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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson

26. Syntax of Gerunds (§§ 223 - 231)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. --26. Syntax of Gerunds (§§ 223 - 231). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-26. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson26.htm         

First published as:  Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2011-08-26

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien  of Tüpfli's Global Village Library

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Syntax [ಪ್ರಯೋಗ prayōga] of Gerunds [ಶಬ್ದನ್ಯೂನ śabdanyūna]

223. The gerund may be regarded as a suspensive tense, as its person, gender and time are determined by the final verb, except where the nominative is expressed. It is used in relating a series of actions.

224. In expressing simultaneous or nearly connected actions, the present gerund is used; as,

• ಹಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಬಂದನು hāḍuttā baṃdanu, He came singing.
• ಹುಡುಗರು ತೋಟದಲ್ಲಿ ತಿರುಗಾಡುತ್ತಾ, ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಹತ್ತುತ್ತಾ, ಹಣ್ಣು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತಾ, ಒಬ್ಬರನ್ನೊಬ್ಬರು ಕೂಗುತ್ತಾ, ಹೆಸರು ಹಿಡಿದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾ, ನಗುತ್ತಾ, ಆಡುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದರು huḍugaru tōṭadalli tirugāḍuttā, maragaḷannu hattuttā, haṇṇu tinnuttā, obbarannobbaru kūguttā, hesaru hiḍidu kareyuttā, naguttā, āḍuttā iddaru, The boys were rambling about the garden, climbing the trees, eating fruit, shouting to each other, calling each other by name, laughing and playing.

If instead of ಇದ್ದರು iddaru, the final verb be in the present tense, ಇದ್ಧಾರೆ iddhāre, the whole of the actions become present, and the sentence would read, "The boys are," &c.

If the future ಇರುವರು iruvaru, be used, the whole sentence is future, and would read, "The boys will be," &c. &c.

225. In relating a series of successive actions, the past gerund is used; as,

• ಹೊಲಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗಿ, ಹುಲ್ಲು ಕೊಯಿದು, ಹೊರೆ ಕಟ್ಟಿ, ಎತ್ತುಗಳ ಹಿಡಿದು ಕೊಂಡು, ಮನೆಗೆ ಬಂದೆನು holakke hōgi, hullu koyidu, hore kaṭṭi, ettugaḷa hiḍidu koṃḍu, manege baṃdenu, I went to the field, cut grass, tied it up in bundle, took the oxen, and came home.

If the final verb be ಬರುವೆನು baruvenu, the whole of the actions will be future, and the sentence read, "I will go," &c.

If the final verb be of any other number or person, the whole sentence will be altered accordingly. Thus,

• If ಬಂದೆವು baṃdevu, be used, it will read, "We went," &c.
• If ವಂದಳು baṃdaḷu, "She went," &c.
• If ಬರುವರು baruvaru, "They will go," &c.

226. If negative actions are  related, the negative gerund is used; as,

• ಮಠಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗದೆ, ಓದದೆ, ಬರೆಯದೆ, ಪಾಠ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸದೆ, ಏನು ಕಲಿಯದೆ, ಆ ಹುಡುಗನು ಧಡ್ಡನಾದನು maṭhakke hōgade, ōdade, bareyade, pāṭha oppisade, ēnu kaliyade, ā huḍuganu dhaḍḍanādanu, That boy by not going to school, nor reading, nor writing, nor saying lessons, learnt nothing, and became a dunce.

227. The repetition of the gerund denotes progress or continuance; as,

• ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಊರಿಗೆ ಶೆರಿದರು naḍeyuttā naḍeyuttā ūrige śēridaru, By continuing to proceed they reached the village.
• ನಾನು ಅವನನ್ನು ಕೇಳಿ ಕೇಳಿ ಸಾಕಾಯಿತು nānu avanannu kēḷi kēḷi sākāyitu, I am tired of asking him.

228. The past and negative gerunds sometimes express a cause; as,

• ಓದಿ ಓದಿ ಮರುಳಾದೆ ōdi ōdi maruḷāda, He became crazed by study.
• ಏನು ಓದದೆ ಧಡ್ಡನಾದನು ēnu ōdade dhaḍḍanādanu, By not studying anything he became a blockhead.

229. The gerunds may have their own nominative; as,

• ಇನ್ನು ನಾಲ್ಕು ದಿವಸ ಇರುತ್ತಲು ಅವನು ಬಂದನು innu nālku divasa iruttalu avanu baṃdanu, He came four days before the time.
• ಅವನು ಸತ್ತು ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು ವರುಷವಾಯಿತು avanu sattu ippattu varuṣavāyitu, It is twenty years since he died.

230. The gerunds are often used in the formation of compound tenses. (See conjugation of verbs.)

231. They are used also in forming compound verbs. (See §§ 280, 281, 283, 291, 293-296, 299, 302.)

To 27. Syntax of Relative Participles (§§ 232 - 238.)