2. dvitīyaṃ kāṇḍam - Zweiter Teil

2.15.41. Regenzeit-Reis (Oryza sativa L. 1753 - Reis - Rice)

Poaceae - Süßgräser

Colebrooke (1807): "Rice ripening in the rains."

Der Bhāvaprakāśa nennt als Beispiele folgende Sorten von vrīhi:

• कृष्णव्रीहि - kṛṣnavrīhi m.
• पाटल - pāṭala m.
• कुक्कुटाण्डक - kukkuṭāṇḍaka m.
• शालमुख - śālamukha m.
• जतुमुख - jatumukha m.

Abb.: व्रीहिः । Oryza sativa L. 1753 - Reis - Rice
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Barley."

सितशूक - sitaśūka m.: "weißgrannig", Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L. 1753)

"HORDEUM HEXASTICHUM, Linn. Fig.—Duthie, Fodder Grasses of N. India, PL F, f. 32. Barley Hab.—Western temperate Asia. Cultivated in the N.-W. Provinces of India, [...] History Uses, &C.—Indra in the Rig-Veda is called durah yavasya, "the giver of the barley." At many Hindu ceremonies, such as the birth of a child, marriages, funerals, and in various sacrifices, barley is used. In the Atharva-Veda the rice and barley offered to the dead are prayed to to be propitious to them, and in the same Veda rice and barley are invoked for the cure of disease and deliverance from other evils: "Etau yakshmain vi bādhete; etan muñchato anhasas." Barley is symbolic of wealth and plenty; it is also a phallic emblem; Asvalāyana, in the first book of the Grihyasutra, says that in Vedic times, the wife when three months gone with child fasted; after her fast, her husband came to her with a pot of sour milk into which he threw two beans and a grain of barley, and whilst she was drinking it, he asked, "What drinkest thou ?" She, having drunk three times, replied, "I drink to the birth of a son." Nārāyana, in his Commentary on Asvalāyana, states that the two beans and the grain of barley represent the organs of generation. (De Gubernatis.) At the Yava-chaturthi, on the fourth day of the light half of the month Vaisākh, a sort of game is played in which people throw barley-meal over each other. Yava-sura, an intoxicating drink, is made from barley in Northern India. According to Bretschneider, barley is included among the five cereals, which, it is related in Chinese history, were sowed by the Emperor Shen-nung, who reigned about 2700 B.C. ; but it is not one of the five sorts of grain which are used at the ceremony of ploughing and sowing as now annually performed by the emperors of China. Theophrastus was acquainted with several sorts of barley (κριθη), and, among them, with the six-rowed kind or hexastichon, which is the species that is represented on the coins struck at Metapontum in Lucania between the 6th and 2nd centuries B.C. Barley is mentioned in the Bible as a plant of cultivation in Egypt and Syria, and must have been, among the ancient Hebrews, an important article of food, judging from the quantity allowed by Solomon to the servant of Hiram, king of Tyre (B.C. 1015). The tribute of barley paid to King Jotham by the Ammonites (B.C. 741) is also exactly recorded. The ancients were frequently in the practice of removing the hard integuments of barley by roasting it, and using the torrified grain as food. (Pharmacographia.) The Hindus employ barley in the dietary of the sick. It is chiefly used in the form of saktu or powder of the parched grain. Gruel prepared from saktu is said to be easily digested and to be useful in painful dyspepsia. In Europe, for use in medicine and as food for the sick, pearl-barley is always employed; this is the grain deprived of its husk by passing it between horizontal mill-stones, placed so far apart as to rub off the integuments without crushing it. Pearl-barley imported from Europe is obtainable in most Indian bazars. For an account of the economic uses of barley, we would refer the reader to an article by Dr. J. Murray in the Dict. Econ. Prod. of India (iv., p. 273). [...] Commerce.—The total yield of barley in British India does not exceed 50,000,000 cwts. In 1887-88 the total exports were 29,575 cwts., valued at Rs. 89,776, of which Bombay shipped 18,688 cwts., Bengal 6,873 cwts., and Sind 4,014 cwts., valued at Rs. 58,632, Rs. 20,556, and Rs. 10,588, respectively. The country which imported most largely was Persia, with 10,358 cwts.; following on which were, Arabia with 7,675 cwts , Ceylon with 7,539 cwts., and Aden, the United Kingdom, Zanzibar, and "other countries'' with insignificant quantities. (Diet. Econ. Prod. India, iv., p. 281.)" [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 615 - 618.]

2.15.43. Grüner Gerstenhalm

Colebrooke (1807): "Green or unripe barley."

2.15.44. Lathyrus sativus L. 1840 - Saat-Platterbse - Chickling Pea

Colebrooke (1807): "Peas. Some writers distinguish the three first terms as names of three kinds of pulse."

कलाय - kalāya m.: Lathyrus sativus L. 1840 - Saat-Platterbse - Chickling Pea

Abb.: कलायः । Lathyrus sativus L. 1840 - Saat-Platterbse - Chickling Pea
[Bildquelle: Botanical Magazine. -- Vol. 3-4 (1790/91). -- Pl. 114.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Sort of grain. Paspalum frumentaceum, Koen. or P. Kora, Willd."

कोरदूष - koradūṣa m.: "Gelenkverderber", Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 1767 - Kodo-Hirse - Kodo Millet

Abb.: कोरदूषः । Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 1767 - Kodo-Hirse - Kodo Millet
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Lentil. Ervum lens or Cicer lens."

मङ्गल्यक - maṅgalyaka m.: "Glückbringer", Lens culinaris Medik. 1787 - Gemüse-Linse - Lentil

Abb.: मङ्गल्यकः । Lens culinaris Medik. 1787 - Gemüse-Linse - Lentil
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Sort of kidney bean. Phaseolus lobatus [= Vigna hookeri Verdc. 1970]."

2.14.47b. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek 1954 - Mungbohne - Mungbean, Wildform

2.15.48. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. - Brauner Senf - Indian Mustard

Colebrooke (1807): "Mustard seed. Sinapis dichotoma, Roxb."

Andere: Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L. - Stoppelrübe - Field Mustard

"BRASSICA JUNCEA, H.f. and T. Fig.—Jacq. Vind. t. 171. Indian mustard Hab.—Cultivated universally. [...] History, Uses, &c.—One of the Sanskrit names for mustard is Āsuri or "the sorceress," because witches are detected by means of mustard oil. By lamplight several cups are filled with water and the oil dropped in, each cup bears the name of one of the suspected women, in the village, and if during the ceremony they observe that the oil takes the form of a woman in any of the cups, they conclude that the person whose name is on that cup is a witch. Mustard is also symbolic of fecundity; in the story of Gul-i-Bakawli, the nymph Bakawli is born again of a peasant woman who had eaten mustard oil extracted from seed grown upon the site of her disappearance. Mustard is mentioned by Greek writers as ναπυ and σινηπι, and appears to have been used by them as a medicine. There is reason to suppose that the Romans used it as a condiment and medicine. Cf. Pliny 19, 54 and 20, 87, who mentions three varieties. Fée identifies the slender-stemmed mustard of that writer with the Sinapis alba of Linnaeus, the mustard mentioned as having the leaves of rape he considers to be the Sinapis nigra, and that with the leaf of the rocket, the Sinapis erucoides of Linnaeus. Sanskrit writers call mustard seeds Sarshapa and notice two kinds, sidhartha or white mustard (B. campestris), and rajika or brown mustard (probably B. juncea). The first kind is almost exclusively used for the production of the expressed oil, while the brown or black mustards are preferred on account of their greater pungency as rubefacients and for internal administration. The expressed oil of mustard is largely used as an article of diet, and when applied to the skin is considered to keep it soft, cool, and clean, and to promote the growth of hair. In Bengal it is much used by males for rubbing over the body before bathing, females always using cocoanut oil, either plain or perfumed, for the same purpose. Internally the Hindus use mustard combined with other stimulants in dyspepsia and as an emetic; externally they use it in much the same way as we do in Europe, but with the addition of other drugs, most of them of doubtful efficacy. In the Concan the whole seeds, moistened in warm water and sprinkled with lime, are given as a remedy for dyspepsia. In the Makhzan-el-Adwiya three kinds of mustard are noticed. Wild mustard, with small round reddish brown seeds, and two sorts of cultivated mustard, the white and the red. The seeds of the latter are directed to be used for medicinal purposes ; they are described as large and not round. The Mahometans consider mustard to be hot and dry, and to have detergent and digestive properties; they prescribe it internally in many diseases in which they think such remedies are indicated; externally they apply it in a variety of ways as a stimulant and counter-irritant. The list of diseases in which it is recommended, and the method of application or administration in each is too long to reproduce here. (Cf. Makhzan, article Khardal.) Modern research has shown that essential oil of mustard has antiseptic properties and is destructive of bacteria; it is intensely irritant, and if taken internally would act as a powerful irritant poison. The seeds share its properties, and when powdered and mixed with water act upon the skin and mucous membranes as a stimulant of the circulation, causing heat, redness and pain if the application is short, but vesication and much irritation if too prolonged. It is therefore a most valuable counter-irritant in neuralgic pains and internal congestions. Applied as a hip bath it acts as an indirect emmenagogue by stimulating the circulation. Given internally to the extent of a heaped dessert spoonful in a pint of warm water or gruel, mustard flour acts rapidly as an emetic through its irritant action on the mucous membrane of the stomach, and is therefore useful when narcotics have been taken in poisonous doses. In small doses mustard flour is carminative and sialagogue, and promotes digestion by increasing the flow of saliva and gastric juice. The seeds act in the same way, but owing to their mucilaginous coating the action is more prolonged and milder. During excretion mustard irritates the kidneys and causes diuresis. Description.—Four kinds of mustard are generally to be found in the Indian market, namely, 1st, Karachi mustard, B. nigra, var (?)—Globular, of a dark brown colour, surface rough, generally covered with a white pellicle, giving the seeds a grey colour; size about 1/16 of an inch in diameter. 2nd, B. nigra—Seeds globular, dark reddish brown, clean and bright; size about of an inch in diameter; surface rough, but less so than that of the 1st kind. 3rd, B, juncea—Seeds oblong, light reddish brown, clean and bright; length 1/12 of an inch; surface does not appear rough unless magnified. 4tht B. campestris—Seeds very slightly oblong, yellow, or reddish brown, clean and bright; diameter 1/12 of an inch or more; surface smooth to the naked eye, but seen to be finely reticulated under a magnifying glass. The third kind is preferred by the natives, and may be considered the officinal mustard of India; it has a very bright rich yellow colour when powdered." [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 123ff.]

"INDIAN MUSTARDS (BRASSICA JUNCEA, B. CAMPESTRIS AND B. NAPUS). The Bengal mustards have been studied closely by Major Prain, and according to him there are three distinct types of mustard, which may be distinguished thus : Indian mustard or Rai, the Sinapis ramosa of Roxburgh and Brassica Juncea of Hooker and Thomson. Indian Colza or Sarson, the swet-rai of Central Bengal, very tall, grown all over Bengal except Chittagong (plants resembling turnip or swede), the Sinapis glauca of Roxburgh, and Brassica campestris, sub-species genuina, variety glauca of Hooker and Thomson. Indian Rape or Tori, the Sorshe of Central Bengal, the Sinapis dichotoma of Roxburgh, and Brassica campestris, sub-species napus, variety dichotoma of Hooker and Thomson. 356. Besides these staple varieties, there are some others also cultivated in some parts of Bengal, e.g. Brassica trilocularis (Ulti Sarson), which is unlike ordinary sarson only in having pendent pods; Brassica quadrivalvis which is a variety of Sarson which has four rows of seed instead of two ; Brassica rugosa, Prain, or the Kalimpang rai ; Brassica rugosa, var. Cuneifolia, Prain, grown by Cacharis and Rajbansis throughout Upper Bengal and Assam ; Brassica Chinensis or China Cabbage may be also regarded as a mustard.  Indeed Turnip, Cabbage and Cauliflower are botanically closely allied to mustard, all of which are included under the genus Brassica of Linnaeus. 357. The black and white mustards (Brassica nigra and alba) of Europe are not grown in Bengal. It is from these that the mustard of European condiment and hospital poultice, are obtained. The oil of these mustards, though very useful medicinally as a very strong antiseptic, is not so suitable for food as the oil of Indian mustards, though the meal of European mustards is a better condiment. 358. First, Rai, Lahi, Li, or Raichi-rai is grown in all the Divisions of Bengal except Chhota-Nagpur, where it is practically unknown, except in Singhbhum. It is easily recognised by having none of its leaves stem-clasping, and after reaping, its seeds, which are brown, can be readily distinguished from those of Tori or Indian rape, by their small size, and their being distinctly reddish brown all over. From Sarson which has white seeds, or, as occasionally happens, brown seeds, it is easily distinguished.  Sarson seeds are always considerably, often very much, larger, and even when brown, have the seed-coat smooth. There are three sub- races of Rai, a tall late kind and two shorter earlier kinds, one of these latter roughing with bristly hairs, the other smooth with darker coloured stems. The taller sub-race is quite absent from Chhota-Nagpur and from Tippera and Chittagong. The shorter sub-races are quite absent from Orissa and are absent from North Bengal, except Tippera. Rai or Rai-shorshe is called chhota-sarisha in Orissa, because the seeds are small. 359. Second, Tori, Latni (Chhota Nagpur) and Sarisha or shorshe (Indian rape) is next in importance to Rai, and it is grown in every district in Bengal except perhaps Saran and Shahabad. It is easily distinguished from Rai by its stem-clasping leaves and its small size. When reaped the seed is recognised as being larger, though of the same colour, and by having a paler spot at the base of the seed ; the seed-coat too is only slightly rough. From Sarson or Indian Colza it is easily distinguished by its smaller size and by its leaves, though stem-clasping, as in Sarson, being less lobed and having much less bloom. The seeds of Tori and ordinary Sarson are much of the same size, but as a rule the seed of Sarson in Bengal is white. When Sarson seeds are brown they are of an amber colour and they have no paler spot. The seed-coat is smooth. The seeds of Sarson are sometimes considerably larger than those of Tori. When this is the case the two are easily distinguished. There are two kinds of Tori, a taller, rather later, and a shorter, and very early kind which is the commoner variety. Both kinds however ripen well ahead of any Rai or any Sarson. The earlier kind of Tori probably does not occur in North-West Tirhut and the later kind is unknown in Eastern Bengal and Chittagong ; with these exceptions both sorts prevail throughout Bengal. 360. Third, Sarson or Indian Colza, the shweti shorshe or simply shweti of Bengal, and Ganga-toria of Orissa, occur in every district except Chittagong, where it is replaced by a different mustard. It is easily distinguished from Rai by its stem-clasping leaves, and from Tori by the greater amount of bloom on its foliage, by its taller stature, its more rigid habit and its thicker and plumper pods. When reaped the seeds are distinguished by their usually white colour; when brown the seeds are distinguished -readily from those of Rai by the larger size, and the smooth seed coat, and from those of Tori by their being of a lighter brown, and by not having a paler spot at the base of the seed. There are two races of sarson, one with erect pods, the Natwa Sarson or Sarson proper and one with pendent pods or Tero Sarson. Each race has two distinct sub-races, one with 2-valved and the other with 3 to 4-valved pods. The forms with hanging pods are not common except in northern Bengal and eastern Tirhut (Purnea), the sub-race with 2-valed pods being almost confined to this area. But the 4-valved kind extends sparingly throughout western Tirhut and crossing the Ganges spreads southwards through southwest Bihar and western Chhotanagpore. The forms with erect pods occur all over Bengal ; the 2-valved subrace, however, is not much grown in Bihar. The 4-valved subrace occupies west Tirhut and west Bihar and extends in a southwest direction to Midnapore. It is also grown in northern and north-eastern Bengal. Roughly speaking, the 2-valved erect Sarson is grown chiefly in Chhotanagpore, Orissa, and in west, central and east Bengal ; the 4-valved erect Sarson is grown chiefly in west Bihar and north Bengal ; and the pendent Sarson occurs in the area to the north of the Ganges beyond the region occupied by the 4-valved Sarson. 361. Fourth, the Chittagong mustard, which is closely allied to European colza. 362. Fifth, the Nepalese mustard, which is the same as the Cabbage-mustard of the Chinese cultivator. 363. Sixth, the China cabbage which is quite distinct from the last has been only lately introduced into Bengal jails. 364. Seventh, Eruca sativa or Taramani (Tiramira) is commonly confounded with mustard. It also belongs to the natural order, Cruciferae and tribe brassiceae. The seeds are compressed and light reddish brown in colour. 365. Tori or Sorshe and Sarson or Swet sorshe are usually sown with wheat or barley, or in gardens with carrots and Ramdana (Amaranth), while Rai is usually grown by itself. They are sown in September i.e., 6 weeks to 2 months before the regular rabi sowings. The sowing of rai is done earlier and it is harvested in February or March, while sarson and tori are sown and harvested later. There are however early and late varieties of all the three crops. When tori or sarson is sown with wheat or barley at the rate of 1½ lbs., per acre, the produce is only 1½ to 2 maunds per acre. Sown by itself, at the rate of 4 to 6 Ibs. per acre, the produce is 4 to 6 maunds. Rai is usually sown at 3 Ibs. per acre and peas are sown afterwards on the same land. Grown in this way the outturn per acre of rai is 3 to 4 maunds. Grown by itself, without peas, scarcely any higher yield is obtained. Rai seed yields less oil than sorshe and shweti-sorshe seeds. In the former case the yield is 10 seers per maund and in the latter 13 to 14 seers. All the three varieties of mustard are sometimes grown as a green manure and sometimes for green fodder only, the plants being cut and given to cattle in January and February, i.e. when they are just in flower. Sometimes a crop of mustard is ploughed in as manure, but this form of green manuring has no such special merit as the ploughing in of dhaincha, sunnhemp, indigo, or barbati." [Quelle: Mukerji, Nitya Gopal: Handbook of Indian agriculture. -- Calcutta, 1901. -- S. 268 - 272.]

2.15.49. Brassica rapa L. subsp. trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt 1986 - Indischer Rübsen - Indian Colza

Colebrooke (1807): "The white sort. Sinapis glauca, Roxb."

2.15.50. Triticum spp. L. 1753 - Weizen - Wheat

Colebrooke (1807): "Wheat."

"TRITICUM SATIVUM, Lam. Fig.—Bentl. and Trim., t. 294. Wheat {Eng.) Hab. —The Euphrates region. Cultivated in N.-W. India, the Central Provinces, and Bombay. [...] History, Uses, &c.—Wheat, as the most important of the cereals, has given rise to numerous myths, for an account of which we cannot do better than refer the reader to the late Dr. W. Mannhardt's learned monograph Die Komendämonen (Berlin, 1868). In the myth of Persephone-kora, daughter of Zeus, the god of the heavens, which by their warmth and rain produce fertility, and of Dimeter or Ceres, the maternal goddess of the fertile earth, we perceive that she was conceived as a divine personification of this grain, in summer appearing beside her mother in the light of the upper world, but in the autumn disappearing, and in winter passing her time, like the seed under the earth, with the god of the lower world. As a pendant to the Greek myth, we have the Indian myth of Sita or "the Furrow," husbandry personified, and apparently once worshipped as a kind of goddess. In the Rig-Veda Sita is invoked as a deity presiding over Agriculture, and appears to be associated with Indra. In the Vajananeya, Sita "the Furrow" is personified and addressed, four furrows being required to be drawn at the ceremony when certain stanzas are recited. Sita is so named because she was fabled to have sprung from a furrow made by her father Janaka while ploughing the ground to prepare it for a sacrifice instituted by him to obtain progeny, whence her epithet Ayonija "not womb-born." (Of course, these myths are more or less applicable to all food-grains.) Wheat was used in sacrifice by the Greeks and Romans, and by the Hindus in Vedic times, as an emblem of fertility; it was poured upon the bride at the marriage ceremony, and in Northern India, wheat, millet and rice are still used on such occasions. Wheat, as the most important food-grain, is frequently mentioned by Hippocrates, who calls it πυρος and mentions three kinds; Pliny also describes several kinds of Triticum. Sanskrit medical writers also mention three kinds of wheat, namely, Mahāgodhuma or large-grained, Madhuli or small-grained, and Nihsuki or beardless; they consider it to be the most nutritive of the food-grains, but not so easily digested as rice. Many varieties of wheat are cultivated in India, and through careless cultivation there is much mixture in the samples brought to market. A number of samples purchased by one of us in the Bombay market and sent to Australia for trial, were, on careful cultivation, found to be all mixed, some of them producing five or six distinct varieties. Indian wheats may be divided roughly into two classes, soft and hard, the former being mostly used for bread-making, and the latter for making a kind of vermicelli and certain other preparations used by the natives. Amongst the Hindus, owing to caste distinctions, the whole process of grinding the corn, separating the flour and making it into cakes, is usually performed by the women of the house, consequently the demand for ready-made flour is limited to the supply of the non-Hindu population, and some of the less particular Hindu castes. In the Indian process of making flour, the wheat, after cleaning, is placed upon a table and thoroughly wetted and the water allowed to drain from it during the night. The next morning, the still moist grain is ground in hand-mills by women. It is then sifted, and as much fine flour and rawa or suji (the heart of the grain) as can be obtained are laid aside. The remainder termed "naka" is again ground in a more powerful mill and an inferior kind of rawa obtained from it. The residue after a third grinding yields a coarse flour and bran. The bazar-made bread is of two kinds, that used by the Mahometans and known as Nān, which is in thin cakes, and loaf-bread introduced by the Portuguese. The former is similar to the bread used in all Mahometan countries, the latter is made with 60 parts fine rawa, 20 second sort or naka rawa, and 20 of first sort flour. A second or inferior kind of bread is also sold. The barm or yeast in use is, where obtainable, the fermenting juice of the palm, elsewhere an artificial barm is prepared. In some of the large towns a loaf-bread is now made by- Brahmins for the use of the Hindu population, but its use is very limited. In Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, flour and bread made as in Europe is obtainable, and is gradually taking the place of the Portuguese article. Fine flour is also imported from Europe and America, as the excessive proportion of gluten in Indian flour renders it unsuitable for use in making pastry. Wheaten flour is often used as a dusting-powder to allay the heat and pain of local inflammations, such as burns, scalds, &c., but it is inferior for such purposes to powdered starch. In America an uncooked paste made of the flour has been used with success in diarrhoea. In India flour is much used by the natives for making poultices." [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 607ff.]

2.15.51. Saure Absonderung von Feldfrüchten und anderen Früchten

Colebrooke (1807): "Half ripe barley. Interpretations differ : some make this awnless barley ; others forced rice (Bor) ; others again, different species of Phaseolus (Rājamāṣa), or of Dolichs (Kulattha)."

2.15.52. Cicer arietinum L. 1753 - Kichererbse - Chick Pea

Colebrooke (1807): "Chich pea. Cicer arietinum. Some erroneously make these synonymous with the preceding ; others, with Cīnaka, Pnaicum pilosum, Roxb."

"CICER ARIETINUM, Linn. Fig .— Wight Ic. t. 20; Bot. Mag., t. 2274. Common Chickpea Hab.—Unknown. Cultivated in warm 'climates. The seeds and acid exudation. [...] History, Uses, &c.—This pulse is the Cicer of the Romans. Plautus and Horace speak of 'Cicer frictum,' 'parched gram,' which would appear to have been eaten by the poorer classes just as it is in India now. The Italians call it 'Cece.' The plant is cultivated in the south of Europe and also in India, the leaves and stems are covered with glandular hairs containing oxalic acid, which exudes from them in hot weather and hangs in drops, ultimately forming crystals. In India the seeds form one of the favourite pulses of the natives, being eaten raw or cooked in a variety of ways; the flour is also much used as a cosmetic and in cookery. Cicer is the ερεβινθος of Dioscorides. The acid liquid, which is obtained by collecting the dew from the Chanaka plant, is mentioned in Sanskrit works under the name of Chanakāmla, and is described as a kind of vinegar having acid and astringent properties, which is useful in dyspepsia, indigestion, and costiveness. Moidīfn Sheriff gives the following description of its collection:—"In a great many parts of India, where C. arietinum is cultivated, a piece of thin and clean cloth is tied to the end of a stick, and the plants are brushed with it early in the morning, so as to absorb the dew, which is then wrung out into a vessel." Dr. Hové (1787) says:—"On the road (to Dholka) we met with numerous woman who gathered the dew of the grain, called by the inhabitants chana, by spreading white calico cloths over the plant, which was about 2 feet high, and then drained it out into small hand jars. They told me that in a short period it becomes an acid, which they use instead of vinegar, and that it makes a pleasant beverage in the hot season when mixed with water." Dr. Hové states that the freshly collected fluid tasted like soft water, but that some which he preserved became after some days strongly acid. According to Dr. Walker (Bomb. Med. Phys. Trans., 1840, p. 67), the fresh plant put into hot water is used by the Portuguese in the Deccan in the treatment of dysmenorrhea; the patient sits over the steam. He remarks this is only another way of steaming with vinegar. Notices of the acid liquid, its uses by the natives, and mode of collection, are given by Dr. Christie (Madras Lit. Sci. Journ., Vol. IV., p. 476); Dr. Heyne (Tracts, p. 28); Ainslie (Mat. Ind., Vol. II., p. 56)." [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 486ff.]

2.15.53. Unfruchtbarer Sesam / Wild-Sesam - Sesamum indicum L. 1753 - Sesame

Colebrooke (1807): "Barren sesamum. Bearing no blossom : or its seed containing no oil."

"SESAMUM INDICUM, DC. Fig .— Wight III., t. 163; Bot. Mag., t. 1688; Bentl and Trim., t. 198. Sesame (Eng.) Hab.—Throughout the warmer parts of India, cultivated. The leaves, seeds r and oil. [...] History, Uses, &c.—In Hindu mythology Sesamum seed is symbolic of immortality. According to the "Brahma purana," Tila was created by Yama, the " king of death," after prolonged penance. The Grihyasutra of Āśvalāyana directs that in funeral ceremonies in honour of the dead, Sesamum seeds be placed in the three sacrificial vessels containing Kusa grass and holy water, with the following prayer : "O Tila, sacred to Soma, created by the gods during the Gosava (the cow-sacrifice, not now permitted), used by the ancients in sacrifice, gladden the dead, these worlds and us!" Sesamum seeds with rice and honey are used in preparing the funereal cakes called Pindas, which are offered to the Manes in the Sraddh ceremony by the Sapindas "or relations" of the deceased. On certain festivals six acts are performed with Sesamum seeds, as an expiatory ceremony of great efficacy, by which the Hindus hope to obtain delivery from sin, poverty, and other evils, and secure a place in Indra's heaven. These acts are, tilodvarti, "bathing in water containing the seeds" ; tilasnayi, "anointing the body with the pounded seeds" ; tilahomi, "making a burnt offering of the seeds" ; tilaprada, "offering the seeds to the dead"; tilabhuj, "eating the seeds"; and tilavapi, "throwing out the seeds." Water and Sesamum seeds are offered to the Manes of the deceased. In the first act of Sakuntala this practice (called Til-anjli) is alluded to by the anchorite's daughter in love with King Dushyanta, when she tells her companions that if they do not give their assistance, they will soon have to offer her water and Sesamum seeds. (De Gubernatis.) In proverbial language a grain of Sesamum signifies the least quantity of anything—Til chor so bajjar chor, "who steals a grain will steal a sack" ; Til til ka hisab, "to exact the uttermost farthing." A worthless person is compared to wild Sesamum (Jartila, Sans.) which yields no oil—In tilon men tel nahin, "there is no good in him." Dutt remarks:—"The word Taila, the Sanskrit for oil, is derived fromTila; it would therefore seem that Sesamum oil was one of the first, if not the first oil manufactured from oil-seeds by the ancient Hindus. The Bhavaprakasa describes three varieties of Til seeds, namely, black, white, and red. Of these the black is regarded as the best suited for medicinal use; it yields also the largest quantity of oil. White Til is of intermediate quality. Til of red or other colours is said to be inferior and unfit for medicinal use. Sesamum seeds are used as an article of diet, being made into confectionery with sugar or ground into meal. Sesamum oil forms the basis of most of the fragrant or scented oils used by the natives for inunction before bathing, and of the medicated oils prepared with various vegetable drugs. It is preferred for these purposes from the circumstance of its being little liable to turn rancid or thick, and from its possessing no strong taste or odour of its own. Sesamum seeds are considered emollient, nourishing, tonic, diuretic, and lactagogue. They are said to be especially serviceable in piles, by regulating the bowels and removing constipation. A poultice made of the seeds is applied to ulcers. Both the seeds and the oil are used as demulcents in dysentery and urinary diseases in combination with other medicines of their class." (Mat. Med. of the Hindus, p. 216.) Mahometan writers describe the seed under the Arabic name of Simsim. In Africa it is called Juljulān, and in Persia Kunjad. The Mahometan bakers always sprinkle the seeds upon their bread, the sweetmeat-makers mix them with their sweets. The following Delhi street-cry indicates the properties attributed to them by the latter class of people: — "Til, tikhur, tisi, dana, Ghi, shakkar men sana, Khae buddha, hoe javana." "Sesamum, tikhur, and linseed, Butter and sugar, poppy seed, Old men it makes quite young with speed." (Fallon.) The oil, which is called in Arabic Duhn-el-hal, is used for the same purpose as olive oil is in Europe. Sesamum is considered fattening, emollient, and laxative. In decoction it is said to be emmenagogue; the same preparation sweetened with sugar is prescribed in cough; a compound decoction with linseed is used as an aphrodisiac; a plaster made of the ground seeds is applied to burns, scalds, &c.; a lotion made from the leaves is used as a hair-wash, and is supposed to promote the growth of the hair and make it black; a decoction of the root is said to have the same properties; a powder made from the roasted and decorticated seed is called Rāhishi in Arabic and Arwah-i-Kunjad in Persian; it is used as an emollient, both externally and internally. Sesamum (σησαμον) is frequently mentioned by Greek and Latin authors. Lucian (Pisc. 41) speaks of a σησαμαιος πλχους: this was probably similar to the til ka laddu of India. Sesame oil was an export from Sind to Europe, by way of the Red Sea, in the days of Pliny. In the Middle Ages the plant was known as Suseman or Sempsen, a corruption of the Arabic Simsin or Samsim. It is now called by Europeans, both in India and Europe, Jinjili, Jugeoline, Gigeri, Gengeli, or Gingelly, which appear to be corruptions of the word Juljulān. The oil is one of the most valuable of Indian vegetable oils; it keeps for a long time without becoming rancid, and is produced in large quantities in almost every part of the Peninsula. The following mode of preparation is described in the Jury reports of the Madras Exhibition:—"The method sometimes adopted is that of throwing the fresh seeds, without any cleansing process, into the common mill, and expressing in the usual way. The oil thus becomes mixed with a large portion of the colouring matter of the epidermis of the seed, and is neither so pleasant to the eye nor so agreeable to the taste as that obtained by first repeatedly washing the seeds in cold water, or by boiling them for a short time, until the whole of the reddish-brown colouring matter is removed and the seeds have become perfectly white. They are then dried in the. sun, and the oil expressed as usual. The process yields from 40 to 44 per cent, of a very pale straw-coloured sweet-smelling oil, an excellent substitute for olive oil." Hydraulic presses are now in use in the more civilized parts of India for extracting the oil, but have as yet by no means superseded the native oil mill. Sesamum oil may be used for plaster-making, but it takes more oxide of lead than groundnut oil, and does not make so light-coloured or so hard a plaster. After a prolonged trial at the Government Medical Store Department in Bombay, its use was abandoned in favour of the latter oil for the following reasons:—The rolls of Sesame oil plaster soften in hot weather. The plaster has a disagreeable odour. It darkens in colour when kept for any time. For liniments and ointments, except Ung. Hydr. Nitratis, it appears to be a perfectly satisfactory substitute for olive oil. F. H. Alcock (Pharm. Joum. [3], xv., 282) recommends its use in making Lin. Ammoniae B. P. Sesame or Benne leaves, preferably in the fresh state, are much used in America as a demulcent in disorders of the bowels; they yield an abundant mucilage." [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 26 - 30.]

2.15.54. Brassica juncea subsp. juncea - Black Mustard

Colebrooke (1807): "Black mustard. Sinapis Ramosa, Roxb."

Colebrooke (1807): "Panick seed. Panicum Italicum."

कङ्गु - kaṅgu f.: Setaria italica P. Beauv. 1812 - Kolbenhirse - Italian Millet

Abb.: कङ्गुः । Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. 1812 - Kolbenhirse - Italian Millet
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Lin ; and linseed. Linum usitatissimum. Some confound it with Sanā (Crotalaria Juncea)."

अतसी - atasī f.: Linum usitatissimum L. 1753 - Saat-Lein - Flax, Linseed

"LINUM USITATISSIMUM, Linn. Fig.—Bentl. and Trim., t. 39. Common Flax Hab.—Egypt. Cultivated in India. The seeds and oil. [...] History, Uses, &c. —Linseed, called in Sanskrit Atasī, appears to have been but little used as a medicine by the Hindus. The Mahometans have paid more attention to the plant; they consider it to be cold and dry, and that clothes made with the fibre cool the body and lessen perspiration; they recommend fumigation with the smoke for colds in the head and hysteria, and use the tinder to staunch haemorrhages. Sherriff says if you wish to become thin wear washed linen clothes in the summer but not in winter. The flowers are said to be cardiacal, the seeds aphrodisiacal, and hot and dry. Linseed poultice is recommended for gouty and rheumatic swellings; as an emollient the mucilage is dropped into the eye; with honey it is prescribed in coughs and colds. The roasted seeds are said to be astringent. In Western India, the unripe fruit is used as a vegetable. Flückiger and Hanbury in their Pharmacngraphia (p. 89) give a summary of the history of the plant in the West, and trace its use back to the 23rd century, B. C. It is the λινον of Dioscorides and the Linum of Pliny. Gallesky (1707) strongly advocated the use of Linseed oil in painter's colic and other spasmodic affections of the bowels. In modern medicine Linseed tea is much used as a demulcent drink in cough depending upon an irritated and inflamed condition of the pharynx and upper part of the respiratory passages. It is also useful in irritation of the intestinal canal and urinary passages. The meal is one of our best poultice materials. The oil with an equal part of lime water forms the well known application for burns and scalds called Carron oil, and is also given internally as an aperient in piles, dose two ounces, morning and evening. Formerly the oil boiled to the consistence of caoutchouc was Used for the manufacture of bougies, catheters, and elastic probes. By interrupting the burning linseed oil by covering the boiler, there remains a brown turpentine-like substance; the so-called birdlime. (Brannt.)" [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 1. -- London, 1890. -- S. 239f.]

"Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) N. O. Linaceae. Common Flax [...] Description.—Annual, [...] flowers blue. Fl. Dec.—Feb. W. & A. Prod. i. 134—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100. Neilgherries. Cultivated in Northern India. Medical Uses.—An oil is expressed from the seeds without heat As the oil made in India has not the full drying properties of that prepared in Europe, a considerable quantity of the seeds is imported. This arises from the Indian seeds being mixed with those of mustard, with which they are grown, the mixture deteriorating the quality of the oil. The oil-cake made from the seeds after the expression of the oil is very fattening food for cattle. Linseed-meal is the cake coarsely pulverised, and is used for making emollient poultices. European practitioners in this country consider linseed a valuable demulcent, according to Ainslie, and is useful in diarrhoea, catarrh, dysentery, and visceral obstructions. A decoction of the seeds forms an excellent enema in abrasion of the intestines. The meal of the seeds is used for cataplasms; the oil mixed with lime-water (carron oil) has been a favourable application to burns and scalds. Linseed-oil is one of the chief ingredients in oil varnishes and painters' inks; by boiling with litharge its drying properties are much improved. The inferior seeds which are not sufficiently good for oil are boiled and made into a flax-seed jelly, esteemed an excellent nutriment for stock. Linseed contains 1-5th of mucilage, 1-6th of fixed oil. The former resides entirely in the skin, and is separated by infusion or decoction, the latter by expression.—Simmonds. Ainslie. Economic Uses.—The native country of the flax-plant is unknown, though it has been considered as indigenous to Central Asia, from whence it has spread to Europe, as well as to the surrounding Oriental countries. For centuries it has been cultivated in India, though, strange to say, for its seeds alone ; whereas in Europe it is chiefly sown for the sake of its fibres. The best flax comes from Russia, Belgium, and of late years from Ireland, where it has been cultivated with the greatest success. Much attention has lately been directed to the sowing of the flax-plant in India for the sake of the fibres; and although the experiments hitherto made have not in every case met with that success which was anticipated, yet there seems little reason to doubt that when the causes of the failure are well ascertained, and the apparent difficulties overcome, that flax will be as profitably cultivated on the continent of India as it is in Europe; while European cultivators must eventually supersede the ryots, whose obstinate prejudice to the introduction of novelty is fatal to any improvement at their hands. As their object is solely to plant for the seeds alone, they generally mix the latter with other crops, usually mustard, a system which could never be persisted in when the object is for fibres. Among those parts of India where flax has best succeeded may be mentioned the Saugor and Nerbudda territories, Burdwan and Jubbulpore. In the former districts especially the rich soil and temperate climate are peculiarly favourable for its growth. In the Punjaub also its cultivation has been attended with the most successful results, as appears from the report of Dr Jamieson, who says: "For some years I have been cultivating flax on a small scale, from seeds procured from Russia, and its fibres have been pronounced by parties in Calcutta of a very superior description. There is nothing to prevent this country from supplying both flax and hemp on a vast scale. In the Punjaub thousands of acres are available; and from the means of producing both flax and hemp, this part of India will always be able to compete with other countries." In the Madras Presidency it has been grown with the best results on the Neilgherries and Shevaroy Hills, near Salem ; and it would probably succeed equally well wherever the temperature is low, accompanied with considerable moisture in the atmosphere. The chief reason of the failures of the crops in Bengal and Behar was owing to the want of sufficient moisture after the cessation of the rains during the growth of the plant. In the Bombay Presidency it has been grown for the seeds alone. In India the time of sowing is the autumn. The soil should be of that character which retains its moisture, though not in an excessive degree. If not rich, manure must be amply supplied, and the plant kept free from all weeds. The best seeds procurable should be selected, of which the Dutch and American are reckoned superior for this country. Dr Roxburgh was the first who attempted the cultivation of flax in India. In the early part of this century he had an experimental farm in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. Since his day the improvements which have taken place, resulting from extended observation and experience, have of course been very great, and specimens of flax which have been sent from Calcutta to the United Kingdom have been valued at rates varying from £30 to £60 a-ton. The following information on the mode of the culture of flax in India is selected from a report made by Mr Denreef, a Belgian farmer, whose practical experience in this country enabled him to be a correct judge, and whose report is printed entire in the Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of Bengal. Such portions of land as are annually renewed by the overflowing of the Ganges, or which are fresh and rich, are the best adapted for the cultivation of flax. After the earth has been turned up twice or thrice with the Indian plough, it must be rolled; because without the aid of the roller the large clods cannot be reduced, and the land rendered fine enough to receive the seed. The employment of the roller, both before and after sowing, hardens the surface of the earth, by which the moisture of the soil is better preserved, and more sheltered from the heat of the sun. About and near Calcutta, where manure can be obtained in great abundance for the trouble of collecting it, flax may be produced of as good a quality as in any part of Europe. Manure is the mainspring of cultivation. It would certainly be the better, if the earth be well manured, to sow first of all either Sunn (Indian hemp), or hemp, or rice, or any other rainy-season crop; and when this has been reaped, then to sow the flax. The tillage of the land by means of the spade (mamoty) used by the natives (a method which is far preferable to the labour of the plough), with a little manure and watering at proper seasons, will yield double the produce obtainable from land tilled without manure and irrigation. The proper time to sow the flax in India is from the beginning of October until the 20th of November, according to the state of the soil. The culture must be performed, if possible, some time before the soil The flax which I have sown in November was generally much finer and much longer than that sown in the former month, which I attributed to the greater fall of dew during the time it was growing. The quantity of country seed required to the Bengal beega is twenty seers, but only fifteen seers of the foreign seed, because it is much smaller and produces larger stalks. The latter should be preferred; it is not only more productive in flax, but, owing to the tenderness of its stalks, it can be dressed much more easily. The flax must be pulled up by the roots before it is ripe, and while the outer bark is in a state of fusibility. This is easily known by the lower part of the stalks becoming yellow; the fusion or disappearing of the outer bark is effected during the steeping, which may be fixed according to the temperature; say, in December at six days, in January five, in February four days, and less time during the hot season. The steeping is made a day after the pulling, when the seed is separated, and then the stalks are loosely bound in small sheaves, in the same way as the Sunn. The Indians understand this business very well, but in taking the flax out of the water it should be handled softly and with great care, on account of the tenderness of its fibres. When it is newly taken out, it should be left on the side of the steeping-pit for four hours, or until the draining of its water has ceased. It is then spread out with the root-ends even turned once, and when dry it is fit for dressing or to be stapled. To save the seed, the capsules, after they are separated from the stalks, should be put in heaps to ferment from twenty-four to thirty hours, and then dried slowly in the sun to acquire their ripeness. When flax is cultivated for the seed alone, the country flax should be preferred. Six seers per beega are sufficient for the sowing. It should be sown very early in October, and taken up, a little before perfect ripeness, by its roots, separately, when it is mixed with mustard seeds: the flax seed, being intended for the purpose of drying oil, is greatly injured by being mixed with mustard seed, by which mixture its drying qualities are much deteriorated. The oil which is procured from the seeds, and known as Linseed oil, is obtained in two ways—either cold drawn, when it is of a pale colour, or by the application of heat at a temperature of not less than 200°. This latter is of a deeper yellow or brownish colour, and is disagreeable in its odour. One bushel of East Indian seeds will yield 14¾ lb. of oil; of English seeds, from 10 to 12 lb. Nearly 100,000 quarters of seeds are annually exported to Great Britain for the sake of the oil they contain. Great quantities are also shipped from Bombay, where the plant is cultivated for the sake of its seeds alone. The export of linseed from Bombay, says Dr Royle, is now estimated at an annual value of four lacs of rupees.—Simmonds. Ainslie. Lindley." [Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.15.57. Cannabis sativa L. 1753 - Hanf - Hemp, Marijuana

Colebrooke (1807): "Hemp. Cannabis Sativa. But other interpretations are stated ; and some confound it with linseed, and others with Crotalaria."

Abb.: भङ्गा । Śiva im Bhang-Rausch, Shorapur - ಶೋರಾಪುರ, Karnataka, ca. 1800
[Bildquelle: Asian Curator at The San Diego Museum of Art. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/asianartsandiego/4837652551/. -- Zugriff am 2011-06-30. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Colebrooke (1807): "Chinā. Panicum pilosum, Roxb. But other interpretations are also given."

Abb.: अणुः । Panicum miliaceum L. 1753 - Echte Hirse - Common Millet
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Beard of corn."

"Eine Granne (auch Arista) (von ahd. grana, Barthaar) ist ein borsten- oder fadenförmiger, gewöhnlich etwas starrer Fortsatz an dem Ende oder auf dem Rücken eines Organs, oft gekrümmt und gekniet, nie aber rankenartig gewunden. Sie findet sich beispielsweise an den Spelzen vieler Süßgräser, an den Antheren der Ericaceen oder an den Früchten der Geraniaceen." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granne. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-02]

"Die Granne, plur. die -n, im gemeinen Leben Ober- und Niederdeutschlandes, eine Benennung einer jeden zarten biegsamen Spitze, dergleichen die langen scharfen Spitzen an den Fruchtähren, besonders an den Gerstenähren, welche in andern Gegenden Acheln und Gracheln heißen, (S. Agen,) die steifen Haare auf dem Rücken der Schweine, die Borsten, ingleichen die steifen Haare welche die Katzen und andere Thiere an dem Maule haben, die Tangeln oder Nadeln des Tangelholzes u.s.f. sind." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

Abb.: किंशारवः । Triticum spp. - Weizen - Wheat
[Bildquelle: O. W. Thomé, 1885]

2.15.60. Ähre, Rispe

Colebrooke (1807): "Ear or spike."

"Die Ähre, plur. die -n, Diminutiv. das Ährchen, der oberste Teil der Halmen an den Grasarten, besonders an den Getreidearten, welcher der Sitz der Blüte und des Samens ist." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

"Die Rispe, plur. die -n, an den Pflanzen, eine Art der Blumen, wenn dieselben an verlängerten Armen und Stielen, auf Stielchen von verschiedener Länge stehen, dergleichen z.B. der Hafer, die Hirse u.s.f. haben, Panicula L. bei andern ein Strauß; zum Unterschiede von einer Ähre, wo die Blumen in gewissen Reihen oder Zeilen an dem verzahnten Hauptstiele sitzen, und einer Kolbe, wo sie an dem Hauptstiele auf kurzen, dicht in einander gedrungenen und verdeckten Stielen fest stehen. In manchen Gegenden sind Rispe und Ähre gleichbedeutend." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

Eine Ähre (Spica) ist ein unverzweigter Blütenstand mit einer gestreckten Hauptachse, der Ährenspindel (Rhachis spicae). Ist diese Hauptachse fleischig verdickt, spricht man von einem Kolben (Spadix). Die Einzelblüten sitzen bei einer Ähre ungestielt an der Spindel. Bei den meisten Ähren blühen die untersten Blüten als erste auf (Basitonie). [...] Bei Süß- und Sauergräsern sitzen Ährchen anstelle der Einzelblüten. [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84hre. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-02] "Als Ährchen bezeichnet man in der Botanik einen Blütenstand, an dem in ährenartiger Anordnung die Blüten hinter Deckblättern, den Spelzen, sitzen. [...] Süßgräser Das Ährchen ist ein kleiner Blütenstand, der aus einer bis wenigen Blüten aufgebaut ist. Typisch ist die Abfolge vieler verschiedener Spelzen, trockenhäutiger Hüllen um die Blüten und später um die Samen. Am besten lässt sich der Aufbau von außen nach innen beschreiben: Abb.: Schema der Blüte eines Süßgrases [Bildquelle: Alfred / Wikipedia. -- Public domain] A: Das ganzen Ährchen wird von zwei, selten auch ein oder mehr, Hüllspelzen (Glumae) umgeben, die es je nach Größe mehr oder weniger komplett einhüllen. Die äußere Hüllspelze sitzt auf der Unterseite der Ährchenachse, die innere auf der Oberseite. Innerhalb der Hüllspelzen befinden sich in zweizeiliger Anordnung die einzelnen Blüten. Die Anzahl aller nachfolgenden Bauteile ist pro Blüte angegeben. B: Es folgt die Deckspelze (Palea inferior = untere oder Palea exterior = äußere Spelze), sie ist das Tragblatt, in deren Achsel die Blüte steht. C: An der Spitze trägt die Deckspelze oft eine steife Borste, die Granne. Bei den Hüllspelzen sind Grannen selten anzutreffen. 1: Die Vorspelze (Palea superior = obere oder Palea interior = innere Spelze) wird von zwei verwachsenen Blättern des äußeren Blütenblattkreises gebildet. 2: Der Ursprung der zwei, selten drei, Schwellkörper (Lodiculae) geht auf den inneren Blütenblattkreis zurück. 3: Durch das Anschwellen spreizen die Lodiculae die Spelzen auseinander, die Blüte öffnet sich und die Staubblätter kommen zum Vorschein. Das Ährchen ist nun erblüht und kann bestäubt werden. 4: Fruchtknoten 5: Narbe Als Blütchen bezeichnet man die Einheit aus Deckspelze, Vorspelze und eigentlicher Blüte. Wenn die Frucht herangewachsen ist, wird diese Einheit als Spelzfrucht bezeichnet.[1] Mehrere Ährchen sind wiederum zu Ähren oder Rispen an einer Hauptachse (Rachis) vereinigt. Sitzen die Ährchen einer Rispe sehr kurz an der Hauptachse, dann sieht sie wie eine Ähre aus und man spricht von einer Scheinähre." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84hrchen. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-02]

2.15.61. "Getreide"

Colebrooke (1807): "Corn or rice."

"Das Getreide, des -s, plur. von mehrern Arten, ut nom. sing. ein allgemeiner Ausdruck derjenigen Samen grasartiger Pflanzen, welche zu Brot oder Mehlspeise taugen, und welche man in Niedersachsen Korn, und in andern Gegenden auch nur κατ' εξοχƞν die Frucht zu nennen pfleget." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

"The large group of the minor cereals, which may be designated "millets," together constitute a more important crop than either rice or wheat, and are grown more extensively, being raised from Madras in the South to Rajputana in the North. They occupy about 83 per cent, of the food-grain area in Bombay and Sind ; 41 per cent, in the Punjab ; 39 per cent, in the Central Provinces ; and 34 per cent, in the North-West Provinces. The chief species are Great Millet, or joār (Sorghum vulgare [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 1794]) ; spiked or bulrush millet, bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 1810]) ; Ragi (Eleusine coracana) ; Italian millet (Setaria italica) ; and Chena (Panicum miliaceum). Besides these, other kinds are cultivated, such as Panicum miliare [Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. et Schult. 1817], and Paspalum scrobiculatum, while the grain of a few wild kinds is used in times of scarcity. The following table shows the number of acres in 1882-83 under two of the chief species of millet (Joār and Bājra) in five Provinces from which the returns are fairly complete : More recently, the total area under millets has been estimated at 33¼ million acres. As a rule the millets are all Kharif, or autumnal harvest crops, being generally sown in the early weeks of the monsoon, and in June or July, and reaped in October and November. Next in importance to the millets comes the group of the larger cereal grains. This includes wheat, rice, barley, and maize [erst nach der europäischen Entdeckung Amerikas]. The importance of the Indian wheats and of rice is discussed with some degree of fulness in the pages of the Handbook devoted to these cereals. While wheat approaches in composition that of a standard food, rice is very far from doing so, both in regard to albuminoids and mineral matters. Much more pulse for example, must be introduced into a rice diet than into one of wheat or into one of millet, in order that the chemical proportions of the several nutrients required for a perfect food may be reached. The chief methods of preparing or cooking the cereal grains for the food of man are mentioned under the heads of the several kinds to which they more particularly apply. (See, for example, under Rice, p. 73, Maize, p. 66, Bulrush-millet, p. 59.) The following table shows the number of acres, in 1882-83, under the two chief larger cereals, namely wheat and rice, in five Provinces where both crops are important and whence fairly complete returns have been obtained : As a general rule wheat and barley are Rabi, or winter harvest crops, being sown at the end of the monsoon and reaped between January and March." [Quelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886. -- S. 34ff.]

1. शालिधान्य - śālidhānya n.: Winterreis-Sorten
   • शालि - śāli: Oryza sativa L. 1753: Winterreis (siehe Vers 24c.)
2. व्रीहिधान्य - vrīhidhānya n.: Regenzeitreis-Sorten
   • व्रीहि - vrīhi: Oryza sativa L. 1753: Regenzeit-Reis (siehe Vers 15c.)
   • षष्टिक - ṣaṣṭika: Oryza sativa L. 1753: in 60 Tagen reifender Reis (siehe Vers 24d.)
3. शूकधान्य - śūkadhānya n.: Getreide mit Grannen
   • यव - yava m.: Hordeum vulgare L. 1753: Mehrzeilige Gerste, Saatgerste (siehe Vers 15d.)
   • गोधूम - godhūma m.: Triticum spp. L. 1753: Weizen (siehe Vers 18b.)
4. शिम्बिधान्य - śimbidhānya n.: Schotenfrüchte (Hülsenfrüchte)
   • मुद्ग - mudga m.: Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek 1954: Mungbohne (siehe Vers 17c.)
   • माष - māṣa m.: Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper 1956: Urdbohne
   • राजमाष - rājamāṣa m.: Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc. 1970: Katjangbohne
   • निष्पाव - niṣpāva m.: Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 1826: Lablab-Bohne, Faselbohne
   • मकुष्ठ - makuṣṭha m.: Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal 1969: Mattenbohne
   • मसूर - masūra m.: Lens culinaris Medik. 1787: Gemüse-Linse (siehe Vers 17a)
   • आढकी - āḍhakī f.: Cajanus cajan (L.) MIllsp. 1900: Katjangstrauch, Taubenerbse
   • चणक - caṇaka m.: Cicer arietinum L. 1753: Kichererbse (siehe Vers 18d.)
   • कलाय - kalāya m.: Lathyrus sativus L. 1840: Saat-Platterbse (siehe Vers 16)
   • त्रिपुट - tripuṭa m.: Pisum sativum subsp. sativum Arvense Grp.: Futter-Erbsen
   • कुलत्थ - kulattha m.: Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata: Augenbohne
   • तिल - tila: Sesamum indicum L. 1753: Sesam (siehe Vers 19a./b.)
   • अतसी - atasī f.: Linum usitatissimum L. 1753: Saat-Lein (siehe Vers 20b.)
   • तुवरी - tuvarī f.: Weiße Varietät von Eruca sativa Mill. 1768; Öl-Rauke, Rukola
   • सर्षप - sarṣapa m.: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. - Brauner Senf (siehe Vers 17c./d.)
   • राजिका - rājikā f.: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. subsp. juncea: Black Mustard (siehe Vers 19c./d.)
5. क्षुद्रधान्य - kṣudradhānya n.: Kleineres / unwerteres "Getreide"
   • कङ्गु - kaṅgu m.: Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. 1812: Kolbenhirse (siehe Vers 20a.)
   • चीनाक - cīnāka m.: Panicum miliaceum L. 1753: Echte Hirse, Gewöhnliche Rispenhirse (siehe Vers 20d.)
   • श्यामाक - śyāmāka m.: Echinochloa frumentacea Link 1827: Sawa-Hirse
   • कोद्रव - kodrava m.: Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 1767: Kodo-Hirse (siehe Vers 16d.)
   • चारुक - cāruka m.: Samen von Saccharum bengalense Retz. 1788: Tall Cane
   • वंशयव - vaṃśayava m.: Samen von Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss 1895: Dorn-Bambus
   • कुसुम्भ्बीज - kusumbhabīja n.: Samen von Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753: Färber-Distel
   • गवेधुका - gavedhukā f.: Coix lacryma-jobi L. 1753 - Hiobsträne (siehe Vers 25b.)
   • नीवार - nīvāra m.: Hygrorhyza aristata Nees 1833 (siehe Vers 25a.)
   • यावनाल - yāvanāla m.: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 1794 var. bicolor: Gewöhnliche Mohrenhirse

Colebrooke (1807): "Clump of grass, &c."

2.15.63. Stängel, Halm

Colebrooke (1807): "Stalk or culm."

2.15.64. Strohhalm

Colebrooke (1807): "Straw."

2.15.65. Spreu

Colebrooke (1807): "Chaff."

"Spreu, auch Kaff genannt, sind die beim Dreschen von Getreide abfallenden Spelzen und Hülsen, Grannen, Samenhüllen und Stengelteile." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreu. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-04]

"Die Spreu, plur. car. ein Collectivum, die ausgedroschenen und zerschlagenen Hülsen des Getreides und der Feldfrüchte zu bezeichnen, welche durch das Worfeln von den guten Körnern abgesondert werden, und bei dem Getreide zugleich mit den zerschlagenen Grannen oder Agen vermischet sind. Weizenspreu, Rockenspreu, Haberspreu, Gerstenspreu, Erbsenspreu, (worunter man die leeren Schalen der ausgedroschenen Erbsen verstehet), Hirsenspreu, Leinspreu, Hausspreu, u.s.f. " [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

"Beim Worfeln werden die gedroschenen Ähren mit flachen Korbschalen in die Luft geworfen. Das Verhältnis von Luftwiderstand zu Schwerkraft ist für die Getreidekörner erheblich kleiner als für die Spelzen und die Spreu. Seitlich wehender Wind trägt daher Spreu und Spelzen davon und nur das Korn fällt zurück auf den Korb." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worfeln. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-04]

2.15.66. Spelze

Colebrooke (1807): "Husk of rice or corn."

"Die Spêlze, plur. die -en, ein Wort, welches eigentlich eine Spitze, und besonders ein durch das Spalten entstandenes spitziges Ding bedeutet, aber nur in einem eingeschränkten Verstande üblich ist, da die durch das Dreschen gespaltenen spitzigen Hülsen der Getreidefrüchte, welche einen Teil der Spreu ausmachen, Spelzen oder Spalzen genannt werden, worunter man zuweilen auch wohl die im Dreschen zerschlagenen Grannen oder Acheln der Ähren verstehet. In der Botanik hingegen sind die Spelzen die zwei kleinen spitzigen Blätter, welche die innere Blumendecke, Corolla, der Blumen ausmachen, und woran be1 den Grasarten gemeiniglich die Grannen befestiget sind." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.67. Granne

Colebrooke (1807): "An awn."

"Die Granne, plur. die -n, im gemeinen Leben Ober- und Niederdeutschlandes, eine Benennung einer jeden zarten biegsamen Spitze, dergleichen die langen scharfen Spitzen an den Fruchtähren, besonders an den Gerstenähren, welche in andern Gegenden Acheln und Gracheln heißen, (S. Agen,) die steifen Haare auf dem Rücken der Schweine, die Borsten, ingleichen die steifen Haare welche die Katzen und andere Thiere an dem Maule haben, die Tangeln oder Nadeln des Tangelholzes u.s.f. sind." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.68. Hülse ("Schote")

Colebrooke (1807): "A legume or pod."

"Die Hülse sieht oberflächlich der Schote ähnlich. Umgangssprachlich - und im botanischen Sinne falsch - werden deshalb oft die Hülsen von Bohnen, Erbsen und weiteren Hülsenfrüchtlern „Schoten“ genannt." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BClsenfrucht. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-05]

"Die Hülse [...] Diejenigen Samenbehältnisse mancher Pflanzen, welche aus zwei länglichen vermittelst zweier Nähte an einander gesetzten Stücken bestehen, in welchen der Same befestiget ist, werden Hülsen oder Schoten, diejenigen Gewächse, welche solche tragen, Hülsengewächse, und der Same Hülsenfrucht genannt. In engerer Bedeutung führen, besonders in der Naturgeschichte, nur diejenigen Samenbehältnisse dieser Art den Nahmen der Hülsen, wo der Same nur allein an der Obernaht befestiget ist, Legumen; zum Unterschiede von den Schoten, in welchen der Same wechselsweise von einer Naht zur andern sitzet, Siliqua. So haben der Hauhechel, die Feigbohne, die Türkische Bohne, die Erbsen, die Linsen, die Wicken, die Kichern, der Klee u.s.f. in engerer Bedeutung Hülsen, die Kresse aber, der Hederich, die Levkoje, der Kohl, der Senf, der Rettig, der Waid u.s.f. Schoten. " [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

"Prosopis spicigera (Linn.) N. O. Leguminosaei. [...] Description.—Somewhat arboreous, armed with scattered prickles, occasionally wanting ; [...9 flowers small, yellow. Fl. Dec.—Feb. W. & A. Prod. i. 271.— Roxb. Cor. i. t. 63. Adenanthera aculeata.—Roxb. Coromandel. Guzerat. Delhi. Economic Uses.—In Mysore this tree attains a large size. The timber is strong, hard, straight-grained, and easily worked. The pods contain a great quantity of mealy sweetish substance, which the natives eat.—(Roxb. Jury Rep. Mad. Exhib.) It is common throughout the Madras Presidency. The timber is dark red, close-grained, hard, and durable, superior to teak in strength, and is much used for building and other purposes. It is of very slow growth.— Bedd. Flor. Sylv. t. 56." [Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.15.69. Bemerkung zum grammatischen Geschlecht des Folgenden

Colebrooke (1807): "The following admit the three genders."

2.15.70. Gespeichert

Colebrooke (1807): "Stored as grain. After cleaning it, some say before."

2.15.71. Von der Spreu gereinigt, gedroschen und geworfelt

Colebrooke (1807): "Threshed out and winnowed."

"Drếschen, verb. irreg. act. ich drésche, du dríschest, er dríschet, oder dríscht; Imperf. ich drósch, an einigen Orten, ich drāsch; Mittelw. gedróschen; Imperat. drísch; die Körner der Feldfrüchte vermittelst des Flegels aus den Ähren schlagen." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

"Worfeln, verb. regul. act. in der Landwirthschaft, das Getreide durch Werfen gegen den Wind von der Spreu reinigen." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.72. Hülsenfrüchte

Colebrooke (1807): "Grain in pods. As peas and other pulse."

"Phaseolus Mungo (Linn.) N. O. Leguminosae. Green Gram, [...9 Description.—Annual, [...] Fl. Dec.—Jan. W. & A. Prod. i. 245.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii 292. P. Max.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 295.—Rheede, viii. t. 50. Cultivated. Economic Uses.—This is extensively cultivated by the natives, to whom the pulse is of great importance, especially in times of famine. There are several varieties, one of which has dark-coloured seeds, and is called Black gram. Large quantities are annually exported from Madras, and shipped chiefly for Pegu, Bengal, Bombay, Mauritius, and other places.—(Comm. Prod. Mad. Pres. Roxb.) It is sometimes sown in alternate drills with the great millet (Sorghum) or spiked millet, and in rice cultivation a crop is generally taken off the same land when it has become dry. It is sown in the cold weather, and reaped in the hot season, after a period varying from seventy-five to ninety days. So large a proportion of the pulse crops does it form that these are collectively called Payaroo, hence the word is synonymous with our pulse. The black variety, P. Max, (Roxb.), is less esteemed, and is sown earlier, requiring more moisture. The flour of the green variety is an excellent variety for soap, leaving the skin soft and smooth, and is an invariable concomitant of the Hindoo bath.—(W. Elliott.) The tuberous roots of the P. rostratus (Wall.) are eaten by the natives.—J. Graham." [Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

2.15.72. Anhang: Im Bhāvaprakāśa, aber bei Amara hier (!) nicht genannte śimbidhānya

राजमाष - rājamāṣa m.: Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc. 1970: Katjangbohne - Catjang

"Vigna Catiang (Endl.). Synonyms Dolichos catiang (L.) ; D. sinensis (L.) ; D. melanophthalmus (D.C.). [...] Vigna is a genus of Euphaseoleae, a sub-tribe of Phaseoleae. V. Catiang includes many cultivated varieties, differing much in habit of growth as well as in the shape, size, and colour of the seed. The plant is sometimes low and sub-erect (typical V. Catiang), sometimes (var. sinensis) tall and voluble. The pods in the cultivated forms are under ½ inch broad, but may attain 1 foot up to 2 feet in length ; the pods contain from 10 to 20 seeds. It is a native plant, and is universally cultivated in the tropical zone. It flourishes in comparatively poor soils and sustains fairly well a considerable degree of drought. Vigna Catiang is sown in July and August, and reaped in October and November. The white-seeded sort is generally considered the best. It is often grown with other crops. An ounce weight corresponds to about 1 50 seeds. [...]  They are thought to be rather heating and less digestible than urd or mung (Phaseolus Mungo). The green pods are sometimes cooked." [Quelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886. -- S. 156.]

निष्पाव - niṣpāva m.: Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 1826: Lablab-Bohne, Faselbohne

Abb.: निष्पावः । Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 1826 - Faselbohne - Lablab Bean
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"Lablab vulgaris (Savi.) N. O. Leguminosae. [...] Description.—Twining; [...] flowers red, purple, or white. Fl. Nov.—Feb. W. & A. Prod. i. 250. Wight Icon. t. 57-203.—Roxb. Fl Ind. iii. 305. Dolichos lablab, Linn. Peninsula. Bengal Cultivated. Economic Uses.—There are several varieties differing in the colour of their seeds and forms of their legumes, some of which are cultivated, and others are not. Of one variety which is cultivated on the Coromandel coast, Roxburgh states that it will yield in a good soil about forty-fold. The seeds bear a low price comparatively, and are much eaten by the poorer classes, particularly when rice is dear. They are not palatable, but are reckoned wholesome substantial food. Cattle are fed with the seeds, and greedily eat the straw. Another variety, which has white flowers, is cultivated in gardens and supported on poles, often forming arbours about the doors of native houses. The pods are eaten, but not the seeds. The pulse of the best kind is imported from Madras to Ceylon.—(Roxb.) The different kinds are distinguished by the colours of their flowers, which vary from white to red and purple, and by the size and shape of the pods, which exhibit every degree of curvature, one kind being designated as the Bagh-nak (tiger's claw), from its rounded form. The same diversity occurring in the seeds has given rise to the many specific varieties, or even species, which after all may well be reduced to the present form of Lablab.—W. Elliott." [Quelle: Drury, Heber <1819 - 1872>: The useful plants of India : with notices of their chief value in commerce, medicine, and the arts. -- 2d ed. with additions and corrections. London : Allen, 1873. -- xvi, 512 p. ; 22 cm. -- s.v.]

मकुष्ठ - makuṣṭha m.: Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal 1969: Mattenbohne - Moth Bean

"THE MOTH- BEAN. Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacq. Synonyms Ph. trilobus (Wall.), Dolichos dissectus (Lam.). [...] This bean is the produce of a trailing slender-stemmed herb belonging to the tribe Phaseoleae. It is found from the Himalaya to Ceylon, in the tropical region, and extends up to 4,000 feet in the North-West. It is cultivated in Oudh, Allahabad, Farruckabad, Patna District, Purniah District, Assam, Gorakhpur. The pods are stouter and the seeds larger than in the allied species, Ph. trilobus (Ait). It is often grown on the worst land which can be made to yield a crop at all. It is frequently sown with bajra, the bulrush millet, on light sandy soils. An average produce is 8 maunds from an acre. It is not esteemed as a food for man, for although it is rich in nutrients, it is generally thought to possess heating properties. It is a kharif crop, being sown in June, July, August, or September, and reaped in November, December, and January." [Quelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886. -- S. 152.]

आढकी - āḍhakī f.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900: Katjangstrauch, Taubenerbse

Abb.: आढकी । Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea
[Bildquelle: Hortus malabaricus VI. Fig. 13, 1686]

Abb.: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch / Taubenerbsenbaum - Catjang Pea
[Bildquelle: Flora de Filipinas, 1880 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: आढकी । Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1900 - Katjangstrauch - Pigeon Pea
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Bearded corn. As barley, wheat, &c."

"Die Granne, plur. die -n, im gemeinen Leben Ober- und Niederdeutschlandes, eine Benennung einer jeden zarten biegsamen Spitze, dergleichen die langen scharfen Spitzen an den Fruchtähren, besonders an den Gerstenähren, welche in andern Gegenden Acheln und Gracheln heißen, (S. Agen,) die steifen Haare auf dem Rücken der Schweine, die Borsten, ingleichen die steifen Haare welche die Katzen und andere Thiere an dem Maule haben, die Tangeln oder Nadeln des Tangelholzes u.s.f. sind." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.74. Winter-Reis (Oryza sativa L. 1753 - Reis - Rice)

Colebrooke (1807): "Rice. Of two classes: white rice, &c. growing in deep water; or red rice, &c. requiring only a moist soil. The above-mentioned names of species of corn and pulse are masculine."

2.15.75. Grasgetreide

Colebrooke (1807): "Wild grains. Growing with little or no culture : viz. नीवारः, wild rice. Besides other kinds ; as श्यामाकः Panicum frumentaceum, Roxb."

"Schwimmreis, Hygroryza aristata, chinesisch shui he [水禾], ist eine ausdauernde Wasserpflanze und einzige Art der Gattung Hygroryza in der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Botanisch gesehen ist er kein Reis (gehört aber zur gleichen Familie), sondern eine frei an der Wasseroberfläche schwimmende tropische Grasart, die dichte Flutrasen ausbilden kann.Vorkommen, Verbreitung [Bearbeiten] Das natürliche Vorkommen des Grases beschränkt sich auf Südostasien (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Bangladesh, Kambodscha, Indien, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam). Verwendung Wegen der zierlichen, nur wenige Zentimeter langen, Blattspreiten und der aufgeblasenen Blattscheiden wird der Schwimmreis in offenen Aquarien verwendet. In der Aquaristik wird es als Schwimmreis oder Schwimmgras bezeichnet. Die zahlreichen, feinen Adventivwurzeln, die sich an den Knoten bilden, stellen gute Verstecke für Jungfische dar. Wegen des raschen Wachstums der Stolonen ist die Art aber nur für größere Wasserflächen geeignet. Die Ansprüche an Licht und Wassertemperatur sind hoch (22- 28 Grad C), trotzdem kann der Schwimmreis in wärmeren Lagen in Mitteleuropa während des Sommers in Gartenteichen kultiviert werden. Die Vermehrung erfolgt durch Teilung der bewurzelten Sprosse." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwimmreis. -- Zugriff am 2011-07-06]

• कङ्गु - kaṅgu m.: Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. 1812: Kolbenhirse (siehe Vers 20a.)
• चीनाक - cīnāka m.: Panicum miliaceum L. 1753: Echte Hirse, Gewöhnliche Rispenhirse (siehe Vers 20d.)
• श्यामाक - śyāmāka m.: Echinochloa frumentacea Link 1827: Sawa-Hirse
• कोद्रव - kodrava m.: Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 1767: Kodo-Hirse (siehe Vers 16d.)
• चारुक - cāruka m.: Samen von Saccharum bengalense Retz. 1788: Tall Cane
• वंशयव - vaṃśayava m.: Samen von Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss 1895: Dorn-Bambus
• कुसुम्भ्बीज - kusumbhabīja n.: Samen von Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753: Färber-Distel
• गवेधुका - gavedhukā f.: Coix lacryma-jobi L. 1753 - Hiobsträne (siehe Vers 25b.)
• नीवार - nīvāra m.: Hygroryza aristata Nees 1833 (siehe Vers 25a.)
• यावनाल - yāvanāla m.: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 1794 var. bicolor: Gewöhnliche Mohrenhirse

Abb.: कुसुम्भबीजम् । Frucht (Achäne)  von Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753 - Färber-Distel - Safflower
[Bildquelle: Scher, J. L. and D. S. Walters. 2010. Federal noxious weed disseminules of the U.S. California Department of Food and Agriculture, and Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA, APHIS, PPQ. -- Public domain]

"CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS, Linn. Fig.—Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 746; Bot. Reg. t. 170; Rumph. Amb. V. 79. Safflower, Parrot seed Hab.—Cultivated throughout India. (C. oxycantha, Bieb., is perhaps the wild form of this plant.) The flowers and seeds. [...] History, Uses, &c.—This plant is the Kusumbha of Sanskrit writers, who describe the seeds as purgative, and mention a medicated oil which is prepared from the plant for external application in rheumatism and paralysis. It is the κνικος of the Greeks, who used the leaves like rennet to curdle milk in making cheese. Pliny (21, 53,) calls it Cnecos. Mahometan writers enumerate a great many diseases in which the seeds may be used as a laxative ; they consider them to have the power of removing phlegmatic and adust humours from the system. The author of the Makhzan states that Kurtum, Hab-el-asfar, and Bazr-el-ahris are the Arabic names for the seeds, and Khasakdanah and Tukm-i-kafshah the Persian. He also says that in Ghilan they are called Tukm-i-lajrah or Tukm-i-kazirah, in Syria Kashni, and in Turkey Kantawaras, and that the Greeks call them Atraktus (ατρακτυλις), and Dioscorides Knikus (κνικος). Ainslie has the following notice of the plant :— "A fixed oil is prepared from it which the Vytians use as an external application in rheumatic pains and paralytic affections also for bad ulcers ; the small seeds are reckoned amongst their laxative medicines, for which purpose I see they are also used in Jamaica (the kernels beat into an emulsion with honeyed water). Barham tells us that a drachm of the dried flowers taken cures the jaundice." {Mat. Ind. ii., 364.) The seeds are known in England as Parrot seed. Under the name of safflower the flowers form an important export article to Europe; they contain two colouring matters, yellow and red, the latter is the most valuable. In silk dyeing it affords various shades of pink, rose, crimson and scarlet. Rouge is also made from it. According to Calvert (Dyeing and Calico Printing, Bd. 1878,) though the safflower has lost much of its value as a dye since the discovery of the aniline colours, it is still used extensively in Lancashire for the production of peculiar shades of pink of the Eastern markets. It is also used for dyeing red tape, and there is no more striking instance of "red-tapeism," than the love which is shown for this particular colour by the users of that article. Much cheaper pinks can be produced from aniline, but notwithstanding the attempts which have many times been made to introduce them, they have failed in every instance, because the exact shade has not been obtained." [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 2. -- London, 1891. -- S. 308f..]

यावनाल - yāvanāla m.: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 1794 var. bicolor - Gewöhnliche Mohrenhirse - Great Millet

Poaceae - Süßgräser

Abb.: यावनालः । Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 1794 - Gewöhnliche Mohrenhirse - Great Millet
[Bildquelle: Church, A. H. (Arthur Herbert) <1834-1915>: Food-grains of India. -- London, 1886.]

Colebrooke (1807): "Coix. Coix barbata, Roxb."

गवेधु - gavedhu f.: "Rinder-Entflammerin", Coix lacryma-jobi L. 1753 - Hiobsträne - Job's Tears

"COIX LACRYMA, Linn. Fig.— Bot. Mag., t. 79; Rheede, Hort. Mai. xii., t. 70. Job's tears (Eng.) Hab.—Plains of India and warm hill-slopes from the Punjab to Burma. Cultivated on the hills. The seeds. [...] History, Uses, &c.—The different species of Coix bear the Sanskrit names of Gavīdhuka, Gavedhu, and Gavedhuka. They are mentioned in Vedic literature, and appear to have been one of the cereals which were cultivated by the Arians on the hill-slopes of the Himalayas. They are still cultivated by the hill-tribes in the Khasia and Naga Hills and in Assam and Burma, where they are known by the vernacular names of Kasi, Kulese, Kalinsi, Kyeit, &c., and are used as a food-stuff. The wild form, common in the plains, is only used for medicinal purposes, and is considered to be strengthening and diuretic. The Arab travellers in the East became acquainted with the seeds and named them Damu Daud "David's tears," and afterwards Damu Ayūib "Job's tears." Es-Saghani, who died about the year 1260, mentions them in the Obab as a well-known strengthening and diuretic medicine. The Arabs introduced the plant into the West, and it has become naturalized in Spain and Portugal, where it is still known as Lagrima de Job. European botanists have rather inappropriately given the name of Coix ( Greek κοιξ) to this genus, Coix being the name of a kind of palm growing in Africa and mentioned by Theophrastus and Pliny. The following notice of C. lacryma occurs in the Descriptive Catalogue of the Vienna Exhibition, 1873 :—"The seeds known as Job's tears are used as food in China and Malacca, under the name of Eejin or Ee-yin. 'It is, we are told, ' the most remarkable among food-grains for its chemical composition.' Dr. Smith writes that 'it is larger and coarser than pearl-barley, but it is equally good for making gruel. As it is sold for five pence per Chinese pound, it makes an excellent diet-drink for hospital patients in China.' Dr. Hooker observes that 'a great deal of Coix is cultivated in the Khasia Hills; the shell of the cultivated sort is soft and the kernel is sweet, whereas the wild Coix is so hard that it cannot be broken by the teeth ; each plant branches two or three times from the base, and from seven to nine plants grow in each square yard of soil; the produce is small, not above 30 or 40 fold.' In Mason's 'Burmah' it is stated that a species of Coix, with large esculent seeds, which are parched like Indian corn, are often for sale in the bazars, and are cultivated very extensively by the Red Karens." C. lacryma has also been introduced into Brazil, where it is cultivated to some extent. For much interesting information concerning the different species or varieties of the plant, and the economic uses to which the seeds are put, we must refer the reader to the Dict. Econ. Prod. of India, ii., p. 492." [Quelle: Pharmacographia indica : a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India / by William Dymock [1834-1892], C. J. H. Warden and David Hooper [1858-1947]. -- Bd. 3. -- London, 1893. -- S. 573f.]

2.15.77. Stößel

Colebrooke (1807): "A pestle for cleaning rice."

"Der Stȫßel, des -s, plur. ut nom. sing. ein Werkzeug zum Stoßen, wo es in vielen Fällen für Stößer üblich ist." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.78. Mörser

Colebrooke (1807): "A mortar."

"Der Mörser, des -s, plur. ut nom. sing. 1) Ein Gefäß von einer festen Materie, harte Körper vermittelst einer Keule oder Mörserkeule darin zu zerreiben oder zu zerstoßen." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.79. Worfelkorb

Colebrooke (1807): "A winnowing basket."

"Worfeln, verb. regul. act. in der Landwirtschaft, das Getreide durch Werfen gegen den Wind von der Spreu reinigen." [Quelle: Adelung, Johann Christoph <1732 - 1806>: Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart. -- Leipzig, 1793 - 1801. -- s. v.]

2.15.80. Sieb

Colebrooke (1807): "A sieve or cribble."

2.15.81. Sack

Colebrooke (1807): "A sack."

2.15.82. Korb

Colebrooke (1807): "A granary. Constructed of bamboos : some say, a basket to hold grain."

2.15.83. Matte