Abb.:  Tiger mit Beute, Ranthambore National Park - रणथम्भौर राष्ट्रीय अभ्यारण्य, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Andrew Miller. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/govmilliken/3020146620/. -- Zugriff am 2010-12-09. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

Abb.: Panthera tigris tigris Linnaeus, 1758 - Königstiger - Bengal Tiger, ermordet von S. kgl. Hoheit, dem Maharaja von Cooch Behar
[Bildquelle: Ward, 1903]

Abb.: Vergangene und gegenwärtige Lebensräume des Tigers
[Bildquelle: Eleassar / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

Erläuterungen:

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang B: Tierbeschreibungen. -- Panthera tigris tigris.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/tiere/panthera_tigris_tigris.htm

"The Tiger is found throughout all India, from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, ascending the hills occasionally to an elevation of 6,000 or 7,000 feet. It is found in all the forests and jungles throughout the peninsula, occasionally visiting the more open and cultivated parts of the country, and harbouring in thickets, long grass, and especially in brushwood on river-banks, and on churs covered with tamarisk. In the hot weather, indeed, these are its favourite resorts in many parts of Central India, and from there it sallies forth towards the villages in search of food. In lower Bengal the heavy grass jungles and swamps are his usual lair. Tigers are perhaps more abundant in lower Bengal than in most other parts of the country, and are said to be both larger and more savage than those from other parts of India. Those of Central India, however, are perhaps as large, and quite, if not more ferocious than their Bengal brethren. The average size of a full-grown male tiger is from 9 to 9 1/2 feet in length, but I fancy there is very little doubt that, occasionally, tigers are killed 10 feet in length, and perhaps a few inches over that; but the stories of tigers 11 feet and 12 feet in length, so often heard and repeated, certainly require confirmation, and I have not myself seen an authentic account of a tiger that measured more than 10 feet and 2 or 3 inches. Major Sherwill, who was for some years in Dinagepore district, told me that the largest he had seen killed was 9 feet 8 inches. The skin is very often measured either when fresh taken from the carcass, or after it has been stretched out to dry ; and Mr. W. Elliot records an instance of a lion measured by himself at 9 feet 4 inches. This was noted by one of the party as 11 feet and by another as 12 feet, the first measurement being taken from the skin when taken off ; the other from the skin stretched out by pegs for drying. Mr. Walter Elliot has the following remarks on the distribution and habits of this animal in Southern India. "The Tiger is common over the whole district, breeding in the forest and mountain tracts, and coming into the open country when the grain is on the ground. In some places they do much mischief, and have been known to carry off the inhabitants out of the villages whilst sleeping in their verandahs during the night. The female has from two to four young, and does not breed at any particular season. Their chief prey is cattle, but they also catch the wild hog, the sambar, and more rarely the spotted deer. It is naturally a cowardly animal, and always retreats from opposition, until wounded or provoked. Several instances came to notice of its being compelled to relinquish its prey by the cattle in a body driving it off. In one case an official report was made of a herd of buffaloes rushing on a tiger that had seized the herd-boy, and forcing it to drop him. Its retiring from the wild hog has been already adverted to. Though the wild hog often becomes its prey, it sometimes falls a victim to the successful resistance of the wild boar. I once found a full-grown tiger newly killed, evidently by the rip of a boar's tusk ; and two similar instances were related to me by a gentleman who had witnessed them one of a tiger, the other of a panther. It is generally believed a tiger always kills his own food, and will not eat carrion. I met with one instance of a tigress and two full-grown cubs devouring a bullock that had died of disease. I saw the carcass in the evening: next day, on the report of tigers having been heard in the night, I followed their track, and found she had dragged the dead animal into the centre of a cornfield, and picked the bones quite clean, after which she found a buffalo, killed it, and eat only a small portion of it. Another instance was related in a letter from a celebrated sportsman in Khandeish, who having killed a tigress, on his return to his tents sent a pad elephant to bring it home. The messenger returned reporting that on his arrival he found her alive. They went out next morning to the spot, and discovered that she had been dragged into a ravine by another tiger and half the carcass devoured. They found him close by, and killed him also. The Bheels in Khandeish say that in the monsoon, when food is scarce, the Tiger feeds on frogs, and an instance occurred some years ago in that province of one being killed in a state of extreme emaciation from a porcupine's quill that had passed through his gullet, and prevented his swallowing, and which had probably been planted there in his attempt to make one of these animals his prey. Many superstitious ideas prevail among the natives regarding the Tiger. They imagine that an additional lobe is added to his liver every year ; that his claws arranged together so as to form a circle, and hung round a child's neck, preserve it from the effect of the evil eye ; that the whiskers constitute a deadly poison, which for this reason are carefully burnt off the instant the animal is killed. Several of the lower castes eat his flesh." The late Major Sherwill, of the Revenue Survey, gave me some interesting information on the habits of the Tiger, as observed by him in the Dinagepore district the substance of which is as follows : Tigers are very partial to certain localities, and avoid others to all appearance quite as favourable cover. Year after year they will be found in one locality and killed, and never be seen in another close at hand, apparently just as suitable. They are very fond of ruins, and may often be seen lying on the top of old walls, temples, &c. ; sometimes three or four together. Generally speaking, the Bengal Tiger is a harmless, timid animal, but when wounded he becomes ferocious and dangerous. He seldom molests man without provocation, and man-eaters are very scarce in Bengal, except in the vicinity of the Sunderbuns. A tigress has from two to four cubs at a time, which remain with her until they are able to kill for themselves. Young tigers are by far the most mischievous, occasionally killing as many as four or five cows at once, whilst an old one seldom kills more than what it requires for its food. An old tiger will kill a cow about once a week, and for this purpose will quit its place of retreat in dense jungle, proceed to the vicinity of a village and kill a bullock or cow. It will remain near the "kill" for two or three days, and sometimes longer, gnawing the bones before retreating to deep cover. A tigress deposits her young in good cover. Two taken by Major Sherwill were laid under a thorn bush in dense jungle. Nulla grass appears to be a favourite place for breeding in. The mother appears much distressed onlosing her young, and for three or four nights afterwards remains at the spot roaring all night in a very excited manner. The few remaining observations must be considered as supplementary to the previous observations of Messrs. Elliot and Sherwill. When once a tiger takes to killing man, it almost always perseveres in its endeavours to procure the same food ; and, in general, it has been found that very old tigers, whose teeth are blunted or gone, and the vigour of whose strength is faded, are those that relish human food, finding it a much more easy prey than cattle. In some parts of Central India, however, it appears to be more the rule than the exception ; and in the Mundlah district, east from Jubbulpore, in 1856, and previous years, on an average between two and three hundred villagers were killed annually. So dire was the destruction that Major Erskine, the Commissioner, applied to the Madras Government to furnish an officer for the special work of thinning these cannibals. In the Bustar country, south-east of Nagpore, when I traversed part of that then unexplored district, I found that in several parts the villages were deserted, entirely, as I was informed, from the ravages of tigers, although, in some instances, the villages had been surrounded by a high stockade. In the Bengal Sunderbuns too many wood-cutters are (or used to be) annually carried off. Tiger hunting is generally done from elephants in Northern India and a well-trained shikaree elephant will stand the charge of a tiger well, occasionally even rushing to meet it, which is by no means agreeable to the sportsman in the howdah. In Southern India, where there are but few elephants kept, the Tiger is often successfully slain on foot ; but it is at all times a dangerous sport, and many serious and fatal accidents are well known to have occurred. Occasionally a tiger is shot by night from a platform on a tree, either close to where the tiger has killed, but not eaten all his prey, or, with a fresh bullock picketed near. In the Wynaad one class of Hindoos assemble in large numbers, and forming a large circle, drive the Tiger into a net, where it is speared. Various modes of capture are practised all over India, and strychnine has been had resort to occasionally to destroy this animal ; but in spite of the numbers killed annually by sportsmen, and by native shikarees for the sake of the Government reward, in many districts its numbers appear to be only slightly diminished. The native idea about the Tiger getting an additional lobe to its liver every year has been fully taken up by English sportsmen, and in the pages of the Bengal Sporting Magazine, &c., the number of lobes in the livers of tigers whose death is there chronicled, are duly recorded. The clavicle lies loosely imbedded among the muscles near the shoulder-joint, and is considered of great virtue by natives. The whiskers are, in some parts of Southern India, considered to endow the fortunate possessor with unlimited power over the opposite sex. The claws are mounted in silver and made into bracelets. The Tiger is peculiar to Asia, extending as far west as Georgia, through Persia to Bokhara, and is also found in Amurland, in the Altai region, and China ; thence extending south through Burmah to the Malayan peninsula, and some of the neighbouring larger islands. It is not found in Ceylon." [Quelle: Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill <1811-1872>: The mammals of India : a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India.  -- London, 1874. -- S. 93ff.]

2.9.2.1. Tiger als vāhana

2.9.2.2. Tiger als Wandschmuck (Gefahrenabwehr?)

2.9.3. Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 - Streifenhyäne - Striped Hyena

Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 - Streifenhyäne - Striped Hyena

Körperlänge: 150 - 160 cm
Gewicht: 26 - 41 kg
Lebensraum: ganz Indien außer Jammu und Kashmir und Nordostindien, Strauchwälder und in der Nähe menschlicher Behausungen, bis 1500 m. ü. M.
Noch in Freiheit lebende Individuen: unbekannt
Lebt als Einzelgänger bzw. in Familiengruppem

Abb.: तरक्षुः । Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 - Streifenhyäne - Striped Hyena, nach 1795
[Bildquelle: Asian Curator at The San Diego Museum of Art. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/asianartsandiego/4837919317/. -- Zugriff am 2011-03-06. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: तरक्षुः । Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 - Streifenhyäne - Striped Hyena
[Bildquelle: Lydekker, Richard <1849 - 1915>: The great and small game of India, Burma, & Tibet. --  London, 1900. -- Pl. 9]

Abb.: तरक्षुः ।  Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 - Streifenhyäne - Striped Hyena, Zoo
[Bildquelle: rainfairy. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/rainfairy/93237270/. -- Zugriff am 2007-07-15. -- Creative Commons Lizenz  (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Erläuterungen:

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang B: Tierbeschreibungen. -- Hyaena hyaena.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/tiere/hyaena_hyaena.htm

"The Hyaena is common over the greater part of India, most rare in the forest districts, and abundant in open country, especially where low hills and ravines offer convenient spots for the holes and caverns it frequents. It is not enumerated by Kelaart from Ceylon. It is quite nocturnal, sallying forth after dark and hunting for carcasses, the bones of which it gnaws, occasionally catching some prowling dog, or stray sheep as a "bonne bouche." Adams says that it is "very destructive to poultry." This I have not heard noticed elsewhere. Now and then one will be found in the early morning making its way back to its den, but in general it is safe in its lair long before sunrise. I have more than once turned one out of a sugar-cane field when looking for jackals, and it very commonly lurks among ruins ; but in general its den is in a hole dug by itself on the side of a hill or ravine, or a cave in a rock. The call of the Hyaena is a very disagreeable unearthly cry, and dogs are often tempted out by it when near, and fall a victim to the stealthy marauder. On one occasion a small dog belonging to an officer of the Madras 33rd N. I., was taken off by a hyaena very early in the morning. The den of this beast was known to be not far off in some sandstone cliffs (at Dumoh, near Saugor), and some sepoys of the detachment went after it, entered the cave, killed the hyaena, and recovered the dog alive, and with but little damage done to it ! A hyaena, though it does not appear to move very fast, gets over rough ground in a wonderful manner, and it takes a good long run to overtake it on horseback unless in most favourable ground. A stray hyaena is now and then met with by a party of sportsmen, followed and speared ; but sometimes not till after a run of three or four miles if the ground is broken by ravines. It is a cowardly animal, and shows but little fight when brought to bay. The young are very tameable, and show great signs of attachment to their owner, in spite of all that has been written about the untameable ferocity of the Hyaena." [Quelle: Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill <1811-1872>: The mammals of India : a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India.  -- London, 1874. -- S. 119.]

Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Leopard - Leopard

Körperlänge: 1.85 - 2.15 m
Gewicht: 39 - 68 kg
Lebensraum: ganz Indien, bis 3000 m ü. M.
Noch in Freiheit lebende Individuen: ca. 20.000
Lebt als Einzelgänger

Abb.: मृगादनः । Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Leopard - Leopard, Bannerghatta National Park - ಬನ್ನೇರುಘಟ್ಟ ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಪಾರ್ಕ್, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: Muhammad Mahdi Karim / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Leopard - Leopard, Kabini (ಕಬಿನಿ) Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka
[Bildquelle: T. A. Joseph. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/josephta/4798508507/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-01. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

 Abb.: Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Leopard - Leopard, Schwärzling ("Panther"), Santago Rare Leopards Project, Welwyn, Hertfordshire, UK
[Bildquelle: Brian Scott. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/brianscott/1234882976/. -- Zugriff am 2011-01-01. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: Lebensräume von Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 - Common Leopard - Leopard
[Bildquelle: Tommyknocker / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"The leopard is one of the three larger cats which are common to India and Africa ; the other two being the lion and the hunting-leopard. The distribution of the leopard is, however, more extensive than that of the lion, embracing nearly the whole of Asia, from Persia to Japan, but not extending as far north as Siberia ; while the animal is unknown on the high plateau of Tibet, where almost all the Mammals belong to peculiar species not found elsewhere. Leopards occur over almost the whole of India, although absent from parts of Sind and the Punjab ; and they are abundant in Ceylon, Burma, and the islands of the Malayan region. Westward they extend into Persia, Palestine, Arabia, and Syria, and thence into Africa, where they range from Somaliland and Algeria to the Cape Colony. [...] Its distribution is and was considerably more extensive than that of the lion, which, as we have seen, never extended eastwards of the Bay of Bengal ; and it is larger than that of any other member of the Cat family except the lynx. Next to the tiger in India, and to the lion in Africa, the leopard is the most formidable Carnivore (exclusive in India of bears) to be found in either country. In its habits it differs essentially from both the lion and the tiger in that it is thoroughly at home in trees, running up a straight-stemmed and smooth-barked trunk with the speed and agility of a monkey. Moreover, the leopard is a much more active animal than the tiger, frequently taking tremendous leaps and springs, Mr. Sanderson is of opinion that the Indian leopard, although its powers of offence are far inferior to those of the tiger, is in some respects a more dangerous animal, as it is roused with less provocation, and is more courageous in attacking those who disturb its repose. The favourite resorts of the Indian leopard are rocky hills covered with scrub, among which it seeks secure hiding in caves and under overhanging masses of rock. From strongholds such as these, writes Mr. Sanderson, the leopards in Southern and Central India "watch the surrounding country towards sunset, and descend with astonishing celerity and stealth, under cover of the rocks, to cut off any straggling animal among the herds or flocks on their return to the village at nightfall. From their habit of lurking in the vicinity of the habitations of man, to prey upon cattle, ponies, donkeys, sheep, goats, and dogs, leopards are frequently brought into collision with Indian villagers ; and a leopard being mobbed in a garden, or field of sugar-cane or standing corn, from which he will charge several times, and bite and claw half a dozen before he is despatched or makes his escape, is no uncommon occurrence in India. At night leopards frequently find their way into goat-folds or calf-pens, climbing over walls or the roofs of native huts in their burglarious inroads, and carrying off their prey with great boldness and agility. They appear to have a peculiar penchant for dogs ; and I have known many villages in parts of Mysore where leopards were numerous, in which not a dog was to be found, or perchance but one or two, which would be pointed out by their owners as very lucky ones, they having escaped sometimes from the very clutches of their unceasing foe, whilst their companions had successively fallen victims to his stealthy attacks." This partiality of the leopard for dogs seems to be characteristic of the animal from one end of India to the other, and there are many instances on record where leopards in the hill-stations have swooped down in broad daylight and carried off pet dogs from before the very eyes of their European masters or mistresses. It is but rarely that leopards take to man-eating, but instances do occur, one of which came under the notice of the present writer some years ago, when a leopard carried off a considerable number of persons from a village in Kashmir. In Africa the general habits of the leopard appear to be very much the same as in India, Sir Samuel Baker relating how, on one occasion, a dog was carried off from the very middle of his camp by one of these marauders. In addition to dogs, which can, of course, be obtained only in the neighbourhood of villages, leopards prey largely upon the langurs and other monkeys which haunt the rocky hills. Indeed, few animals come amiss in the way of food; about the largest which he is capable of killing being the sambar deer, or an Indian bullock. In killing its prey, the leopard, writes Sir Samuel Baker, seizes by the throat, and clings with tenacious claws to the animal's neck, until it succeeds either in breaking the spine or in strangling the victim, should the bone resist its strength. When the animal is dead, the leopard never attacks the hind-quarters first, according to the custom of the tiger, but it tears the belly open and drags out all the viscera, making its first meal upon the heart, lungs, liver, and inside generally. It then retreats to some neighbouring hiding-place, and, if undisturbed, it will return to its prey a little after sundown on the following day. Mr. H. Hunter remarks that in Africa the leopard nearly always puts the remains of his "kill" up a tree, probably for the purpose of protecting it from the attacks of hyaenas. On one occasion the skeleton of a lesser kudu antelope was found in the fork of a branch, which it was believed had been placed there by a leopard, and Mr. Hunter on several occasions saw one of these animals descending from a tree. It has yet to be mentioned that the leopard does not display that marked partiality for the neighbourhood of water so characteristic of the tiger, many of its haunts in the hills being in districts which are absolutely dry. On occasion, however, it will take to the water as readily, and swim as well as a tiger. Although usually found singly or in pairs, leopards, in Africa at least, may sometimes be found in parties comprising several full-grown individuals; probably, however, these are all members of a single family. The leopard is a still more silent animal than the tiger, seldom giving vent to any sound, except when disturbed or charging an enemy, when it utters a short roar. According to Captain Baldwin, who is supported by Mr. Blanford, its real cry, which is but seldom heard, is quite different from the roar of a tiger, and takes the form of a harsh noise, something between a grunt and a cough, which is repeated three or four times. In India the female leopard gives birth to its young in the spring, during the months of February and March, two, three, or four cubs composing a litter. Young leopards are said to be more difficult to tame than either lions or tigers, and the adult when in captivity always displays an uncertain and morose disposition. With regard to leopard-hunting, Sir Samuel Baker observes that "it is far more difficult to circumvent a leopard than a tiger. The latter seldom or never looks upwards to the trees, therefore it does not perceive the hidden danger when the hunter is watching from his elevated post ; but the leopard approaches its 'kill' in the most wary and cautious manner, crouching occasionally, and examining every yard of the ground before it, at the same time scanning the overhanging boughs, which it so frequently seeks as a place of refuge. Upon many occasions, when the disappointed watcher imagines that the leopard has forsaken its 'kill,' and that his patience will not be unrewarded, the animal may be closely scanning him from the dense bush, under cover of which it was noiselessly approaching. In such a case the leopard would retreat as silently as it had advanced, and the watcher would return home from a fruitless vigil, under the impression that the animal had never been within a mile of his position. . . . There is very little sport afforded by this stealthy animal, and it is almost useless to organise a special hunt, as it is impossible to form any correct opinion respecting its locality after it has killed an animal. It may either be asleep in some distant ravine, or among the giant branches of some old tree, or beneath the rocks of some adjacent hill, or retired within a cave, but it has no special character or custom that would guide the hunter in arranging a beat according to the usual rules in the case of tigers." Leopards are, however, much less suspicious of traps than are tigers, and still more so than lions, and, accordingly, a large number are thus caught. In India they are frequently taken alive in the cage-trap, to which we have already referred under the head of the tiger ; such traps being generally baited with a dog, goat, or calf, which attracts the leopard by its cries. In Africa a trap like a large fox-trap is, however, generally employed ; and so bold in some parts are leopards that Mr. Hunter states that once during dinner-time he caught one in a trap which was set within fifteen yards' distance of the table at which he was sitting." [Quelle: The royal natural history / ed. by Richard Lydekker [1849 - 1915]. -- London. -- Vol 1. -- 1893/94. -- S. 387ff.]

2.9.4. Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner, 1839 - Wildschwein - Wild Boar

Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner 1839, - Wildschwein - Wild Boar

Abb.: 7. Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner, 1839 - Wildschwein - Wild Boar ; 8. Porcula salvania Hodgson, 1847 - Zwergwildschwein - Pygmy hog
[Bildquelle: Lydekker, Richard <1849 - 1915>: The great and small game of India, Burma, & Tibet. --  London, 1900. -- Pl. 7]

Abb.: दंष्ट्री । Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner, 1839 - Wildschwein - Wild Boar, Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand (उत्तराखंड)
[Bildquelle: Peter Davis. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/pediddle/327822607/. -- Zugriff am 2007-07-17. --  Creative Commons Lizenz  (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: स्तब्धरोमा । Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner, 1839 - Wildschwein - Wild Boar, Ranthambore National Park - रंथांबोर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान, Rajasthan
[Bildquelle: Altaipanther / Wikimedia. -- Public domain] 

Abb.: Ursprünglicher Lebensraum des Wildschweins
[Bildquelle: Altaileopard / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Wildschweinjagd, Lepākshī-Tempel, Hindupur - హిందూపురము, Andhra Pradesh, um 1540

"The wild hog is found throughout India, from the level of the sea to 12,000 feet of elevation, wherever there is sufficient shelter either of long grass, low jungle, or forest. It is very numerous in some parts, and does much damage to various crops. It associates in more or less numerous herds, called "sounder" technically, in sporting language in the Deccan, but isolated individuals are frequently met with, especially in long grass. Where this forms their chief shelter, they construct a sort of rude abode by cutting a lot of grass and spreading it out carefully on the ground. They then creep under this and raise it up to the proper height, and they remain in these lairs during the day, which afford a good shelter from the heat of the sun. I have seen numerous lairs of this description in various parts of Bengal, and often turned the hogs out of them. They travel great distances for their food in some parts of the country, and the early traveller in Nagpore and other parts, often sees a herd returning to their abode in the jungle an hour or so before sunrise. The root of a particular kind of sedge (Carex) is much sought for by wild hogs, and the edges of tanks and j heels may be seen covered with their excavations. Though in general almost entirely vegetable-feeders, at times a somewhat carnivorous habit has been observed. Wild pigs have been detected feeding on the carcase of a dead elephant in Southern India. Spearing the wild boar is one of the favourite sports of India wherever it can be pursued, and is one of the most exciting pursuits, the dash of danger intermingled with the excitement of the chase, giving it a zest wanting in fox-hunting ; and the greater address and personal skill required giving it also the palm over tiger-shooting. The speed of the wild hog for a short distance must be tried on a good horse before it can be realized. In Madras and Bombay a long spear is used lancewise, but in Bengal a short leaden-topped jobbing spear is preferred. Now and then, as before stated, even the tiger has fallen a victim to the impetuous dash of the wild boar, and the sudden onslaught of a wounded hog when brought to bay, occasionally proves too speedy to be avoided even by a timorous and active horse. Wild pigs are found over great part of Asia and the North of Africa, as well as in Europe, but recent information is required on the  particular races inhabiting such extensive areas." [Quelle: Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill <1811-1872>: The mammals of India : a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India.  -- London, 1874. -- S.  242f.]

Abb.: Sus salvanius Hodgson, 1847 - Zwergwildschwein - Pygmy hog
[Bildquelle: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1883. -- Nach S. 462]

"The Pigmy Hog is found in the Nepal and Sikim Terai, probably extending into Assam and Bhotan, but it is rare and with difficulty procurable. Mr. Hodgson had long heard of its existence before he got a single specimen. It is exclusively confined to the deep recesses of the primaeval forests. The full-grown males live constantly with the herd, which consists of from five to twenty individuals, and are its habitual and resolute defenders against harm. They eat roots, bulbs, &c., but also birds' eggs, insects, and reptiles. The female has a litter of three to four young ones. The above account is taken entirely from Mr. Hodgson's descriptions. I endeavoured in vain to procure a specimen from the Sikim Terai whilst at Darjeeling." [Quelle: Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill <1811-1872>: The mammals of India : a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India.  -- London, 1874. -- S.  244.]

Erläuterungen:

Siehe:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang B: Tierbeschreibungen. -- Sus scrofa cristatus.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/tiere/sus_scrofa_cristatus.htm

2.9.4.1. Varāha-Avatāra

Abb.: Varāha-Avatāra, Pratihara-Münze, 850-900 n. Chr.
[Bildquelle: PHGCOM / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

"3. Varāha. The boar. The old legend of the Brāhmaṇas concerning the boar which raised the earth from the waters has been appropriated to Vishṇu. A demon named Hiraṇyāksha had dragged the earth to the bottom of the sea. To recover it Vishṇu assumed the form of a boar, and after a contest of a thousand years he slew the demon and raised up the earth." [Quelle: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. Avatara]