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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson


 35. Syntax of Auxiliary and Irregular Verbs (§§ 269 - 303)


Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. --  35. Syntax of Auxiliary and Irregular Verbs (§§ 269 - 303). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-27. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson35.htm      

First published as:  Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2011-08-27

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien  of Tüpfli's Global Village Library


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Syntax [ಪ್ರಯೋಗ prayōga] of Auxiliary and Irregular Verbs


0. Contents



See §§ 115 -117,  118, 119, 120, 121-128.


1. ಆಗು āgu, Become, be, happen, be finished, be suitable, be practicable or possible.


269. ಆಗು āgu, Become, be, happen, be finished, be suitable, be practicable or possible.

ಆಗಲಿ āgali, the 3rd person singular imperative, is used to express assent; as,

Also for such phrases as, "very well," "be it so," &c.

In certain connections it  is equivalent to "either, or"; as,

270. Preceded by the dative case, ಆಗು āgu, expresses suitability, adaption, &c.; as,

271. Preceded by the instrumental or locative case, it signifies power, capability, &c.; as,


1.1. ಆಗಿ āgi


272. The past gerund ಆಗಿ āgi, is a very common affix, and has various significations. The following are some of its uses:

273. It converts nouns and adjectives into adverbs; as,

ಬುದ್ಧಿ
buddhi
sense ಬುದ್ಧಿಯಾಗಿ
buddhiyāgi
sensibly
ಸುಲಭ
sulabha
ease ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ
sulabhavāgi
easily
ಮಬ್ಬು
mabbu
dim, dimness ಮಬ್ಬಾಗಿ
mabbāgi
dimly

274. Words which thus receive an adverbial signification, cannot always be rendered in English by a word in ly. The sense will be expressed by for, by, in, like, as, &c.; as,

275. When added to pronouns, it expresses freeness, spontaneousness, &c.; as,

276. Affixed to the dative case, ಆಗಿ āgi, signifies, for, in order to, on account of, in behalf of, &c.; as,

277. Added to an infinitive, ಆಗಿ āgi, signifies after, when, while, as, in consequence of, &c.; as,

278. ಆಗಿ āgi, added to its own infinitive may be rendered "as soon as," "when it took place," &c.; as,

279. ಆಗಿ āgi, is added to the verbal noun ಎಂಬುವದು eṃbuvadu, or ಎಂಬದು eṃbadu, in marking a quotation; as,


280.  In composition with ಇರು iru, ಆಗು āgu, expresses nature or quality; as,

The difference between iru, and āgiru, must be carefully observed.

281. When ಆಗ āga is affixed to a relative participle, it expresses the time when; as,

ಆದ āda, affixed to nouns converts them into adjectives; as,

ವಿಸ್ತರ vistara extension ವಿಸ್ತರವಾದ vistaravāda extensive

2. ಇರು iru, Be


282. ಇರು iru, with a dative case, denotes possession; as,

283. Added to a gerund, it sometimes expresses the habit or continuance of the action; as,


3. ಅನ್ನು annu, or ಎನ್ನು ennu, Say


3.1. ಎಂದು eṃdu


284. The past gerund ಎಂದು eṃdu, is used to mark a quotation of what another has written or said, or the words of a command or message; and answers to the οτι [hoti] in Greek, and inverted commas in English; as,

285. ಎಂದು eṃdu, may be often repeated to mark separate sentences depending on the final verb; as,

286. ಅಂತ eṃta, ಅಂತಲು eṃtalu, ಅಂತ aṃta, ಅಂತಲು aṃtalu, are frequently used for ಎಂದು eṃdu; as,

287. ಎಂದು eṃdu, is not required when the final verb is ಅನ್ನು annu, or ಎನ್ನು ennu; as,


3.2. ಅಂತೆ aṃte


288. ಅಂತೆ aṃte, is used impersonally for "It is said," "they say;" as,


4. ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, Buy, take


291. ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, in all its moods, tenses and persons is added to the past gerund of other verbs to give them a reflexive signification, similar to the middle voice in Greek. It denotes that the action is done for the benefit, or on account of, the agent; as,

ಹೋಡೆದನು
hoḍedanu
He beat (another) ಹೊಡೆದು ಕೊಂಡನು
hoḍedu koṃḍanu
He beat himself, or some other person or thing on his own account
ಹಣ್ಣು ಹಂಚಿದರು
haṇṇu haṃcidaru
They divided the fruit. ಹಂಚಿ ಕೊಂಡರು
haṃci koṃḍaru
They divided it among themselves.
ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದರು
kaḷuhisidaru
They sent (another) ಕಲುಹಿಸಿ ಕೊಂಡರು
kaḷuhisi koṃḍaru
They caused themselves to be dismissed.
ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆದೆನು
pustaka baredenu
I wrote a book. ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆದು ಕೊಂಡೆನು
pustaka baredu koṃḍenu
I wrote a book for myself.

It is very commonly used with causal verbs; as,

It is occasionally added to ಪಡು paḍu, without, however, varying the sense; as,

The addition of ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, gives a different signification to some verbs; as,

Other words are not altered in any way by it; as,

293. ಕೋ kō is generally used as the second person singular  imperative of koḷḷu; as,


5. ಬಿಡು biḍu, Put forth, &c.


294.ಬಿಡು biḍu, added to a gerund, denotes the completeness of the action, and may generally by rendered by away, off, down, up, out, &c.; as,

295. The regular verb ಹಾಕು hāku, throw, is used in the same sense as ಬಿಡು biḍu; as,

These two verbs ಹಾಕಿ ಬಿಡು hāki biḍu, are very frequently combined, and have the same signification and use as they have separately; as,

296. Sometimes ಬಿಡು biḍu, and ಹಾಕು hāku, imply that the agent has no interest in the action; as,


6. ಬರು baru, Come


297. ಬರು baru is of very frequent occurrence, and has a variety of significations; as,

298. ಬರು baru, is used with the infinitive (regarded as a verbal noun) of other verbs to express ability; as,

299. ಬರು baru, is affixed to gerunds to express habit, continuance, or frequency of the action; as,

The meaning is expressed in English by the phrases, "Kept on," "keeps on," "goes on," "went on," doing, &c.

In hōgi baruttēne, the polite equivalent for, "I am going," on taking leave, the original meaning is dropped; as,


7. ಪಡು paḍu, Experience


300. ಪಡು paḍu, added to the infinitive of another verb, gives it a passive signification; as,

ಮಾಡು māḍu do ಮಾಡಪಡು māḍapaḍu

ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಡು māḍalpaḍu

be done

301. Added to nouns of sensation, ಪಡು paḍu, turns them into intransitive verbs; as,

ಪಡು paḍu, is often used in the causal form; as,


8. ಹೋಗು hōgu, Go


302. ಹೋಗು hōgu, is added to gerunds to express the completeness of the action; and may be rendered by away, off, &c.; as,

303. ಹೋಗು hōgu, added to the infinitive, sometimes expresses futurity. See § 240.


To 36. Syntax of Adverbs (§§ 304 - 318)