ಕನ್ನಡ
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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or
Canarese Language
by Thomas Hodson
35. Syntax of Auxiliary and Irregular Verbs
(§§ 269 - 303)
Zitierweise / cite as:
Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the
Kannada, or Canarese language. -- 35. Syntax of Auxiliary and Irregular Verbs
(§§ 269 - 303). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-27. -- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson35.htm
First published as: Hodson,
Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in
which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is
given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press,
1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.
First time published here:
2011-08-27
Revisions:
©opyright: Public domain
This text is part of the section
Sanskrit und Indien of
Tüpfli's Global Village Library
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Syntax [ಪ್ರಯೋಗ prayōga] of Auxiliary and Irregular Verbs
0. Contents
- 1. ಆಗು āgu, Become, be, happen, be
finished, be suitable, be practicable or possible.
- 2. ಇರು iru, Be
- 3. ಅನ್ನು annu, or ಎನ್ನು ennu, Say
- 3.1. ಎಂದು eṃdu
- 3.2. ಅಂತೆ aṃte
- 4. ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, Buy, take
- 5. ಬಿಡು biḍu, Put forth, &c.
- 6. ಬರು baru, Come
- 7. ಪಡು paḍu, Experience
- 8. ಹೋಗು hōgu, Go
See §§
115 -117, 118, 119,
120, 121-128.
1. ಆಗು āgu, Become, be, happen, be
finished, be suitable, be practicable or possible.
269. ಆಗು āgu, Become, be, happen, be
finished, be suitable, be practicable or possible.
ಆಗಲಿ āgali, the 3rd person singular
imperative, is used to express assent; as,
- ಹಾಗೆ ಆಗಲಿ hāge āgali, So be it.
Also for such phrases as, "very well," "be
it so," &c.
In certain connections it is
equivalent to "either, or"; as,
- ಇದಾಗಲಿ
ಅದಾಗಲಿ idāgali adāgali Either this or that.
270. Preceded by the dative case, ಆಗು āgu,
expresses suitability, adaption, &c.; as,
- ನನಗೆ ಆಗುವದಿಲ್ಲ nanage āguvadilla, It does not suit me.
- ಇದು ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಆಗುವದು idu kelasakke āguvadu, This will be
useful; or, it will do for something.
- ಆ ಔಷಧ ಅವನಿಗೆ ಆಗಲಿಲ್ಲ ā auṣadha avanige āgalilla, This
medicine did not suit him.
271. Preceded by the instrumental or
locative case, it signifies power, capability, &c.; as,
- ನಿನ್ನಿಂದ ಆಗುತ್ತದೋ ninniṃda āguttadō, Can you do it?
- ನನ್ನಿಂದಲಾಗದು nanniṃdalāgadu, I cannot.
- ಅವನ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಕೆಲಸ ಆಗುವದಿಲ್ಲ avana kaiyalli ī kelasa āguvadilla, He
is not able to perform this work.
1.1. ಆಗಿ āgi
272. The past gerund ಆಗಿ āgi, is a very common
affix, and has various significations. The following are some of its uses:
273. It converts nouns and adjectives into
adverbs; as,
ಬುದ್ಧಿ
buddhi |
sense |
ಬುದ್ಧಿಯಾಗಿ
buddhiyāgi |
sensibly |
ಸುಲಭ
sulabha |
ease |
ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ
sulabhavāgi |
easily |
ಮಬ್ಬು
mabbu |
dim, dimness |
ಮಬ್ಬಾಗಿ
mabbāgi |
dimly |
274. Words which thus receive an adverbial
signification, cannot always be rendered in English by a word in ly. The
sense will be expressed by for, by, in, like, as, &c.; as,
- ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯಾಗಿ sākṣiyāgi, as, or for, a witness.
- ಮಿತವಾಗಿ mitavāgi, in moderation.
- ನಾವು ಈ ಮಾರ್ಗವಾಗಿ ಹೋಗ ಬೇಕು nāvu ī mārgavāgi hōga bēku, We must go
by this road.
- ಹುಚ್ಚನಾಗಿ ಮಾತಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ huccanāgi mātāḍuttāne, He talks like a
fool.
- ಅರಸಾಗಿ ರಾಜ್ಯವನ್ನು ಆಳುತ್ತಾನೆ arasāgi rājyavannu āḷuttāne, He rules
the country as its king.
275. When added to pronouns, it expresses
freeness, spontaneousness, &c.; as,
- ನಾನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದೆನು nānāgi māḍidenu, I did of my own
accord.
- ನೀನಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದಿಯೋ nīnāgi hēḷidiyō, Did you say (it) of
your own free will?
- ಅವಳಾಗಿ ಓಡಿ ಹೋದಳು avaḷāgi ōḍi hōdaḷu, She ran away of
her own accord.
- ಮನೆ ತಾನಾಗಿ ಬಿತ್ತು mane tānāgi bittu, The house fell of
itself.
276. Affixed to the dative case, ಆಗಿ āgi,
signifies, for, in order to, on account of, in behalf of, &c.; as,
- ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ
ದೇಶಾಂತರಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದನು vyāpārakkāgi dēśāṃtarakke hōdanu, He
went abroad to trade.
- ನೋಡುವದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕೂಡಿ ಬಂದರು nōḍuvadakkāgi kūḍi baṃdaru, They came
together to see.
- ಆ ಭಯಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ತತ್ತರಿಸಿದರು ā bhayakkāgi tattarisidaru, Through
fear of that they trembled.
277. Added to an infinitive,
ಆಗಿ āgi, signifies
after, when, while, as, in consequence of, &c.; as,
- ಇನ್ನು ಕೆಲೆ ದಿವಸ ನೋಡಲಾಗಿ ಅವನ ಗುಣ
ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ innu kela divasa nōḍalāgi avana guṇa
tiḷiyuttade, When we have observed him a few days longer, we shall know his
disposition. (See § 246.)
278. ಆಗಿ āgi, added to its own infinitive may
be rendered "as soon as," "when it took place," &c.; as,
- ಮಳೆ ಆಗಲಾಗಿ maḷe āgalāgi, As soon as (or when) it
rained.
279. ಆಗಿ āgi, is added to the verbal noun ಎಂಬುವದು eṃbuvadu, or ಎಂಬದು eṃbadu, in marking a quotation; as,
- ನನ್ನ
ಯಜಮಾನನು ಈ ಕಾಗದ ನಿಮಗೆ ಕೊಡ ಬೇಕು
ಎಂಬದಾಗಿ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದನು nanna yajamānanu ī kāgada nimage koḍa
bēku eṃbadāgi nannannu kaḷuhisidanu, My master sent me saying that I
was to give this letter to you.
280. In composition with ಇರು iru, ಆಗು
āgu,
expresses nature or quality; as,
- ಇದು ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಗ್ರಂಥವಾಗಿದೆಯೋ
idu oḷḷe graṃthavāgideyō, Is this a
good book?
- ಸುಮರಾಗಿದೆ sumarāgide, It is middling.
The difference between iru, and āgiru, must
be carefully observed.
- ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಮನುಷ್ಯನು ಇದ್ಧಾನೋ oḷḷe manuṣyanu iddhānō, signifies, Is
there such a thing as a good man? or, Does a good man exist?
- ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಮನುಷ್ಯನಾಗಿದ್ಧಾನೋ oḷḷe manuṣyanāgiddhānō, means, Is he a
good man?
- ಬೆಳಕು ಇದೆ beḷaku ide, There is light.
- ಬೆಳಕಾಗಿದೆ beḷakāgide, It is light.
281. When ಆಗ āga is affixed to a relative
participle, it expresses the time when; as,
- ನಾನು ಬಾರುವಾಗ nānu bāruvāga, When I came.
ಆದ āda, affixed to nouns converts them into
adjectives; as,
ವಿಸ್ತರ
vistara |
extension |
ವಿಸ್ತರವಾದ
vistaravāda |
extensive |
2. ಇರು iru, Be
282. ಇರು iru, with a dative case, denotes
possession; as,
- ಪೂರ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ನನಗೆ ಆಸ್ತಿ ಇತ್ತು pūrvadalli nanage āsti ittu, Formerly
I had property.
- ಈಗ ಕೊಂಚ ಹಣ ಇದೆ īga koṃca haṇa ide, Now I have a
little money.
- ಆದರೆ ನನಗೆ ಎಂದೂ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ ādare nanage eṃdū makkaḷu iralilla,
But I never had any children.
283. Added to a gerund, it sometimes
expresses the habit or continuance of the action; as,
- ಓದುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೆನು ōduttā iddenu, I was reading, or, in
the habit of reading.
3. ಅನ್ನು annu, or ಎನ್ನು ennu, Say
3.1. ಎಂದು eṃdu
284. The past gerund ಎಂದು eṃdu, is used to
mark a quotation of what another has written or said, or the words of a command
or message; and answers to the οτι [hoti] in Greek, and inverted commas in
English; as,
- ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ದೇವರು ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಎಂದು ಬರೆದದೆ śāstradalli dēvaru obbanē eṃdu
baredade, In the śāstra it is written, "God is one."
- ಆದರೆ ನೀವು ಹಾಗಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತೀರಿ ādare nīvu hāgalla eṃdu hēḷuttīri, But
you say "Not so."
- ಕಳ್ಳತನ ಮಾಡ ಕೂಡದು ಎಂದು ಕಟ್ಟಲೆ ಉಂಟು kaḷḷatana māḍa kūḍadu eṃdu kaṭṭale uṃṭu,
There is a command that one must not steal.
- ಇಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಬಾ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದೆನು illige bā eṃdu hēḷidenu, I said "Come
hither."
- ಒಬ್ಬರೂ ಮಾತಾಡ ಬಾರದು ಎಂದು ಅಪ್ಪಣೆ
ಮಾಡಿದೆನು obbarū mātāḍa bāradu eṃdu appaṇe
māḍidenu, I commanded that no one should speak.
- ಅವನ ಬಳಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಿ ನಾನು ಬರುವದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು
ಹೇಳು avana baḷige hōgi nānu baruvadilla
eṃdu hēḷu, Go to him and say that I shall not come.
285. ಎಂದು eṃdu, may be often repeated to mark
separate sentences depending on the final verb; as,
- ನೀವು ಕೆಲಸವಾಯಿತು ಎಂದೂ ಇವರು ಅದು
ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದೂ ಅವರು ಇನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಲಿಲ್ಲವೆಂದೂ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ನಾನು ಒಬ್ಬರನ್ನೂ
ನಂಬಲಾರೆನು nīvu kelasavāyitu eṃdū ivaru adu
naḍeyuttade eṃdū avaru innu prāraṃbhisalillaveṃdū hēḷiddariṃda nānu
obbarannū naṃbalārenu, You say that the work is finished, this man that is
is in hand, and that man that it has never been begun, and so I cannot
believe one of you. Or, you say, "The work is done;" this man, "It is going
on;" and that man, "It is not yet begun;" and therefore I cannot believe any
of you.
286. ಅಂತ eṃta, ಅಂತಲು eṃtalu,
ಅಂತ aṃta, ಅಂತಲು aṃtalu, are
frequently used for ಎಂದು eṃdu; as,
- ಕುದುರೆಗೆ ತೋಬರೆ ಕಟ್ಟಂತ ಹೇಳು kudurege tōbare kaṭṭaṃta hēḷu, Tell
(the horsekeeper) to give the horse his gram.
- ಹೋಗಂತ ಅಪ್ಪಣೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟನು hōgaṃta appaṇe koṭṭanu, He ordered to
go.
287. ಎಂದು eṃdu, is not required when the final
verb is ಅನ್ನು annu, or ಎನ್ನು ennu; as,
- ಹೋಯಿತಂದನು hōyitaṃdanu, "It is gone," he said.
- ನೋಡಂದನು nōḍaṃdanu, "See," said he.
- ನನಗೆ ತಿಳಿಯಲಿಲ್ಲ ಅಂದನು nanage tiḷiyalilla aṃdanu; He said, "I
was not aware." Or, He said that he was not aware.
3.2. ಅಂತೆ aṃte
288. ಅಂತೆ aṃte, is used impersonally for "It is
said," "they say;" as,
- ಲಿಂಗ ಶೆತ್ತಿಯ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳ್ಳತನವಾಯಿತಂತೆ liṃga śeṭṭiya maneyalli
kaḷḷatanavāyitaṃte, They say that Liṅga Śetti's house has been robbed.
- ಹತ್ತು ಸಾವಿರ ವರಹಾ ಹೋಯಿತಂತೆ hattu sāvira varahā hōyitaṃte, It is
reported that ten thousand pagodas are gone.
- ಕಳ್ಳರು ಶಿಕ್ಕಿದರಂತೆ kaḷḷaru śikkidaraṃte, It is said that
the thieves have been caught.
4. ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, Buy, take
291.
ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, in all its moods, tenses and
persons is added to the past gerund of other verbs to give them a reflexive
signification, similar to the middle voice in Greek. It denotes that the action
is done for the benefit, or on account of, the agent; as,
ಹೋಡೆದನು
hoḍedanu |
He beat (another) |
ಹೊಡೆದು ಕೊಂಡನು
hoḍedu koṃḍanu |
He beat himself, or some other
person or thing on his own account |
ಹಣ್ಣು ಹಂಚಿದರು
haṇṇu haṃcidaru |
They divided the fruit. |
ಹಂಚಿ ಕೊಂಡರು
haṃci koṃḍaru |
They divided it among
themselves. |
ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದರು
kaḷuhisidaru |
They sent (another) |
ಕಲುಹಿಸಿ ಕೊಂಡರು
kaḷuhisi koṃḍaru |
They caused themselves to be
dismissed. |
ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆದೆನು
pustaka baredenu |
I wrote a book. |
ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆದು ಕೊಂಡೆನು
pustaka baredu koṃḍenu |
I wrote a book for myself. |
It is very commonly used with causal verbs;
as,
- ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರಿಸಿ ಕೊಂಡೆನು pustaka barisi koṃḍenu, I had a book
written for myself.
- ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ ಕೊಂಡನು sākṣi hēḷisi koṃḍanu, He got evidence
given (in his own interest).
- ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನೇ ಕೆಡಿಸಿ ಕೊಂದನು
tannannu tānē keḍisi koṃḍanu, He ruined
himself.
It is occasionally added to
ಪಡು paḍu, without,
however, varying the sense; as,
- ಸಂತೋಷ ಪಟ್ಟು ಕೊಂಡಳು saṃtōṣa paṭṭu koṃḍaḷu, or
ಸಂತೋಷ ಪಟ್ಟಲು saṃtōṣa
paṭṭaḷu, She was glad.
The addition of
ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, gives a different
signification to some verbs; as,
- ನಡೆ naḍe, Walk;
ನಡೆದು ಕೊಳ್ಳು naḍedu koḷḷu, Behave.
Other words are not altered in any way by
it; as,
- ತಿಳಿದರು tiḷidaru, or
ತಿಳಿದು ಕೊಂಡರು tiḷidu koṃḍaru, They
understood.
293.
ಕೋ kō is generally used as the second
person singular imperative of koḷḷu; as,
- ಹಿಡಿದು ಕೋ hiḍidu kō, or
ಹಿಡು ಕೋ hiḍu kō, Take hold.
- ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಓದಿ ಕೋ pustaka ōdi kō, Read the book (for
yourself.)
5. ಬಿಡು biḍu, Put forth, &c.
294.ಬಿಡು biḍu, added to a gerund, denotes the
completeness of the action, and may generally by rendered by away, off, down,
up, out, &c.; as,
- ಹೋಗಿ ಬಿಟ್ಟರು hōgi biṭṭaru, They went away.
- ಅವಳನ್ನು ತಳ್ಳಿ ಬಿಟ್ಟನು avaḷannu taḷḷi biṭṭanu, He pushed her away.
- ಹೆಂಡತಿಯ ಮೂಗನ್ನು
ಕೊಯಿದು ಬಿಟ್ಟನು heṃḍatiya mūgannu koyidu biṭṭanu, He cut
off his wife's nose.
- ಗುಳಿಗೆ ನುಂಗಿ ಬಿಡ ಬೇಕೇ guḷige nuṃgi biḍa bēkē, Must I swallow down
the pill?
- ಹುಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲಾ ತಿಂದು
ಬಿಟ್ಟಿತು hullellā tiṃdu biṭṭitu, It eat up all the
grass.
- ಆ ಮಾತು ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಬಿಡು ā mātu biṭṭu biḍu, Leave out that word.
295. The regular verb
ಹಾಕು hāku, throw, is used in
the same sense as ಬಿಡು biḍu; as,
- ಮಣ್ಣೆಲ್ಲಾ ತೆಗೆದು ಹಾಕಿದ್ಧಾರೆ maṇṇellā
tegedu hākiddhāre, They have taken out all the earth, &c. &c.
These two verbs ಹಾಕಿ ಬಿಡು hāki biḍu, are
very frequently combined, and have the same signification and use as they have
separately; as,
- ಮಣ್ಣೆಲ್ಲಾ ತೆಗೆದು ಹಾಕಿ ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ಧಾರೆ
maṇṇellā tegedu hāki biṭṭiddhāre, They have taken out all the earth, &c. &c.
296. Sometimes ಬಿಡು biḍu, and ಹಾಕು hāku,
imply that the agent has no interest in the action; as,
- ಅಡಿಗೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಬಿಟ್ಟನು aḍige māḍi biṭṭanu,
He cooked (for another).
- ಬರೆದು ಹಾಕಿದೆನು baredu hākidenu, I
wrote (it for another).
6. ಬರು baru, Come
297. ಬರು baru is of very frequent occurrence,
and has a variety of significations; as,
- ನಿನಗೆ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಬರುತ್ತದೋ ninage vyākaraṇa baruttadō, Do you
understand grammar?
- ಅವರಿಗೆ ಇನ್ನು ವಿದ್ಯೆ ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ avarige innu vidye baralilla, They
are not yet learned.
- ನನಗೆ ಬರಹ ಬಾರದು nanage baraha bāradu, I cannot (do not
know to) write.
298. ಬರು baru, is used with the infinitive (regarded
as a verbal noun) of other verbs to express ability; as,
- ನನಗೆ ಓದ ಬರುವದು nanage ōda baruvadu, I can read.
- ಅವನಿಗೆ ಬರಯ ಬರುವದು avanige bareya baruvadu, He can write.
299. ಬರು baru, is affixed to gerunds to express
habit, continuance, or frequency of the action; as,
- ದೇವರು ಎಲ್ಲರನ್ನು ಕಾಪಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಬರುತ್ತಾನೆ
dēvaru ellarannu kāpāḍuttā baruttāne,
God continually preserves all.
- ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾ ಬಾ koḍuttā bā, Continue to give.
- ನಾಲ್ಕು ತಿಂಗಳು ಅವನು ನಿತ್ಯವು ಹಾಗೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ
ಬಂದನು nālku tiṃgaḷu avanu nityavu hāge
māḍuttā baṃdanu, For four months he continued daily to do so.
The meaning is expressed in English by the
phrases, "Kept on," "keeps on," "goes on," "went on," doing, &c.
In hōgi baruttēne, the polite
equivalent for, "I am going," on taking leave, the original meaning is dropped;
as,
- ನಾನು ಹೋಗಿ ಬರಲೋ nānu hōgi baralō, May I go?
- ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ hōgi bā, Go.
7. ಪಡು paḍu, Experience
300. ಪಡು paḍu, added to the infinitive of
another verb, gives it a passive signification; as,
ಮಾಡು māḍu |
do |
ಮಾಡಪಡು
māḍapaḍu
ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಡು māḍalpaḍu |
be done |
301. Added to nouns of sensation,
ಪಡು paḍu,
turns them into intransitive verbs; as,
- ದುಕ್ಖ ಪಟ್ಟರು
dukkha paṭṭaru, They sorrowed,
experienced grief.
- ಆನಂದ ಪತ್ತೆನು ānaṃda paṭṭenu, I was glad.
- ನೀನು ಭಯ ಪಡಲಿಲ್ಲವೋ nīnu bhaya paḍalillavō, Were you not
afraid?
- ದಾಹ ಪಟ್ಟೆವು dāha paṭṭevu, We were thirsty.
ಪಡು paḍu, is often used in the causal form; as,
- ನನಗೆ ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ
ದುಕ್ಖ ಪಡಿಸಿದರು
nanage
bahaḷavāgi dukkha paḍisidaru,
They made me very sorry.
- ಅವರನ್ನು ಬೇಸರ ಪಡಿಸ ಬೇಡ avarannu bēsara paḍisa bēḍa, Do not
distress them.
8. ಹೋಗು hōgu, Go
302.
ಹೋಗು hōgu, is added to gerunds to express
the completeness of the action; and may be rendered by away, off, &c.; as,
- ಕಳ್ಳರು ಒಡಿ ಹೋದರು kaḷḷaru oḍi hōdaru, The thieves ran
away.
- ಒಡೆದು ಹೋಗಿತ್ತು oḍedu hōgittu, It was broken to pieces.
- ಅಡವಿಯೆಲ್ಲಾ ಬೆಂದು ಹೋಯಿತು
aḍaviyellā beṃdu hōyitu, The whole
forest was consumed.
- ತ್ಯಾವ ಈಗ ಆರಿ ಹೋಯಿತು tyāva īga āri hōyitu, The dampness is
now dried up.
- ಅವನ ಕೈಲಾಗದೆ ಹೋಯಿತು avana kailāgade hōyitu, He could not
do it at all.
- ಶಿಕ್ಕದೆ ಹೋದರು śikkade hōdaru, They could not be
found at all.
- ಹಣ ಕೊಟ್ಟು ಹೋಯಿತು haṇa koṭṭu hōyitu, The money is all
paid up.
303.
ಹೋಗು hōgu, added to the infinitive,
sometimes expresses futurity. See § 240.
To 36. Syntax of Adverbs (§§ 304 - 318)