack it, and set furnaces at the sides of brooks where wood and water are plentiful. A large pit, four feet long by two wide and two and a half deep, is dug, and a furnace (chula) prepared. On this furnace is placed a copper or iron caldron, large enough to hold from 30 to 50 pots of water. After pouring in some water, the caldron is filled to the brim with chopped grass, and a little more water is added. The mouth of the caldron is carefully closed with an iron or copper plate, made fast with wheat dough. From a hole in this lid, a bamboo tube, wrapped in a piece of cloth, plastered with the flour of Udid (Phaseolus Mungo, Linn., black var.), and bound with ropes, passes into a second closed caldron, sunk to the neck in running water. The steam from the grass is condensed in the second caldron, which, when full, begins to shake. The tube is then skilfully removed, and the contents of the caldron poured into a third similar vessel and stirred. Then the oil begins to appear on the surface, and is slowly skimmed off. The distillate is returned with fresh grass to the still. In 1879-80 the number of stills was 197, producing about 71 cwts. of oil. More than 100 stills are worked in Nandurbār alone, and the increase of the manufacture is prevented only by the scarcity of the grass. The oil is packed in skins, and sent on bullock back over the Kundaibāri Pass to Surat, and by Dhulia and Manmad to Bombay.

We are assured by the Bombay dealers that all the oil of commerce is more or less adulterated ; and a comparison of the commercial article with some oil distilled by one of us supports this statement; the adulteration is said to be practised by the distillers, who, we are informed, are regularly supplied with oil of turpentine from Bombay. 373 lbs. of grass received from Khandesh and submitted to distillation under our own superintendence in Bombay yielded 1 lb. 5 1/2 ozs. of oil. Portions of this oil were mixed with oils of turpentine, groundnut, rape, and linseed ; with all three it formed a milky or turbid mixture, but the two first, after standing for some days, became perfectly bright. We are informed that formerly it was the custom to adulterate with groundnut oil, but that turpentine is now used, as it cannot be detected by the evaporation test.

The use to which Rusa oil is put in Turkey, to which country it is principally exported, via Egypt and the Red Sea ports, from Bombay, was first explained by Hanbury (N. Repert. f. Pharm., viii., 365), and in Pharmacographia we find the following interesting statement:—"No drug is more subject than attar of rose to adulteration, which is principally effected by the addition of the volatile oil of an Indian grass, Andropogon Schoenanthus, L. This oil, which is called in Turkish Idris (عزرس) yaghi, and also Entershah, and is more or less known to Europeans as Geranium oil, is imported into Turkey for this express purpose, and even submitted to a sort of purification before being used.  It was formerly added to the attar only in Constantinople, but now the mixing takes place at the seat of the manufacture. It is said that in many places the roses are absolutely sprinkled with it before being placed in the still."

Description.—Root perennial"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 557ff.]

2.7.24. Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy 1952

Parmeliaceae (Blattflechten)

10. c./d. kālānusārya-vṛddhāśmapuṣpa-śītaśivāni tu
11. a./b. śaileyaṃ tālaparṇī tu daityā gandhakuṭī murā

कालानुसार्य-वृद्धाश्मपुष्प-शीतशिवानि तु ॥१० ख॥
शैलेयं तालपर्णी तु दैत्या गन्धकुटी मुरा ।११ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy 1952:]

  • कालानुसार्य - kālānusārya n.: blauschwarz Nachfolgendes
  • वृद्ध - vṛddha n.: Altes, Erwachsnes
  • अश्मपुष्प - aśmapuṣpa n.: Steinblume
  • शीतशिव - śītśiva n.: der Kälte Gnädiges, Frostbeständiges
  • शैलेय - śaileya n.: Steinernes

Colebrooke (1807): "Benzoin [= Harz von Styrax L. sp.]"

Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy 1952


Abb.: अश्मपुष्पम् । Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy 1952, Washington State, USA
[Bildquelle: Richard Droker. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/4226193496/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Synonyma: Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach., Parmelia trichotera Hue, Parmelia coniocarpa Laurer, nom. illeg., Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti

"PARMELIA KAMTSCHADALIS, Esch.

Hab.—Himalaya, Persia.

PARMELIA PERLATA, Esch.

Fig—Eng. Bot., 341.

Hab.—India, Europe, Africa.

[...]

History, Uses, &C—Two lichens are found in all Indian bazars, which are known as the greater and lesser "stone-flowers" in the vernaculars, and in Sanskrit as Silā-valkā or "rock-bark." Similar plants were known to the Greeks as βρυον and σφαγνος, and to the Romans as Muscus. Dioscorides (i., 22) notices their medicinal properties, also Pliny (xii., 61). The Arabs call them Ushnah, a name derived from the Persian, and Hazāz-el-sakhar "rock-scab." Leith says:—"It is a thing that spreads itself upon the trees called Balūt and Sanūbar (oak and pine) as though it were pared off from a root ; and it is sweet in odour, and white." [Kāmūs.) In Persia these lichens are known as Ushnah and Dowālah. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya states that Ushnah grows upon the oak, cypress, and other trees; that which is whitest should be preferred; it should have an agreeable odour. He describes it as astringent, resolvent, and aperient, and says that the decoction is used as a tonic and alterative; when burnt, the smoke relieves headache, the powder is a good cephalic snuff. Externally the drug has emollient and astringent properties, and may be used in a bath or as a poultice, &c. The dry powder is applied to wounds and sores to promote granulation. Honigberger mentions the use of the drug at Lahore in disorders of the stomach, dyspepsia, vomiting, pain in the liver or womb, induration of the uterus, amenorrhea, calculi, and nocturnal spermatic discharges.

Ainslie (ii., 170) says : « Kull-pashie is the Tamool name given to a dried pale-coloured rock moss, which the Vytians suppose to possess a peculiar cooling quality, and prepare with it a liniment for the head."

The use of these lichens in the form of a poultice, placed over the renal and lumbar regions to produce diuresis, is noticed in the Pharmacopoeia of India."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 627f.]

Styrax benzoin Dryan. 1787 - Benzoinbaum - Benzoin


 Abb.: Styrax benzoin Dryan. 1787 - Benzoinbaum - Benzoin
[Bildquelle: Icones plantarum medico-oeconomico-technologicarum cum earum fructus ususque descriptione =Abbildungen aller medizinisch-ökonomisch-technologischen Gewächse mit der Beschreibung ihres Gebrauches und Nutzens. -- Wien, 1800 - 1822. -- Bd. 1, Tab. 32]


Abb.: Styrax benzoin Dryan. 1787 - Benzoinbaum - Benzoin
 [Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]

"Styrax benjoin. Willd. 2. 623. Dryand. in Phil. Trans. 77. 308. t. 12.

[...]

Benjamin, or Benzoin, Marsden's Sumatra, p. 123.

Luban the Bengalee, and Arabic name of the resin, though in fact this name ought to be applied to the resin of my Boswellia thurifera, which is the real olibanum or Frankincense, of the ancients."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 416.]

"STYRAX BENZOIN, Dryander.

Fig.—Bentl. and Trim., t. 169.

Gum Benjamin tree

Hab.—Sumatra, Java, Siam.

Vernacular.—Lubān, Ud (Ind. Bazars).

History, Uses, &c.—Benzoin or Gum Benjamin does not appear to have been known to the ancient Hindus, nor is there any evidence that the Greeks and Romans, or even the earlier Arabian physicians, were acquainted with it. There is however no doubt that in the original and legitimate Storax they were acquainted with a fragrant resin in separate or more or less agglutinated tears, somewhat resembling Benzoin, and produced by the Styrax officinalis of Linnaeus. Specimens of this amygdaloid storax are still to be found in old Materia Medica collections. (Hanbury's Science Papers, p. 129.) Benzoin is first mentioned by the Arabian traveller Ibn Batuta, who visited Sumatra between A. D. 1325 and 1349. He calls it Lubān Jāvī or Java Lubān, Java being a general name among the Arabs and Persians for the Eastern Archipelago. It is not mentioned by the Persian druggist Haji Zein, A. D. 1368. In more recent Arabic and Persian works, Benzoin is called Hasi-lubān-el-Jāvī, which may be translated 'pebbly or amygdaloid frankincense from Java,' and seems to imply the existence of another kind of pebbly frankincense. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adiwya states that Hasi-luban-el-Javi is the same as Darv or Zarv (ضرو). On turning to this article, we find the following- synonyms given: Fūzukas {Greek), Zarwa (Syrian), Fashashish (Turkish), Dur-i-haskhak Arisa, Kalangūra, and Kamkām (Persian). This tree is said to grow in the Hejaz, Yaman, India and other countries, and to resemble the oak, the leaves being soft and reddish at the edges, and the fruit a cone like the fir, but with larger seeds; its bracts and spines turn red when ripe. The exudation is at first like a grain of wheat, but gradually increases until it reaches the size of a melon; from it a dark pitch-like substance may be separated. A decoction of the leaves is mentioned, and an oil which is obtained from the seeds. This description might do for Liquidambar orientale, but cannot apply to Styrax Benzoin. As regards the drug benzoin, Mir Muhammad Husain must have been well acquainted with it, as it was in common use in India before his time. He probably regarded it as a kind of amygdaloid storax. Ainslie mentions its use in Southern India by Tamool physicians as a remedy in phthisis and asthma. The Mahometans use it for the same purpose, and direct the fumes to be inhaled. As an incense it is much used by all classes, the imports into Bombay alone averaging 6,000 cwts. per annum. For the early history of this drug in Europe, the Pharmacographia may be consulted. In that work will also be found a summary of what is known regarding the method of collecting it in Sumatra and Siam."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 369ff.]

2.7.25. "Not identified correctly"

11. śaileyaṃ tālaparṇī tu daityā gandhakuṭī murā
gandhinī gajabhakṣyā tu suvahā surabhī rasā

शैलेयं तालपर्णी तु दैत्या गन्धकुटी मुरा ।
गन्धिनी गजभक्ष्या तु सुवहा सुरभी रसा ॥११॥

[Bezeichnungen für ???:]

  • तालपर्णी - tālaparṇī f.: Palmyrapalm-Blättrige1
  • दैत्या - daityā f.: Tochter Ditis, zu dem/den Daitya Gehörende2
  • गन्धकुटी - gandhakuṭī f.: Duft-Hütte, Duft-Winde
  • मुरा - murā f.: Murā3
  • गन्धिनी  - gandhinī f.: besonders Duftende

Colebrooke (1807): "Mura."

1 तालपर्णी - tālaparṇī f.: Palmyrapalm-Blättrige: Palmyrapalme = Borassus flabellifer L. 1753


 Abb.: Blatt von Borassus flabellifer L. 1753 - Palmyrapalme - Toddy Palm
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 10 (Ausschnitt), 1678]

2 दैत्या - daityā f.: Tochter Ditis, zu Diti Ghörende, zu dem / den Daitya Gehörende. Vermutlich = zum Dämon Mura (s. unten) Gehörende

"DITI. A goddess or personification in the Vedas who is associated with Aditi, and seems to be intended as an antithesis or as a complement to her.

In the Rāmāyaṇa and in the Puāṇas she is daughter of Dakṣa, wife of Kaśyapa, and mother of the Daityas. The Vishnu Purāṇa relates that having lost her children, she begged of Kaśyapa a son of irresistible prowess, who should destroy Indra. The boon was granted, but with this condition : "If, with thoughts wholly pious and person entirely pure, you carefully carry the babe in your womb for a hundred years." She assiduously observed the condition ; but Indra knew what was preparing for him. So he went to Diti and attended upon her with the utmost humility, watching his opportunity. In the last year of the century, Diti retired one night to rest without washing her feet. Indra then with his thunderbolt divided the embryo in her womb into seven portions. Thus mutilated, the child cried bitterly, and Indra being unable to pacify it, became angry, and divided each of the seven portions into seven, thus forming the swift-moving deities called Maruts, from the words, 'Mā-rodīḥ, Weep not,' which Indra used to quiet them."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]

"DAITYAS. Titans. Descendants from Diti by Kaśyapa. They are a race of demons and giants, who warred against the gods and interfered with sacrifices. They were in turn victorious and vanquished. They and the Dānavas are generally associated, and are hardly distinguishable. As enemies of sacrifices they are called Kratu-dwishas."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]

3 मुरा - murā f.: Mura m.

"MURA, MURU. A great demon who had seven thousand sons. He was an ally of the demon Naraka, who ruled over Prāg-jyotisha, and assisted him in the defence of that city against Krishna. He placed in the environs of the city "nooses the edges of which were as sharp as razors," but Krishna cut them to pieces with his discus, slew Muru, "and burnt his seven thousand sons like moths with the flame of the edge of his discus.""

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]

2.7.26. Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. 1807

Burseraceae (Balsambaumgewächse)

11. c./d. gandhinī gajabhakṣyā tu suvahā surabhī rasā
12. a./b. maheraṇā kundurukī sallakī hlādinīti ca

गन्धिनी गजभक्ष्या तु सुवहा सुरभी रसा ॥११ ख॥
महेरणा कुन्दुरुकी सल्लकी ह्लादिनीति च ।१२ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. 1807:]

  •  गजभक्ष्या - gajabhakṣyā f.: Elefanten-Futter
  • सुवहा - suvahā f.: Gut-Führende (Abführende, oder: die Geburt Beschleunigende)
  • सुरभी - surabhī f.: Wohlriechende, Duftende
  • रसा - rasā f.: Aromatische
  • महेरणा - maheraṇā f.: Große Antreibende (Abführmittel, oder: Geburtsbeschleuniger)
  • कुन्दुरुकी - kundurukī f.: Kunduru-Spenderin (zu kunduru m.: Harz von Boswellia serrata ; von arabisch کندر- Kundur = Boswellia serrata )
  • सल्लकी - sallakī f.: Sallakī (zu śallaka m.: Stachelschwein
  • ह्लादिनी - hlādinī f.: besonders Erfrischende

Colebrooke (1807): "Saläe."

Beschreibungen siehe oben zu Vers 9.c/d.!


Abb.: Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. 1807 (Roxb: Boswellia glabra)
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Tab. 207. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. 1807
[Bildquelle: Medical botany : containing systematic and general descriptions, with plates of all the medicinal plants, comprehended in the catalogues of the materia medica, as published by the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, together with the principal medicinal plants not included in those pharmocopoeias, accompanied with a circumstantial detail of their medicinal effects, and of the diseases in which they have been most successfully employed / by William Woodville. -- London, 1842. -- Vol 5, Nach S. 116.]


Abb.: Boswellia serrata Roxb., Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Boswellia serrata Roxb., Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

2.7.27. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.

Lythraceae (Widerichgewächse)

12. c./d. agnijvālā-subhikṣe tu dhātakī dhātupuṣpikā

अग्निज्वला-सुभिक्षे तु धातकी धातुपुष्पिका ॥१२ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.:]

  • अग्निज्वला - agnijvalā f.: Feuer-Flamme
  • सुभिक्षा - subhikṣā f.: Nahrungsreichtum 
  • धातकी - dhātakī f.:  Dhātakī
  • धातुपुष्पिका - dhātupuṣpikā f.: Element-Blume, Metall-Blume, Reliquien-Blume

Colebrooke (1807): "Lythrum. Lythrum fruticosum, L. [= Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.] or Grislea tomentosa, R[oxb. = Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.]"


Abb.: अग्निज्वला । Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol I. -- 1795. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: अग्निज्वला । Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 44 (1816), Tab. 1906]


Abb.: अग्निज्वला । Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2395657597/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Grislea tomentosa. Willd. 2. 321. Corom. pl. 1. N. 31.

Shrubby. [...]

Lythrum fructicosum, sp. pl. 641.

Dhawry. Asiat. Res. 4. p. 42.

Sans. Agnijwala, and Dhatree.

[...]

A very beautiful, flowering shrub, or small tree, a native of the hills and vallies through the northern Circars, &c. &c. It flowers during the cold, and the beginning of the hot season, and the seed ripens in the rains.

[...]

Note. The bright red, permanent calyx, which retains its colour till the seeds are ripe, gives to this shrub a very gaudy appearance."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 233f.]
"Grislea tomentosa (Roxb.) N. O. Lythraceae.

[...]

Description.--Shrub or small tree ; [...]  flowers red.

 Fl. Dec.—April.

W. & A. Prod. i. 308.—Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii. 233.—Cor. i. t. 31.

Lythrum fruticosum, Linn.

Peninsula. Bengal. Oude. Dheyra Dhoon.

Economic Uses.—The petals are used as a red dye as well as in medicine. An infusion of the leaves is employed as a substitute for tea by the hill tribes near Ellichpoor, where the shrub grows. Dr Gibson remarks that it is a very common shrub throughout the forest of the Concan, and along the Ghauts. It has rather pretty red flowers, appearing from December to February; and in Candeish, where the plant grows abundantly, forms a considerable article of commerce inland as a dye.—(Dr Gibson.) There are two varieties of this tree, the white and black, distinguished by the colour of the bark, fruit, and shape of the leaves. The wood is light yellow, hard, smooth, and tough. It yields good material for ploughs, and attains its full size in 30 years.—(Powell's Punj. Prod.) In the Northern Circars, where it is known under the name of godari and reyya manu, the leaves are employed in dyeing leather. Sheep-skins steeped in an' infusion of the dried leaves become a fine red, of which native slippers are made. The dried flowers are employed in Northern India, under the name of dhouri, in the process of dyeing with the Morinda bark, not so much for their colouring as their astringent properties. The shrub is abundant in the hilly tracts of the Northern Circars.—Jury Rep. Mad. Exhib."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"WOODFORDIA FLORIBUNDA, Salisb.

Fig.—Roxb. Cor. Pl., t. 31 ; Bot. Mag., t. 1906.

Downy Grislea.

Hab.—Throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &C— The Sanskrit names of this shrub well describe its prominent characters. It is called Agni-jvāla (fire-flame), Tamra-pushpi (red-flowered), Guchchha-pushpi (cluster-flower), Pārvatī (hill-born). The usual name is Dhātaki. It is mentioned by Chakradatta and Sarangadhara on account of its astringent properties. As a medicine the flowers are chiefly prescribed by the natives in dysentery, beaten up with honey into a kind of confection. They are also thought to be of use in menorrhagia; externally they may be used as an astringent. The natives of the Concan in bilious sickness fill the patient's mouth with sesamum oil, and apply the juice of the leaves to the crown of the head; this is said to cause the oil in the mouth to become yellow from absorption of bile ; fresh oil is then given repeatedly until it ceases to turn yellow. Commercially the flowers are of considerable importance as a dyeing and anning material."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 40.]

2.7.28. Amomum subulatum Roxb. 1820 - Nepal-Cardamom - Black Cardamom

Zingiberaceae (Ingwergewächse)

13. a./b. pṛthvīkā candravālailā niṣkuṭir bahulātha sā

पृथ्वीका चन्द्रवालैला निष्कुटिर् बहुलाथ सा ।१३ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Amomum subulatum Roxb. 1820 - Nepal-Cardamom - Black Cardamom
:]

  • पृथ्वीका - pthvīkā f.: Breite; kleine Erde

  • चन्द्रवाला - candravālā f.: Mond-Schweif

  • एला - elā f.: Elā

  • निष्कुटि - niṣkuṭi f.: Krümmungslose, Gerade

  • बहुला - bahulā f.: Dichte, Feste, Starke

Colebrooke (1807): "Large Cardamoms."


Abb.: निष्कुटिः । Amomum subulatum Roxb. 1820 - Nepal-Cardamom - Black Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: पृथ्वीका । Amomum subulatum Roxb. 1820 - Nepal-Cardamom - Black Cardamom, Chicago, USA
[Bildquelle: Olaf. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/flowerfreak/776746917/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: Amomum subulatum Roxb. 1820 - Nepal-Cardamom - Black Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Brian Arthur / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

" Amomum subulatum. R.

[...]

A native of the Lower range of mountains which skirt the plain of Bengal on the north, where it grows on the borders of the rills of water between the hills. Flowering time in the Botanic garden near Calcutta, March and April; and the seeds ripen during the rains."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 44.]

"Amomum Subulatum, Roxb., is much larger than the true cardamom, of a dark-brown colour and coarsely striated, [...] The seeds are arranged as in the true cardamom, but are more numerous, and are held together in each cell by a dark viscid saccharine pulp. Their taste is aromatic and camphoraceous. They are much used in the preparation of sweetmeats on account of their cheapness. Value, Rs. 12 per maund of 37 1/2 lbs."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 436.]

2.7.29. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom

Zingiberaceae (Ingwergewächse)

13. pṛthvīkā candravālailā niṣkuṭirbahilātha sā
sūkṣmopakuñcikā tutthā koraṅgī tripuṭā truṭiḥ

पृथ्वीका चन्द्रवालैला निष्कुटिर् बहुलताथ सा ।
सूक्ष्मोपकुञ्चिका तुत्था कोरङ्गी त्रिपुटा त्रुटिः ॥१३॥

[Bezeichnungen für Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom:]

  • सूक्ष्मा - sūkṣmā f.: Zarte ("kleiner Kardamom")
  • उपकुञ्चिका - upakuñcikā f.: Upakuñcikā (zu kuc 4: sich krümmen, sich zusammenziehen) 
  • तुत्था - tutthā f.: Tutthā (zu tuttha n.: Chalkanthit1, wegen der Blütenfarbe)
  • कोरङ्गी - koraṅgī f.: Koraṅgī
  • त्रिपुटा - tripuṭā f.: Drei-Faltige, Drei-Ritzige
  • त्रुटि  - truṭi f.: Zerbrechende, Zerfallende, Berstende

Colebrooke (1807): "Small Cardamoms."

1 तुत्था - tutthā f.: Tutthā (zu tuttha n.: Chalkanthit, wegen der Blütenfarbe). Chalkanthit = Kupfersulfat-Pentahydrat - Cu[SO4]•5 H2O (früher Kupfervitriol genannt)


Abb.: Kupfersulfat-Pentahydrat - Cu[SO4]•5 H2O (blau) (weiß: natürlich nicht vorkommendes reines Kupfersulphat)
[Bildquelle: Benjah-bmm27 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


 Abb.: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XI. Fig. 4, 1692]


 Abb.: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XI. Fig. 5, 1692]


 Abb.: उपकुञ्चिका । Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Tab. 226. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: उपकुञ्चिका ।  Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Icones plantarum medico-oeconomico-technologicarum cum earum fructus ususque descriptione =Abbildungen aller medizinisch-ökonomisch-technologischen Gewächse mit der Beschreibung ihres Gebrauches und Nutzens. -- Wien, 1800 - 1822. -- Bd. 1, Tab. 40]


Abb.: तुत्था । Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Rainer Haeßner / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDlicense]


Abb.: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: B.navez / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDlicense]


Abb.: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom, Goa
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: त्रिपुटा । त्रुटिः । Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 1811 - Malabar-Kardamom - Chester Cardamom
[Bildquelle: Sanjay ach / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDlicense]

"Alpinia cardamomum. R.

[...]

Amomuni repens, seu Cardamomum. Wood, v. 2. p. 365. t.131.

Amomum repens, Roscoe, Willd. and Sonnerat.

Elettaria. Rheed. Mal. 11. p. 9. t. 4 and 5.

Cardamomum minus, Pharm. Lond. and Edinburgh.

Sans. Prithweeka, Chundruvala, Ela, Nishkooti, Bwhoola.

[...]

Cardomomum. Bitch. Journey, 2. 336—510, 538, and 3. 225.

A native of the mountainous part of the Coast of Malabar.

[...]

Obs. The following account of this interesting plant has lately been transmitted to me by Captain Dickson, the Commanding Officer of the district of Wynaad where the Cardomum is cultivated, viz.

"The Cardomum shrub is found in great abundance among the western mountains of Wynaad, and is called by the natives of Malabar Ailum chedi (the Ailum shrub). I cannot obtain any satisfactory derivation of the true import of the word Ailum, unless, as is alleged, it implies in the Sanskrit language, celebrity, and eminence.

" The shrub is said to be produced as follows. Before the commencement of the periodical rains, in June, the cultivators of the Cardomum ascend the coldest, and most shady sides of a woody mountain; a tree of uncommon size and freight is then sought after, the adjacent spot is cleared of weeds, and the tree felled close at its root. The earth shaken, and loosened by the force of the fallen tree, shoots forth young Cardomum plants in about a month's time. I have repeatedly enquired of the natives the means by which the Cardomum plants are first produced, and have invariably been told as already stated. They attribute no other effects to the falling tree, which may be selected from any species, than such as are derived from its weight and strength, added to the shade and shelter which its branches afford to the young plants. I have heard it by some asserted that the Cardomum, like the famed Phoenix, would emerge from the ashes of any large forest tree, but these stories were uttered only by the ignorant, and are too absurd to require comment.

"The shrub continues to grow in this manner until after the early rains of the fourth year, in February, when it has reached its utmost height, which varies from six to nine feet ; four or five tendrils are now seen to spring from its stem near the root, and afterwards the fruit is produced, which is gathered the following November; and requires no other preparation, than drying in the sun. The fruit is annually collected in this way, until the seventh year, when it is usual to cut it down, and from the trunk other sprouts arise, in course of the next monsoon ; which grow, flourish, and are cultivated as before. The husk with the seed I have called the fruit, as it corresponds with the native name. The seeds are termed the rice, and the tendrils the threads of the plant.

"I do not hear of any varieties in the species, and now enclose you a specimen of some just given to me by the person who farms the collection, and accounted of an inferior growth. It may not be unnecessary to mention, that this commodity yields to Government from 25 to 30,000 rupees per annum. The inhabitants use it as a general condiment to their food, and it is likewise held in sacred estimation for the purposes of sacrifice. It is constantly chewed with betle, and some medicinal properties are ascribed to it when used in decoction for complaints of the bowels. I am assured, by all, that the seeds of the Cardomum will never produce plants, and that it is only to be propagated as already stated, or by cuttings.""

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 70ff.]

"Elettaria cardamomum (Maton.) N. O. Zingiberaceae.

Cardamom plant [...]

Description.—Stem perennial, erect, [...] flowers pale-greenish white.

Alpinia cardamomum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 70.—Cor. iii. t. 226.

Amomum repens, Roscoe.—Rheede Mal. xi. t. 45.

Hilly parts of Travancore and Malabar. Wynaad. Coorg. Nuggur.

Medical Uses.—As cordial and stimulant the seeds are frequently used medicinally, but more frequently as correctives in conjunction with other medicines. A volatile oil is procured from them by distillation, which has a strong aromatic taste, soluble in alcohol. It loses its odour and taste by being kept too long. The natives chew the fruit with betle, and use it in decoction for bowel-com- plaints and to check vomiting. In infusion it is given in coughs.

Economic Uses.—Produces the Cardamoms of commerce. They are either cultivated or gathered wild. In the Travancore forests they are found at elevations of 3000 to 5000 feet The mode of obtaining them is to clear the forests of trees, when the plants spontaneously grow up in the cleared ground. A similar mode has been mentioned by Roxburgh, who states that in Wynaad, before the commencement of the rains in June, the cultivators seek the shadiest and woodiest sides of the loftier hills. The trees are felled and the ground cleared of weeds, and in about three months the Cardamom plant springs up. In four years the shrub will have attained its full height, when the fruit is produced and "gathered in the month of November, requiring no other preparation than drying in the sun. The plant continues to yield fruit till the seventh year, when the stem is cut down, new plants arising from the stumps. They may also be raised from seeds. Cardamoms are much esteemed as a condiment, and great quantities are annually shipped to Europe from Malabar and Travancore. In commerce there are three varieties, known as the short, short-longs, and long-longs. Of these the short are more coarsely ribbed, and of a brown colour, and are called the Malabar Cardamoms or Wynaad Cardamoms. They are reckoned the best of the three. The long-longs are more finely ribbed, and of a paler colour. Seeds are white and shriveled. The short-longs merely differ from the latter in being shorter or less pointed. It is usual to mix the several kinds together when ready for exportation. Some care is required in the process of drying the seeds, as rain causes the seed-vessels to split, and otherwise injures them; and if kept too long in the sun their flavour becomes deteriorated. Malabar Cardamoms are worth in the London market from 2s. to 3s. per lb. In Travancore they are chiefly procured from the highlands overlooking the Dindigul, Madura, and Tinnevelly districts. In these mountains the cultivators make separate gardens for them, as they thrive better if a little care and attention be bestowed upon them. Cardamoms are a monopoly in the Travancore State, and cultivators come chiefly from the Company's country, obtaining about 200 or 210 rupees for every candy delivered over to the Government.—(Ainslie. Pereira. Pers. Obs. Report of Prod. of Travancore.) It is to be regretted, writes Major Beddome, that Cardamoms are not turned to more account. The plant grows spontaneously in many of our hill-tracts, and, with judicious management and some artificial planting, might be made to yield a very handsome revenue after a few years. In South Canara some Cardamom tracts within our reserves have been sold by the collector, on a lease of several years, for a very small sum, and the amount is credited to land revenue. In portions of the Annamallays, Madura, and Tinnevelley, our tracts are poached on by collectors under the Cochin and Travancore Governments; but in a great portion of these forests the Cardamoms simply rot in the jungles.—Rep. to Mad. Govt. 1870."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM, Maton.

Fig.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. xi., tt. 4 and 5 ; Bentl. and Trim., t. 267 ; Woodville, t. 231 ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii., t. 226.

Malabar Cardamom.

Hab.—West and South India.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—The small cardamom, in Sanskrit Ela, is mentioned by Susruta. In the Nighantas it bears various synonyms, such as Truti, Kapota-varni "grey," Korangi, and Dravidi "coming from the Dravidian country." The large or Nepal cardamom (Amomum subulatum) is called Sthulaila "large Ela," and is described separately. Both kinds are considered to be digestive, pungent, light and hot, and are recommended in phlegmatic affections, such as cough, asthma, piles, and diseases of the bladder and kidneys. These two cardamoms are described by Ibn Sina under the name of kakulah; he also describes separately under the name of hilbawa another kind of cardamom as more easily digested than the kakulah. This latter cardamom is the true Cardamomum majus or Nutmeg cardamom of Africa to which Pereira has given the name of Amomum korarima. We think that there can be no doubt that the Greeks were acquainted with the cardamoms of India which they appear to have first obtained from the Persians through Syria and Armenia. Dioscorides says :—"Choose that which is tough, well filled, closed; if not in this state, it is too old and has lost its aroma. The taste is pungent and somewhat bitter." With respect to the name Kātīdāūs, the Greeks appear to have applied it to this spice in much the same way as the Persians applied the name kakulah, which originally meant the fruit of some other plant which was used for flavouring bread. In the Burhān it is stated that the name kakulah is also given by some to a fruit like sapandan (a kind of cress), which is the same as Ilachi. Besides the two Indian cardamoms, there is a large kind of cardamom which comes from Ceylon, now found in commerce. Dr. Trimen, in his Systematic Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Ceylon, speaks of the plant which produces it as Elettaria cardamomun, Maton, var. major—the Ensāl of the Singhalese.

As a masticatory and for flavouring food, the Malabar or Small cardamom is preferred by the natives, but the other kinds, which are cheaper and of less delicate flavour, are largely used by the sweetmeat makers.

Cultivation.—There are two ways of propagating the plant, viz., by sets or by seed. The chief requirements for successful cultivation are a rich loamy soil, and a site sheltered from strong winds and too much direct sunlight. Clearings in forest land, with a few trees left here and there, in order to give the requisite shade and shelter, are found to offer the best conditions for the production of good crops. In the planting of sets, young ones of one to two years old should be chosen. Holes one foot deep and 18 inches wide are dug, and into these, after they have been prepared as beds, raised a few inches above the surrounding ground, the sets are inserted just below the surface of the soil.

The spaces between each plant may be from 6 to 12 feet, according to the quality of the soil. The ground should be well cleared of weeds, stones and rubbish, but when the plants have grown to a certain size, no further weeding will be necessary, as nothing will grow under their shade. Seeds should be sown in prepared nurseries, care being taken not to sow too deep. The seedlings, when 6 to 8 inches in height, should be transplanted and treated in the same manner as sets. (Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind. iii., p. 229). For the particulars of cardamom cultivation in the Wynaad, Travancore, Mysore, Madura, Coorg, and Canara, the same work may be consulted. To prepare cardamoms for the market, they are washed, bleached, and starched. For washing, 2 lbs. of pounded soapnuts and 1/4 lb. of Acacia concinna pods are mixed with about 5 gallons of water, and a separate solution of common country soap is made. Three quarts of the soapnut mixture axe added to 8 quarts of water, and in this 10 lbs. of cardamoms are well agitated by hand and then transferred to a basket to drain for a few minutes. They are then washed a second time in 7 quarts of water, one of the soapnut mixture, and one of the soap solution, drained and thrown upon a mat. Then they are continually sprinkled with fresh water by relays of women until sunrise next morning, when they are spread out on mats to dry for four or five hours. The stalks are then cut off with scissors, at which work some women are so expert as to be able to nip 90 cardamoms in one minute. This done, the cardamoms are sorted for export. The starching process, which has only lately been introduced, consists in sprinkling the cardamoms with a thin paste made of rice and wheat flour, country soap, and butter milk, and rubbing them between the palms of the hands.

The washing mixtures are used for two lots of cardamoms and are then thrown away. The women who wash are paid 3 annas per diem; the night watchers 4 annas, and the nippers 2 1/2 annas per 13 lbs."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 428ff.]

2.7.30. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lippsch. 1964 - Indische Kostuswurzel

Asteraceae (Korbblütler)

14. a./b. vyādhiḥ kuṣṭhaṃ pāribhāvyaṃ vyāpyaṃ pākalam utpalam

व्याधिः कुष्ठं पारिभाव्यं व्याप्यं पाकलम् उत्पलम् ।१४ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lippsch. 1964 - Indische Kostuswurzel:]

  • व्याधि - vyādhi m.: Durchbohrer ; Krankheit
  • कुष्ठ - kuṣṭha n.: Kuṣṭha, schlecht Stehendes ; Aussatz
  • पारिभाव्य - pāribhāvya n.: was zum zu Überwindenden gehört; Bürgschaft
  • व्याप्य - vyāpya n.: was zu durchdingen ist, worin etwas enthalten ist
  • पाकल - pākala n.: ganz Schwarzes, Elefantenfieber
  • उत्पल - utpala n.: Seerose

Colebrooke (1807): "Cur or Cuth. Perhaps a sort of Costus."

Siehe V. Vers 11.a./b.

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lippsch. 1964 - Indische Kostuswurzel

"Die Indische Kostuswurzel (Saussurea costus), auch Königswurz, Kostus, Kostwurz genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Sie ist im nördlichen Indien und Pakistan von Kaschmir über Himachal Pradesh bis Garhwal verbreitet[1] und gedeiht in Höhenlagen zwischen 2500 und 3200 Metern.

Beschreibung

Saussurea costus wächst als ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 1,2 bis 3 Meter. Die Laubblätter sind wechselständig angeordnet. Die grundständigen Blätter sind 0,6 bis 1,2 Zentimeter lang mit einem lappig geflügelten Blattstiel. Die stängelständigen Blätter sind kleiner und können gestielt oder ungestielt sein. Der Blattrand ist unregelmäßig gezähnt.

In einem Gesamtblütenstand stehen zwei bis fünf körbchenförmige Blütenstände zusammen. Die Blütenkörbe weisen einen Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 3,8 Zentimeter auf und enthalten nur Röhrenblüten. Es sind viele Reihen von stacheligen Hüllblättern vorhanden. Die zwittrigen Röhrenblüten sind etwa zwei Zentimeter lang. Die Farbe der Kronblätter reicht von blau über violett bis fast schwarz. Die freien Staubfäden sind kahl. Die Staubbeutel besitzen schwanzartige Anhängsel, die an ihrer Basis gefranst sind. Die zwei Narbenschenkel sind lineal.

Die kahle, gebogene, becherförmige Achäne ist bis zu acht Millimeter lang. Die federartigen, braunen Pappushaare sind etwa 1,7 Zentimeter lang.

Nutzung

Die Indische Kostuswurzel wird in Nordindien und einigen chinesischen Provinzen angebaut, aber auch wild gesammelt.[2] Aus den unterirdischen Pflanzenteilen wir die Droge „Radix Saussureae“ (auch „Saussureae radix“, „Aucklandiae radix“, „Radix Aucklandiae lappae“ oder „Radix Costus“) gewonnen die ein ätherisches Öl (Costus-Wurzelöl) enthält, welches am besten durch Wasserdampfdestillation gewonnen wird. Es wird für Flüssigkeitsextrakte, Öle, Puder, Absude und andere Arzneimittel verwendet und findet auch im Ayurveda Anwendung.[3]

Bereits im Altertum wurde die Kostwurz auf der Seidenstraße nach Europa gebracht, wo sie im Mittelmeerraum als κόστος gehandelt wurde. Eine als costus bezeichnete Pflanze wird auch im Capitulare de villis Karls des Großen erwähnt. Allerdings wurde die aus Indien importierte Kostuswurzel im europäischen Mittelalter als Droge durch die auch in Europa angebaute Frauenminze ersetzt, für welche auch der Namen costus übernommen wurde. Deshalb wird heute meist angenommen, dass mit costus im Capitulare die Frauenminze gemeint ist.[4]

Gefährdung

Saussurea costus ist im Anhang I des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommens. In Indien, Jammu und Kaschmir gilt diese Art als vom Aussterben bedroht, in Pakistan als stark gefährdet. Die Wildaufsammlung zur Gewinnung der Droge ist der Hauptgefährdungsgrund für diese Art, deshalb wird sie im CITES Anhang I geführt.

Systematik

Der Gattungsname Saussurea ehrt den Schweizer Botaniker Horace Benedict de Saussure (1746–1799).

Synonyme für Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. sind: Aplotaxis lappa Decne., Aucklandia costus Falc. (Basionym), Saussurea lappa (Decne.) C. B. Clarke,[5] Theodorea costus (Falc.) Kuntze. Diese botanischen Synonyme spiegeln sich zum Teil auch in den Bezeichnungen der pharmazeutischen Droge wider.

Quellen
  • Rudolf Hänsel, Konstantin Keller, Horst Rimpler: Drogen P–Z. Springer, Berlin 1994, ISBN 9783540526391 (Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis. Band 6), S. 620.
  • Kostus - Informationsblatt des WWF zur Pflanze (englisch, PDF-Datei, 116 kB)
Einzelnachweise
  1. ↑ WWF: Saussurea costus (englisch, PDF)
  2. ↑ Peter Rau: Costuswurzelöl. In: Lexikon der ätherischen Öle.
  3. ↑ Madan Mohan Pandey, Subha Rastogi, Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat: Saussurea costus: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant. In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 110, Nr. 3, 2007, S. 379–390 (doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.033)
  4. ↑ Heinrich Marzell: Zur Geschichte des Frauenblattes (Crysanthemum balsamita L.) In: Centaurus. International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine. 1, Nummer 3, 1951, Seite 235–241 (doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1951.tb00510.x).
  5. ↑ Saussurea costus im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (englisch)"

[Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Kostuswurzel. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-06]

Costus speciosus  (J. König) Sm. 1791 - Prächtige Kostwurz - Malay Ginger


Abb.: Costus speciosus  (J. König) Sm. 1791 - Prächtige Kostwurz - Malay Ginger
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XI. Fig. 8, 1692]


Abb.: Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm. 1791 - Prächtige Kostwurz - Malay Ginger
[Bildquelle: The Botanical register, v. 8 (1822), Pl. 665.]


Abb.: Costus speciosus  (J. König) Sm. 1791 - Prächtige Kostwurz - Malay Ginger
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Costus speciosus  (J. König) Sm. 1791 - Prächtige Kostwurz - Malay Ginger, Maharashtra
[Bildquelle: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/1081982588/ . -- Zugriff am 2010-11-25. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

"Costus speciosus. Smith in Trans, of Linn. Soc. 1. 240. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 1. 11.

[...]

Tjana-Kua. Rheed. Mal. 11. p. 15. f. 8.

Tsiana speciosa, Gmel. 9.

Herba spiralis hirsuta. Rumph. Amb. 6. p. 143. t. 64. f. 1.

Suns. Kemooka.

Banksia speciosa of Dr. König, See Retz. Obs. 4. 75.

This is one of the most elegant looking plants of the natural order Scitaminea. It is a native of moist shady places, such as the low banks of water courses, &c. Flowers during the wet season.

[...]

The fresh roots are almost insipid. The natives make a preserve of them, which they deem wholesome, and nutritious ; the dry root does not at all resemble the Costus arabicus of the shops."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 58f.]
"Costus speciosus (Sm.) N. O. Zingiberaceae.

[...]

Description.—Height 3-4 feet, spirally ascending; [...] flowers large, pure white.

Fl. July—Sept.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Car. i. 58.— Wight Icon. t. 2014.

C. Arabicus, Linn.

Amomum hirsutum, Lam.—Rheede, xi. t. 8.

Coromandel. Concans. Bengal.

Economic Uses.—A very elegant plant, found chiefly near the banks of rivers and other moist and shady places. A kind of preserve is made from the roots, which the natives deem very wholesome. They are insipid.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Costus Speciosus, Sm.; Lam. Ill. i., t. 3 ; Rheede, Hort. Mai xi., t. 8.

[...]

Kemuka (sans.)

Roxburgh notices a preserve made of the fresh roots which is considered wholesome and nutritious. C. speciosus is the Tjana-kua of Rheede and the Herba spiralis hirsuta of Rumphius. Ainslie, quoting Brown's History of Jamaica, says that the root is there used as a substitute for ginger, but is very inferior to it. (Mat. Ind. ii., 167.) In the Calcutta Exhibition Catague the root is described as depurative and aphrodisiac; similar properties are attributed to it in the Concan, where it is very abundant in moist situations. The rhizome resembles the great Galangal in growth and structure, but has no aromatic properties, the taste being mucilaginous and feebly astringent; it could only be used as a substitute for ginger by being preserved with a quantity of that root sufficient to flavour it."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 427.]

2.7.31. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1820 - Golden Beardgrass

14. c./d. śaṅkhinī corapuṣpī syāt keśiny atha vitunnakaḥ

शङ्खिनी चोरपुष्पी स्यात् केशिन्य् अथ वितुन्नकः ॥१४ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1820 - Golden Beardgrass:]

  • शङ्खिनी  - śankhinī f.: Muschlige
  • चोरपुष्पी - corapuṣpī f.: Diebs-Blume
  • केशिनी - keśinī f.: Behaarte

Colebrooke (1807): "Chor-canta. Andropogon aciculatum [Retz. = Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1820 - Golden Beardgrass]."


Abb.: केशिनी । Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1820 - Golden Beardgrass
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XII. Fig. 43, 1703]


Abb.: Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1820 - Golden Beardgrass, Hawaii
[Bildquelle: Forest & Kim Starr. -- http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=040713-0036&o=plants. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-24. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


Abb.: केशिनी । Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1820 - Golden Beardgrass
[Bildquelle: Julia Scher, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org. -- http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5376365. -- Zugriff am 2010-11-224. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Andropogon aciculatus. Linn, sp. pl. ed. Willd. iv. 906.

Creeping. [...]

Gramen aciculatum. Rumph. Amb. 6. t. 5. f. 1. good.

Raphis trivalvis. Lour. Cochin Ch. 676.

Kudira-pullu. Rheed. Mal. 12. p. 97. t. 43.

Sans. Shunkhinee, Chora-pooshpee, Keshinee.

Grows on barren, moist, pasture ground ; its seeds are exceedingly troublesome to those who walk where it grows, as they stick in the stockings, and produce a disagreeable itching.

[...]

Obs. It is of a very coarse nature. I never found it touched by cattle."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 262f.]

2.7.32. Flacourtia jangomans (Lour.) Rausch 1797 (?)

14. c./d. śaṅkhinī corapuṣpī syāt keśiny atha vitunnakaḥ
15. a./b. jhaṭāmalājjhaṭā tālī śivā tāmalakīti ca

शङ्खिनी चोरपुष्पी स्यात् केशिन्य् अथ वितुन्नकः ॥१४ ख॥
झटामलाज्झटा ताली शिवा तामलकीति च ।१५ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Flacourtia jangomans (Lour.) Rausch 1797:]

  • वितुन्नक - vikunnaka m.: Vikunnaka
  • झटा - jhaṭā f.: jhaṭā
  • अमला - amalā f.: Fleckenlose
  • अज्झटा - ajjhaṭā f.: Ajjhaṭā
  • ताली - tālī f.: Tālī (zu tāla m.: Palmyrapalme; Takt)
  • शिवा - śivā f.: Gnädige; Gattin des Śivā
  • तामलकी - tāmalakī f.: Tāmalakī

Colebrooke (1807): "Bhumia malaci. One Commentator apllies the Sanscrit names to Flacourtia cataphracta [Roxb. ex Willd. = Flacourtia jangomans (Lour.) Rausch 1797]."


Abb.: Flacourtia jangomans (Lour.) Rausch 1797
 [Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus V. Fig. 38, 1685]

"Flacourtia cataphracta. Willd. iv. 830.

Arboreous, thorns terribly decompound on the trunk ; branchlets unarmed.

[...]

This species I found in the Company's Botanic garden, where it grows to be a pretty large tree; it was introduced about three years ago from the eastern frontier.

[...]

The berries are palatable and reckoned wholesome."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 834f.]

"Flacourtia cataphracta (Roxb.) N. O. Flacourtiaceae.

[...]

Description.—Tree, armed with large multiple thorns; [...] flowers small, greenish.

Fl. Dec.— Jan.

Roxb. Fl Ind. iii. 834.—Dec. Prod. I 256.—Rheede, v. t. 38.

Warree country. Assam. Nepaul. Behar.

Medical Uses.—The fruit is edible. The leaves and young shoots, which are bitter and astringent, have the taste of rhubarb, and are considered stomachic, and are given in diarrhoea, dysentery, fevers, and even in consumption. An infusion of the bark is used in hoarseness. —Ainslie. Lindley.

Economic Uses.—The wood is close-grained, hard, and durable. Another species, the F. crenata, is common on the Neilgherries and Shevaroys, and yields a first-rate timber. It is white, very hard, and dense.—Bedd. Flor. Sylv. t. 78."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"FLACOURTIA CATAPHRACTA, Roxb.

Fig.—Rumph. Amb., Cap. 43, p. 38; XIX., t. 1, 2.

Many-spined Flacourtia

Hab.—India. Commonly cultivated.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This is the Prāchināmalaka of Sanskrit writers; it appears to be doubtful whether it is a native of India, as it is generally met with in a cultivated state. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya speaks of two kinds of Paniāla, one cultivated and the other wild. He describes the fruit as being like a plum, but differing from it in having 5 to 6 stones instead of one, and suggests that this difference may be due to the impurity of the atmosphere of Bengal operating upon the plum tree of Persia. The Bombay name Jaggam appears to be a corruption of Jangomas. Dalzell and Gibson consider the tree to be truly wild in the Southern Concan. The fruit is recommended as useful in bilious conditions; and like most acid fruits, it no doubt relieves the nausea and checks purging. It is the size of a plum, purple, and acid ; [...]  An oil is extracted from the seeds on the Malabar Coast."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 152.]

2.7.33. "Not identified correctly"

15. c./d. prapauṇḍarīkaṃ pauṇḍaryam atha tunnaḥ kuberakaḥ

प्रपौण्डरीकं पौण्डर्यम् अथ तुन्नः कुबेरकः ॥१५ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für ???:]

  • प्रपौण्डरीक - prapauṇḍarīka n.: Praupauṇḍarīka (zu puṇḍarīka n.: weißer Lotus - Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 1788) 
  • पौण्डर्य - pauṇḍarya n.: Pauṇḍarya

Erläuterungen:

Colebrooke (1807): "Pundariya. Described as a small herbaceous plant, with leaves like Hedysarum Gangeticum [Roxb. = Desmodium gangeticum DC. Siehe oben!] ; used as a remedy for diseased eyes."

2.7.34. Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany

Meliaceae (Mahagonigewächse)
15. c./d. prapauṇḍarīkaṃ pauṇḍaryam atha tunnaḥ kuberakaḥ
16. a./b. kuṇiḥ kacchaḥ kāntalako nandivṛkṣo 'tha rākṣasī

प्रपौण्डरीकं पौण्डर्यम् अथ तुन्नः कुबेरकः ॥१५ ख॥
कुणिः कच्छः कान्तलको नन्दिवृक्षो ऽथ राक्षसी ।१६ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany:]

  • तुन्न - tunna m.: Gestoßener, Gestochener
  • कुबेरक  - kuberaka m.: kleiner Kubera1, zu Kubera Gehörender
  • कुणि - kuṇi m.: Kuṇi
  • कच्छ - kaccha m.: Ufer, Sumpfland
  • कान्तलक - kāntalaka m.: Kāntalaka
  • नन्दिवृक्ष - nandivṛkṣa m.: Freuden-Baum, Nandin-Baum2

Colebrooke (1807): "Tunna. Cedrela Toona, R[oxb = Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846]."

1 कुबेरक  - kuberaka m.: kleiner Kubera, zu Kubera Gehörender

"Kubera  is the Lord of wealth and the god-king of the semi-divine Yakshas in Hindu mythology. He is regarded as the regent of the North (Dik-pala), and a protector of the world (Lokapala). His many epithets extol him as the overlord of numerous semi-divine species and the owner of the treasures of the world. Kubera is often depicted as a fat man, adorned with jewels and carrying a money-pot or money-bag, and a club.

Originally described as the chief of evil spirits in Vedic-era texts, Kubera acquired the status of a Deva (god) only in the Puranas and the Hindu epics. The scriptures describe that Kubera once ruled Lanka, but was overthrown by his demon stepbrother Ravana, later settling in Alaka, in the Himalayas. Descriptions of the "glory" and "splendours" of Kubera's city are found in many scriptures.

Kubera has also been assimilated into the Buddhist and Jain pantheons. In Buddhism, he is known as Vaisravana, the patronymic used of the Hindu Kubera and is also equated with Pañcika, while in Jainism, he is known as Sarvanubhuti."

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07]

2 नन्दिवृक्ष - nandivṛkṣa m.: Freuden-Baum, Nandin-Baum

"NANDI. The bull of Śiva. The Vāyu Purāṇa makes him the son of Kaśyapa and Surabhi. His image, of a milky white colour, is always conspicuous before the temples of Śiva. He is the chamberlain of Śiva, chief of his personal attendants (gaṇas), and carries a staff of office. He is guardian of all quadrupeds. He is also called Śālankāyana, and he has the appellations of Nādi-deha and Tāṇḍava-tālika, because he accompanies with music the tāṇḍava dance of his master."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]


Abb.: Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


 Abb.: Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany
[Bildquelle: Wight Icones I, Tab. 161, 1840]


Abb.: Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany, Hawaii
[Bildquelle: Forest Starr & Kim Starr. -- http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=060625-8221&o=plants. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


 Abb.: Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany, Hawaii
[Bildquelle: Forest Starr & Kim Starr. -- http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=030405-0244&o=plants. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


 Abb.: नन्दिवृक्षः । Toona ciliata M. Roem 1846 - Australischer Surenbaum - Cedrela / Indian Mahogany, NSW, Australien
[Bildquelle: Peter Woodard / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Cedrela Toona. R.

[...]

Surenus. Rumph. Amb. iii. 66. t. 39.

This most elegant, large timber tree is now found common in Bengal, probably brought thither originally from the mountainous parts of the northern, and north-east frontier. Leaves deciduous during the cold season, appearing again with the flowers in February. Seed ripe in May and June.

[...]

The wood of this tree is much like mahogany, but lighter, consequently not so close in the grain. It is much used for furniture and various other purposes. The bark is a powerful astringent, and though not bitter is a tolerably good substitute for Peruvian Bark in the cure of remitting and intermitting fevers ; particularly when joined with a small portion of the powdered seed of Cesalpinia bonduccella, (Kutkulegei of the Bengalees), which is a most powerful bitter."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 635f.]
"Cedrela toona (Roxb.) N. O. Cedrelaceae.

Indian Mahogany, White Cedar [...]

Description.—Tree, 60 feet; [...] flowers small, white, fragrant.

Fl. May—June.

W. & A. Prod, i. 124.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 635.—Corom. iii. t. 238.—Wight Icon. t. 161.

Peninsula. Bengal.

Medical Uses.—The bark is powerfully astringent, and has been found a good remedy in remittent and intermittent fevers, diarrhoea, and dysentery, and, though not bitter, is a fair substitute for Peruvian bark, particularly when united with powdered Bonduc nut. Powdered and applied externally it has been beneficially used in the treatment of ulcers. Rumphius states that an infusion of this bark in combination with the root of the Acorns calamus (Vussamboo) is given in Java in fevers and other complaints. Forster considered it especially useful in bilious fevers and inveterate diarrhoea arising from atony of the muscular fibre.—Ainslie.

Economic Uses.—The wood of this tree is very like mahogany, but lighter, and not so close in the grain. It is much used for furniture and various other purposes. It is usually found in dry deciduous forests up to 4000 feet elevation. It is called Sull and Mali in the Salem district, Kal Killingi on the Neilgherry slopes, and Sandaru Vembu in Tinnevelly. It is often used as an avenue tree, especially in the Salem district, as it grows readily from seed. In Assam excellent boats are made from it. Nees von Esenbeck analysed the bark, which indicated the existence of a resinous astringent matter, a brown astringent gum, and a gummy brown extractive matter resembling ulmine. The flowers are used in Mysore for dyeing cotton a beautiful red.—(Roxb. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 10.) The wood is dense, red, hard, close-grained, capable of high polish, not subjected to worms, nor liable to warp, and durable.— Powell's Punj. Prod."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Cedrela Toona, Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii., t. 238; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 10. [...] in Sanskrit Tunna and Nandivriksha, has a very astringent bark, which is used by native physicians in combination with Bonduc nuts as a tonic and antiperiodic. The flowers (Gul-tun), which are small, yellow, and sweet-scented, contain a yellow dye, and are considered to be emmenagogue. Nees von Essenbeck has published an account of some experiments made with the bark which indicate the presence in it of a resinous astringent-matter, a brown astringent gum, and a gummy brown extractive matter, resembling ulmine. We find that the gum of this tree first swells, and then dissolves in water; the solution is unaffected by neutral plumbic acetate and ferric chloride, and is optically dextrogyrate. The gum leaves when burnt 4.68 per cent of ash, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate. The wood resembles mahogany."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 339.]

2.7.35. Angelica glauca Edgw. 1846

Apiaceae (Doldenblütler)

16. kuṇiḥ kacchaḥ kāntalako nandivṛkṣo 'tha rākṣasī
caṇḍā dhanaharī kṣema-duṣpatra-gaṇahāsakāḥ

कुणिः कच्छः कान्तलको नन्दिवृक्षो ऽथ राक्षसी ।
चण्डा धनहरी क्षेम-दुष्पत्र-गणहासकाः ॥१६॥

[Bezeichnungen für Angelica glauca Edgw. 1846:]

  • राक्षसी - rākṣasī f.: Rākṣasī1
  • चण्डा - caṇḍā f.: Ungestüme, Zornige; Caṇḍā2 (= Durgā)
  • धनहरी - dhanaharī f.: Reichtums-Räuberin
  • क्षेम - kṣema m.: Sicherheit, Sicherer Besitz, Wohlergehen
  • दुष्पत्र - duṣpatra m.: Übel-Blatt
  • गणहासक  - gaṇahāsaka m.: Gaṇagötter-Komiker, Versammlungs-Komiker

Colebrooke (1807): "Chor ; sort of perfume."

1 राक्षसी - rākṣasī f.: Rākṣasī

"RĀKṢASAS. Goblins or evil spirits. They are not all equally bad, but have been classified as of three sorts

  1. one as a set of beings like the Yakṣas,

  2. another as a sort of Titans or enemies of the gods, and

  3. lastly, in the common acceptation of the term, demons and fiends who haunt cemeteries, disturb sacrifices, harass devout men, animate dead bodies, devour human beings, and vex and afflict mankind in all sorts of ways.

These last are the Rākṣasas of whom Rāvaṇa was chief, and according to some authorities, they are descended, like Rāvaṇa himself, from the sage Pulastya. According to other authorities, they sprang from Brahmā's foot. The Viṣṇu Puāṇa also makes them descendants of Kaśyapa and Khaśā, a daughter of Dakṣa, through their son Rākṣas ; and the Rāmāyaṇa states that when Brahmā created the waters, he formed certain beings to guard them who were called RāKṣasas (from the root rakṣ, 'to guard', but the derivation from this root may have suggested the explanation), and the Viṣṇu Purāṇa gives a somewhat similar derivation.

It is thought that the Rākṣasas of the epic poems were the rude barbarian races of India who were subdued by the Aryans. When Hanumān entered the city of Laṅkā to reconnoitre in the form of a cat, he saw that "the Rākṣasas sleeping in the houses were of every shape and form. Some of them disgusted the eye, while some were beautiful to look upon. Some had long arms and frightful shapes ; some were very fat and some were very lean : some were mere dwarfs and some were prodigiously tall. Some had only one eye and others only one ear. Some had monstrous bellies, hanging breasts, long projecting teeth, and crooked thighs ; whilst others were exceedingly beautiful to behold and clothed in great splendour. Some had two legs, some three legs, and some four legs. Some had the heads of serpents, some the heads of donkeys, some the heads of horses, and some the heads of elephants." (Rāmāyaṇa.)

The Rākṣasas have a great many epithets descriptive of their characters and actions. They are called Anuśaras, Aśaras, and Hanūṣas, 'killers or hurters' ; Iṣṭi-pacas, 'stealers of offerings; Sandhyāā-balas, strong in twilight ; Kṣapāṭas, Naktañ-caras, Rātri-caras, and Śamanī-ṣadas, 'night-walkers' ; Nṛ-jagdhas or Nṛ-cakṣas, 'cannibals' ; Palalas, Palādas, Palankaṣas, Kravyāds, 'carnivorous' ; Asra-pas, Aśṛk-pas, Kauna-pas, Kīlāla-pas, and Rakta-pas, 'blood-drinkers'; Dandaśukas, 'biters' ; Praghasas, 'gluttons' ; Malina-mukhas, 'black-faced' ; Karbūras, &c. But many of these epithets are not reserved exclusively for Rākṣasas."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v.]

2 चण्डा - caṇḍā f.: Ungestüme, Zornige; Caṇḍā (= Durgā)

"CHAṆḌĀ, CHAṆḌĪ. The goddess Durgā, especially in the form she assumed for the destruction of the Asura called Mahīsha."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v.]


Abb.: Angelica glauca Edgw. 1846
[Bildquelle: Kirtikar-Basu, ©1918]

"Angelica glauca Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20:53. 1846. C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., l.c.; Hiroe, l.c. 163.

Plants 1-2 m tall.

[...]

Type: Kashmir, Edgeworth 152 (K).

Distribution: Afghanistan, Himalayas in India and W. Pakistan.

A common species in the Himalayas from 2-4000 m. The roots are said to be valuable for volatile oils."

[Quelle: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242303351. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07]

2.7.36. Schalen von Muscheln und Meeresschnecken

17. a./b. vyāḍāyudhaṃ vyāghranakhaṃ karajaṃ cakrakārakam

व्याडायुधं व्याघ्रनखं करजं चक्रकारकम् ।१७ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Schalen von Muscheln und Schnecken:]

  • व्याडायुध - vyāḍāyudha n.: Raubtier-Waffe 
  • व्याघ्रनख - vyāghranakha n.: Tigerkralle1
  • करज - karaja n.: Fingernagel
  • चक्रकारक - cakrakāraka n.: Rad-Macher

Colebrooke (1807): "Nachi. This and the following are perfumes."

"It is not the claws of a tiger as the name suggests but a hard covering (shell) of certain types of small creatures living in sea. Since these shell resemble the claws of tiger in shape, these are called so. This was being used as perfume in ancient days." (Caraka I, S. 219)

1 व्याघ्रनख - vyāghranakha n.: Tigerkralle


Abb.: Tigerkrallen (Sibirischer Tiger), Zoo
[Bildquelle: Tambako the Jaguar. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tambako/4219525707/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: व्याडायुधम् । व्याघ्रनखम् । Tamil Nadu
[Bildquelle: khanster. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/khan/2747825442/. -- Zugriff am 2010-09-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine Bearbeitung)]


Abb.: व्याडायुधम् । व्याघ्रनखम् । Mangalore - ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: wildxplorer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/krayker/2117736371/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


Abb.:चक्रकारकम् । Mangalore - ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: wildxplorer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/krayker/3023747943/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

2.7.37. Bestimmte, nicht identifizierte Duftstoffe

17. c./d. suṣirā vidrumalatā kapotāṅghrir naṭī nalī
18. a./b. dhamany añjanakeśī ca hanur haṭṭavilāsinī

सुषिरा विद्रुमलता कपोताङ्घ्रिर् नटी नली ॥१७ ख॥
धमन्य् अञ्जनकेशी च हनुर् हट्टविलासिनी ।१८ क।

[Bezeichnungen für bestimmte, nicht identifizierte Duftstoffe:]

  • सुषिरा - suṣirā f.: Hohle, Durchlöcherte
  • विद्रुमलता vidrumalatā f.: Korallen-Ranke
  • कपोताङ्घ्रि - kapotāṅghri f.: Tauben-Fuß
  • नटी - naṭī f.: Tänzerin, Schauspielerin
  • नली - nalī f.: Nalī (zu nala m.: Schilf, Rohr; blaue Seerose)
  • धमनी - dhamanī f.: Pfeife, Röhre
  • अञ्जनकेशी - añjanakeśī f.: Pomade-Haarige
  • हनु - hanu f.: Kinnlade, Unterkiefer
  • हट्टविलासिनी - haṭṭavilāsinī f.: Auf dem Markt Glänzende / Spielende / Flirtende

Colebrooke (1807): "Nali. [18a./b.:] Another perfume. [18a.:] Some make these terms synonymous with the preceeding instead of the following."

2.7.38. Kleinere Schalen von Muscheln und Meeresschnecken

18. a./b. dhamany añjanakeśī ca hanur haṭṭavilāsinī

धमन्य् अञ्जनकेशी च हनुर् हट्टविलासिनी ।१८ क।

[Bezeichnungen für bestimmte kleine Schalen von Muscheln und Meeresschnecken:]

  • धमनी - dhamanī f.: Pfeife, Röhre
  • अञ्जनकेशी - añjanakeśī f.: Pomaden-Haar
  • हनु - hanu f.: Kinnlade, Unterkiefer
  • हट्टविलासिनी - haṭṭavilāsinī f.: Auf dem Markt Glänzende / Spielende / Flirtende

Colebrooke (1807): Another perfume. [18a.:] Some make these terms synonymous with the preceeding instead of the following."

Siehe oben zu Vers 17. a./b.


Abb.: Kleinere Gehäuse von Meeresschnecken,  Mangalore - ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: wildxplorer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/krayker/2117755355/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

2.7.39. Getrocknete Schalentiere

18. c./d. śuktiḥ śaṅkhaḥ khuraḥ koladalaṃ nakham athāḍhakī

शुक्तिः शङ्खः खुरः कोलदलं नखम् अथाढकी ॥१८ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für getrocknete Schalentiere:]

  • शुक्ति - śukti f.: (Perl-)Muschel
  • शङ्ख - śaṅkha m.: Meeresschnecke
  • खुर - khura m.: Huf, Klaue 
  • कोलदल - koladala n.: Eber-Stück
  • नख - nakha n.: Nagel

Colebrooke (1807): "Nachi. This and the similar article before-mentioned are here stated as vegetable perfumes ; but what is said under this head, appear to be dried shell-fish." [nakham:] "Also any term signifying nails. Likewise nakhī. Some make all the terms in the two preceeding lines synonymous  with this."

2.7.40. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea

Fabaceae (Hülsenfrüchtler)

18. c./d. śuktiḥ śaṅkhaḥ khuraḥ koladalaṃ nakham athāḍhakī
19. a./b. kākṣī mṛtsnā tuvarikā mṛttālaka-surāṣṭraje

शुक्तिः शङ्खः खुरः कोलदलं नखम् अथाढकी ॥१८ ख॥
काक्षी मृत्स्ना तुवरिका मृत्तालक-सुराष्ट्रजे ।१९ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea:]

  • आढकी - āḍhakī f.: Aḍhakī (zu āḍhaka m.n.: ein bestimmtes Hohlmaß bzw. Gewicht)
  • काक्षी - kākṣī f.: finster Blickende
  • मृत्स्ना - mṛtsnā f.: Pulver, Staub
  • तुवरिका - tuvarikā f.: Adstringierende (zusammenziehend, austrocknend, blutstillend, entzündungshemmend)
  • मृत्तालक - mṛttālaka n.: Lehm-Palmyrapälmchen
  • सुराष्ट्रज - surāṣṭraja n.: aus Surāṣṭra (= Gujarat) Stammendes1, aus einer guten Herrschaft Stammendes 

Colebrooke (1807): "Tabari. A fragrant earth."

1 सुराष्ट्रज - surāṣṭraja n.: aus Surāṣṭra (= Kathiawar) Stammendes


Abb.: सुराष्ट्रः । Kathiawar - કાઠીયાવાડ
[Bildquelle: ©Google Earth. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-07]


Abb.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 13, 1686]


Abb.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea, Tonga
[Bildquelle: Tauʻolunga / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea
[Bildquelle: Bernardo Navarrete. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/jbnc1975/3980621628/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]


Abb.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea
[Bildquelle: USDA-NRCS / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Cajanus Indicus (Spreng.) N. O. Leguminosae.

Pigeon-pea [...]

Description.—Shrub, 3-6 feet [...] flowers yellow.

Fl. Oct—Nov.

W. & A. Prod. i. 256.

Peninsula. Bengal. Assam.

Of this shrub there are two varieties which differ by the colour of the vexillum alone.

  1. Segapoo Thovaray, Tam.—Yerray candaloo, Tel.—Lai Toor, Hind.—Vexillum of a uniform yellow colour on both sides.—C. flavus, Dec.—Cytisus cajan, Linn,— Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 325.

  2. Maenthoveray, Tam.—Conda Candaloo, Tel.—Paoud-ke-Toor, Hind.—Vexillum purplish, and veined on the outside, yellow on the inside.—0. bicolor, Dec.—Cytisus pseudo cajan, Jacq.—Rheede, Mai. vi. t. 13.

Economic Uses.—The seeds are much esteemed by the natives, who hold them third in rank among their leguminous seeds, though they are apt to produce costiveness. Cattle are very fond of the tender parts of the plant, both green and dry. The dried stem makes excellent fuel, and is well adapted for producing fire by friction.— (Roxb.) That which is known as the small "Toor" ripens half as soon again as the larger one. Some varieties are remarkable for the gaudy colours of their orange and red-spotted flowers. The pulse is chiefly eaten mixed with rice, a mess known as kedjari. The best Toor is sown in alternate drills with Sorghum vulgare, which ripens first, and is cut while the Cajanus is yet small. It then remains two or three months longer, and is reaped at the end of the harvest. The stalks are strong and woody, and well adapted for making charcoal required in gunpowder manufacture.—W. Elliott."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.7.41. Cyperus platylis R. Br. / Cyperus rotundus L. 1753 - Knolliges Zypergras - Nutgrass

Cyperaceae (Riedgrasgewächse)

19. c./d. kuṭannaṭaṃ dāśapuraṃ vāneyaṃ paripelavam
20. a./b. plava-gopura-gonarda-kaivarti-mustakāni ca

कुटन्नटं दाशपुरं वानेयं परिपेलवम् ॥१९ ख॥
प्लव-गोपुर-गोनर्द-कैवर्ति-मुस्तकानि च ।२० क।

[Bezeichnungen für Cyperus platylis R. Br. / Cyperus rotundus L. 1753 - Knolliges Zypergras - Nutgrass:]

  • कुटन्नट - kuṭannaṭa n.: Kuṭannaṭa
  • दाशपुर - dāśapura n.: Fischer-Stadt
  • वानेय - vāneya n.: Wald(gras)
  • परिपेलव - paripelava n.: überaus Zartes
  • प्लव - plava n.: Schwimmendes, Vergängliches
  • गोपुर - gopura n.: Tor, Kuh-Stadt
  • गोनर्द - gonarda n. Rinds-Gebrüll
  • कैवर्ति - kaivarti n.: Kaivarti (zu kaivarta - eine best. Fischerkaste)
  • मुस्तक - mustaka n.: Mustaka

Colebrooke (1807): "Cyperus rotundus [L. 1753 - Knolliges Zypergras - Nutgrass]."


Abb.: मुस्तकम् । Cyperus rotundus L. 1753 - Knolliges Zypergras - Nutgrass
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XII. Fig. 50, 1703]


Abb.: परिपेलवम् । Cyperus rotundus L. 1753 - Knolliges Zypergras - Nutgrass
[Bildquelle: Jkadavoor / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"Cyperus rotundus. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 1. 283. Vahl. enum. pl. 343.

[...]

C. rotundus. Rumph. Amb. 6. p. 1. t. 1. fig. 1. 2.

C. hexastachyos. Rottb. 28. t. 14. f. 2.

Sans. Moosta, Moostuka.

This is by far the most common species we have in India;  it delights in a moist sandy soil, though it grows abundantly every where.

[...]

Obs. Cattle eat it. Hogs are remarkably fond of the roots. Dried and powdered they are used as a perfume at the weddings of the natives. It is by far the most troublesome weed we have in our gardens, there is no extirpating it, as every little bit of the root grows readily."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 197f.]
"Cyperus hexastachyus (Rottl.)

[...]

Description.—Culms erect, 1-2 feet, [...]

Fl. June—Aug.

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Car. i. 201.— Wight Contrib. p. 81

C. rotundus, Linn.

Peninsula. Bengal.

Medical uses.—The tubers are sold in the bazaars, and used by perfumers on account of their fragrance. In medicine they are used as tonic and stimulant, and have been employed in the treatment of cholera. In the fresh state, given in infusion as a demulcent in fevers, and also used in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea. It is perhaps the most common species in India of this extensive genus. It is found chiefly in sandy soils, but will grow almost anywhere. Hogs are very fond of the roots, and cattle eat the greens. It becomes a troublesome weed in the gardens, being difficult to extirpate. —(Roxb. Ainslie.) The roots are sweet, and slightly aromatic; the taste is bitter, resinous, and balsamic. Stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic properties are assigned them; and they are further described as astringent and vermifuge.—(Bengal Disp. p. 627. Pharm. of India.) The species C. pertenuis partakes of the same aromatic properties, and is also considered diaphoretic. Its delicate form, small and compound umbels, short slender leaves, readily distinguish this from the other Indian species. The roots, as well as being medicinal, are used for perfuming the hair.—Roxb."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"CYPERUS ROTUNDUS, Linn.

Fig.—Rottl. 28, t. 14, f. 2.

Hab.—Throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—This is the Mustaka of Sanskrit writers; it is considered to be diuretic, diaphoretic, astringent, and stomachic, and is prescribed in febrile affections and derangements of the bowels. In Indian domestic medicine the fresh tubers are applied to the breast in the form of a paste as a galactagogue.

C. rotundus is doubtless the سعد (Suad) of Abu Hanifeh, who describes it as a certain kind of sweet-smelling root or rhizome, round, black., hard like a knot, which is an ingredient in perfumes and medicines. In the Kāmūs it is said to possess a wonderful efficacy for healing ulcers and sores. Ibn Sina says that the best kind of Suad is that which comes from Kufa in Chaldea, and that the Indian drug (C. scariosus) is said to make the hair grow thin. He, along with other Arabian and Persian writers, describes the drug as attenuant, diuretic, emmenagogue, lithontriptic, and diaphoretic; they prescribe it in febrile and dyspeptic affections, and in one ounce doses as an anthelmintic ; externally it is applied to ulcers, and used as an ingredient in warm plasters.

Dio8corides calls it κυπερος and notices its use as a diuretic and emmenagogue and as an application to scorpion stings and ulcers; he also states that it is an ingredient in warm plasters.

Herodotus (4, 71) notices it as an aromatic plant used by the Scythians for embalming. κυπειρον is mentioned in the Iliad (21, 351) and Odyssey (4, 603) and by Theophrastus in his fourth book; it appears to have been a favourite food of horses. Pliny (21,18) calls it Juncus triangularis or angulosus ; It is also probably the Juncus of Celsus (3, 21), mentioned as an ingredient in a diuretic medicine for dropsy, although he calls it Juncus quadratus.

[...]

Often troublesome weed in cultivated ground."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 552f.]

2.7.42. Polygonum aviculare L. 1753 - Acker-Vogelknöterich - Common Knotgrass

Polygonaceae (Knöterichgewächse)

20. c./d. granthiparṇaṃ śukaṃ barhaṃpuṣpaṃ sthauṇeya-kukkure

ग्रन्थिपर्णं शुकं बर्हंपुष्पं स्थौणेय-कुक्कुरे ॥२० ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Polygonum aviculare L. 1753 - Acker-Vogelknöterich - Common Knotgrass:]

  • ग्रन्थिपर्ण - granthiparṇa n.: Knotenblatt, Knöterich
  • शुक - śuka n.: Papagei
  • बर्हंपुष्प - barhaṃpuṣpa n.: Schweif-Blume, Blatt-Blume
  • स्थौणेय - sthauṇeya n.: zum Pfosten Gehörendes
  • कुक्कुर - kukkura n.: Hund

Colebrooke (1807): "Ganthiala. Said to be a perfume."


Abb.: ग्रन्थिपर्णम् । Polygonum aviculare L. 1753 - Acker-Vogelknöterich - Common Knotgrass
[Bildquelle: Jacob Sturm 1796 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]


Abb.: Polygonum aviculare L. 1753 - Acker-Vogelknöterich - Common Knotgrass
[Bildquelle: Dalgial / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: बर्हंपुष्पम् । Polygonum aviculare L. 1753 - Acker-Vogelknöterich - Common Knotgrass
[Bildquelle: Dalgial / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


Abb.: Polygonum aviculare L. 1753 - Acker-Vogelknöterich - Common Knotgrass
[Bildquelle: Rasbak / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"POLYGONUM AVICULARE, Linn.

Fig.—Eng. Bot, 1252.

Knot-grass (Eng.),

Hab.—Northern Asia, Europe. Introduced into India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant is identified by Fée with the male πολυγονον of Dioscorides, a vulnerary and astringent herb, the Polygonos of Pliny (27, 91). It was used by the ancients to arrest hemorrhage, the seeds were considered to be laxative and diuretic and to arrest defluxions. For burning pains in the stomach the leaves were applied topically, and were used in the form of a liniment for pains in the bladder and for erysipelas. The juice was administered in fevers, tertian and quartan more particularly, in doses of two cyathi, just before the paroxysms. Scribonius (Comp. 46) says that it received its name "polygonos" from its being found everywhere. Ibn Sina and other Arabian physicians call the plant A'sa'r-ra'i and Batbāt ;  they consider it to be cold and dry, and reproduce what the Greeks have said concerning its medicinal uses. The Persians call it Hazār-bandak. It is the Polygonum mas of Matthiolus (Valgr.ii., 300).

In India the plant is still used by the Hakims in the diseases named by Dioscorides.

In our own times Polygonum root has been used as a febrifuge in Algeria, and has been reported upon as being an excellent remedy for chronic diarrhoea and stone in the bladder. Its value has apparently been much exaggerated. (J. R. Jackson, Amer. Journ. Pharm., 1873, 247.)

In the Lancet (1885, 658) it is said to be used in Russia, under the name of Homeriana, as a popular remedy in lung affections. Dr. Rotschinin, who has experimented with the drug, found it really valuable in several cases of bronchitis, two of which were capillary; also in three cases of whooping cough. It was tried in phthisis, but no definitely satisfactory results were obtained. A tumblerful of the decoction was given three

Description.—Root fibrous, long, very tough, and somewhat woody"

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 148f.]

2.7.43. Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. 1819

Labiatae (Lippenblütler)

21. marunmālā tu piśunā spṛkkā devī latā laghuḥ
samudrāntā vadhūḥ koṭivarṣā laṅkopikety api

मरुन्माला तु पिशुना स्पृक्का देवी लता लघुः ।
समुद्रान्ता वधूः कोटिवर्षा लङ्कोपिकेत्य् अपि ॥२१॥

[Bezeichnungen für Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. 1819:]

  • मरुन्माला - marunmālā f.: Wind-Kranz, Marut-Kranz1
  • पिशुना - piśunā f.: Klatschhafte, Verleumderische
  • स्पृक्का - spṛkkā f.: Spṛkkā
  • देवी - devī f.: Göttin, Königin
  • लता - latā f.: Ranke
  • लघु - laghu f.: Leichte, Schnelle, Geringe
  • समुद्रान्ता - samudrāntā f.: bis zum Ozean Reichende
  • वधू - vadhū f.: junge Frau, Braut, Schwiegertochter
  • कोटिवर्षा - koṭivarṣā f.: 10 Millionen Jahre Alte
  • लङ्कोपिका - laṅkopikā f.: Laṅkā Nahe (kommt auf der Koromandelküste vor - gegenüber von Sri Lankā), mit Laṅkā Verbundene2

Colebrooke (1807): "Piring or Asparac. Medicago esculenta, R[oxb. = ???]."

1 मरुन्माला - marunmālā f.: Wind-Kranz, Marut-Kranz

"MARUTS. The storm gods, who hold a very prominent place in the Vedas, and are represented as friends and allies of Indra. Various origins are assigned to them. They are sons of Rudra, sons and brothers of Indra, sons of the ocean, sons of heaven, sons of earth. They are armed with lightnings and thunderbolts, and "ride on the whirlwind and direct the storm." The number of them is said in one place to be thrice sixty, and in another only twenty-seven. In the Rāmāyaṇa they are represented to have their origin in an unborn son of Diti, whom Indra dashed into forty-nine pieces with his thunderbolt, and in compassion converted into Maruts. This is also the story told in the Purāṇas, and they are said to have obtained their name from the words mā rodīḥ, weep not, which Indra addressed to them. A scholiast on the Veda says, that after their birth from Diti, as above told, Śiva and Pārvatī beheld them in great affliction, and the latter asked Śiva to transform the lumps of flesh into boys ; he accordingly made them boys of like form, like age, and similarly accoutred, and gave them to Pārvatī as her sons, whence they are called the sons of Rudra. Other legends are, that Pārvatī, hearing the lamentations of Diti, entreated Śiva to give forms to the shapeless births, telling them not to weep (mā rodīḥ) ; and another, that he actually begot them in the form of a bull on Pṛthivī, the earth, as a cow. (See Diti.) All these legends have manifestly been invented to explain those passages of the Vedas which make the Maruts the sons of Rudra. The world of the Maruts, called Māruta, is the appointed heaven of Vaiśyas.

2. The god of the wind, and regent of the north-west quarter."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v.]

2 लङ्कोपिका - laṅkopikā f.: Laṅkā Nahe, mit Laṅkā Verbundene

"LANKĀ, 1. The island of Ceylon or its capital city. The city is described in the Rāmāyaṇa as of vast extent and of great magnificence, with seven broad moats and seven stupendous walls of stone and metal. It is said to have been built of gold by Viśwa-karma for the residence of Kuvera, from whom it was taken by Rāvaṇa. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa represents that the island was originally the summit of Mount Meru, which was broken off by the god of the wind and hurled into the sea. 2. Name of one of the Śākinīs or evil spirits attendant on Śiva, and Devī."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]


Abb.: Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. 1819
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 46 (1818), Tab. 2071]


 Abb.: Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. 1819
[Bildquelle: Wight Icones III, Tab. 864, 1846]


 Abb.: Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. 1819
[Bildquelle: Journal of botany. -- v. 1 (1834). -- Tab. 127]

"Ajuga fruticosa. Roxb.

Shrubby, erect, ramous, downy.

[...]

Nepeta malabarica. Linn, sp. pl. ed. Willd. 357.

A native of the coast of Coromandel, where it is esteemed a medicine of considerable virtue by the inhabitants."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 3, S. 1.]
"Anisomeles Malabarica (R. Br.)

Malabar Cat-mint [...]

Description.—Shrub, 2-5 feet; [...]

Fl. July—Aug.— Wight Icon. t. 864

Nepeta Malabarica, Linn.

Ajuga fruticosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 1.—Rheede, x. t. 93.

Travancore. Peninsula.

Medical Uses.—The juice of the leaves in infusion is given to children in colic, indigestion, and fevers arising from teething, and is also employed in infusion in stomachic complaints, dysentery, and intermittent fevers. Patients suffering from ague are made to inhale the vapour arising from an infusion of this plant; copious perspiration ensues, which is kept up by drinking more of the infusion. The leaves, which are bitter and astringent, are taken to assist digestion, . and to impart tone to the stomach. A clear reddish oil is distilled from the plant, of heavy odour, acrid and slightly bitter. A decoction of the whole plant is antarthritic, if the body be washed with it.—( Wight. Ainslie. Lindley.) An oil obtained by distillation from the leaves is likewise stated to prove an effectual external application in rheumatism. The A. ovata partakes of the physical characters of the preceding, and, according to Burman, a distilled oil prepared from it in Ceylon is useful in uterine affections.—Pharm. of India."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"Anisomeles malabarica, Br. Bot. Mag., t. 2071; Wight Ic. t. 164, is well known in Southern India, where it is called Peyameratti in Tamil and Mogbira in Telugu. Rumphius, speaking of the juice of the plant, says:—"Idem quoque succus cum binis guttis olei sesamini  propinatus, prodest mirifice asthmaticis, vel tussi mali laborantibus, quern in finem syrupus quoque praeparatur ex foliorum succo cum saccharo cocto." (Hort. Amb. v., 8, 65.) It is a native of Malabar, where it is called Karintoomba, and is noticed by Rheede. (Hort. Mal. x. p. 185, t. 93.). Wight, Ainslie, and others mention that an infusion of the leaves is given to children in colic, dyspepsia, and fever arising from teething; in ague an infusion of the leaves is used to promote perspiration; a decoction of the plant, or the essential oil distilled from it, is used externally in rheumatism. The plant appears to have medicinal properties very similar to those of Horehound."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 122.]

2.7.44. Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 1830 - Nardenähre - Spikenard

Valerianaceae (Baldriangewächse)

22 a./b. tapasvinī jaṭāmāṃsī jaṭilā lomaśāmiṣī

तपस्विनी जटामांसी जटिला लोमशामिषी ।२२ क।

[Bezeichnungen für Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 1830 - Nardenähre - Spikenard:]

  • तपस्विनी - tapasvinī f.: Asketin
  • जटामांसी - jaṭāmāṃsī f.: die als Fleisch eine Asketenhaarflechte1 hat
  • जटिला - jaṭilā f.: Haarflechtenträgerin, Asketin
  • लोमशामिषी - lomaśāmiṣī f.: die haariges Fleisch hat

Colebrooke (1807): "Spikenard. Valeriana Jatamansi [Jones = Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 1830 - Nardenähre - Spikenard]."

1 जटामांसी - jaṭāmāṃsī f.: die als Fleisch eine Asketenhaarflechte hat


Abb.: जटा । Asketenhaarflechte, Kathmandu - काठमांडौ, Nepal
[Bildquelle: Luca Galuzzi / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]


 Abb.: जटामांसी । Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 1830 - Nardenähre - Spikenard
[Bildquelle: Royle, J. Forbes <1799-1858>: Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains :and of the flora of Cashmere. -- Vol 2: Plates. -- London : Allen, 1839. -- Pl. 54.]
 


Abb.: लोमशामिषी । Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 1830 - Nardenähre - Spikenard
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 107 (1881), Tab. 6564]

"Valeriana Jatamansi. Sir W. Jones in Asiat. Res. vol. ii. p. 405, and vol. iv. p. 10.9. Roxb. ibid. 433.

[...]

V. spica. Vahl, en. pl. 2. 13."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 163.]

"NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSI, DC.

Fig.—DO. Mem. Valer. 7, t. 1 ; Royle Ill. 242-244, f. 54.

Hab.—Alpine Himalaya.

[...]

History, Uses, &C—This plant, in Sanskrit Jatamānsi, Mansi, Bhutakesi ("demon's hair"), Pisitā, Tapasvini, and Mishi, has from a very remote period been in use among the Hindus as a perfume and medicine. It is mentioned by Susruta in a prescription for epilepsy, and aromatic adjunct in the preparation of medicinal oils and ghritas (butters). In the Nighantas it is described as cold and a remedy for leprosy, morbid heat and erysipelas. It is the Nardin of Dioscorides, which that writer tells us was also called Gangitis, because the Ganges flowed from the foot of the mountains where the plant grew.

Arabic and Persian physicians describe Jatamānsi under the name of Sumbul-i-Hindi, "Indian Spike," to distinguish it from their Sumbul-i-Rumi or Ikliti (Valeriana celtica), the root of which is much used in Turkey and Egypt as a perfume. The author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya compares Jatamānsi root to the tail of a sable. He describes it as deobstruent and stimulant, diuretic and emmenagogue, and recommends it in various disorders of the digestive and respiratory organs, and as a nervine tonic in hysteria. He also notices the popular opinion that it promotes the growth and blackness of the hair. The dose is about 45 grains as an expectorant.

Ainslie states that the Vytians in Lower India prepare a fragrant and cooling liniment for the head* from this drug, and also prescribe it internally as a purifier of the blood. Sir W. O'Shaughnessy states as the result of his experience with jatamānsi, that it is a perfect representative for valerian. (Bengal Disp., p. 404.)

* The hair-wash in common use among Indian women, and called Angalepan, Angodvartan, Sughandi-puri or Utnen, is composed of Gāvala (seed of Prunus Mahalib), Kāpūrkachri (Kaempferia Galanga), Vāla (Andropogon muricatus), Pāch (Pogostemon Patchouli), Jatamānsi (Nardostachys Jatamansi), Upalet (Saussurea Lappa), Nāgarmoth (Cyperus pertenuis), Dauna (Artemisia Sieversiana), and Murwa (Origanum, several species). Other articles are sometimes added.

When taken habitually in moderate doses, valerian improves the appetite and digestion without confining the bowels. Two drachms at a single dose may occasion a sense of heat and weight in the abdomen, eructations, and even vomiting, colic, and diarrhoea; also some excitement of the pulse, general warmth, and either perspiration or diuresis. In somewhat smaller doses its operation is chiefly restricted to the nervous system; it renders the mind tranquil, disposes to good humour and activity, produces sometimes a lively formication in the hands and feet, and a sensation about the head and spine which has been compared to the aura epileptica. Sometimes, on the contrary, there is a sense of embarrassment in the head, with heaviness and pain. In states of morbid nervous excitement without fever, when through exhaustion the pulse has become small and frequent, valerian lessens its frequency and increases its force and volume."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 233ff.]

2.7.45. Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 1831 - China-Zimtbaum - Cassia Bark

Lauraceae (Lorbeergewächse)

22. c./d. tvakpatram utkaṭaṃ bhṛṅgaṃ tvacaṃ cocaṃ varāṅgakam

त्वक्पत्रम् उत्कटं भृङ्गं त्वचं चोचं वराङ्गकम् ॥२२ ख॥

[Bezeichnungen für Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 1831 - China-Zimtbaum - Cassia Bark:]

  • त्वक्पत्र - tvakpatra n.: Rindenblatt
  • उत्कट - utkaṭa n.: Übermäßiges, Volles, Trunkenes
  • भृङ्ग - bhṛṅga n.: Biene
  • त्वच - tvaca n.: Haut, Rinde
  • चोच - coca n.: Coca
  • वराङ्गक - varāṅgaka n.: das einen vorzüglichen Körper hat

Colebrooke (1807): "Woody Cassia. Or the three first terms signify Malobathrum [= Blatt von Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham. Mees et C. H. Eberm. 1831] ; and the three next the Cassia bark [= Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 1831]."

Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 1831 - China-Zimtbaum - Cassia Bark



Abb.: त्वचम् । Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 1831 - China-Zimtbaum - Cassia Bark
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: त्वक्पत्रम् । Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 1831 - China-Zimtbaum - Cassia Bark
[Bildquelle: MPF / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"CINNAMOMUM CASSIA, Blume.

Fig—Bentl. and Trim., t. 223.

China cinnamon, Cassia

Hab.—China.

[...]

History, Uses, &C.—Cinnamon and Cassia are mentioned as precious odoriferous substances in the Mosaic writings and by Theophrastus and many other writers of antiquity. The Greek names κινναμωμων and κασια or κασσια are derived from the Phoenician, and are the same as those used by the Hebrews. From Gralen we learn that these two spices were of a similar nature, but that cassia was inferior to cinnamon. It is impossible to say for certain what these substances were, but it seems probable that κινναμωμων was Chinese cassia, and κασια the bark of the Indian cinnamon trees. Dioscorides describes several varieties of cinnamon and cassia, and we know that several very distinct varieties of Cinnamon bark arc still sold in Indian bazars. That Ceylon cinnamon was not known to the ancients appears to be certain, as the sacred books and old records of Ceylon make no mention of that spice, and when the bark began to be collected in the island is unknown. Kazwini in the 13th century is the first writer who mentions it, and it was not cultivated before 1770.

Cassia, under the name of Kwei, is mentioned in tin earliest Chinese herbal, said to have been written 2700 B.C., and also in the Chinese classics. In the Hei-yao-pen-tsao, written in the 8th century, mention is made of Tien-chu-kwei. Tien-chu is the ancient name for India. (Pharmacographia.)

The bark of several species of cinnamon growing in different parts of India was known to the ancient Hindus as Tvach, "bark," Guda-tvach, "sweet," or "sugar bark," and the trees producing it as Tvak-sāra, "having excellent bark," and Tvaksvādvi, "having sweet-bark." The aboriginal tribes still scrape the bark from these trees and use it to season their food, and have probably done so from prehistoric times.

The Arabians, through whose hands most of the cinnamon of the ancients reached Europe, called the spice Kirfat-ed-dārsini, or more shortly Kirfah (the bark par par excellence), and it is curious to observe that the same word in the corrupted form of Kalfah is -till the commercial name of Malabar cassia in Bombay. Dārsini is the Arabic form of the Persian Dārchini, and signifies "China tree," dār being an old Persian name for a tree; it is therefore probable that the Arabs first obtained the spice from the Persians by the overland route from China. The same name is still current in India for Chinese cinnamon, whereas the Indian bark is properly called Taj, a word derived from the Sanskrit Tvach, although in popular language Dalchini and Taj are loosely applied to any kind of cinnamon. Ibn Sina follows Dioscorides in his description of the different kinds of cinnamon (dārsini) and cassia (salikeh), but later Mahometan writers are better informed, and are evidently well acquainted with the difference between Ceylon cinnamon, China cassia, and Indian cassia. Haji Zein (1368), speaking of Darchini, says "the best is that which comes from Ceylon"; concerning Salikheh, he says:—"It is what they call cassia , and is the bark of a tree called Salekh; there are several qualities, the best is of a reddish colour, thick, and a little bitter to the taste, astringent; when brokem it has fracture like China rhubarb, it is in long folded sticks with a small central hollow like kirfah; that which is dark-coloured is bad." Of Kirfah he says, "it has not the sweetness of China cinnamon, and tastes like cloves." In Southern India cassia is called "clove-bark" in several of the vernaculars.

The author of the Makhzan remarks:—"From Ceylon to the Dekhan the quality of the cinnamon grown gradually deteriorates, the bark getting thick and mucilaginous."

For the history of cinnamon and cassia in Europe, we would refer our readers to the Pharmacographia where much interesting information will be found.

Cassia and cassia oil imported from China are used medicinally in India in much the the same manner as they are in Europe. Ceylon cinnamon is not an article of commerce in India.

Description.—Chinese cassia arrives in Bombay packed in boxes, which are covered with matting."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 203ff.]

Abb.: Laurus cassia Roxb.


Abb.: Laurus cassia Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus I. Fig. 57, 1678]


 Abb.: Laurus cassia Roxb.
[Bildquelle: Curtis's Botanical Magazine, v. 40 (1814), Tab. 1636]

"Laurus cassia. Willd. 2. 477.

[...]

Sans. Twuk-putra.

Carua. Rheed. Mal. 1. t. 57.

Cinnamomum perpetuo florens of Burm. Zeyl. 1. 28. is too broad in the leaf, and too ovate for this, and seems to me to agree better with my next species L. multiflora, which is also a native of Ceylon.

An elegant large tree, a native of the various mountains of the continent of India. The trees are now common in gardens about Calcutta, originally from the mountains of Tippera. Flowering time, in the gardens, the beginning of the warm season ; the seed ripens in July."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 2, S. 197.]

Cinnamomum malabratum Lam.


Abb.: Cinnamomum malabratum Lam.
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus V. Fig. 53, 1685]

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham. Mees et C. H. Eberm. 1831


Abb.: Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham. Mees et C. H. Eberm. 1831, Goa
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham. Mees et C. H. Eberm. 1831, Goa
[Bildquelle: J. M. Garg / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]


Abb.: Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham. Mees et C. H. Eberm. 1831
[Bildquelle: Sonja Pauen / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Taj or Kalfah, Indian cassia or cinnamon, is chiefly the product of Cinnamomum Tamala, and C. iners and nitidum, considered by some botanists to be only coarse forms of C. zeylanicum, Breyn. C. Tamala is a native of the tropical and subtropical Himalaya from the Indus to Bhotan, and supplies the Taj of the N.-W. Provinces, Punjab and Bengal, whilst C. iners and nitidum supply Southern and Western India. The bark of these trees occurs in flat or slightly quilled pieces, is thicker than the Chinese bark and of a deeper colour ; it has a strong cinnamon odour and taste, but is deficient in sweetness. It is now often sent into the market, tied up in bundles, to imitate China cassia, the outer layer of the bark having been to a great extent removed ; this is probably prepared for exportation as cassia lignea. Some trees of cassia lignea are cultivated by the Madras Forest Department in the Wynaad. Indian cassia may readily be distinguished from the China bark by its yielding a glairy mucilage when infused in cold water, which gives a ropy precipitate with corrosive sublimate and neutral acetate of lead, but not with alcohol.

No oil is distilled from these barks in India.

Tajpat or Tamalpatra, and in Southern India only Talisha-pattiri, is the leaf of the species of Cinnamomum, already mentioned as yielding Taj or Indian cinnamon. The drug is the Tamāli of the Rāja Nirghanta, and is considered to be hot and light, and useful for the expulsion of phlegmatic and rheumatic humors; it is prescribed in flatulence and dyspepsia.

Cinnamon leaves are the Sāzaj-i-Hindi of the Indian Mahometans, and are much used both as a condiment and medicine in India. The author of the Makhzan describes them as yellowish, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate leaves, with five nerves extending from the base to the apex, and says that they are produced by a large tree growing in the mountains of Sylhet, the bark of which is used as cassia. He considers them to, be carminative, stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, lactagogue and deobstruent.

[...]

Kāla Nāgkesar.—Under this name the immature fruit of the trees yielding cassia is imported into Bombay from China and Southern India.

Kāla Nāgkesar (known in Europe as cassia buds) consists of a small brown mucronate berry, the size of a grain of millet, enclosed in a 6-partite calyx half an inch long, which is articulated to a slender pedicel; the calyx and pedicel are of the dark- brown colour of the clove, and have a strong cinnamon odour and taste. The properties of the spice would appear to be the same as those of cinnamon. Two kinds are found in the Bombay market, Chinese and Malabar; they are used as a spice by the Mahometans. Mohideen Sheriff says that the native druggists in Madras substitute cassia buds for Nagkesar-ke-phul, the flowers of Mesua, ferrea and Ochrocarpw longifolius; the latter drugs being never met with in the bazars. For an account of the use of the Chinese buds as a spice in Europe from the 14th century up to the present time, see Pharmacographia, 2nd Ed., p. 533. Hamburg in 1870 imported 1,324 cwts. (Op. cit.)

Pishin-puttai (Gum-bark), Several mucilaginous barks are sold and used under this name in Southern India. Mohideen Sheriff refers the Madras drug to Tetranthera Roxburghii (see next artiole). A specimen supplied by Dr. Mootoosawmy from Tanjore had a very pleasant and lasting aroma, and appeared to belong to an arboreous cinnamon. It is used for its mucilaginous and demulcent properties in medicine, and also by Mahomedan perfumers for making incense or flavouring-sticks ("Samburany-vathe") from the powdered bark. We have also received three other drugs of this name from Travanoore. One was a thick red fibrous bark like that of a Litsaea, and was an article of trade among sugar and jagary makers on the Western Coast. The second was a lighter coloured bark and quite free from odour and taste; this was recognised as Kydia calcyna. The third sample was sent by the Conservator of Forests for Travancore, who supposed it to be from a species of Cordia. It was light coloured, very fibrous and free from odour and taste, and is used in native medicine in the State under its Malyalim name avi-tholi. Mucilaginous barks are largely employed in India by arrack makers in regulating the fermentation of toddy and precipitating albuminous matters.

The Tanjore pishin-puttai gave no reaction indicating the presence of an alkaloid, but the red bark from Travancore gave marked reactions for laurotetanine."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 208ff.]

2.7.46. Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary

Zingiberaceae (Ingwergewächse)
23. karcūrako drāviḍakaḥ kālpako vedhamukhyakaḥ

कर्चूरको द्राविडकः काल्पको वेधमुख्यकः ॥२३॥

[Bezeichnungen für Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary:]

  • कर्चूरक - karcūraka m.: Auripimentiker1, Auripigmentfarbiger
  • द्राविडक - drāviḍaka m.: Dravider2 (kommt an der Malabarküste vor)
  • काल्पक - kālpaka m.: zum Ritual Gehöriger, zur Therapie Gehöriger
  • वेधमुख्यक - vedhamukhyaka m.: der im Gesicht eine Öffnung hat

Siehe auch 2.V.19/20!

Colebrooke (1807): "Zerumbet or zedoary. Curcuma Zerumbet, R[oxb]."

1 कर्चूरक - karcūraka m.: Auripimentiker, Auripigmentfarbiger

कर्चूर - karcūra n.: Auripigment


Abb.: Auripigment (gelb) mit einem Restanteil Realgar (rot)
[Bildquelle: Parent Géry / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Auripigment (lat., Operment, gelbe Arsenblende, Rauschgelb), Mineral, findet sich in kleinen, rhombischen Kristallen, häufiger derb, eingesprengt, in Trümmern, knollig, traubig, nierenförmig, ist wenig durchscheinend, zitronen- oder pomeranzengelb, mit schwachem Fettglanz, Härte 1,5–2, spez. Gew. 3,4–3,5, besteht aus Schwefelarsen As2S3 und findet sich vornehmlich in Ungarn und Siebenbürgen, mit Realgar, Quarz und Kalkspat in Mergeln und tonigen Sandsteinen, mit Bleiglanz, Schwefelkies etc. auf Erzgängen, auch auf Gängen im Tonschiefer, zu Andreasberg, in der Walachei, China, Mexiko, in Kraterspalten am Ätna und Vesuv. Über künstliches A. s. ð Arsensulfide."

[Quelle: Meyers großes Konversations-Lexikon. -- DVD-ROM-Ausg. Faksimile und Volltext der 6. Aufl. 1905-1909. -- Berlin : Directmedia Publ. --2003. -- 1 DVD-ROM. -- (Digitale Bibliothek ; 100). -- ISBN 3-89853-200-3. -- s.v.]

2 द्राविडक - drāviḍaka m.: Dravider (kommt an der Malabarküste vor)


Abb.: Verbreitungsgebiete der dravidischen Sprachen
[Bildquelle: BishkekRocks /  Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"DRĀVIḌA. The country in which the Tamil language is spoken, extending from Madras to Cape Comorin. According to Manu, the people of this country were originally Kshatriyas, but sank to the condition of Śudras from the extinction of sacred rites and the absence of Brahmans. As applied to the classification of Brahmans it has a much wider application, embracing Gujarat, Maharashtra, and all the south."

[Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]


Abb.: Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus XI. Fig. 7, 1692]


 Abb.: Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary
[Bildquelle: Icones plantarum medico-oeconomico-technologicarum cum earum fructus ususque descriptione =Abbildungen aller medizinisch-ökonomisch-technologischen Gewächse mit der Beschreibung ihres Gebrauches und Nutzens. -- Wien, 1800 - 1822. -- Bd. 3, Tab. 268b]


Abb.: कर्चूरकः । Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary
[Bildquelle: Köhler, 1883-1914]


Abb.: Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary (Roxb.: Curcuma zerumbet)
[Bildquelle: Roxburgh. -- Vol III. -- 1819. -- Image courtesy Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.botanicus.org. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]


Abb.: Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary
[Bildquelle: Michael Wolf / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLIcense]


Abb.: कर्चूरकः । वेधमुख्यकः । Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 1810 - Zitwer - Zedgary, Miami, USA
[Bildquelle: scott.zona. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/scottzona/2455328984/. -- Zugriff am 2010-10-20. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Curcuma Zerumbet. Roxb. Ind. pl. 3. N. 201

[...]

Sans. Shutee, Gundha-moolee, Shud-grunthhika, Kurvoora, Kurchoora, and Pulasha.

Kua. Rheed. Mal. vol. II. p. 13. t. 7.

Zerumbed. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 168. t. 68.

Amomum Zerumbeth. Kon. in Retz. Obs. 3. 55.

Zerumbet, or Cachora of Garcias.

The plants from which the following description was taken, were sent by Dr. F. Buchanan, from Chittagong, where they are indigenous, to the Botanic garden at Calcutta, in 1798, where they grow freely, and blossom in the month of April. Others have since been procured from thence under the Bengalee name Kuchoora. From that place the native druggists in Calcutta, are chiefly supplied with the root or drug.

[...]

Obs. The dry root powdered and mixed with the powdered wood of the Caesalpinia Sappan makes the red powder called Abeer by the Hindoos, and Phag by the Bengalees. It is copiously thrown about by the natives during the Hooli, or Hindoo holidays in the month of March. The root is also used medicinally amongst the natives.

In 1805, I gave some of the sliced and dried bulbous, and palmate tuberous roots of this plant to Sir Joseph Banks, which he gave to Dr. Comb, who found that it was the real Zedoaria of our Materia Medica, and by the same means ascertained that the root of my Curcuma Zedoaria, is Zedoaria rotunda of the shops."

[Quelle: Roxburgh, William <1751-1815>: Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. -- Serampore : Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. -- Vol. 1, S. 20ff.]
"Curcuma zedoaria (Roscoe).

Long Zedoary [...]

Description.—Height 3-4 feet; [...] flowers deep yellow and bright crimson tuft.

Fl. April.

Wight Icon. t. 2005.

Curcuma zerumbet, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. ed. Car. 20. — Corom. iii t. 201.—Rheede, xi. t. 7.

Chittagong. Malabar.

Medical Uses.—According to Roxburgh this plant yields the long Zedoary of the shops, though Pereira states that the plant has not been well ascertained. The root is used medicinally by the natives. It is cut into small round pieces, about the third of an inch thick and two in circumference. The best comes from Ceylon, where it is considered tonic and carminative. According to Rheede it has virtues in nephritic complaints. The pulverised root is one of the ingredients in the red powder (Abeer) which the Hindoos use during the Hooly festival.—Roxb. Pereira."

[Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

"CURCUMA ZEDOARIA, Rosc.

Fig.—. Rosc. Scit., t. 109; Roxb. Cor. Pl., t. 101; Rheede, Hort. Mal. xi., t. 7.

Zedoary

Hab.—Eastern Himalaya, cultivated throughout India.

[...]

History, Uses, &c.—This plant is the Sati and Krachura of Sanskrit writers, and the Zerumbād and Urūk-el-kāfūr, "camphor root," of the Arabians. It is noticed by the later Greek physicians under the name ζουρομβεδ, a corruption of the Arabic name, which, in the Middle Ages, was variously written as Zeruban, Zerumber, and Zerumbet. It is not the ζεδοαρ of Aetius (A. D. 540—550) or the τζετοθφριον of Myrepsus, or the Zedoar of MacerFloridus (A. D. 1140). Barbosa (1510) speaks of Zedoaria and Zeruban as distinct articles of trade at Cannanore, so that it must have been some time after this date that Zerumbet came into use in Europe as a cheap substitute for the Zedoar of the earlier physicians, which, we have no doubt, was the same drug as the Jadwar of the Arabians. This name, correctly written by Aetius, is the Zhedwar of the ancient Persians, and is described in the Burhān (A. D. 1040) as a drug used as an antidote to poisons, the same as the Jadwār of the Arabians, and also called Mahparvin. Ibn Sina of Bokhara, who lived about the same time (080—1037), describes Jadwār shortly in the following words:—

" it has the form of the root of Aristolochia, but is smaller." Haji-Zein-el-attār, the well-known Persian physician and apothecary, and the author of the "Ikhtiarāt" (A. D. 1308), describes Jadwār as a root about the size and shape of the Indian Cyperus root, but harder and heavier, and the same as the Indian drug Nirbisi, the best internally of a purplish tint. He states that there are, as far as his experience goes, four drugs sold as Jadwār, viz., a white kind, a purplish, a black and a yellow ; the people of Cathay call the yellow kind Kurti and the purplish Burbi, the other two kinds come from India. As to the locality in which the drug is collected, he states that there is a mountain called Farajāl between India and Cathay, where the plant grows along with the aconite, and that the latter, whenever it grows near the Jadwār, loses its poisonous properties and is eaten with impunity by the inhabitants. Where the Jadwār does not grow, the aconite (Bish) is a deadly poison, and is called Halāhal by the natives (Halahala, Sanskrit). In the Dict. Econ. Prod. of India (ii., p. 656), the following interesting account of certain drugs collected in Nepal by Dr. Gimlette, the Residency Surgeon, substantially confirms Haji-Zein's description of Jadwār or Nirbisi:—According to Dr. Gimlette, " the Kala bikh of the Nepalese (the Dulingi of the Bhoteas) is a very poisonous form of Aconitum ferox, so poisonous, indeed, that the Katmandu druggists will not admit they possess any. Pahlo (yellow) bikh is a less poisonous form of the same plant, known to the Bhoteas as Holingi, while Setho (white) bikh (the Nirbisi sen of the Bhoteas) is A. Napellus, and Atis is Aconifum heterophyllum. The aconite adulterants or plants used for similar purposes are, Cyanthus lobatus, the true Nirbisi of Nepal, the root of which is boiled in oil, thus forming a liniment which is employed in chronic rheumatism, Delphinium denudatum, the Nilo (blue or purplish) bikh of the Nepalese and the Nirbisi of the Bhoteas, Dr. Gimlette says, is used by the Baids of Nepal for the same purposes as the Setho and Pahlo bikh. Geranium collinum (var-Donianum) is the Ratho (red) bikh of the Nepalese, and the Nirbisi-num of the Bhoteas, and, like the Setho bikh, is given as a tonic in dyspepsia, fevers, and asthma. Lastly, a plant never before recorded as used medicinally, namely, Caragana crassicaulis, is known as the Artiras of the Nepalese, and the Kurti of the Bhoteas; it affords a root which is employed as a febrifuge."

The Jadwār or Nirbisi myth appears to have been invented in The East to account for the curious occurence on the Himalayas of poisonous and non-poisonous aconites growing side by side (see Vol. I., pp. 1, 15, 18, 20).

It would appear also that the Curcumas have no claim to the name of zedoary, which was probably first given to them about the middle of the 16th century, as Clusius's figure of Gedwar is certainly meant for the pendulous tuber of a Curcuma. The substitution of the cheaper for the more expensive article is rendered highly probably by the fact that Zerumbet was considered by the Arabians to be very little inferior to Jadwār as an antidote to poisons. Ibn Sina, Ibn Baitar, and Ibn Jazla in the Minhāj use almost the same words in speaking of these drugs ; of Jadwār they say :

"it is an antidote for all poisons, even those of aconite and the viper"; and of Zerumbet

"it is most useful against the bites of venomous animals, and is almost equal to Jadwār." Both drugs were considered to have properties similar to Darunaj (see Vol. II., p. 292). Ainslie (Mat. Ind., i, 492) remarks that C. Zedoaria is the Lampooyang of the Javanese, and the Lampium of Rumphius (Herb. Amb, V., p. 148), and that it is a native of the East Indies, Cochin-China, and Otaheite. He quotes Geoffrey's description of the drug, which leaves no doubt as to its identity with the modern Kachora—"Foris cineream intus candida; sapore acri-amaricante aromatico; odore tenui fragrante, ac valde aromaticum suavitatem, cum tunditur aut manducatur, spirante et ad camphoram aliquatenus accedente." Guibourt states that C. Zedoaria is the Zerumbet of Serapion, Pomet, and Lemery. The following is his description of it :—"The round zedoary is greyish-white externally heavy, compact, grey and often horny internally, having a bitter and strongly camphoraceous taste, like that of the long zedoary, which it also resembles in odour. The odour of both drugs is analogous with that of ginger, but weaker unless the rhizome be powdered, when it developes a powerful aromatic odour, similar to that of cardamoms." (Hist. Nat. 6me Ed., Vol. II., p. 213.) In our opinion there is no doubt that C. Zedoaria is the source of the round and long zedoary of commerce. The plant is common in Bombay gardens, and was probably introduced by the Portuguese, whose descendants and converts at the present day use the leaves in cookery. especially with fish. From Dr. Hove's account of Bombay in 1787 it appears that Kachūra and Turmeric were cultivated at that time in the cocoanut woods at Mahim. The natives chew the root to correct a sticky taste in the mouth ; it is also an ingredient in some of the strengthening conserves which are taken by women to remove weakness after child-birth. In colds it is given in decoction with long-pepper, cinnamon and honey, and the pounded root is applied as a paste to the body. Rheede says that the starch of the zedoary is much esteemed, and that the fresh root is considered to be cooling and diuretic, it checks leucorrhoeal and gonorrhoeal discharges and purifies the blood. The juice of the leaves is given in dropsy. One of us has had the plant in cultivation for some years ; it blossoms in the hot weather just before the rains, when the first leaves begin to appear."

[Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 399ff.]

Zu vanauṣadhivargaḥ V, Vers 1 - 18.