Chronik Thailands

กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย

von

Alois Payer

Chronik 1945 / B. E. 2488

Zitierweise / cite as:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Chronik Thailands = กาลานุกรมสยามประเทศไทย. -- Chronik 1945 / B. E. 2488. -- Fassung vom 2017-03-23. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1945.htm  

Erstmals publiziert: 2013-04-25

Überarbeitungen: 2017-03-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-11-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-10-31 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-08-29 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-08-15 [Ergänzungen] ;  2016-04-29 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-22 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-14 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-04-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-03-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-02-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2016-01-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-12-24 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-11-09 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-09-11 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-08-25 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-07-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-06-06 [Ergänzungen] ; 2015-05-03 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-04-25 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-03-30 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-02-11 [Ergänzungen] ;  2015-01-13 [Ergänzungen] ;  2014-11-26 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-11-08 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-10-10 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-08-27 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-04-02 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-03-05 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2014-02-17 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-12-01 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-11-04 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-28 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-10-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-30 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-09-19 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-21 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-06-07 [Ergänzungen] ; 2013-05-19 [Ergänzungen]

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Herausgebers.

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Thailand von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

ช้างตายทั้งตัวเอาใบบัวปิดไม่มิด

Vorsicht bei den Statistikdiagrammen! Bei thailändischen Statistiken muss man mit allen Fehlerquellen rechnen, die in folgendem Werk beschrieben sind: Morgenstern, Oskar <1902 - 1977>: On the accuracy of economic observations. -- 2. ed. -- Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press, 1963. -- 322 S. ; 20 cm. Die Statistikdiagramme geben also meistens eher qualitative als korrekte quantitative Beziehungen wieder.

2488 / 1945 undatiert

1945 - 1958-11-11

Somdet Kromma Luang Vajirananavong (Momrajavong Chuen Nobbavong Sucitta) - สมเด็จพระสังฆราชเจ้า กรมหลวงวชิรญาณวงศ์ (หม่อมราชวงศ์ชื่น นพวงศ์ สุจิตฺโต) (1872 - 1958) ist Sangharaja (สังฆราช)

1945

Alliierte Flugblätter

Abb.: Alliierte Flugblätter [Fair use]

1941 - 1951

Um die japanischen Kriegskosten mitzufinanzieren, ist Thailand gezwungen, an die Japaner horrende Summen in Anleihen als Papiergeld zu geben (man druckt Geld ohne realwirtschaftliche Grundlage). Dieser riesige Zuwachs der Geldmenge führt zur galoppierenden Inflation.

Abb.: Ausgabe von Papiergeld an die Japaner und damit Erhöhung der Geldmenge in Mio. Baht, 1942 - 1945
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 163]

Abb.: Die Notendruckpresse wurde als "Wunschbaum" (กัลปพฤกษ์) missbraucht, 2008
[Bildquelle: Neil Faz. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/neilfaz/2813976148/. -- Zugriff am 2012-02-05. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

Abb.: Lebenskostenindex (1938 = 100), 1941 - 1951
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 164)]

1907 - 1950

Reisexporte in Prozenten der Gesamtproduktion an Reis:

Abb.: Reisexporte in Prozenten der Gesamtproduktion an Reis 1907 - 1950
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 53]

1928/29 - 1950

Import von Tabakprodukten und Rohtabak:

Abb.: Import von Tabakwaren und Rohtabak in Tonnen, 1928/29 - 1950
[Datenquelle: Ingram (1971), S. 137]

Abb.: Tabakproduktion (in 1000 Tonnen) 1918 - 1975
[Datenquelle: Mitchell (1982), S. 219f.]

Abb.: Rohtabak-Verkäuferin, Sukhothai (สุโขทัย), 2008
[Bildquelle: Basil & Tracy Brooks. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/basilb/2398321404/. -- Zugriff am 2012-01-31. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung)]

1945

Royal Decree on Religious Patronage of the Religion of Islam 1945. Dadurch wird das National Council for Muslims in Thailand begründet. Ihm gehören mindestens fünf Mitglieder an. Vorsitzender ist ex officio der Shail al-Islam (Berater der Regierung in Fragen des Islam). Die Mitglieder des Council werden vom König ernannt.

Abb.: Organisation des Islam in Thailand, 1963
[Bildquelle: Thailand official year book 1964. -- S. 514]

1945 - 1947

นายแช่ม พรหมยงค์  (ซำซุดดิน มุสตาฟา) (Cham Phromyong) (1901 - 1989) ist Chularajamontri (จุฬาราชมนตรี)

Abb.: König Ananda mit นายแช่ม พรหมยงค์  (ซำซุดดิน มุสตาฟา), 1946
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia]

1945

Gründung der kommunistischen สหสมาคมกรรมกรกรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok Worker's United Association) aka. สหภาพกรรมกรกรุงเทพฯ (Gewerkschaft der Arbeiter Bangkoks /Bangkok Worker's Union)

1945/1946

Gründung der kommunistischen สมาคมกรรมกรสงเคราะห์กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok Worker's Welfare Association) 1945/46

1945

Gründung von Khon Kaen Sugar (น้ำตาลขอนแก่น).

Abb.: ®Logo

"Khon Kaen Sugar is a sugar-manufacturing company based in Thailand. Its corporate headquarters are located in Bangkok. Principal manufacturing facilities are located in Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น) of northeastern Thailand.[1] History Khon Kaen was founded as Kwang Soon Lee in 1945 in Bangkok and in 1952 moved to a plant in Thonburi (ธนบุรี), producing 250 bags of sugar a day. The company spent the next decades merging with and acquiring companies and in 1974 organized itself and its companies as KSL Group. It listed at the Stock Exchange of Thailand  (ตลาดหลักทรัพย์แห่งประเทศไทย) in 2005, and is on the SET50 Index, and is currently the only sugar company at the SET. Subsidiaries Other KSL subsidiary companies include Thai Fermentation Industry, which produces Red Spoon brand condiments and is the largest exporter of seasoning products in Thailand; and Chengteh Chinaware Thailand, which produces and trades ceramic giftware. As of 2003 KSL is working to use waste molasses and bagasse for the production of ethanol and gasahol.[2]" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khon_Kaen_Sugar. -- Zugriff am 2012-10-07]

Abb.: Lage von Khon Kaen (ขอนแก่น)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945

Die Armee Siams führt die US-Maschinenpistole Thompson Sub Machine Gun / Tommy Gun ein.

Abb.: Thompson Sub Machine Gun / Tommy Gun
[Bildquelle: Stefan Kühn / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1945 - 1950

Geoffrey Thompson ist britischer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, ab 1947 Botschafter.

1945

Es erscheint:

Crosby, Josiah <1880 - 1958>: Siam : the crossroads. -- London : Hollis, 1945. -- 174 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm.

Crosby war

• 1904 - 1919: Beamter der brítischen Gesandtschaft in Bangkok
• 1921 - 1934: britischer Konsul in Bangkok
• 1934 - 1941: britischer Botschafter in Bangkok
• wird 1941 von den Japanern interniert und 1942 im Zuge des Austauschs internierter Diplomaten repatriiert.

1945

Es erscheint:

Smith, Hugh M. (Hugh McCormick) <1865-1941>: The freshwater fishes of Siam, or Thailand. -- Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1945. -- 622 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- (Bulletin /​ United States National Museum ; 188)

Smith war 1923 bis 1935 Fischereiexperte in siamesischen Diensten

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1945/1946

Die Künstlergruppe (Maler und Schriftsteller) League of Artists veranstaltet eine Reihe von Ausstellungen im Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theater, Bangkok. Zur Künstlergruppe gehören u.a.:

• Sod Kurmarohita (สด กูรมะโรหิต, 1908 - 1978)
• Chamras Kietkong (จำรัส เกียรติก้อง, 1916 - 1966)
• Wannasit Phukawanich
• Chalerm Nakiraks (เฉลิม นาคีรักษ์, 1917 - 2002)
• Sanit Disatapundhu (สนิท ดิษฐพันธุ์, 1923 - )
• Prasong Patthamanuch (ประสงค์ ปัทมานุช, 1926 - 1989)
• Seni Pramoj (เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 - 1997)
• Thawi Bunyaket (ทวี บุณยเกตุ, 1904 - 1971)

1945

Der laotische Prinz Phetsarath Ratanavongsa (ເຈົ້າເພັດຊະລາດ ລັດຕະນະວົງ, 1890 - 1959) befürwortet ein Groß-Laos unter Einschluss der laotisch besiedelten Gebite Nordostthailands.

"This country [Laos] which has been amputated of two thirds of its territory - the richest and most populous - is not viable and cannot exist as a state." [Zitiert in: Tappe, Oliver: Geschichte, Nationsbildung und Legitimationspolitik in Laos : Untersuchungen zur laotischen nationalen Historiographie und Ikonographie. -- Berlin : Lit, 2008. -- 393 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- (Comparative anthropological studies in society, cosmology and politics ; vol. 4.). --  ISBN 978-3-8258-1610-0. -- Zugl. Münster, Univ., Diss. 2007. -- S. 185, Anm. 298]

1945

In Indochina verhungern fast eine Million Vietnamesen. Grund für die Hungersnot ist die schlechte Logistik bei der Verteilung von Reis sowie die Beschlagnahmung von Nahrungsmitteln durch die japanische Armee.

1945

Der US Pflanzenphysiologe Benjamin Minge Duggar (1852 - 1956) entdeckt das Antibiotikum Chlortetracyclin (Aureomycin) als Naturstoff. Es ist das erste Tetrazyklin,

1945

Markteinführung von Natriumstibogluconat (Handelsname: ®Pentostam), dem wirksamsten Medikament gegen Leishmaniose. Leishmaniose kommt in Thailand sporadisch (nicht endemisch) vor.

Abb.: Lebenszyklus der Sanmücke Leishmania spp.
[Bildquelle: CDC / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1945

In der Sowjetunion beginnt die Serienproduktion des Lastkraftwagens GAZ-51 (ГАЗ-51). China wird dem kommunistischen Viet Minh Hunderte von solchen Lastkraftwagen liefern.

Abb.: GAZ-51 (ГАЗ-51)
[Bildquelle: Guðmundur D. Haraldsson. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/11565749@N02/2755186536. -- Zugriff am 2013-10-19. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

ca. 1945

Der kanadische Komponist Hugh Le Caine (1914 – 1977) baut den Electronic Sackbut, einen Synthesizer.

Abb.: Electronic Sackbut, 2008
[Bildquelle: David R. Carroll. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/22925961@N07/2806028258. --Zugriff am 2013-09-30. --  Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

Abb.: Blinder mit Synthesizer, Bangkok, 2011
[Bildquelle: Randy Adams. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/21761122@N06/5608440109. -- Zugriff am 2013-09-30. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

2488 / 1945 datiert

1945-01

Ministerpräsident Khuang weist Regierungsmitglieder, Beamte und übrige Männer an, nur noch Hemd, Hose und Sandalen zu tragen. Er selbst tritt überall so gekleidet auf.

1945-01

Die OSS-Geheimagenten (US Office of Strategic Services) Richard Greenlee und John Wester kommen in Bangkok an. Sie wohnen in einem Haus von Chan Bunnag (บุนนาค), wo sie eine Radiostation betreiben.

Abb.: Geheimes OSS-Hauptquartier Bangkok, 1945
[Bildquelle: US National Archives]

Abb.: Lage des geheimen OSS-Hauptquartiers
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-01-10

US Department of State: Postwar status of Thailand

"Before the war the United States had little except cultural interest in Thailand. In the postwar world the United States will be concerned with the political, social and economic progress of Southeast Asia, which includes Thailand, and with the maintenance of stable conditions in that area." [Zitiert in: Randolph, R. Sean: The United States and Thailand : alliance dynamics, 1950-1985. -- Berkeley : Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1986. -- 245 S. ; 23 cm. -- (Research papers and policy studies, 12). -- ISBN 0-912966-92-0. -- S. 11]

1945-01-12

Eröffnung der alliierten Ledo Road (लेडो रोड / လီဒိုလမ်းမကြီး / 中印公路) von Ledo (লিডু) nach Kunming (昆明) durch einen Konvoi von 113 Lastwagen. Bis Kriegsende passieren über 5000 Lastwagen die Straßen und transportieren 35.000 Tonnen Nachschub nach China.

Abb.: Ledo Road (लेडो रोड / လီဒိုလမ်းမကြီး / 中印公路)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Ein Abschnitt der Ledo Road (लेडो रोड / လီဒိုလမ်းမကြီး / 中印公路)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Konvoi auf der Ledo Road (लेडो रोड / လီဒိုလမ်းမကြီး / 中印公路)
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1945-01-24

US-Geheimdienstquellen zeigen sich überrascht über die Macht, die Admiral Jean Decoux  (1884 - 1963), der Gouverneur des französischen Vichy-Regimes, in Französisch-Indochina immer noch ausübt.

Abb.: Admiral Decoux vor Vichy-Truppen in Indochina
[Fair use]

1945-01-26

Im Golf von Thailand landet ein US-Wasserflugzeug und bringt zwei Agenten des OSS (American Office for Strategic Services, Vorläufer des CIA) nach Thailand.

1945-01-29

Das OSS-Hauptquartier (US Office of Strategic Services) an die OSS-Geheimagenten in Bangkok, Richard Greenlee und John Wester:

"No official statement on [a] provisional Thai government can be made by parties to be infiltrated but the parties can voice to RUTH [Pridi] their well-founded American opinions as follows: American interest in post-war independence of Thailand is realistic since as a non-colonial power our best interest is served by keeping the peoples of the world free and it would be contrary to our policy and damaging to our friendships and prestige if we allowed Thailand as a result of this war for freedom to have its freedom impaired." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 275]

1945-02

Eine Delegation der Seri Thai [ขบวนการเสรีไทย] trifft in Kandy (මහ නුවර, Ceylon) Major General Mackenzie und andere Engländer, die früher in Bangkok gearbeitet hatten. Während der siebentägigen Aufenthalts verhandeln sie täglich mit Maberley Esler Dening (1897 - 1977), dem politischen Berater von Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1900 – 1979). Mountbatten weigert sich, die Delegation zu empfangen.

"We flew to Calcutta [কলকাতা], and from there continued on to Trincomalee [திருகோணமலை] in Ceylon where we drove to a house in a rubber plantation called Riverdale Estate in Kandy [මහ නුවර]. There we metthe head of Force 135, Major-General Mackenzie, and other Englishmen who had been working in Bangkok. During the seven days we were in Kandy, meetings were held every day in which Mr. [Maberley Esler] Dening [1897 - 1977] [the Political Adviser to Lord Louis Mountbatten—Ed.] took part. We returned to Bangkok at the end of February, 1945. I later made a statement to the National Assembly concerning our mission to Ceylon and the reasons why Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Allied Commander, South-East Asia Command, had refused to meet us, sending Major-General Mackenzie and Mr. Dening in his place. The latter had explained that as Siam was still at war with England, such a meeting [i.e. with Lord Louis Mountbatten —Ed.] would constitute a formal confrontation. Major-General Mackenzie, Mr. Dening and the members of our delegation discussed military affairs. They [i.e. the British —Ed.] wanted to know the strength of our forces as well as those of Japan, and how much military support we could give them. We told them what we knew, and also said that we were ready to help them to the best of our ability in every way. As they did not want to hold political discussions, we did not touch on political subjects. However, one day Mr. Dening, the Political Adviser to Lord Louis Mountbatten, told our delegation that he would like to have an informal chat with us on political issues. During the course of this talk he asked us what Siam's stand would be after the war. We told him that the true feelings of the Siamese people as expressed through the National Assembly were ones of reluctance at ever having had to join the war on the side of Japan. As Japan had approached ever nearer, however, given that we were a small country, [Siam had not had any chance but to succumb —Ed.] Our position had been one which called for sympathy. The members of our delegation added that England would be making a sound policy move if she was to declare that she would respect the independence and sovereignty of Siam, as she knew that we had only co-operated with Japan out of necessity and that we were now ready to rise against Japan. A policy statement along similar lines to that made by the United States would be received with appreciation and would encourage us the more in our co-operation against Japan. Mr. Dening replied that he would have to take time to think about this. The British had never dreamed that Siam would declare war on England. Furthermore, we had strongly attacked Britain verbally over the radio. He pointed out that the British had had no way of knowing what the true facts of the situation were. Our delegates argued that we could not have done otherwise. If we had made an outright declaration [i.e. in favour of Britain—Ed.], we would have suffered reprisals at the hands of Japan. In such a case we would have been unable to help the Allies when [a suitable] time came. We therefore thought that the best thing England could do was to make haste in announcing a declaration such as we had suggested. Mr. Dening answered that this could not be done given the fact that England was a democracy. If the British government was to suddenly surprise its people by making such a declaration, they would take this amiss, as they did not know the full facts of the case. However, British and Siamese delegates getting together like this was a move in the right direction. Thus our political talks left us with no commitments on either side. Nevertheless they were a step forward in proving to England's satisfaction that we were really in earnest in regard to our desire to co-operate with her." [Quelle: Direck Jayanama [ดิเรก ชัยนาม] <1905 - 1967>: Siam and World War II / English ed. prepared and ed. by Jane Godfrey Keyes. -- Bangkok : The Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 2521 [1978]. -- 358 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- Originaltitel: ไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 (2.ed., 1967). -- S. 104. -- Fair use]

1945-02-09

Alliierte Bomber zerstören die Rama VI. Eisenbahnbrücke (สะพานพระราม 6).

Abb.: Lage der Rama VI. Eisenbahnbrücke (สะพานพระราม 6)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-03/04

"Some time later, around March or April, 1945, our resistance movement came to the conclusion that if we did not show the world and the United Nations one way or another that we were ready to make sacrifices, our efforts would have been in vain. We therefore decided to launch out bravely. The Regent sent telegrams to the leaders of the Free Siamese movement [ขบวนการเสรีไทย] abroad, one to Washington to M.R. Seni Pramot [หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 - 1997] to be forwarded to the United States government and another to Lord Louis Mountbatten [ Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg), 1900 – 1979],  telling them that Japan was trying to squeeze another 100 million baht out of the Siamese government. Nai Khuang Aphaiwong [ควง อภัยวงศ์, 1902 - 1968], the Prime Minister, had consulted the Regent about this, and it had been agreed that we would refuse to grant this loan. If strong pressure was brought to bear on us, then the government of Nai Khuang Aphaiwong would resign. Once a new government was formed, it would declare all agreements and policies made with Japan void, or, in other words, although Siam would not declare war on Japan, she would declare a return to the status quo position of the period prior to 8th December 1941. Once this status quo position was re-established, Japanese troops would no longer have the right to remain on Siamese soil. We fully expected that Japan, as the arbiter of power in Siam, would not allow the Siamese government to carry out such measures. An open break, or declaration of war, would therefore result between us. Even though the weapons sent in by the United Nations would not be sufficient for us to carry on the fighting effectively, we believed, nevertheless, that with the efforts of the civilian population of Siam, as well as the military, we would be able to withstand any belligerent acts on the part of the Japanese. Because making such a declaration and taking such steps would affect the interests of the United Nations, we were informing the governments of the United States and Britain as well as Lord Louis Mountbatten as Supreme Commander of the Allied Force in South-East Asia, of our decision. In regard to this whole question, again, we felt that on the day that we changed our government and our policy, if the governments of both the United States and Britain would make a declaration approving these steps and agreeing to respect our sovereignty and independence in every way, this would definitely boost our spirits towards offering the fullest possible resistance to Japan. In effect, then, we were requesting certain concessions [from the United States and England —Ed.] Our statement produced successful results, as Mr. Grew [Joseph Clark Grew, 1880 – 1965], the United States Under-Secretary of State and former Ambassador to Tokyo, sent a message to the Regent thanking the people of Siam and pledging that at a suitable time the United States government would be willing to declare that it had never regarded Siam as an enemy nation but rather as a country which was under Japanese occupation. The United States government would therefore be prepared to declare that the sovereignty and independence of Siam should be respected, and that she would not hold Siam as having declared war against her. However, Mr. Grew stated, the United States government must ask us to stop short in our plans for the moment, and continue patiently as we had done before, in the military interests of the United Nations. England did not reply right away, but when she did eventually answer, her reply stated that the views of the British government were similar to those of the United States. It was fortunate that we received such replies for the objections to our plans that they contained kept us from suffering unnecessary bloodshed. Nonetheless, we knew that the British were dissatisfied with us in a number of ways." [Quelle: Direck Jayanama [ดิเรก ชัยนาม] <1905 - 1967>: Siam and World War II / English ed. prepared and ed. by Jane Godfrey Keyes. -- Bangkok : The Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 2521 [1978]. -- 358 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- Originaltitel: ไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 (2.ed., 1967). -- S. 104f. -- Fair use]

1945-03-09

Japan stellt Admiral Jean Decoux  (1884 - 1963), Gouverneur von Französisch-Indochina, ein Ultimatum: das gesamte französische Militär und Polizei muss japanischem Kommando und die Verwaltung muss japanischer Kontrolle unterstellt werden. Decoux hat zwei Stunden Zeit, diese Forderungen zu akzeptieren.

1945-03-10

Die japanische Regierung erklärt die Souveränität Frankreichs über Indochina für beendet. Die französischen Kolonialtruppen (30.000 Mann) werden gefangen genommen, außer 6.000, die nach China fliehen. Seit der Besetzung Frankreichs durch das 3. Reich unterstand Indochina der mit Deutschland kollaborierenden Vichy-Regierung. Nach der militärischen Besetzung Indochinas durch Japan 1941 blieb auf Wunsch Deutschlands die französische Oberhoheit in Zivilsachen erhalten. Japan fordert nun den Kaiser von Annam, Bảo Đại (1913 - 1997), auf, Tonkin, Annam und Kotschinchina zum Kaiserreich Vietnam (Đế quốc Việt Nam) zu vereinigen und dessen Unabhängigkeit zu erklären.

In Laos wird der französische Résident Supérieur durch den japanischen Supreme Counseler Ishibashi [ 石橋 ?] ersetzt. Japanische Truppen besetzen Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ).

1945-03-10

Im japanischen Hauptquartier in Saigon (Vietnam) diskutiert das Militär unter dem Oberbefehlshaber für  Südostasien, Terauchi Hisaichi (寺内 寿一, 1879 - 1946), eine militärische Übernahme von Thailand. Die Militärs lehnen das ab, da es feige wäre, ein so schwaches Land wie Thailand militärisch einzunehmen.

1945-03-12

König Norodom Sihanouk (នរោត្ដម សីហនុ, 1922 - )  von Kambodscha proklamiert die Unabhängigkeit Kambodschas und annulliert alle mit der Kolonialmacht Frankreich geschlossenen Verträge. Der Name auf Französisch soll "Kampuchea" sein.

1945-03-13

König Norodom Sihanouk (នរោត្ដម សីហនុ, 1922 - )  von Kambodscha erklärt die Gesetze für ungültig, durch die die Romanisierung der kambodschanischen Schrift für den amtlichen Verkehr vorgeschrieben sowie in kambodscha der gregorianische Kalender eingeführt wurde.

1945-03-15

Vorschläge einer Thai-Delegation unter Leitung von Direk Jayanama (ดิเรก ชัยนาม, 1905 - 1965) an die Alliierten:

"the Siamese Regent desires to declare war on Japan and other Axis States..·; to repudiate all treaties and agreements entered into by the former Premier Pibul since the decision of 1941... to convince the Siamese people of Allied good intentions and thereby unite the Siamese people and soldiers in support of Allied military efforts in Siam against the Japanese! and lastly to establish a free Siamese Provisional Government abroad which would meet temporarily the present needs of the real leaders of the country within Slam and which would be dissolved as soon as the Regent at Bangkok is in a position to appoint a new Provisional Government on Siamese soil." [Zitiert in: Charivat Santaputra [จริย์วัฒน์ สันตะบุตร]: Thai foreign policy 1932-1946. -- Bangkok : Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University, 1985. -- 465 S. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 974-335-091-8. -- S. 331f.]

1945-03-15

Japanische Truppen besetzen Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ)

1945-03-22

Laos: Nhouy Abhay (ຫຍຸຍ ອະໄພ) behauptet in seiner neuen Zeitschrift Lao Chaleun (ລາວຈະເລີນ), dass sich die gelben Rassen gegen die Weißen verbünden müssen. Laos werde wahrscheinlich bald unabhängig.

1945-03-21

Japan gibt in Phnom Penh (Kambodscha) fälschlicherweise bekannt, dass in Frankreich 8.000 Indochinesen hingerichtet worden seien.

1945-03-24

Die Exilregierung France libre erklärt, dass sie jeden Versuch der UNO ablehnt, die französischen Kolonialgebiete unter internationale Treuhandschaft zu stellen.

1945-03-26

Zur Machtdemonstration rollen japanische Panzer durch die Straßen Bangkoks.

1945-03-27

Die Patriotic Burmese Foces ((မ်ဳိးခ်စ္ဗမာ့တပ္မေတာ္, PBF) richten sich gegen die japanischen Besatzer Burmes. es sind ca. 11.500 Mann. Sie erhalten sofort Unterstützung von Großbritannien. Die PBF sind die umgenannte, von den Japanern gegründete Burma National Army  (ဗမာ့အမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်)

1945-03-29

OSS-Major und Geheimagent (US Office of Strategic Services) Richard Greenlee wird wieder nach Bangkok geschickt mit folgender politischen Botschaft an die Thai-Untergrundbewegung:

"The US has at the moment a policy vis a vis Thailand, of maintaining its independence, or supporting [its] territorial integrity, of hastening its liberation from Japan, and [of] recognizing its services to the United Nations in so far as this can be done without raising diplomatic issues with Great Britain. This last is partly due to a desire by the US not to emphasize British and American differences concerning Thailand. The US is pursuing a policy of collaborating with Great Britain for purposes of prosecuting the war in Southeast Asia. However, the State Department is thoroughly sympathetic with Ruth [Pridi] and his Government." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 299]

1945-03-31

Howard Palmer, Sohn eines Missionars in Thailand und OSS-Agent, wird ins Land gebracht. Er verspricht Pridi ein landesweites Agentennetzwerk. Seri Thai solle helfen, Bombenziele auszuwählen.

1945-04

Bis April 1945 haben alliierte Bomber fast alle Eisenbahnbrücken Thailands zerstört

1945-04-04

 Alliierte Bomber zerstören die beiden Elektrizitätswerke Bangkoks. Bangkok ist ohne Strom.

1945-04ff.

Die Alliierten liefern der Seri-Thai-Bewegung (ขบวนการเสรีไทย) sehr viele Waffen gegen die Japaner. Ein Viertel der Waffen geht nach Kriegsende an die beiden Siamesische Bataillone (tiểu đoàn Xiêm) des kommunistischen vietnamesischen Viet Minh (Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội / 越南獨立同盟會) Ho Chi Minh's (Hồ Chí Minh / 胡志明, 1890 - 1969). Ein weiterer Teil geht an mehrere Seri-Thai nahestehende Armee-Einheiten, ein Teil bleibt im Besitz verschiedener Seri-Thai-Anhänger.

Diese "Privat-Arme" Pridi Banomyongs hat nach dem Krieg ihre Waffenlager an folgenden Orten:

• Thammasat University (มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์)
• Hauptquartier der Militärpolizei
• Special Branch Police
• Häuser und Verstecke von mehren Parlamentsabgeordneten Nordostthailand und anderer Seri-Thais

1945-04-05

John Coughlin (OSS - US Office of Strategic Services) an OSS-Geheimagent John Wester in Bangkok:

"Coughlin bluntly advised Wester in a 5 April message that his efforts to influence bombing policy were meeting resistance in part because of: "increased impatience on American side at what many consider demanding attitude of Thais and their failure to supply us with information they should be able to procure. Virtually all intelligence we are getting is what Thais want us to know in our own interest, what the Japs tell them, or what they can see for themselves. They are not making serious efforts to discover important Jap military secrets. This is better than nothing but certainly not enough to consider Thais as real allies."" [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 302]

1945-04-07 - 1945-08-17

Admiral Baron Kantarō Suzuki (鈴木 貫太郎, 1868 – 1948 ) ist Ministerpräsident Japans.

1945-04-08

Die Japaner veranlassen König Sisavang Vong (ພຣະບາດສົມເດັດພຣະເຈົ້າສີສະຫວ່າງວົງ, 1885 - 1959), die Unabhängigkeit von Laos von Frankreich auszurufen und Prinz Phetsarath (ເພັດຊະລາດ / เจ้าเพชรราช รัตนวงศา, 1890 - 1959) zum Ministerpräsidenten zu ernennen.

Abb.:  König Sisavang Vong (ພຣະບາດສົມເດັດພຣະເຈົ້າສີສະຫວ່າງວົງ)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Text der Unabhängigkeitserklärung:

"In consequence of the failure of the French rulers the Kingdom had to proclaim itself independent. The judicial bonds tying us to France by treaties and agreements have been broken off in fact, because France has not met her engagement to defend us against external foes." [Zitiert in: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>:  History of Laos. -- 2. rev., enl. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1971. -- 325 S. : Ill. ; 27 cm. -- Einbandtitel: A new history of Laos. -- S. 271]

1945-04-12 - 1953-01-20

Harry S. Truman (1884 - 1972) ist Präsident der USA.

Abb.: Präsident Harry S. Truman verkündet das Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs in Europa, 1945-05-08
[Bildquelle: Abbie Rowe / National Archives and Records Administration / Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1945-04-12

OSS-Geheimagent (US Office of Strategic Services) in Bangkok Richard Greenlee an John Coughlin (OSS-Hauptquartier):

"Contrary to the feeling at Headquarters that the Thais are demanding without producing, they believe the shoe is on the other foot. They have not pulled their punches on John [Wester]. Moreover, they cannot understand how we can profess friendship for Thailand and allow our own air force to bomb Thai installations, kill Thais when no Japs are in the vicinity and strafe airfields when no Jap planes are ever present." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 303]

1945-04-13

In einer Ansprache zu Songkran plädiert König Norodom Sihanouk (នរោត្ដម សីហនុ, 1922 - 2012) von Kambodscha für eine Kopperation mit Japan. Er verspricht, dass Kambodscha bald die Größe wiedererlangen würde, die es als Angkor Wat (អង្គរវត្ត) hatte.

1945-04-14

Alliierte Bomber zerstören das letzte noch tätige Elektrizitätswerk Bangkoks in Samsen (สามเสน).

1945-04-14

OSS-Geheimagent (US Office of Strategic Services) in Bangkok Richard Greenlee an John Coughlin (OSS-Hauptquartier):

"Saturday the 14th brought more immediate problems for the SIREN party. Despite doses of sedatives, [John] Wester [OSS-Geheimagent in Bangkok] turned violent. Greenlee sent an urgent message to Coughlin: "John gone completely berserk. Advise soonest when Catalina can come." He later described the situation in harrowing detail in a letter to the Colonel: "He wanted us to kill him and beat his head on the floor. He had the strength of a maniac and all of us were required to subdue him. The strain on everyone is apparent. He was screaming loud enough to be heard for a block. We are on a main thoroughfare now - about 50 feet from it. The other side of the house fronts directly on the river and sampans continually parade past near the shore. This afternoon eight Jap soldiers in field dress marched by the house, just a few feet from our window. Had Wester been in his tantrum then, the Japs would have attempted to come in and we might have had to shoot it out."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 304]

1945-04-15

 OSS-Geheimagent (US Office of Strategic Services) Richard Greenlee über Thai Guerillas:

"They cannot be organized without American officers or arms. Of these, arms are most important. If arms are not soon forthcoming, the guerrillas will not be able to operate in time. And if arms are not furnished, we cannot count on our Thais furnishing intelligence. They are disgusted with us for letting them down. Their manner of doing their work has changed and they overlook many of our requests." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 310f.]

1945-04-18

Alliierte Bomber bombardieren Bangkok. Sie zerstören japanische Einrichtungen sowie das Dock der Borneo Company. Die Docks brennen auch noch zwei TaGE SPÄTER:

1945-04-25

Rangoon (Yangon - ရန်ကုန်, Burma) wird durch die Briten von den Japanern zurückerobert. Japanisches Militär und Zivilisten (z.B. 140 Angestellte von Mitsubishi) fliehen nach Thailand.

Abb.: Lage von Rangun (Yangon - ရန်ကုန)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-05

Japan fordert von Thailand eine Kriegsanleihe über 100 Millionen Baht. Sie kommt nicht mehr zur Auszahlung.

1945-05

Oun Sananikone (ຊະນະນິກອນ) bildet mit thailändischer Unterstützung in Südlaos der geheimen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Lao-Pen-Lao (ລາວເປັນລາວ -- Laos den Laoten).

1945-05-14 - 1942-05-17

Abb.: Denkmal für Subhash Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু) im Renkōji Tempel (蓮光寺), Tokyo (Japan), 2008
[Bildquelle: Tyoron2 / Wikipedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

Der Anführer der indischen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Netaji ("geliebter Führer") Subhash Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু,, 1897 - ?)  besucht Thailand. Er empfängt viele Inder.

1945-05-Ende

Der kambodschanische Nationalistenführer Son Ngoc Thanh (Sơn Ngọc Thành / សឺង ង៉ុកថាញ់ / 山玉成, 1908 – 1977) kehrt aus Japan zurück und wird Außenminister.

"Son Ngoc Thanh (Vietnamese: Sơn Ngọc Thành, Khmer: សឺង ង៉ុកថាញ់ Chinese：山玉成) (December 7, 1908 – August 8, 1977) was a Cambodian nationalist and republican politician, with a long history as a rebel and (for brief periods) a government minister. Early life Thanh was born in Travinh, Vietnam, to a Khmer Krom (ខ្មែរក្រោម) father and a Chinese-Vietnamese mother.[1] He was educated in Saigon, Montpellier and Paris, studying law for a year before returning to Indo-China. He found work as a magistrate in Pursat (ពោធិ៍សាត់) and as a public prosecutor in Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) before becoming Deputy Director of the Buddhist Institute.[2] Along with another prominent early Khmer nationalist, Pach Chhoeun (ប៉ាច ឈឺន, 1896 - 1971), he established the first Khmer language newspaper, Nagaravatta (នងរវតត), in 1936. The political outlook of Nagaravatta, which urged Khmers to break the commercial monopoly of foreign traders by starting their own businesses, was to make Thanh and his colleagues receptive to Japanese fascism, or as he termed it "National Socialism".[3] Thanh's ideology was essentially republican, right-wing, and modernising in outlook, which was to make him a longstanding opponent of the King Norodom Sihanouk (នរោត្តម សីហនុ, 1922 – 2012). Despite his nationalism, he was also a strong advocate of pan-Asian cooperation, and advocated the teaching of the Vietnamese language in Cambodian schools, as it was a potential conduit for modernising ideas. Involvement in government After demonstrations against the French in July 1942, Thanh fled to Japan, returning when Sihanouk declared Cambodia's independence on March 12, 1945, during the Japanese occupation. He was made Foreign Minister. In August with the surrender of Japan, Thanh made himself Prime Minister. With the restoration of French control in October, he was arrested, and sent into exile first in Saigon and then in France.[4] Many of his supporters joined the Khmer Issarak (ខ្មែរឥស្សរៈ) resistance to fight the colonial power. In 1951, the authorities brought Thanh back, to considerable popular acclaim; refusing a Cabinet position, he made alliances with various leaders of the Khmer Issarak rebels, and established another newspaper (Khmer Kraok) which advocated revolt against the French administration and was quickly banned. In 1952, accompanied by his lieutenant Ea Sichau (a French-educated customs official and leftist intellectual) and a number of supporters, Thanh disappeared into the forests in the area of Siem Reap (ក្រុងសៀមរាប), and began to organise resistance. The Issarak movement was split between the Khmer National Liberation Committee, the more overtly leftist United Issarak Front (សមាគមខ្មែរ​ឥស្សរៈ), and a variety of regional warlords and guerrilla leaders. Thanh attempted to gain overall control of the movement throughout the early 1950s; a few of the movement's leaders, such as Prince Norodom Chantaraingsey and Puth Chhay, temporarily supported his overall leadership. By 1954, however, he had been increasingly sidelined by the leftists, and received overtures from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, who would fund many of his activities in future.[5] Though Thanh retained a high degree of support amongst the Khmer Krom, in subsequent years he would have relatively little influence or popular support within Cambodian domestic politics, especially as Sihanouk's Sangkum (សង្គមរាស្ត្រនិយម) movement absorbed most centrist and rightist elements. The Khmer Serei The First Indochina War ended in 1954. From his base near Siem Reap, Thanh organized the Khmer Serei (ខ្មែរសេរី) militia, mainly recruited from amongst the Khmer Krom, to fight Sihanouk, who had come to regard Thanh as one of his greatest enemies. In his 1959 "Manifesto" of the Khmer Serei, Thanh charged Sihanouk with allowing the "Communistization" of Cambodia at the hands of North Vietnam.[6] The Khmer Serei operated in the border areas of Thailand and South Vietnam, making clandestine anti-Sihanouk radio broadcasts, but made little headway, although they were suggested as a source of military power in a number of coup plots (such as the Bangkok Plot). After the Cambodian military and Lon Nol (លន់ នល់, 1913 – 1985) overthrew Sihanouk in 1970, Thanh was invited to participate in the new Khmer Republic (សាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ) government - initially as an adviser to the Acting Head of State, Cheng Heng (ឆេង-ហេង, 1910 - 1996) - and put his Khmer Serei troops at its service. In 1972, Thanh again became Prime Minister, but after being the target of a bomb attack (possibly organised by Lon Nol's brother, Lon Non [លន់ ណុន, 1930 - 1975]) he was soon dismissed by Lon Nol and exiled himself to South Vietnam. Thanh was arrested after the Communist victory in Vietnam, and died in their custody in 1977." [Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh. -- Zugriff am 2016-11-25]

1945-06

Cholera- und Pocken-Epidemien in Bangkok.

1945-06

Der japanische Kriegsverbrecher Oberst Tsuji Masanobu  (辻 政信, 1901? – 1961?) kommt nach Thailand und verhindert z.B. die Erklärung Bangkoks zur "offenen Stadt". Nach der Kapitulation der Japaner in Burma tauchte Tsuji in Thailand unter mit dem Pseudonym eines buddhistischen Geistlichen mit Namen Aoki Norinobu auf. Als die Briten Ende Oktober Bangkok besetzten und bekannt gaben, dass auch Geistliche interniert werden würden, floh Tsuji nach China.

Abb.: Statue für den Kriegsverbrecher Oberst Tsuji Masanobu  (辻 政信), Kaga - 加賀市, Japan
[Bildquelle: Namazu-tron / Wikimedia]

1945-06-03

Das US-Oberkommando der Streitkräfte beschließt, 3 Mio. US-Soldaten aus Europa nach Südostasien zu verlegen, um gegen Japan zu kämpfen.

1945-06-04

Tod des Literaturwissenschaftlers Phra Sanprasert (พระสารประเสริฐ aka. ตรี นาคะประทีป, 1889 - 1945)

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer Biographie, 1989
[Fair use]

1945-06-05

Bangkok: Attentat auf Lio Chiahung, den Spitzel einer japanischen Gegenspionage-Organisation. Der chinesische Täter ist ein Anhänger der Kuomintang (中國國民黨).

1945-06-07

Geheimdienstler Edmond Taylor (OSS)

"Detachment 404 Intelligence Officer [Edmond] Taylor remained dissatisfied. Like [Victor] Jacques, Taylor believed the volume and quality of information could be improved if better trained officers were sent in. With the future of the OSS [US Office of Strategic Services] in mind, Taylor believed that Detachment 404’s first priority should be intelligence of direct or indirect value to the China or Pacific Theater, the second for "political and economic intelligence of interest to State" and the lowest for tactical reports which might benefit British operations in Southeast Asia. "Bangkok should be particularly urged to think in terms of accomplishing some outstanding intelligence feat, or series of feats, while there is still time, " Taylor wrote, noting that despite the establishment of an intelligence network "there has not yet been one single report of outstanding value produced. " What Taylor most wanted was some "closely guarded secret of the Japanese army which would be put to immediate use in other theaters, " precisely the type of information to which the Thai would be least likely to gain access."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 340]

1945-06-08

Choti Lamsam (ล่ำซำ) gründet die Thai Farmers Bank (ธนาคารกสิกรไทย / 泰华农民银行, heute Kasikornbank).

Abb.: ®Logo

1945-06-18

Die Alliierten werfen am offenen Tag 50 Fallschirmladungen mit Medizin und Flugblättern auf den Sanam Luang (สนามหลวง) ab. Transportiert werden die Güter von drei B-24 Bombern, die von neun P-38 Kampfflugzeugen eskortiert werden. Thai Polizisten und Soldaten nehmen die Fallschirmladungen in Empfang. Auf dem Rückflug greifen die Kampfflugzeuge eine Japanische Flak-Stellung an, dabei werden vier Thai Soldaten und fünf Thai Zivilisten getötet.

Abb.: Lage des Sanam Luang (สนามหลวง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: B-24J, 1944
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: P-38, 2007
[Bildquelel: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

 

1945-06-20 - 1945-06-27

Die USA werfen in verschiedenen Provinzen 74 Tonnen Material für die  Seri Thai (ขบวนการเสรีไทย) ab.

1945-06-22

US-Truppen nehmen Okinawa (沖縄県) ein.

Abb.: Lage von Okinawa (沖縄県)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-06-26

San Francisco (USA): 51 Staaten unterzeichnen die UN-Charta und gründen damit die Vereinten Nationen (UNO).

1945-06-22

2000 Flugzeuge der US-Luftwaffe fliegen Bombenangriff auf Tokyo (東京). 10.000 Tote.

Abb.: Lage von Tokyo (東京)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-07

In der Provinz Sakon Nakhon (สกลนคร) sind Guerillas unter Tiang Sirikhanth (เตียง ศิริขันธ์, 1909 - 1952) antijapanisch tätig.

1945-07

Die 93. Division der nationalchinesischen Armee stoßt in die Shanstaaten vor. Thailand befürchtet eine Invasion Chinas in Nordthailand. Die 93. Division steht faktisch unter dem alleinigen Kommando ihres Warlords in Yunnan (雲南).

1945-07-03 - 1947-01-21

James F. Byrnes (1882 - 1972) ist US Secretary of State (Außenminister).

Abb.: James F. Byrnes, ca. 1941
[Bildquelle: LoC / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-07-10

Acht B-24-Bomber der britischen Luftwaffe bombardieren den Bahnhof Bangkok Noi (บางกอกน้อย): 90 Tote, 400 Verwundete. Viele Gebäude brennen, darunter das Lagerhaus des Public Health Department, wo die meisten Medikamentenvorräte für Bangkok lagern.

Abb.: Lage von Bangkok Noi (บางกอกน้อย)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-07-12

John Coughlin (OSS - US Office of Strategic Services) an Otto Doering (OSS):

"We wish to avoid giving the Thais, who have enormous respect and good will towards America, the impression that we are a mere tail to the British kite. We feel that a limited program, if it is well and expeditiously carried out, with no political strings attached, we will be able to retain and increase the good will of Thailand toward America in this politically crucial area." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 360]

1945-07-20

Kambodscha: Feiern zum 3. Jahrestag der Mönchsdemonstration in Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) 1942 gegen die Franzosen. Japan übergibt die französische résidence supérieure an Kambodscha als Gästehaus. In der résidence war Pach Chhoeun (ប៉ាច ឈឺន, 1896 - 1971) 1972 inhaftiert.

1945-07-21

Verteidigungspakt mit Japan: Japan ist für die Verteidigung der Nordgrenze zu Burma zuständig. Japan und Thailand verteidigen gemeinsam Bangkok und andere wichtige Gebiete. Die Thai Armee sichert das Hinterland und Kommunikationslinien und sorgt für Ruhe und Ordnung im Land. Keine der beiden Seiten darf einseitig Tuppenn zurückziehen.

1945-07-23

Tod von Prinz Phitayalongkorn aka. No.Mo.So (พระราชวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้ารัชนีแจ่มจรัส กรมหมื่น พิทยาลงกรณ์ aka. น.ม.ส., 1876 - 1945)

, 1876 - 1945). Der Prinz war Schrifsteller, Dichter und Publizist und gilt als Vater der thailändischen Genossenschaftsbewegung.

Abb.: Prinz Phitayalongkorn (พระราชวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้ารัชนีแจ่มจรัส กรมหมื่นพิทยาลงกรณ์)
[Bildquelle: th.Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

 

Abb.: Einbandtitel einer Werkausgabe, 1961
[Fair use]

"Phraratchaworawong Thö Kromamün Phithayalongkon [พระราชวรวงศ์เธอ กรมหมื่นพิทยาลงกรณ์ ] war ein Sohn des Krom Phraratcha Wang Bowon Wichaichan [กรมพระราชวังบวรวิไชยชาญ] (1838 - 1885), der unter Culalongkon [Chulalongkorn] Maha Uparat [มหาอุปราช] war. Wichaichan hatte selbst als Dichter einen Namen. Phithayalongkon lebte von 1876-1945. Er war in verschiedenen Ministerien tätig, u. a. im damaligen Ministerium für buddhistische Angelegenheiten, dann als Berater im Finanzministerium. Auf der ersten Europareise begleitete er Culalongkon und blieb anschließend zu weiterem Studium in England. 1899 kehrte er nach Bangkok zurück und war wieder im Finanzministerium tätig. Auf Grund seiner Verdienste wurde er in den Rang eines Kromamün [กรมหมื่น] erhoben. Phithayalongkon wurde auch Mitglied des Staatsrats und war zeitweilig Präsident der „königlichen Akademie". Seine literarischen Werke veröffentlichte er unter dem Pseudonym „N. M. S." [น.ม.ส.]. Als die wichtigsten Werke Phithayalongkon’s seien erwähnt จดหมายจางวางหร่ำ (1905) สืบราชสมบัติ (1910) พระนลคำฉันท์ (1916) นิทานเวตาล (1918) กนกนคร (1922) ลิลิตสามกรุง" [Quelle: Wenk, Klaus <1927 - 2006>: Die Ruderlieder, kāp hē rüö, in der Literatur Thailands. -- Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1968. -- 177 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm. -- (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ; Bd. 37,4). -- S. 88, dort Thai-Titel in Umschrift]

1945-07-26 - 1951-10-26

 Clement Attlee (1883 - 1951) ist Prime Minister Großbritanniens.

1945-07-26

Potsdamer Erklärung der USA, Großbritanniens und Nationalchinas setzt die Bedingungen zur Kapitulation Japans:

"We, the President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war. The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist. The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The full application of our military power, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland. The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason. Following are our terms. We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay. There must be eliminated for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven from the world. Until such a new order is established and until there is convincing proof that Japan’s war-making power is destroyed, points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic objectives we are here setting forth. The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine. The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives. We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners. The Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established. Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those industries which would enable her to re-arm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted. The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government. We call upon the Government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." [Quelle: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-09]

Abb.: Lage von Potsdam
[Bildquelle: Bennet Schulte / Wikimedia. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-07-29

Bomber der britischen Luftwaffe bombardieren den Bahnhof Bangkok Noi (บางกอกน้อย) ohne ihn zu treffen. Dafür werden Japaner, die bei einem Krankenhaus Schutz gesucht hatten, getötet. Auch Thais werden getötet.

 1945-08-06

Abwurf der ersten Atombombe auf Hiroshima (広島市)

Abb.: Flugroute der Bomber auf Hiroshima (広島市) und Nagasaki (長崎市)
[Bildquelle: Mr98 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Atompilz über Hiroshima (広島市)
[Bildquelle: Enola Gay Tail Gunner S/Sgt. George R. (Bob) Caron / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-08-06

Maberley Esler Dening (1897 - 1977) an das britische Foreign Office:

"If our terms to Siam appear to the Americans to be too stiff I do not doubt that Siam will get to hear that American sympathy is on their side. This will encourage them to hold out for more and we may in the end find ourselves in a position where no credit at all accrues to us while the United States will come to be regarded as the champion for Siamese liberties. At the moment the position is still that Siam looks to Great Britain rather than to anyone else and I think we should be wise to take advantage of this." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 373]

1945-08-08

Die Sowjetunion erklärt Japan, mit dem sie bisher einen Neutralitätspakt hatte, den Krieg. Daraufhin marschiert die UdSSR in Mandschukuo (滿洲國) ein (Operation Auguststurm - Августовская буря).

Abb.: Sowjetische Karte der Truppenbewegungen in Mandschukuo (滿洲國), 1945
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

1945-08-09

Abwurf der zweiten Atombombe auf Nagasaki (長崎市). Japan kann nur noch kapitulieren.

Abb.: Atompilz über Nagasaki (長崎市)
[Bildquelle: Charles Levy from one of the B-29 Superfortresses used in the attack / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-08-10

Japan erklärt sich bereit, die Bedingungen der Potsdamer Erklärung von 1945-07-26 zu akzeptieren und zu kapituliere unter der Bedingung dass die Prärogative des japanischen Kaisers dadurch nicht berührt werden.

"Before the Allies could reply, some officials in Tokyo were afraid that the military either at home or abroad might intervene to reverse Japan’s decision to surrender. Hence, on August 10 Domei [(同盟通信社], the main Japanese news agency, was instructed to report the peace offer. This evoked very mixed reactions in Bangkok the same evening. Colonel Tsuji [Tsuji Masanobu - 辻 政信, 1900 - 1961 ] wanted to fly off to Tokyo [東京] to find out what was happening. General Hamada [Hitoshi], Chief of Staff to the Japanese army in Thailand, believed the Domei report to be false and ordered the closure of the news agency’s Bangkok office. He also contemplated imposing controls on the Thai press to stop the news being published. The next morning General Nakamura [Akito Nakamura - 中村明人, 1889 - 1966], accompanied by Hamada, called on Khuang to register their disbelief in the reported surrender offer. At the same time, all Japanese forces in Thailand were ordered to continue fighting. Thai officials countered by telling the Bangkok press to go ahead and publish the Domei report." [Quelle: Stowe, Judith A. <1934 - 2007>: Siam becomes Thailand : a story of intrigue. -- Honolulu : Univ. of Hawaii Pr., 1991. -- 394 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 0-8248-1394-4. -- S. 338f.]

1945-08-10

Zehn Mitglieder der kambodschanischen Militia stürmen den Königspalast in Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) und fordern vom König, dass er die Regierung auflöse.

Am darauffolgenden Tag schreibt Éveline Porée-Maspero (1906 - 1992), Conservateur du musée de Phnom Penh, in ihr Tagebuch:

"There is talk of a ‘people’s movement’ against the palace, with posters saying that the king continues to amuse himself while the people suffer." [Übersetzung: Chandler, David P. (David Porter) <1933 - >: Facing the Cambodian past : selected essays, 1971-1994. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm,  1996. -- 331 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-7100-64-8. -- S. 179. -- Fair use]

1945-08-13

Anweisung der britischen Regierung an den Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1900 – 1979):

To "reestablish our position there, it is imperative that British troops be the first to arrive in Siam." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 375]

1945-08-14 - 1945-10-16

Son Ngoc Thanh [Sơn Ngọc Thành / សឺង ង៉ុកថាញ់ / 山玉成, 1908 – 1977] ist Ministerpräsident von Kambodscha.

1945-08-14 - 1945-09-02

Révolution d’Août (Cách mạng tháng Tám)

Abb.: Gedenkbriefmarken zur 60-Jahrfeier 2005-08-19

"The August Revolution (Vietnamese: Cách mạng tháng Tám), also known as the August General Uprising (Vietnamese: Tổng Khởi nghĩa tháng Tám), was a revolution launched by the Việt Minh (English: League for the Independence of Vietnam) against French colonial rule in Vietnam，on August 19,1945. Within two weeks, forces under the Việt Minh had seized control of most rural villages and cities throughout the North and Center,including Hanoi, where President Hồ Chí Minh (1890 - 1969) announced the formation of the Provisional Democratic Republic. On September 2,1945, Ho declared Vietnamese Independence." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Revolution. -- Zugriff am 2015-01-13]

1945-08-15

Kaiser Hirohito (裕仁, 1901 - 1989) von Japan befiehlt den Streitkräften sofortige Feuereinstellung (大東亜戦争終結ノ詔).

Abb.: Text des kaiserlichen Befehls (大東亜戦争終結ノ詔)
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-08-15

Die japanischen Verwaltungsbeamten und Militärs fliehen eilig aus Laos nach Thailand.

1945-08-16

Thailand erklärt die Kriegserklärung an Großbritannien und die USA vom 1942-01-25 für null und nichtig.

"Royal Proclamation issued by the Regent of Thailand in the name of King Anandamahidol on August 16, 1945 “Whereas Thailand has pursued a fixed policy of maintaining strict neutrality and of combating foreign aggression by all means, as is clearly evidenced from, the enactment in B. E. 2484 [ 1941 ] of the Law ‘Defining the Duties of Thais in Time of War, ’ this fixed determination was made clear when Japan moved her forces onto Thai territory on 8th December, 2484 [1941], by acts combating aggression everywhere, and numerous soldiers, police, and civilians lost their lives thereby. ” “This circumstance, which stands as evidence in itself, shows clearly that the declaration of war on Great Britain and the United States of America on 25th January, 2485 [1942], as well as all acts adverse to the United Nations, are acts contrary to the will of the Thai people and constitute an infringement of the provisions of the Constitution and the laws of the land. The Thai people inside as well as outside the country, who were in a position to help and support the United Nations who are lovers of peace in this world, have taken action by every means to assist the United Nations as most of the United Nations are already aware. This shows once again that the will of the Thai people does not approve of the declaration of war and of acts adverse to the United Nations as already mentioned. ” “Now that Japan has agreed to comply with the declaration of the United States of America, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union which was made at Potsdam, peace is restored to Thailand as is the wish of the Thai people. ” “The Regent, in the name of His Majesty the King, hereby openly proclaims on behalf of the Thai people that the declaration of war on the United States of America and Great Britain is null and void and not binding on the Thai people as far as the United Nations are concerned. Thailand has resolved that the good friendly relations existing with the United Nations prior to 8th December, B. E. 2484 [1941], shall be restored and Thailand is ready to cooperate fully in every way with the United Nations in the establishment of stability for the world. ” “As for the territories the occupancy of which Japan entrusted to Thailand, namely the States of Kelantan [كلنتن], Trengganu [ترڠڬانو], Kedah [قدح], Perlis [ﭬﺮليس], Kengtung [ၵဵင်းတုင်], and Muang Phan, Thailand has no desires on those territories and is ready to arrange for their delivery as soon as Great Britain is ready to take delivery thereof. ” “As for any other provisions of the law having effects adverse to the United States of America, Great Britain, and the British Empire, their repeal shall be considered hereafter. All damages of any kind resulting from those laws will be legitimately made good. ” “In conclusion, all the Thai people, as well as aliens who are in the Thai Kingdom, are requested to remain in tranquility and not to commit any act which will constitute a disturbance of public order. They should hold steadfastly to the ideals which have been laid down in the resolutions of the United Nations at San Francisco. ” [Quelle: Thai politics : extracts and documents 1932 - 1957 / ed. by Thak Chaloemtirana <ทักษ์ เฉลิมเตียรณ>. -- Bangkok : Social Science Ass., 1978. -- 884 S. ;  25 cm. -- S. 457f.]

Während des Kriegs wurde Bangkok über 4000 Mal von alliierten Bombern angegriffen. 60% der Bevölkerung Bangkoks wurde deswegen evakuiert. In Bangkok war es zu Versorgungsengpässen gekommen.

1945-08-16

Die Agenten des OSS (Office of Strategic Services, Vorläufer des CIA) James H. W.  (Jim) Thompson (1906 - ?) und Alexander MacDonald (1908 - 2000) landen in Thailand. Beide bleiben später in Thailand, Thompson als Pionier der thailändischen Seidenindustrie, MacDonald gründet 1946 die Zeitung "Bangkok Post".

"Jim Thompson, auch James H. W. Thompson (* 21. März 1906 in Greenville, Delaware; † unbekannt) war ein US-amerikanischer Unternehmer, der wesentlich dazu beitrug, die Seiden- und Textilindustrie Thailands zu revolutionieren. Um sein mysteriöses Verschwinden am Ostersonntag im Jahr 1967 ranken sich bis heute die wildesten Gerüchte: Er sei entführt worden, von einem Tiger gefressen, umgebracht, habe Selbstmord begangen oder sei in ein anderes Leben untergetaucht. Thompson gilt bis heute als einer der bekanntesten westlichen Ausländer in Asien. Leben Ausbildung und militärische Karriere Thompson studierte an der Princeton University und der University of Pennsylvania. Nach dem Studium war er bis 1940 als Architekt in New York tätig. Danach meldete er sich freiwillig zum US-Wehrdienst. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs kam er zum Geheimdienst Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Er wurde abkommandiert, um mit französischen Truppen in Nordafrika zu arbeiten. Später führte ihn sein militärischer Dienst auch nach Frankreich, Italien und Asien. Zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs befand sich Thompson auf dem Weg nach Bangkok. Dort übernahm er die Verantwortung als OSS Station Chief und erhielt Ende 1946 den Auftrag, in die USA zurückzukehren, um aus der Armee entlassen zu werden. Wirken in Thailand Nach erfolglosen Versuchen, beim alten Oriental-Hotel einzusteigen, gründete er Anfang 1948 ein eigenes Seidengeschäft und Ende 1948 die Thai Silk Company Limited. Zu dieser Zeit war die Seidenproduktion in Thailand kein kommerzieller Faktor. Vielmehr webten Familien Seide für den Eigenbedarf, beispielsweise zum Gebrauch bei Zeremonien. Durch die Kombination von industriellen Fertigungsstandards und traditioneller Weberei gelang es ihm, Qualität und Volumen der produzierten Seide überproportional zu erhöhen. Er bediente sich dabei in erster Linie eines Netzwerkes muslimischer Weberfamilien, die er gegenüber seinem 1959 erbauten, aus sechs Häusern bestehenden Wohnkomplex in Bangkok ansiedelte. Das Haus ist heute ein Museum. Darin finden sich noch heute hochwertige Antiquitäten, die Thompson sammelte. Viele alte asiatische Motive nutzte er für das Design von Seidenmaterialien. Thompson galt als hochtalentierter Verkäufer. Innerhalb weniger Jahre machte er thailändische Seide populär. Internationale Hotels und Prominenz zählten zu seinen Kunden und Gästen. Am 27. März 1967 verschwand  Thompson spurlos während eines Besuches der Cameron Highlands im Dschungel Malaysias. Mehrere Suchaktionen blieben erfolglos. Sein Körper wurde nie gefunden, auch fand man nie irgendwelche anderen Spuren. Mysteriös bleibt sein Verschwinden auch deshalb, weil er in seiner Geheimdienstzeit ein Überlebenstraining erfolgreich absolvierte.  Thompson Haus 1976 wurde die James H.W. Thompson Foundation gegründet, welche sein Erbe verwaltet. Thompsons Anwesen in Pathum Wan, einem Stadtteil von Bangkok, in der Soi Kasemsan 2, wurde ebenfalls der Stiftung übertragen. Das  Thompson House ist eine der Touristenattraktionen der Stadt, in dem Komplex mehrerer traditioneller thailändischer Häuser sind auch Teile seiner umfangreichen Kunstkollektion ausgestellt. Thompson entdeckte einige der fünf Häuser bei Ayutthaya und ließ sie in Bangkok wieder aufbauen. Die Häuser sind umgeben von einem Dschungelgarten und führen den Besucher neben seiner faszinierenden Lebensgeschichte über die mysteriöse Geschichte seines Verschwindens in den Cameron Highlands in eine Welt von Seide, asiatischer Kultur und Kunstgeschichte. Literatur William Warren, Luca Invernizzi Tettoni (Fotograf):  Thompson. The House on the Klong. Archipelago Press, Singapore 2003. ISBN 981-3018-68-2 (Buch mit vielen Fotos über das  Thompson House, englisch) William Warren:  Thompson. The unsolved Mystery. Archipelago Press, Singapore, 1998. ISBN 981-3018-82-8 (Biographie über das Leben und das mysteriöse Verschwinden von  Thompson, englisch)" [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thompson_%28Designer%29. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-06]

1945-08-16 16:30

Tan Siewmeng (陳修明, 1904 - 1945), Kollaborateur und Chef der Chinese Chamber of Commerce, wird ermordet

1945-08-16

Der französische General Charles de Gaulle (1890 - 1970) ernennt Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (1889 - 1964) zum Hochkommisar von Französisch-Indochina sowie zum Oberkommandierenden der französischen Truppen in Indochina (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO)

Vor der französischen Aggression fliehen bis 1946 ca. 50.000 bis 60.000 Vietnamesen vowiegend aus Nordvietnam nach Laos. Im März 1946 vertreiben die Franzosen diese Flüchtlinge nach Thailand.

Abb.: Einbandtitel

1945-08-17

Ahmed Sukarno (1901 - 1970) und Mohammad Hatta (1902 - 1980) proklamieren die unabhängige Republik Indonesien. Vor der japanischen Besetzung war Indonesien von den Niederlanden brutal als Kolonie ausgebeutet worden. Die Niederlande versuchen weiterhin, Indonesien zu unterjochen.

Abb.: Unabhängigkeitserklärung
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Sukarno verliest die Unabhängigkeitserklärung 1945-08-17
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Text der Unabhängigkeitserklärung:
 

Proklamasi Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan dengan tjara seksama dan dalam tempo jang sesingkat-singkatnja. Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05[21] Atas nama bangsa Indonesia. Soekarno/Hatta.

Erklärung Wir, die indonesische Nation, erklären hiermit die Unabhängigkeit Indonesiens. Die Angelegenheiten im Zusammenhang mit dem Machtwechsel usw. werden sorgfältig und so zügig wie nur möglich erledigt. Djakarta, am 17. Tag des Monats 8 des Jahres 05[21] Im Namen der Indonesischen Nation Soekarno/Hatta.

[Quelle der Übersetzung: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesische_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitserkl%C3%A4rung. -- Zugriff am 2013-05-19]

1945-08-18

Prime Minister Khuang Abhayawongse (ควง อภัยวงศ์) gibt eine große Abschiedsparty für die japanischen Truppen und Zivilisten. Der japanische Botschafter revanchiert sich mit einer Abschiedsparty für das Thailändische Kabinett.

Während des Kriegs hat die japanische Militärpolizei ca. 300 Personen wegen anti-japanischer Tätigkeit festgenommen. Von den 800 japanischen Militärpolizisten und Hilfstruppen werden von chinesischen Zeugen 11 als Folterer von chinesischen Gefangenen identifiziert.

1945-08

Großbritannien stellt Forderungen für einen Friedensschluss mit Thailand:

"Our attitude will depend on the way in which the Siamese meet the requirements of our troops about to enter their country, the extent to which they undo the wrongs done by their predecessors and make restitution for injury, loss and damage caused to the British and Allied interest, and the extent of their contribution to the restoration of peace, good order and economic rehabilitation."  (Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary)

Abb.: British Foreign Secreatary Ernest Bevin (1881 - 1951), 1945-08-14
[Bildquelle: British Government / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-08-19

Im Gegensatz zu Großbritannien ist die USA versöhnlich:

The American government "has always believed that the declaration [of war] did not represent the will of the Thai people. Accordingly, we disregarded that declaration and have continued to recognise the Thai minister in Washington as the minister of Thailand, although of course we did not recognise the government of Thailand in Bangkok as it was under Japanese control ... During the past four years we have regarded Thailand not as an enemy but as a country to be liberated from the enemy. With that liberation now accomplished, we look to the resumption of Thailand to its former place in the community of nations as a free, sovereign and independent country." (Secretary of State James F. Byrnes)

Abb.: US Secretary of State (ab 1945) James F. Byrnes (1882 - 1972), ca. 1943
[Bildquelle: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-08

Premierminister Kuang Abhayavongsa ordnet den Rückzug der thailändischen Armee aus den Shan-Staaten und die Übergabe der Shan-Staaten (Kentung - ၵဵင်းတုင်) an die Briten an.

Abb.: Lage von Kentung (ၵဵင်းတုင)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-08-20

Prime Minister Khuang Abhayawongse (ควง อภัยวงศ์) tritt zurück. Die Nationalversammlung wählt einstimmig den Botschafter in Washington DC, Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj (หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 – 1997) zum neuen Prime Minister. Seni gilt als Nationalheld. Er ist noch in Washington DC.

1945-08-20

US Außenminister James Francis Byrnes (1879 - 1972) erklärt, dass die USA Thailand betrachtet "not as enemy but as a country to be liberated from enemy."

1945-08-20

Der britische Außenminister Ernest Bevin (1881 - 1951) vor dem House of Commons:

Abb.: Ernest Bevin
[Bildquelle: Wikimedia. -- Public domain]

"May I now say a word about Siam, a country whose relations with Great Britain had been particularly cordial before the war, a country with which we have been closely associated in its attainment of full emancipation as a sovereign State? Siam declared war upon us in January, 1942. It came as a disagreeable shock that when Siam was invaded by the Japanese she immediately entered into an alliance with Japan and later accepted British territory at the hands of the Japanese. It is pleasing to note, however, that last year the Government which took those measures was replaced and that there has been a growth of a resistance movement in Siam, We acknowledge the help received from this movement. If it has not taken overt action before now, I ought to make it clear that this has been due to our advice, on purely military grounds. It remains to be seen how far its spirit permeates the country. We have now learned that the Siamese Regent issued a proclamation on 16th August denouncing the declaration of war on Great Britain as null and void and declaring Siam's readiness to make restitution, and further stating her readiness to co-operate in every way with the United Nations in the establishment of stability. The text of this proclamation when received will be carefully considered to see whether it provides an adequate basis for an instrument which would regularise the present anomalous position. Siam's association with Japan inevitably leaves many practical questions for settlement. These will be examined, and our attitude will depend on the way in which the Siamese meet the requirements of our troops now about to enter their country; the extent to which they undo the wrongs done by their predecessors and make restitution for injury, loss and damage caused to British and Allied interests and the extent of their contribution to the restoration of peace, good order and economic rehabilitation." [Quelle: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1945/aug/20/debate-on-the-address#S5CV0413P0_19450820_HOC_31. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-09

1945-08-20

Thailand teilt den Alliierten mit, dass, wenn schon als Besatzungssoldaten notwendig betrachtet würden, Thailand weiße US-Amerikaner bevorzugen würde, lieber als weiße Briten. Unwillkommen seien

• Inder

• Afrikaner

• Chinesen (am wenigsten erwünscht)

"Palmer [Howard Palmer, OSS] reported Thai concerns about the composition of the Allied occupation force. His sources told him that American troops would be most acceptable, followed in order by white British troops, Indians, Africans, and Chinese. In Washington, Colonel Khap Khunchon [ขาบ กุญชร, 1905 - 1986] warned American officials that if the British sent in Indian troops the result would be "great friction, even bloodshed, since the Thai Army is very hostile to the Indians." Khap suggested that "even American Negro troops would be preferable." As it became apparent that primarily Indian troops would be deployed, SIREN reported the "Thais dismayed at [the] thought of any Allied occupation but particularly averse to Indians, whom they neither like nor trust."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 387]

1945-08-21

Die Bangkok Chronicle veröffentlicht die Erklärungen von US Außenminister James Francis Byrnes (1879 - 1972) und dem britischen Außenminister Ernest Bevin (1881 - 1951) vom 1945-08-21 zusammen mit einem Interview des japanischen Botschafters, in dem der Botschafter Thailand für die Zusammenarbeit während des Krieges damnkt und die Hoffnung ausdrückt, dass Japan und Thailand Freundschaft wie bisher Pflegen. Daraufhin wird die Bangkok Chronicle von der Thai-Regierung verboten. Wenige Tage später erscheint sie wieder unter dem neuen Namen Democracy mit einem neuen Herausgeber, aber der gleichen Belegschaft.

1945-08-21

Aus einem US-Geheimdienst-Bericht:

"We have [the] impression that while they sincerely welcome and appreciate American support, our government could easily get into position of seeming more pro- Thai than the Thai themselves as far as relations with the British are concerned. There is some reason to fear that [the] Thai suspect our championing of their cause as partly motivated by rivalry with the British and believe we are putting pressure on them when we are only trying to be helpful." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 382]

1945-08-24

Der chinesische Präsident Chiang Kai-Shek ( 蔣介石, 1887 - 1975) gibt vor dem national Defence Council und dem Central Executive Committee eine Erklärung zu Thailand ab. Sie endet:

"We have known all along that Thailand's declaration of war on the United Nations was not a free act, hut was the result of Japanese pressure. With the war now over we hope that Thailand will regain her original status of independence and equality. We particularly hope she will quickly resume normal and friendly relations with China" [Zitiert in: Charivat Santaputra [จริย์วัฒน์ สันตะบุตร]: Thai foreign policy 1932-1946. -- Bangkok : Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University, 1985. -- 465 S. ; 21 cm. -- ISBN 974-335-091-8. -- S. 314]

1945-08-25

Pridi schlägt vor, dass Thai Truppen die japanischen Truppen entwaffnen. Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1900 – 1979) lehnt diesen Vorschlag am 1945-08-29 ab und beschließt britische Truppen nach Thailand zu schicken, um die Japaner zu entwaffnen.

1945-08-25

US-Diplomat Max Waldo Bishop (1908 - 1994):

"Bishop [Max Waldo Bishop, 1908 - 1994], Wheeler’s [Raymond Albert Wheeler, 1885  - 1974] political advisor told Coughlin [John Coughlin, OSS - US Office of Strategic Services] in no uncertain terms that his men should avoid "political discussions" and "overplaying the situation." Bishop, who at the time expected to be sent as the first American diplomatic representative in Bangkok, warned that the officers must eschew involvement in Thai politics and Thailand’s relations with other countries. "Thailand was and will be again relatively unimportant in [the] world picture," Bishop declared. "I hope both Taylor and Ripley will do a lot of listening and no talking until Washington tells us what they want said." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 382]

1945-08-25

US-Geheimdienstler Edmond Taylor (OSS)

"Taylor reported that while men like Pridi "have tried to do their best" and "would have died quite well if we had told them to," with the advent of peace "their martial ardor has vanished and now they are thinking only of making the best deal with everybody at the least trouble and risk to themselves." He intemperately characterized the Thai as "nearly all hopelessly scatter-brained, vague and incapable of ever getting anything perfectly straight," problems exacerbated by a language barrier. They had failed, he declared, to provide help regarding war crimes "although I am constantly raising hell about it." He and [Victor] Jacques had horrified their nervous hosts by visiting, in uniform, the Allied internees at Vajiravudh College [วชิราวุธวิทยาลัย]." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 383]

1945-08-28

Der japanische Oberbefehlshaber für  Südostasien, Terauchi Hisaichi (寺内 寿一, 1879 - 1946) befiehlt den japanischen Truppen in ganz Südostasien Waffenruhe, um eine ordnungsgemäße Machtübergabe an die Alliierten zu ermöglichen.

1945-08-29

Acht französische Offiziere landen in Kambodscha.

1945-08-30

M. R. Seni Pramoj (หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 – 1997) verlässt Washington D.C. (USA), um nach Thailand zurückzukehren. Auf der Rückreise weilt er drei Tage in London und führt dort informelle Gespräche, da Großbritannien formelel Verhandlungen ablehnt.

1945-08-30

Erklärung des US Außenministeriums zu Französisch Indochina an Max W. Bishop, Secretary of the American Commission at New Delhi:

"US has no thought of opposing the reestablishment of French con- trol in Indochina and no official statement by US Govt has questioned -even by implication French sovereignty over Indochina. However, it is not the policy of this Govt to assist the French to reestablish their control over Indochina by force and the willingness of the US to see French control reestablished assumes that French claim to have the support of the population of Indochina is borne out by future events." [Quelle: http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&id=FRUS.FRUS1945v06&entity=FRUS.FRUS1945v06.p0325&isize=text. -- Zugriff am 2016-04-07]

1945-08-31 - 1945-09-17

 Tawee Punyaketu (1904-1971, ทวี บุณยเกตุ) ist Ministerpräsident (นายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย - Prime Minister)

Abb.: นายทวี บุณยเกตุ - Mr. Tawee Punyaketu
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Thawi Bunyaket (Thai: ทวี บุณยเกตุ, engl. Schreibweise: Tawee Boonyaket, auch: Tawee Punyaketu; * 10. November 1904 in Bangkok; † 3. November 1971) war Landwirtschaftsminister und im Jahr 1945 Premierminister von Thailand. Thawi Bunyaket, wurde als Sohn von Phraya Ronachai Charnyuth (Thanom Punyaketu) und Khunying Ronachai Charnyuth (Tubtim Punyaketu) geboren. Er heiratete Khunying Amphasri Punyaketu. Thawi erhielt seine Ausbildung an der Benjamarachuthit-Schule (โรงเรียนเบญจมราชูทิศ จังหวัดจันทบุรี, Provinz Chanthaburi), an der ´Suan-Kulab-Wittayalai-Schule und später am King's College (โรงเรียนราชวิทยาลัย) in Bangkok. Seine Studien setzte er am King's College in Großbritannien und an der École nationale supérieure d'Agronomie de Grignon (มหาวิทยาลัยกรีนยอง) in Frankreich fort. Nach seiner Rückkehr arbeitete er für das Landwirtschaftsministerium bis zum 24. Juni 1932, als die unblutige Revolution, an der er sich beteiligte, der Regierung ein vorläufiges Ende setzte. Er wurde später in das „Öffentliche Komitee“ berufen, wie die Regierung sich nannte, und war hier Generalsekretär in der Regierung von Feldmarschall Phibun Songkhram. In der Regierung des Major Kuang Abhayawongse wurde er dann Erziehungsminister. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs trat Major Khuang Abhayawongse zurück und Thawi wurde am 31. August 1945 zum Premierminister ernannt. Seine Ernennung war nur vorübergehend und seine Amtszeit dauerte bloß 17 Tage, bis zur Ankunft des eigentlich als Premierminister vorgesehenen Chefs des Free Thai Movement Seni Pramoj. In seiner kurzen Amtszeit sah sich Thawi großen Problemen gegenüber gestellt. So musste er versuchen sich mit den Alliierten, die noch kurz zuvor Kriegsgegner gewesen waren, auszusöhnen. Insbesondere Großbritannien stellte umfangreiche Reparationsforderungen wie kostenlose Lieferungen großer Mengen an Reis. Thawi leistete erste erfolgreiche Schritte in den Verhandlungen bis zur Rückkehr Senis. Nach seinem Rücktritt wurde Thawi während der Regierungszeit von Sarit Dhanarajata Sprecher des Parlaments und Leiter des Komitees zur Ausarbeitung einer neuen Verfassung. Thawi Boonyaket starb am 3. November 1971 im Alter von 66 Jahren." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawee_Punyaketu. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-06]

1945-08-31 - 1945-09-17

12. Kabinett: Tawee (ทวี)

1945-09

In einem verwaltungsinternen Bericht berichtet J. Parisot, dass die Bevölkerung in Südlaos lieber Siamesen würden als unter der Herrschaft des Königs von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ) zu stehen.

1945-09-01

Prinz Phetsarath (ເພັດຊະລາດ / เจ้าเพชรราช รัตนวงศา, 1890 - 1959) erklärt Laos für unabhängig.

Abb.: Prinz Phetsarath (ເພັດຊະລາດ / เจ้าเพชรราช รัตนวงศา)
[Fair use]

Prinz Phetsarat sendet an die British Mission in Thailand ein Memorandum, in dem er die Bildung eines laotischen Staats rechts und links des Mekong (d.h. unter Einbeziehung von laotischsprachigem Nordostostthailand) fordert:

"In a report written by him in early September and sent to a British mission in Thailand, he envisioned a post-war Laos that would encompass: [···] besides the territories on the left-bank of the Mekong [ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ] up to the Annamese Cordillera [ພູ ຫລວງ] to the East, the territories on the right-bank of this river limited roughly by: in the North, Burma; in the West Chiang Mai [เชียงใหม่] Province and the dividing line between the waters of the Mekong and the Menam [Chao Phraya] [แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา]; in the South, by the Dangrek Mountains [ทิวเขาพนมดงรัก] and the Khone Falls [ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນ]. Prince Phetsarath was calling for a wider national Lao-space including the Khorat Plateau [ที่ราบสูงโคราช]. He unleashed a powerful nationalist rhetoric to defend the historical legitimacy of this new and greater Laos situated in the heart of mainland Southeast Asia. He rejected the idea of the Mekong River as a natural' boundary. ‘The Mekong’, he argued, ‘has never been a barrier but rather a bridge.’ He insisted that the Lao people are all united by their common origins; they speak the same language; and they have shared the same joys and have been subjected to the same national sufferings’. Although the Lao on the Khorat Plateau in Thailand have been subjected to half a century of‘ Thai-ification, they still belong to this larger Lao-space, as they have not ‘lost their memories of their origins and their national sentiment'. 'The so-called Thai of Ubon [อุดรธานี] and Khorat [โคราช]’, he continued,‘still continue to use the Lao language and sing Laotian poems, practicing on all occasions the mores and customs of Laos.’ On this basis Prince Phetsarath calls for the constitution of a new Laos: Laos as it exists with the Mekong as [western] boundary and its million inhabitants is a mistake with regard to both geography and politics. This country has been amputated from three-fifths of its territory - the richest and most populated; it is not viable and cannot exist as a state. It has only been able to survive due to the support received from the other countries of the Indochinese Federation more favoured than it [Laos]. But its [Laos’s] progress has been slow due to limited human resources. It is in view of the reconstitution of a geographic and ethnic reality in conformity with its history and in view of forming a State that is viable from a political and economic point of view, capable to figure on the map of the world, that this report has been written. It expresses the profound and intimate sentiment of all Lao - both those of the right [west] bank and the left [east] bank." [Quelle: Ivarsson, Søren: Creating Laos : the making of a Lao space between Indochina and Siam, 1860-1945. -- Copenhagen : NIAS, 2008. -- 238 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- (Nordic Institute of Asian Studies monograph series ; 112). -- ISBN 978-87-7694-023-2. -- S. 210f.]

1945-09-02

Kapitulation Japans. Ende des 2. Weltkriegs.

In Bangkok werden Gebäude, die von den Japanern geräumt werden geplündert, so auch die vormalige britische Gesandtschaft.

Da die Gold- und Währungsreserven Thailands in London unangegriffen blieben, ist Thailand finanziell in einer besseren Lage als das hochverschuldete Großbritannien.

Abb.: Japans Außenminister Mamoru Shigemitsu (重光 葵, 1887 - 1957) unterzeichnet die Kapitulationsurkunde 1945-09-02
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Kapitulation japanischer Soldaten, Bahnhof Bangkok, 1945
[Fair use]

Abb.: Einmarsch alliierter Truppen, Bahnhof Bangkok, 1945
[Fair use]

"On the day that Japan announced her surrender. General Nakamura's [Akito Nakamura - 中村明人, 1889 - 1966] aide, who also taught my son Japanese, came to see me and handed me the General's own sword. When I asked why he had brought this to me, he told me that the General would rather hand it to me than to a representative of another foreign country. To express my appreciation of the General's gesture, I sent my son to give General Nakamura a Buddha statue of the Ayutthaya period. Later on, when I met General Nakamura again, he told me he always worshipped before this particular statue of the Buddha." [Quelle: Direck Jayanama [ดิเรก ชัยนาม] <1905 - 1967>: Siam and World War II / English ed. prepared and ed. by Jane Godfrey Keyes. -- Bangkok : The Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 2521 [1978]. -- 358 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- Originaltitel: ไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 (2.ed., 1967). -- S. 107. -- Fair use]

1945-09-02

Mitglieder der Free Thai (Seri Thai / ขบวนการเสรีไทย) Bewegung erhalten von den USA die Medal of Freedom.

Abb.: Medal of Freedom
[Bildquelle: Hdec / Wikimedia. --  GNU FDLicense]

Abb.: Gruppe von Serti Thai (ขบวนการเสรีไทย) erhält Medal of Freedom, 1945-09-02
[Bildquelle: The Eagle and the elephant : Thai-American relations since 1833 = ความสัมพันธ์ไทย-อเมริกัน ตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2376. -- Golden Jubilee ed. = ฉบับกาญจนาภิเซกสมโภช / ed. Patricia Norland [u.a.]. -- Bangkok : United States Information Service, 1997. -- 279 S. : Ill. ; 29 cm. -- ISBN 974-89415-1-5. -- S. 84]

Von links nach rechts:

• Air Chief Marshal Tavee Julasup (พล อ.อ. ทวี จุลละทรัพย์, 1914 - 1996)
• Major General Boonmark Tesabutr (พลตรีบุญมาก เทศบุตร)
• Commander Vimol Viriyavidh (น.อ. วิมล วิริยะวิทย์)
• Mr. Piset Pattaphongs (นายพิเศษ ปัตตะพงษ์)
• M. C. Yuthisatien Sawadivatana (ม.จ. ยุธิษเฐียร สวัสดิวัตน์, 1917 - 1985)
• M. L. Ekachai Kumpoo (ม.ล. เอกชัย กำภู)
• Mr. Anond Srivardhana (นายอานนท์ ศรีวรรธนะ)
• Dr. Sala Tsanond (ดร. สละ ทศานนท์)
• Air Marshal Sith Savetsila (พล อ.อ. สิทธิ เศวตศิลา, 1919 - )
• Mr. Umnuay Poonpipatana (นายอำนวย พูนพิพัฒน์)
• Mr. Udomsak Pasavanij (นายอุดมศักดิ์ ภาสวณิช)
• Mr. Kusa Punyarchun (นายกุศะ ปันยารชุน)
• Mr. Somjit Yos-sunthorn (นายสมจิตร ยศสุนทร)

1945-09-02

In Hanoi ruft der Kommunistenführer Hồ Chí Minh (1890 - 1969) die unabhängige Republik Vietnam aus. Am 25. August hatten die kommunistischen Truppen Kaiser  Bảo Đại (1913 - 1997) zur Abdankung gezwungen.

Pridi Banomyong (ปรีดี พนมยงค์, 1900 - 1983) unterstützt Ho Chi Minh mit Waffenlieferungen aus dem Bestand, den die Serei Thai ab April die Seri-Thai-Bewegung (ขบวนการเสรีไทย) von den Alliierten erhalten habt. Ho bedankt sich bei Pridi und teilt ihm mit, dass er mit den Waffen zwei Bataillone ausgestattet hat, die er tiểu đoàn Xiêm (Siamesische Bataillone) nennt. Sie gehören zu den best ausgerüsteten Truppen Ho's.

Abb.: Hồ Chí Minh, 1945
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia, Public domain]

Abb.: Lage von Hanoi
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Text der Unabhängigkeitserklärung:

"Compatriots of the entire nation assembled: All men are created equal; they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means: All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of the French Revolution made in 1791 also states: All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights. Those are undeniable truths. Nevertheless, for more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice. In the field of politics, they have deprived our people of every democratic liberty. They have enforced inhuman laws; they have set up three distinct political regimes in the North, Center, and South of Vietnam in order to destroy our national unity and prevent our people from being united. They have built more prisons than schools. They have mercilessly slaughtered our patriots; they have drowned our uprisings in bloodbaths. They have fettered public opinion; they have practiced obscurantism against our people. To weaken our race they have forced us to use opium and alcohol. In the field of economics, they have fleeced us to the backbone, impoverished our people and devastated our land. They have robbed us of our rice fields, our mines, our forests, and our raw materials. They have monopolized the issuing of bank notes and the export trade. They have invented numerous unjustifiable taxes and reduced our people, especially our peasantry, to a state of extreme poverty. They have hampered the prospering of our national bourgeoisie; they have mercilessly exploited our workers. In the autumn of 1940, when the Japanese fascists violated Indochina's territory to establish new bases in their fight against the Allies, the French imperialists went down on their bended knees and handed over our country to them. Thus, from that date, our people were subjected to the double yoke of the French and the Japanese. Their sufferings and miseries increased. The result was that, from the end of last year to the beginning of this year, from Quảng Trị Province to northern Vietnam, more than two million of our fellow citizens died from starvation. On March 9 [1945], the French troops were disarmed by the Japanese. The French colonialists either fled or surrendered, showing that not only were they incapable of "protecting" us, but that, in the span of five years, they had twice sold our country to the Japanese. On several occasions before March 9, the Việt Minh League urged the French to ally themselves with it against the Japanese. Instead of agreeing to this proposal, the French colonialists so intensified their terrorist activities against the Việt Minh members that before fleeing they massacred a great number of our political prisoners detained at Yên Bái and Cao Bằng. Notwithstanding all this, our fellow citizens have always manifested toward the French a tolerant and humane attitude. Even after the Japanese Putsch of March 1945, the Việt Minh League helped many Frenchmen to cross the frontier, rescued some of them from Japanese jails, and protected French lives and property. From the autumn of 1940, our country had in fact ceased to be a French colony and had become a Japanese possession. After the Japanese had surrendered to the Allies, our whole people rose to regain our national sovereignty and to found the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The truth is that we have wrested our independence from the Japanese and not from the French. The French have fled, the Japanese have capitulated, Emperor Bảo Đại has abdicated. Our people have broken the chains which for nearly a century have fettered them and have won independence for the Fatherland. Our people at the same time have overthrown the monarchic regime that has reigned supreme for dozens of centuries. In its place has been established the present Democratic Republic. For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government, representing the whole Vietnamese people, declare that from now on we break off all relations of a colonial character with France; we repeal all the international obligation that France has so far subscribed to on behalf of Viet-Nam, and we abolish all the special rights the French have unlawfully acquired in our Fatherland. The whole Vietnamese people, animated by a common purpose, are determined to fight to the bitter end against any attempt by the French colonialists to reconquer the country. We are convinced that the Allied nations, which at Tehran and San Francisco have acknowledged the principles of self-determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam. A people who have courageously opposed French domination for more than eighty years, a people who have fought side by side with the Allies against the fascists during these last years, such a people must be free and independent! For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, solemnly declare to the world that: Vietnam has the right to be a free and independent country—and in fact it is so already. And thus the entire Vietnamese people are determined to mobilize all their physical and mental strength, to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their independence and liberty.´"

"Hỡi đồng bào cả nước, Tất cả mọi người đều sinh ra có quyền bình đẳng. Tạo hóa cho họ những quyền không ai có thể xâm phạm được; trong những quyền ấy, có quyền được sống, quyền tự do và quyền mưu cầu hạnh phúc". Lời bất hủ ấy ở trong bản Tuyên ngôn Độc lập năm 1776 của nước Mỹ. Suy rộng ra, câu ấy có ý nghĩa là: tất cả các dân tộc trên thế giới đều sinh ra bình đẳng, dân tộc nào cũng có quyền sống, quyền sung sướng và quyền tự do. Bản Tuyên ngôn Nhân quyền và Dân quyền của Cách mạng Pháp năm 1791 cũng nói: Người ta sinh ra tự do và bình đẳng về quyền lợi; và phải luôn luôn được tự do và bình đẳng về quyền lợi. Đó là những lẽ phải không ai chối cãi được. Thế mà hơn 80 năm nay, bọn thực dân Pháp lợi dụng lá cờ tự do, bình đẳng, bác ái, đến cướp đất nước ta, áp bức đồng bào ta. Hành động của chúng trái hẳn với nhân đạo và chính nghĩa. Về chính trị, chúng tuyệt đối không cho nhân dân ta một chút tự do dân chủ nào. Chúng thi hành những luật pháp dã man. Chúng lập ba chế độ khác nhau ở Trung, Nam, Bắc để ngăn cản việc thống nhất nước nhà của ta, để ngăn cản dân tộc ta đoàn kết. Chúng lập ra nhà tù nhiều hơn trường học. Chúng thẳng tay chém giết những người yêu nước thương nòi của ta. Chúng tắm các cuộc khởi nghĩa của ta trong những bể máu. Chúng ràng buộc dư luận, thi hành chính sách ngu dân. Chúng dùng thuốc phiện, rượu cồn để làm cho nòi giống ta suy nhược. Về kinh tế, chúng bóc lột dân ta đến xương tủy, khiến cho dân ta nghèo nàn, thiếu thốn, nước ta xơ xác, tiêu điều. Chúng cướp không ruộng đất, hầm mỏ, nguyên liệu. Chúng giữ độc quyền in giấy bạc, xuất cảng và nhập cảng. Chúng đặt ra hàng trăm thứ thuế vô lý, làm cho dân ta, nhất là dân cày và dân buôn trở nên bần cùng. Chúng không cho các nhà tư sản ta ngóc đầu lên. Chúng bóc lột công nhân ta một cách vô cùng tàn nhẫn. Mùa thu năm 1940, phát xít Nhật đến xâm lăng Đông Dương để mở thêm căn cứ đánh Đồng Minh, thì bọn thực dân Pháp quỳ gối đầu hàng, mở cửa nước ta rước Nhật. Từ đó dân ta chịu hai tầng xiềng xích: Pháp và Nhật. Từ đó dân ta càng cực khổ, nghèo nàn. Kết quả là cuối năm ngoái sang đầu năm nay, từ Quảng Trị đến Bắc kỳ, hơn hai triệu đồng bào ta bị chết đói. Ngày 9 tháng 3 năm nay, Nhật tước khí giới của quân đội Pháp. Bọn thực dân Pháp hoặc là bỏ chạy, hoặc là đầu hàng. Thế là chẳng những chúng không "bảo hộ" được ta, trái lại, trong 5 năm, chúng đã bán nước ta hai lần cho Nhật. Trước ngày 9 tháng 3, biết bao lần Việt Minh đã kêu gọi người Pháp liên minh để chống Nhật. Bọn thực dân Pháp đã không đáp ứng lại thẳng tay khủng bố Việt Minh hơn nữa. Thậm chí đến khi thua chạy, chúng còn nhẫn tâm giết nốt số đông tù chính trị ở Yên Bái và Cao Bằng. Tuy vậy, đối với người Pháp, đồng bào ta vẫn giữ một thái độ khoan hồng và nhân đạo. Sau cuộc biến động ngày 9 tháng 3, Việt Minh đã giúp cho nhiều người Pháp chạy qua biên thùy, lại cứu cho nhiều người Pháp ra khỏi nhà giam Nhật và bảo vệ tính mạng và tài sản cho họ. Sự thật là từ mùa thu năm 1940, nước ta đã thành thuộc địa của Nhật, chứ không phải thuộc địa của Pháp nữa. Khi Nhật hàng Đồng minh thì nhân dân cả nước ta đã nổi dậy giành chính quyền, lập nên nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa. Sự thật là dân ta lấy lại nước Việt Nam từ tay Nhật, chứ không phải từ tay Pháp. Pháp chạy, Nhật hàng, vua Bảo Đại thoái vị. Dân ta đã đánh đổ các xiềng xích thực dân gần 100 năm nay để gây dựng nên nước Việt Nam độc lập. Dân ta lại đánh đổ chế độ quân chủ mấy mươi thế kỷ mà lập nên chế độ Dân chủ Cộng hòa. Bởi thế cho nên, chúng tôi, lâm thời Chính phủ của nước Việt Nam mới, đại biểu cho toàn dân Việt Nam, tuyên bố thoát ly hẳn quan hệ với Pháp, xóa bỏ hết những hiệp ước mà Pháp đã ký về nước Việt Nam, xóa bỏ tất cả mọi đặc quyền của Pháp trên đất nước Việt Nam. Toàn dân Việt Nam, trên dưới một lòng kiên quyết chống lại âm mưu của bọn thực dân Pháp. Chúng tôi tin rằng các nước Đồng minh đã công nhận những nguyên tắc dân tộc bình đẳng ở các Hội nghị Têhêrăng và Cựu Kim Sơn, quyết không thể không công nhận quyền độc lập của dân Việt Nam. Một dân tộc đã gan góc chống ách nô lệ của Pháp hơn 80 năm nay, một dân tộc đã gan góc đứng về phe Đồng Minh chống phát xít mấy năm nay, dân tộc đó phải được tự do! Dân tộc đó phải được độc lập! Vì những lẽ trên, chúng tôi, chính phủ lâm thời của nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa, trịnh trọng tuyên bố với thế giới rằng: Nước Việt Nam có quyền hưởng tự do và độc lập, và sự thật đã thành một nước tự do độc lập. Toàn thể dân tộc Việt Nam quyết đem tất cả tinh thần và lực lượng, tính mạng và của cải để giữ vững quyền tự do, độc lập ấy.”

[Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_ Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam. -- Zugriff am 2015-03-30]

Quelle: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyên_ngôn_độc_lập_(Việt_Nam_Dân_chủ_Cộng_hòa). -- Zugriff am 2015-03-30

Quốc Ngữ, die Lateinschrift des Vietnamesisch, wird zur offiziellen Staats- und Verkehrsschrift:

	Mit Tonzeichen
Thanh không oder ngang	Thanh sắc [´]	Thanh huyền [`]	Thanh hỏi [ ̉]	Thanh ngã [~]	Thanh nặng [.]	Thanh không oder ngang	Thanh sắc [´]	Thanh huyền [`]	Thanh hỏi [ ̉]	Thanh ngã [~]	Thanh nặng [.]
Normalton, hoch (od. mittel) und eben	hoch (oder mittel) steigend	tief und fallend	(tief) fallend und steigend (	unterbrochen und steigend	tief, fallend und knarrig	Normalton, hoch (od. mittel) und eben	hoch (oder mittel) steigend	tief und fallend	(tief) fallend und steigend	unterbrochen und steigend	tief, fallend und knarrig
A	Á	À	Ả	Ã	Ạ	a	á	à	ả	ã	ạ
Ă	Ắ	Ằ	Ẳ	Ẵ	Ặ	ă	ắ	ằ	ẳ	ẵ	ặ
Â	Ấ	Ầ	Ẩ	Ẫ	Ậ	â	ấ	ầ	ẩ	ẫ	ậ
B						b
C						c
CH						ch
D						d
Đ						đ
E	É	È	Ẻ	Ẽ	Ẹ	e	é	è	ẻ	ẽ	ẹ
Ê	Ế	Ề	Ể	Ễ	Ệ	ê	ế	ề	ể	ễ	ệ
(F)						(f)
G						g
GH						gh
GI						gi
H						h
I	Í	Ì	Ỉ	Ĩ	Ị	i	í	ì	ỉ	ĩ	ị
K						k
KH						kh
L						l
M						m
N						n
NG						ng
NGH						ngh
NH						nh
O	Ó	Ò	Ỏ	Õ	Ọ	o	ó	ò	ỏ	õ	ọ
Ô	Ố	Ồ	Ổ	Ỗ	Ộ	ô	ố	ồ	ổ	ỗ	ộ
Ơ	Ớ	Ờ	Ở	Ỡ	Ợ	ơ	ớ	ờ	ở	ỡ	ợ
P						p
PH						ph
Q						q
R						r
S						s
T						t
TH						th
TR						tr
U	Ú	Ù	Ủ	Ũ	Ụ	u	ú	ù	ủ	ũ	ụ
Ư	Ứ	Ừ	Ử	Ữ	Ự	ư	ứ	ừ	ử	ữ	ự
V						v
(W)						(w)
X						x
Y	Ý	Ỳ	Ỷ	Ỹ	Ỵ	y	ý	ỳ	ỷ	ỹ	ỵ

1945-09-03

ca. 1000 britische Soldaten besetzen Bangkok. General Officer Commanding Allied Land Forces in Siam ist Geoffrey Charles Evans (1901 - 1987). Die meisten Soldaten sind Inder (Sikh -ਸਿੱਖ  - und Gurkha - गोर्खा) der 7th Indian Infantry Division. Für die Entwaffnung der Japaner vertrauen die Briten mehr den Japanern als den Thais.

Abb.: Geoffrey Charles Evans, 1956
[Bildquelle: Walter Stoneman. -- http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw219684/Sir-Geoffrey-Charles-Evans. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-09. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, keine kommerzielle Nutzung, keine Bearbeitung)]

Abb.: Abzeichen der  7th Indian Infantry Division
[Bildquelle: http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071162. -- Zugriff am 2015-11-09. -- © IWM (INS 4161). -- IWM Non Commercial License]

Die Briten verhaften die Führer der Indian Independence League und des Indian National Council und beschlagnahmen alle Dokumente. u. A. werden folgende Inder verhaftet und nach Singapur deportiert:

• Isher Singh

• Pandit Raghunath Sharma

• Babu Maghar Singh.

In Bangkok werden alle Unterstützer der Indian Independence League verhört.

Abb.: Flugblatt der Indian Independence League

"After the war ended, the Thai cooperated with the British in every way. Thailand was supposed to be under the Southeast Asia Command of Lord Louis Mountbatten, and so British troops  marched in to disarm the Japanese and to repatriate the war prisoners. The Thai helped them to disarm the Japanese with all kinds of arrangements. Transport, labour, collection of arms, ammunitions, war equipment was handed over to the British. The war prisoners were given food, medicine, clothing, shelter and hospitalisation back to heal, all without cost. Even school children and teachers had a hand in helping the Allies. A thousand British troops were announced and school children whose school, Suan Sunanta College [สวนสุนันทา], one of the biggest schools in Bangkok, was to be given to the British for quartering the troops. These children worked night and day sewing 2,000 sets of mosquito nets, at the cost of 200 baht per net, cloth being sky-high in price due to the shortage, to have them ready in time to accommodate the British troops. The latter stayed in Thailand one year and four months before they withdrew from the country, and in the meantime the children were deprived of their school and had to go the a nearby temple grounds for temporary schooling without the comforts of ordinary classrooms. I was the chief of a school division then and had to supervise this work at the time. I could not find a single net left behind. What is more, school properties were removed and sold to neighbouring houses. I was able to claim back only a few items. The British changed their policy and wanted to pay me rents and damages caused by the rough usage to buildings. I sent in my architects to inspect the premises. They submitted to me an estimate of over a million baht to put the buildings and all the classrooms, housing 2,000 students, back to proper usage. The British military authorities awarded me a compensation of 20,000 baht (£ 333) for lodging 1,000 troops for one year and four months, or one-sixth of a penny per head per day, whereas the most sordid hotel in London would cost me £ 3! The place was also severely looted, because the troops withdrew without handing the place back to me, although the colonel in command knew me and my office was just a few blocks away along the same road." [Quelle: Manich Jumsai [มานิจ ชุมสาย] <1908 - 2009>: History of Anglo-Thai relations. -- 6. ed. -- Bangkok : Chalermnit, 2000. -- 494 S. : Ill. ; 21 cm. -- S. 373ff.]

1945 - 1947

75.000 bis 85.000 Vietnamesen fliehen nach Nordostthailand.

1945-09-04

Großbritannien präsentiert in Kandy (Ceylon) den Abgesandten Siams folgend Forderungen:

"Abolish all military, para-military and political organisations conducting propaganda hostile to the United Nations [i. e. the democracies —Ed. ] Hand over to the Allied authorities all United Nations' ships which were in [Siamese] ports. Do everything possible to relieve the distress of all Allied prisoners-of-war and inter nees, and provide them, free of charge, with adequate food, clothing, medical services and transportation in consultation with the Allied authorities. Take responsibility for protecting, maintaining and repairing all Allied properties. Co-operate with the Allied authorities in: - Disarming the Japanese in Siam and handing them over to the Allies. Confiscating and surrendering to the Allied authorities all Japanese war material including all warships and freighters, aircraft, arms, ammunition, motor and other vehicles, and other military stores including aviation and other fuels, clothing, radio accessories, and any other properties of the Japanese troops. [Agree] not to trade with enemies of the Allies. Seize and submit to the Allies all properties of the Japanese (and other enemies). Co-operate in charging and investigating persons accused of having been war criminals or of having afforded active assistance to Japan or of having been open enemies of the Allies. Hand over to the Allies all deserters of Allied nationality. Maintain and be ready to place at the disposal of Allied officers [such Siamese] naval, military and air forces, together with the use of her ports, airfields, construction materials, equipment, communication routes, arms and other stores as might be required from time to time for accommodation and storage purposes by Allied officers arriving to disarm the Japanese. Provide the use of her ports and traffic facilities to Allied officers as demanded. Arrange in accordance with the wishes of the Allied military authorities for press and other censorship and control over radio and telecommunication installations or other forms of inter-communication. Continue her civil administration subject to the requirements of Allied officers in the pursuance of their tasks. [Agree that] in case of need for facilities in recruiting and employing local labour for the utilisation in Siamese territory of industrial and transport enterprises and of means of communication, power stations, public utilities and other facilities, stocks of fuel or other material [must be made] available according to the requirements of the Allied authorities. [Agree that] Siamese freighters, whether in home or foreign waters, be subject to Allied control for use as required by the Allies. [Agree to] the setting up of a military mission to be appointed by the appropriate military authority to act as consultants on the organisation, training and equipping of the Siamese armed forces. [Agree] not to export rice, tin, rubber and teak for a period of time. The Allied authorities felt such a prohibition to be necessary because of present economic circumstances. Exception might be made only at the direction of a committee of Allied representatives or similar authority that might [later] replace this committee. [Note that] while the world was still in need of rice, the Combined Boards or other authority acting on behalf of the Allies felt that Siam must increase her rice production. The resulting surpluses were to made available to the Allied Rice Committee at prices to be agreed upon by this said committee and based on the controlled price of rice in other Asian countries. Agree with the Allied Rice Committee on the details necessary to bring the above requirement about in the most effective way. Details on this were to be included in the appendices to this treaty and were to provide for the following, namely that: - The Allies would take whatever measures might be required for the fulfilment of these obligations until the Siamese government was itself, in the opinion of the Allies, in a position to ensure this; and for The continued co-operation thereafter of the Siamese government with the Allied Rice Committee in order that obligations already incurred continued to be administered. [Agree that] Siamese monetary policy (together with the rate of exchange) be fixed according to the advice of Allied representatives, with a view to facilitating the production of the greatest possible yield of rice and other necessary food commodities, and to avoid economic problems. Report as soon as possible and carry out the actions requested in the attached appendices." [Zitiert in: Direck Jayanama [ดิเรก ชัยนาม] <1905 - 1967>: Siam and World War II / English ed. prepared and ed. by Jane Godfrey Keyes. -- Bangkok : The Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 2521 [1978]. -- 358 S. : Ill. ; 25 cm. -- Originaltitel: ไทยกับสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 (2.ed., 1967). -- S. 164ff.]

1945-09-04

Dwight Bulkley (INCIDENT/OSS):

"Saturday afternoon [1 September] the Publicity Bureau took us on a guided tour of the city, mainly the Royal Palace, Temple of the Emerald Buddha and the Royal Museum. Saturday evening was a dance reception at the modern and swank Ratanakosin Hotel - with many guests, nice orchestra, pretty girls, with concession to the American custom of asking strangers to dance and cutting in on the dance floor. Liquor flowed freely. Midnight came with a late snack in the dining hall, more dancing, and return to the Palace of the Roses 2 a.m. Sunday afternoon the Thais took us on a motor launch cruise up and down the Menam River, stopping to visit the Temple of the Dawn. Tonight the Silapakorn theater will be the scene of 50 to 100 Thai dancing girls entertaining us with Thai dances, to be followed by refreshments. Everywhere we go here food and more food awaits us, and, as delectable as it is, is hard to resist." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 385]

1945-09-07

Thailand teilt dem japanischen Botschafter mit, dass es auf alliierten Druck die diplomatischen Beziehungen mit Japan einfrieren muss.

1945-09-07

Pridi teilt dem Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1900 – 1979) mit, dass Thailand alle britischen Forderungen akzeptiert.

1945-09-07

Der Innenminister von Laos sendet dem laotischen Ministerpräsidenten  Prinz Phetsarath (ເພັດຊະລາດ / เจ้าเพชรราช รัตนวงศา, 1890 - 1959) ein Telegramm, dass  König Sisavang Vong (ພຣະບາດສົມເດັດພຣະເຈົ້າສີສະຫວ່າງວົງ, 1885 - 1959) will, dass Laos französische Kolonie bleibt.

1945-09-08

Thailand wird wieder in Siam zurückbenannt.

Siam - สยาม

1945-09-08

Kandy (Ceylon): Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1900 – 1979) und Lt. Gen. Sakdi Senanarong (ศักดิ์ เสนาณรงค์, 1894 - 1955), Chief of the Siamese Military Mission to SACSEA, unterzeichnen das Temporary Miltary Agreement No. 1

1945-09-08

Pressekonferenz von Prinz Suphasawat (หม่อมเจ้าศุภสวัสดิ์วงศ์สนิท สวัสดิวัตน์, 1900 - 1967):

"Some people have thought that the reason which prompted me to come into the country in this manner was to avenge the wrongs done to my friends and colleagues and class, as well as myself, in the past. I beg to say that such has not been my intention in the least. I wanted everyone to forgive and forget the past as I had myself, and to join hands together to work for the common aim that is the good of the Nation. Our country has been split assunder the past 13 years, let us all help to mend the breach. Our internal politics and conditions have not been clean. The war has made it worse. It is our duty to work together to clean up all the dirt. Let us all work for posterity by first destroying the jealousy and ill-will against one another, and the idea of partisanship above the unity of the Nation, and secondly to try to gain knowledge which would make us understand one another’s own weaknesses and our strength, so as to enable us to forgive and forget the past and then pull together for the cause of the Nation." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 399f.]

1945-09-09 - 1946-01

Die britische Royal Airforce (RAF) besetzt den Flughafen Don Muang (ท่าอากาศยานดอนเมือง) und richtet dort ein Hauptquartier unter Group Captain Don Finlay (1909 - 1970). Drei RAF Squadrons sind hier stationiert.

Abb.: Lage des Flughafens Don Muang (ท่าอากาศยานดอนเมือง)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-09-09

Es erscheint:

Loftus, Joseph A. <1928 - 1990>: Secret Thai role in war documented. -- In: New York Times. -- 1945-09-09

1945-09-09

Britische Truppen besetzen Saigon (Französisch Indochina)

1945-09-10

Die USA und die Sowjetunion teilen unter UNO-Mandat Korea unter sich in zwei Treuhand-Gebiete. Die Grenze ist der 38. Breitengrad.

Abb.: Nordkorea und Südkorea
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1945-09-11

Der neugewählte Prime Minister M. R. Seni Pramoj (หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 – 1997) kehrt aus Washington DC (USA) nach Thailand zurück.

Abb.: Lage von Washington DC
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1845-09-11

Die Regierung Siams benachrichtigt die Regierung Japans offiziell, dass der Militärische Beistandspakt zwischen Thailand und Japan (Pact of alliance between Thailand and Japan) von 1941-12-21 und alle seitherigen Abkommen gekündigt sind.

1945-09-12

Qiu Ji, einer der führenden Kommunistenführer, in einem Pressegespräch mit inländischen und ausländischen Journalisten:

"When Japanese troops moved to the South, Chinese and Thai nationals had jointly and continuously mounted anti-Japanese resistance everywhere in Thailand. The reason for this cooperation was because Chinese and Thai nationals wanted independence and freedom for their own nations as well as liberation from the conditions of slavery. Therefore, Chinese and Thai nationals had risen up... As to the fact of this matter, for example, in the Ranong [ระนอง] Incident [1944-07-30], Thai soldiers and police had resisted the Japanese with the eager support of the Chinese. When the Sahasamakhom Totan Yipun [สหสมาคมต่อต้านญี่ปุ่น] (Anti-Japanese United Association) and the Volunteer Force waged a war against the Japanese in the South, they received unending cooperation from the Thai military and civilians. Thai and Chinese workers had also risen up to join the anti-Japanese resistance everywhere, and destroyed a Japanese army’s godown, for instance." [Übersetzt in: Kasian Tejapira [เกษียร เตชะพีระ] <1957 - >: Commodifying Marxism : the formation of modern Thai radical culture, 1927-1958. -- Kyoto : Kyoto Univ. Pr., 2001. -- 390 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.  -- (Kyoto area studies on Asia ; 3). -- ISBN 1876843985. -- Revision of the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Cornell University, 1992. -- S. 54]

1945-09-12 - 1946-03-31

Die Federated Malay States, die Unfederated Malay States und das Straits Settlement mit Singapore stehen unter British Military Administration (BMA)

1945-09-15 - 1945-10-20

Prince Phetsarath Ratanavongsa (ເຈົ້າເພັດຊະລາດ ລັດຕະນະວົງ; 1890 – 1959) ist Ministerpräsident von Laos

"Die 60 von den Japanern im Kriegsministerium internierten [französischen] Zivilisten wurden beschimpft und mit Dreck beworfen, als sie sich herauswagten, um Nahrung zu kaufen, bis sie ihr Vorhaben aufgeben mussten. Deshalb bat Monsieur [Louis Antoine Marie] Brasey [1891 - 1957], der ehemalige französische Résident Supérieur, Chao Phetsarat [ເຈົ້າເພັດຊະລາດ ລັດຕະນະວົງ; 1890 – 1959], er möge die Engländer in Nòng Khai [หนองคาย] und Captain [Rowland] Winn, den englischen Offizier und Chef der Seri Thai [ขบวนการเสรีไทย] in Nòng Khai, bitten, zwei Schiffe mit Truppen der Seri Thai, 62 Mann umfassend, zu schicken, um die Franzosen per Schiff von Vientiane [ວຽງຈັນ] nach Nòng Khai zu holen." [Übersetzung: Maha Sila Viravong [ມະຫາ ສິລາ ວີຮະວົງສ໌] <1905 - 1987>: Prinz Phetsarat : ein Leben für Laos : "Eine Biographie von Chao Maha Uparat Phetsarat" und "Die Geschichte des 12. Oktober 1945" / übersetzt aus dem Laotischen und hrsg. von Volker Grabowsky. -- Münster : LIT, 2003. -- 179 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- (Periplus Texte ; 4). -- ISBN 3-8258-6492-8. -- S. 120. -- Fair use]

Abb.: Lage von Vientiane [ວຽງຈັນ] und Nong Khai [หนองคาย]
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

1945-09-15

Nach Konsultation mit Thakek, Savannakhet, Saravane und Champasak erklärt Prinz Phetsarath (ເພັດຊະລາດ / เจ้าเพชรราช รัตนวงศา, 1890 - 1959) die Einheit und Untrennbarkeit aller Territorien von Laos.

1945-09-17 - 1946-01-31

M. R. Seni Pramoj (เสนีย์ ปราโมช, 1905 – 1997) ist Ministerpräsident (นายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย - Prime Minister)

Abb.: หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช - Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

"Seni Pramoj (oder Seni Pramoja, Thai เสนีย์ ปราโมช - ausgesprochen [sè-niː praːmôːt], vollständiger Name: Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj - หม่อมราชวงศ์เสนีย์ ปราโมช; * 20. Mai 1905 in Bangkok; † 28. Juli 1997 ebenda) war zwischen 1945 und 1946 sowie zwischen 1975 und 1976 Premierminister von Thailand. Seni Pramoj wurde in Bangkok als Sohn von Prinz Kamrob (Thai: พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าคำรบ) geboren, seine Mutter war Daeng Bunnag (Thai: หม่อมแดง บุนนาค). Er heiratete später Than Phuying Usana Pramoj. Wie an seinem Titel Mom Rajawongse ersehen werden kann, war er ein entfernter Verwandter von König Phuttaloetla (Rama II.). Seine Ausbildung erhielt Seni an der Radschini-Schule (Thai: โรงเรียนราชินี), dem Assumption-College (โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ), der Devarasin-Schule (โรงเรียนเทพศิรินทร์) sowie der Suan-Kulab-Wittayalai-Schule (โรงเรียนสวนกุหลาบวิทยาลัย). Er ging dann nach Großbritannien, wo er seine Studien am Trent-College, dem Worcester-College und der Universität Oxford fortsetzte. Hier machte er seinen Bachelor-Abschluss in Rechtswissenschaft. Nachdem er nach Thailand zurückgekehrt war, bildete er sich in der Thailand Bar Society weiter. Nach einer Trainingszeit von sechs Monaten am Obersten Gerichtshof des Landes wurde er Zivilrichter. Später wurde er als Richter an den Obersten Gerichtshof und an das Berufungsgericht berufen. Später wurde Seni in das Außenministerium geholt und als Botschafter in die USA geschickt. Als japanische Truppen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs Thailand besetzten, baute Seni eine anti-japanische Bewegung auf und unterstützte heimlich die Alliierten im Namen der Freien Regierung von Thailand. Nachdem er zurückgekehrt war, wurde er am 17. September 1945 Premierminister von Thailand. Seine Regierungszeit war geprägt vom Kampf gegen ein drohendes britisches Protektorat über Thailand. Er arbeitete aktiv an der gesetzlichen Bestrafung von Kriegsverbrechern des Landes. Während seiner letzten Regierungszeit lösten Studenten der Thammasat-Universität Unruhen aus, nachdem Admiral Sangad Chaloryu (Thai: สงัด ชลออยู่ - Sa-ngat Chalo-Yu) einen Staatsstreich unternommen hatte. Die Unruhen wurden am 6. Oktober 1976 blutig niedergeschlagen. Nach seinem Rückzug aus dem Amt trat Seni auch vom Vorsitz der Demokratischen Partei ins Privatleben zurück. Seni Pramoj starb am 28. Juli 1997 im Bangkoker General Hospital." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_Pramoj. -- Zugriff am 2011-10-06]

1945 beginnt die Regierung, 150 Stipendien für die Sekundarschulausbildung (6 Jahre) an bedürftige begabte Schüler zu vergeben. Das Stpendium beträgt jährlich

• 1945: 200 Baht
• 1949: 600 Baht

Es wird folgende Anzahl von 6-Jahresstipendien vergeben:

• 1945: 150
• 1946: 150
• 1947: 150
• 1948: 450
• 1949: 450
• 1950: 450
• 1951: 450

1945-09-17 - 1946-01-31

13. Kabinett: Seni (เสนีย์) Iเสนีย์

1945-09-17

Lieutnant General Hamada [Hitoshi], Chief of Staff to the Japanese army in Thailand, begeht Selbstmord, um nicht vor den Alliierten kapitulieren zu müssen.

1945-09-25

Bangkok: Parade von Seri Thai (ขบวนการเสรีไทย) durch Bangkok in US-Uniformen und mit US-Waffen vor dem Regenten Pridi Banomyong (ปรีดี พนมยงค์, 1900 - 1983), dem Kabinett und dem Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (geborener Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1900 – 1979).  Die Bevölkerung ist begeistert. Innerhalb von Seri Thai beginnen sich politische Fraktionen zu bilden. Großbritannien und die USA weigern sich, ihre Truppen an der Parade teilnehmen zu lassen.

1945-09-25

Eine Delegation unter Leitung von Prinz Vivathanachai (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าวิวัฒนไชย, 1899 - 1960) verhandelt in Kandy (මහ නුවර, Ceylon) über einen Friedensvertrag. Frankreich, obwohl kein offizieller Partner, fordert außer der Rückgabe der ehemalig französischen Gebiete auch - gegen Entschiedenen Protest der USA -  die Rückgabe des Phra Kaeo Morakot (Emerasld Buddha, พระแก้วมรกต)

1945-09-28

Straßenkämpfe zwischen der Thai Polizei und Chinesen. Die Chinesen um die Yaowarat Road (ถนนเยาวราช), der China Town Bangkoks, hatten ihre Häuser und Geschäfte mit Kuomintang-Fahnen ( 中國國民黨) geschmückt. Prime Minister  Seni (เสนีย์ ปราโมช) ordnete an, dass diese Fahnen entfernt werden oder zugleich mit der Thaifahne gezeigt werden. Die Chinesen reagierten darauf, indem sie Thais, die vorbeikamen, schlugen oder anderswie demütigten. Die Straßenkämpfe dauern drei Tage. Danach gehen die chinesischen Händler in einen fünftägigen Streik und schließen ihre Geschäfte für Thai-Käufer.

Abb.: Fahne des Kuomintang (中國國民黨)
[Bildquelle: Zscout370 / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.: Lage der Yaowarat Road (ถนนเยาวราช)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Straßenschild
[Bildquelle: Hdamm / Wikimedia. -- GNU FDLicense]

1945-10

 Seni (เสนีย์ ปราโมช) löst die 1938 gewählte National Assembly auf. Neuwahlen müssen innerhalb von 90 Tagen stattfinden.

1945-10 - 1947

Stärke der Offizierskader des Militärs

Abb.: Anzahl der Offiziere des Militärs vor 1945-10
 [Datenquelle: Kasian Tejapira [เกษียร เตชะพีระ] <1957 - >: Commodifying Marxism : the formation of modern Thai radical culture, 1927-1958. -- Kyoto : Kyoto Univ. Pr., 2001. -- 390 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.  -- (Kyoto area studies on Asia ; 3). -- ISBN 1876843985. -- Revision of the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Cornell University, 1992. -- S. 80]

Entlassungen von Armeeoffizieren

Abb.: Entlassene Offiziere der Armee Thailands von 1945-10 bis 1947 (in Prozent der Gesamtzahl des jeweiligen Rangs)
[Datenquelle: Kasian Tejapira [เกษียร เตชะพีระ] <1957 - >: Commodifying Marxism : the formation of modern Thai radical culture, 1927-1958. -- Kyoto : Kyoto Univ. Pr., 2001. -- 390 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.  -- (Kyoto area studies on Asia ; 3). -- ISBN 1876843985. -- Revision of the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Cornell University, 1992. -- S. 80]

Abb.: Entlassene Offiziere der Armee Thailands von 1945-10 bis 1947 (in absoluten Zahlen)
[Datenquelle: Kasian Tejapira [เกษียร เตชะพีระ] <1957 - >: Commodifying Marxism : the formation of modern Thai radical culture, 1927-1958. -- Kyoto : Kyoto Univ. Pr., 2001. -- 390 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.  -- (Kyoto area studies on Asia ; 3). -- ISBN 1876843985. -- Revision of the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Cornell University, 1992. -- S. 80]

1300 der 32.082 entlassenen Offiziere werden umgeschult und finden Anstellung bei

• Zoll

• Polizei

• Genossenschaften

• Strafvollzug

• Finanzministerium

1945-10 - 1946-03

Es werden aufgelöst

• 2 Armeedivisionen

• 4 Infanterie-Regimenter

• 4 Artillerie-Bataillone

• 2 Maschinengewehr-Bataillone

• 8 Infanterie-Bataillone

• 1 Kavallerie-Bataillone

1945-10

Bangkok: Offizielle Gründung der chinesischen kommunistischen Buchhandlung 大众文化 [Dazhong Wenhua - Massenkultur]. Die Buchhandlung hat über 3000 Anteilseigner, meist chinesische Arbeiter in Reismühlen, Transport und Hafen.

Die Buchhandlung führt Literatur aus China und der Sowjetunion, so z.B. Werke der Klassiker (in chinesischer bzw. englischer Übersetzung)

• Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

• Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895)

• Vladimir Lenin (Влади́мир Ле́нин, 1870 - 1924)

• Mao Zedong (毛澤東, 1893 - 1976)

Die Buchhandlung unterstützt auch durch regelmäßige Annoncen die linksradikalen Periodika

• มหาชน (Mahachon)

• อักษรสาร (Aksornsarn,
• การเมือง (Karnmuang)

1945-10-01

Auflösung des US-Geheimdienstes OSS (Office of Strategic Services). An seine Stelle tritt der SSU (Stategic Services Unit)

1945-10-04

Quantas nimmt den Postverkehr von Sydney (Australien) nach der britischen Kolonie Singapur mit dem Flugboot Coriolanus wieder auf.

Abb.: Flugboot Coriolanus, Australien, 1939
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-10-06

"On 6 October Thanh [Sơn Ngọc Thành / សឺង ង៉ុកថាញ់ / 山玉成, 1908 – 1977, Ministerpräsident Kambodschas] dispatched a special delegate, Pann Yun, to Bangkok, to negotiate with the anti-colonial Thai government dominated by Pridi Phanomyong. According to later anti-Thanh reports, Yun was authorized to offer the Thai, in exchange for military support, continued control of the provinces of Battambang and Siem Reap which had been ceded to them by the French in 1941. Although Pridi’s group had sponsored anti-French guerrilla activities in Laos and along the Cambodian frontier, it was apparently unwilling to entangle itself with Thanh’s endangered regime." [Quelle: Chandler, David P. (David Porter) <1933 - >: Facing the Cambodian past : selected essays, 1971-1994. -- Chiang Mai : Silkworm,  1996. -- 331 S. ; 22 cm. -- ISBN 978-974-7100-64-8. -- S. 182. -- Fair use]

1945-10-08

Der War Criminal Bill tritt in Kraft. Die Mehrheit des Parlaments hatte trotz verfassungsrechtlicher Bedenken zugestimmt. Pridi beauftragt eine Kommission unter Leitung von Sanguan Tularaksa (สงวน ตุลารักษ์, 1902 - 1995) die Verfolgung von Kriegsverbrechern aufzunehmen. Sanguan (der als Kriegsprofiteur gilt bevor er nach China entschwindet) führt einen persönlichen Rachefeldzug und will Hunderte von Kriegsverbrechern mit Phibun an der Spitze.

Abb.: Sanguan Tularaksa (สงวน ตุลารักษ์, 1902 - 1995)

1945-10-09

Robert W. Lawson (OSS - US Office of Strategic Services): General Report of the Situation in Bangkok:

"During the war the Siamese Government played a two-sided game with extreme skill. If the Japanese had won the war, the Siamese Government would have been in a strong position with the Japanese Government and would have been able to prove the great assistance which that government had given Japan. With the Allies winning the war, the Siamese Government was still in a position to point out to the Allies all the assistance and information which they had given the Allies, even though legally there were the allies of an enemy nation. The Siamese Government has been so successful in this diplomatic maneuver that today it is difficult to know where the true sympathy of the Siamese lay. They are now undoubtedly whole-heartedly for the Allies since they are the victors." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 411]

1945-10-10 - 1952-12

Bangkok: Es erscheint die chinesische kommunistische Tageszeitung

 川民報 [Chuanmin Pao] / hrsg. von  der chinesischen kommunistischen Buchhandlung 大众文化 [Dazhong Wenhua - Massenkultur]

1945-10-10

König Sisavang Vong (ພຣະບາດສົມເດັດພຣະເຈົ້າສີສະຫວ່າງວົງ, 1885 - 1959) von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ), Laos, setzt Prinz Phetsarath (ເພັດຊະລາດ / เจ้าเพชรราช รัตนวงศา, 1890 - 1959) als Ministerpräsidenten und Vizekönig ab.

1945-10-12

In Laos wird eine provisorische Regierung des Freien Laos (ລາວອິດສະຫຼະ - Lao Issara) unter Phaya Khammao Vilai [ພະຍາ ຄໍາມ້າວ ວິໄລ, 1892 - 1965] gebildet, alle Verträge mit Frankreich werden für nichtig erklärt,  der König wird aufgefordert, innerhalb von 24 Stunden zu erklären, ob er die neue Regierung anerkennt. Der König antwortet nicht.

Die neue Regierung stellt militärische Verbände zum Kampf gegen die Franzosen auf. Oberbefehlshaber: Prinz Suphanuvong (ສຸພານຸວົງ, 1909 - 1995)

"Der 12. Oktober war ein ganz besonders verheißungsvoller Tag, ein auspiziöser Tag; denn einige Tage vor jenem 12. Oktober verdunkelten Wolken schon in den frühen Morgenstunden das gesamte Stadtgebiet von Vientiane [ວຽງຈັນ]. Doch am Morgen des 12. [Oktober] hatten sich Wolken, die die gesamte Stadt verdüsterten, aufgeklärt und waren verschwunden, als die aufgehende Sonne ihre Strahlen aussandte. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass die Atmosphäre an jenem Morgen voller Wärme und beglückend war. Göttin Sonne war an jenem Tag der laotischen Unabhängigkeits- und Freiheitserklärung gnädig gestimmt. Auf den Straßen und auf dem Platz vor der Provinzhalle (heute: Büro des Ministerpräsidenten) versammelten sich das gesamte laotische Volk und die Ausländer wie beispielsweise Chinesen und Vietnamesen und strömten aus allen Richtungen herbei, um die Verkündigung der Unabhängigkeits- und Freiheitserklärung zu vernehmen. Die Menschen hatten alle strahlende, glückliche Gesichter. Es war bereits 7.00 Uhr vergangen und 7.30 Uhr geworden, als ein großes Auto einen Herrn von großer Gestalt, hellhäutig, gutaussehend und würdevoll auftretend, brachte. Er war wohl etwas über 50 Jahre alt. Umgeben von anderen wichtigen Persönlichkeiten, tauchte er in die Menschenmenge. Dieser Herr war Phanya Khammao [ພະຍາ ຄໍາມ້າວ ວິໄລ, 1892 - 1965], Vorsitzender des Volkskomitees. Er stieg aus dem Wagen, schritt hoch auf das Portal der Provinzhalle und wandte sich der Volksmenge zu. Das laute Geraune der Menge erstummte auf der Stelle. Als der Vorsitzende des Volkskomitees seine Rede an das Volk hielt, informierte er über Ereignisse, die die Nation und die Heimat betrafen, sowie über die Zielvorstellungen des Volkskomitees, das die Versammlung der gesamten Bevölkerung einberaumt hatte. Abschließend sagte er zusammenfassend, dass die gesamte Bevölkerung gebeten werde, zu warten und der Proklamation des Volksausschusses, die nun verlesen werden würde, zu lauschen. Nach Beendigung der Rede des Vorsitzenden des Volkskomitees erschallte lautes, Freude zeigendes Händeklatschen zusammen mit dem Jubelruf: "Hoch lebe die laotische Nation, lang lebe das Volkskomitee!’' Danach stieg Thao Tham [ທ້າວ ທຳ] (Nai Phon Tham Sainyasitsena [ນາຢພົນ ທຳ ໄຊຍະສິດເສນາ]) auf die Empore und verlas die verschiedenen Punkte der Erklärung in dieser Reihenfolge: ) Proklamation der Unabhängigkeit und Freiheit von Laos; ) Proklamation der Vereinigung des laotischen Territoriums; ) Bekanntmachung über die administrativen Veränderungen; ) Verkündung einer provisorischen Verfassung; ) Verkündung der Bildung eines Kabinetts. Das Verlesen der verschiedenen Bekanntmachungen endete am 12. Oktober um 10.00 Uhr inmitten von Jubelrufen, welche die Freude des laotischen Volkes zum Ausdruck brachten. Als sie verstummten, unternahmen der Exekutivausschuss oder Volksausschuss unter dem Vorsitz von Phanya Khammao und die Volksmenge eine Prozession zu Chao Phetsarat [ເຈົ້າເພັດຊະລາດ ລັດຕະນະວົງ, 1890 - 1959], um ihn von den derzeitigen administrativen Veränderungen in Kenntnis zu setzen. Chao Phetsarat trat hervor und empfing wohlwollend das Volkskomitee. Gleichzeitig legte er dar, dass er gegenwärtig von allen Pflichten und Aufgaben für das Vaterland entbunden sei. Künftig lägen diese Pflichten und Aufgaben bei der neuen, an jenem Tag gebildeten Regierung. Sie sei von nun an für die Geschicke der Nation verantwortlich. [...] Nachdem das Parlament etabliert und das Kabinett gebildet worden war, informierte die Regierung das Ausland telegraphisch über die erlangte Unabhängigkeit und Freiheit von Laos. Einzig Vietnam erkannte sie an und schickte ein Glückwunschtelegramm. Ferner entsandte die Regierung eine Sonderdelegation mit militärischer Eskorte nach Luang Prabang [ຫຼວງພະບາງ], um dem König [die Zusammenhänge] verständlich zu machen. Die Sonderdelegation der Regierung hatte Luang Prabang noch nicht erreicht, als die Bevölkerung Luang Prabangs unter der Führung von Chao Bunnyavat bei Phachao Si Savang Vong [ເຈົ້າມະຫາຊີວິດສີສະຫວ່າງວົງ, 1885 – 1959] vorsprach. Der König dankte daraufhin mit der Begründung ab, seine Gesundheit stehe nicht zum Besten, da er die königlichen Amtsgeschäfte schon lange ausgeübt habe und er nun auch schon greise sei. Aber der König ernannte keinen Nachfolger. Am 15. November schickte Phachao Si Savang Vong, der ehemalige König, an die Regierung unter Ministerpräsident Phanya Khammao eine aus drei Punkten bestehende Note folgenden Inhalts: - Ich, Phrachao Si Savang Vong, habe mich faktisch der Administration von Laos unterstellt. - Als ich [noch] König war, hatte ich nie ein Abkommen mit irgendeinem französischen Diplomaten über Belange des laotischen Vaterlandes geschlossen. - Was diese neue Regierung betrifft, auf welche Weise auch immer sie zustande kam, so hege ich keinerlei Groll gegen das Volkskomitee, das sie gegründet hat. Ich bitte darum, einander zu vergeben. Also habe ich dieses wichtige Schreiben verfasst. Luang Prabang, 10. November 2488 [A.D. 1945] (Unterschrift) Si Savang Vong Seitdem war die damals gebildete Lao Itsala-Regierung [ລາວອິດສະຫຼະ] eine in jeder Hinsicht legitime und legale Regierung." [Übersetzung: Maha Sila Viravong [ມະຫາ ສິລາ ວີຮະວົງສ໌] <1905 - 1987>: Prinz Phetsarat : ein Leben für Laos : "Eine Biographie von Chao Maha Uparat Phetsarat" und "Die Geschichte des 12. Oktober 1945" / übersetzt aus dem Laotischen und hrsg. von Volker Grabowsky. -- Münster : LIT, 2003. -- 179 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. -- (Periplus Texte ; 4). -- ISBN 3-8258-6492-8. -- S. 127 - 130. -- Fair use]

 

"Khammao Vilai (ພະຍາ ຄໍາມ້າວ ວິໄລ, auch: Xiang Mao; * 1892 in Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ); † 1965) war Premierminister der ersten nachkolonialen laotischen Regierung, der der Lao Issara (ລາວອິດສະຫຼະ) 1945-49. Nach der Unabhängigkeit hielt er bis 1955 Ministerämter. Lebensweg Khammao Vilai erhielt seine Hochschulbildung in Frankreich an der École Pratique du Commerce. 1917 trat er in den Dienst der französischen Kolonialverwaltung. Dort stieg er bis 1941 zum Gouverneur von Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ, laot.: Viang Chan) auf. Diese Stellung behielt er auch, nachdem die Japaner am 9./10. März 1945 die vichytreuen Franzosen inhaftierten. Am 12. Oktober 1945 wurde er Premierminister der antikolonialistischen Lao Issara-Regierung, die eine Wiedereroberung Indochinas durch die Kolonialherren verhindern wollte. Er musste jedoch vor der sich abzeichnenden Niederlage fliehen und etablierte in Bangkok eine Exilregierung. Am 19. Juli 1949 wurde der französisch-laotische Vertrag unterzeichnet, der Laos zu einem unabhängigen Mitglied innerhalb der Union française machen sollte. Er löste die Lao Issara am 24. Oktober 1949 auf, ihre Mitglieder kehrten daraufhin in die Heimat zurück. Zusammen mit seinem ehemaligen Minister für öffentliche Bauten Prinz Suvanna Phūmā (ເຈົ້າສຸວັນນະພູມາ, 1901 - 1984) gründete er die Fortschrittspartei (Phak Kaonā). 1950 wurde er in der königlichen Regierung unter Phoui Sananikone Justiz- und Gesundheitsminister. Diese Posten behielt er auch im ersten Kabinett Suvanna Phūmā's. 1955 erfolgte seine Ernennung als eines der zwölf Mitglieder des königlichen Rates (Thipuksā Phramahākaxāt)." [Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khammao_Vilai. -- Zugriff am 2016-02-20]

Abb.: Laos
[Bildquelle: CIA. -- Public domain]

1945-10-14

Son Ngoc Thanh [Sơn Ngọc Thành / សឺង ង៉ុកថាញ់ / 山玉成, 1908 – 1977], der Ministerpräsident von Kambodscha, wird von Franzosen verhaftet und nach Saigon ins Gefängnis gebracht.

1945-10-16

Auflösung des Parlaments.

1945-10-16 - 1946-07-04

Charles Woodruff Yost (1907 - 1981) ist US Chargé d'Affaires für Thailand.

Abb.: Charles Woodruff Yost
[Bildquelle: Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-10-17

Phibun und sechs Gefolgsmänner werden als Kriegsverbrecher festgenommen.

1945-10-20

20. Geburtstag von Rama VIII. (1925 - 1946). Damit kann er die königlichen Pflichten selbst (ohne Regent) ausführen.

US-Präsident Harry S. Truman (1884 - 1972) sendet dem König ein Glückwunschtelegramm zur Erreichung der Volljährigkeit.

Pridi bittet in einem Telegramm den König, dass er so bald wie möglich aus der Schweiz zurückkehrt. Der König antwortet, dass er noch mindestens 18 Monate in der Schweiz bleiben will, um sein Jura-Studium an der Universität Lausanne zu beenden. Vorher könne er nur für einen Kurzbesuch nach Siam kommen.

1945-10-20

Da König König Sisavang Vong (ພຣະບາດສົມເດັດພຣະເຈົ້າສີສະຫວ່າງວົງ, 1885 - 1959) von Luang Prabang (ຫຼວງພະບາງ) auf das Ultimatum vom 1945-10-12 nicht antwortet, erklärt ihn die provisorische Nationalversammlung für abgesetzt. Er wird am 1945-11-04 unter Arrest gesetzt. Provinzgouverneur von Luang Prabang wird Chao Bunnyavat (ບຸນຢະວັດ)

1945-10-20 - 1946-04-23

 Phaya Khammao Vilay (ພະຍາ ຄໍາມ້າວ ວິໄລ, 1911 - 1984)  ist Chairman of the Provisional Government von Laos

1945-10-21

Bei den Wahlen zur Verfassungsgebenden Versammlung Frankreichs wird die Kommunistische Partei mit 26% der Stimmen und 151 der 545 Abgeordneten stärkste Partei. Eine Hauptsorge der USA ist ab jetzt, dass Frankreich kommunistisch werden könnte.

1945-10-23

Frankreich "begrüßt" die Wiedereinführung des französischen Protektorats über Kambodscha.

1945-10-27

US Präsident Harry S. Truman (1884 - 1972): Address on Foreign Policy at the Navy Day Celebration in New York City:

"Let me restate the fundamentals of that foreign policy of the United States: We seek no territorial expansion or selfish advantage. We have no plans for aggression against any other state, large or small. We have no objective which need clash with the peaceful aims of any other nation. We believe in the eventual return of sovereign rights and self-government to all peoples who have been deprived of them by force. We shall approve no territorial changes in any friendly part of the world unless they accord with the freely expressed wishes of the people concerned. We believe that all peoples who are prepared for self-government should be permitted to choose their own form of government by their own freely expressed choice, without interference from any foreign source. That is true in Europe, in Asia, in Africa, as well as in the Western Hemisphere. By the combined and cooperative action of our war allies, we shall help the defeated enemy states establish peaceful democratic governments of their own free choice. And we shall try to attain a world in which Nazism, Fascism, and military aggression cannot exist. We shall refuse to recognize any government imposed upon any nation by the force of any foreign power. In some cases it may be impossible to prevent forceful imposition of such a government. But the United States will not recognize any such government. We believe that all nations should have the freedom of the seas and equal rights to the navigation of boundary rivers and waterways and of rivers and waterways which pass through more than one country. We believe that all states which are accepted in the society of nations should have access on equal terms to the trade and the raw materials of the world. We believe that the sovereign states of the Western Hemisphere, without interference from outside the Western Hemisphere, must work together as good neighbors in the solution of their common problems. We believe that full economic collaboration between all nations, great and small, is essential to the improvement of living conditions all over the world, and to the establishment of freedom from fear and freedom from want. We shall continue to strive to promote freedom of expression and freedom of religion throughout the peace-loving areas of the world. We are convinced that the preservation of peace between nations requires a United Nations Organization composed of all the peace-loving nations of the world who are willing jointly to use force if necessary to insure peace. Now, that is the foreign policy which guides the United States. That is the foreign policy with which it confidently faces the future. It may not be put into effect tomorrow or the next day. But nonetheless, it is our policy; and we shall seek to achieve it. It may take a long time, but it is worth waiting for, and it is worth striving to attain. " [Quelle: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12304. -- Zugriff am 2016-08-29]

1945-10-29

Regierungsinternes Rundschreiben von US-Außenminister James Francis Byrnes (1882 - 1972): British policy in Southeast Asia:

"Present British policy toward Siam is rather anomalous since it tends to be less conciliatory toward this independent state than toward dependent peoples. The reasons are anger at Thai collaboration with the Japs and fear that they might unless discreetly controlled collaborate at some future date with another aggressor; willingness to take advantage Siam’s position as a defeated enemy to strengthen British political and economic influence there; [and] a colonial habit of mind which consciously assumes that a South Asiatic people is not really capable of managing its own affairs. This policy bids fair to alienate the Siamese without dominating them and this to work in the long run to the disadvantage of Britain not only in Siam but in SEA [Southeast Asia] as a whole." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 405f.]

1945-11 - 1949-03

Es erscheint die pro-Pridi Zeitung

โลกใหม่ (Lok mai, "Neue Welt") / hsg. von Suri Thongwanich (สุรีย์ ทองวนิช)

1945-11-09

Kenneth Perry Landon (1903 - 1993) kommt nach Bangkok und arbeitet für den US-Geheimdienst SSU (Stategic Services Unit)

"Ken’s second major challenge came just after the war. In December 1945, the State Department sent him to Bangkok with Charles Yost [1907 – 1981], the man appointed to head the American legation. The two had a round of formal public dinners and private conversations with prominent Thais, including the king and many members of the royal family, and Hugh Bird, British political advisor. Ken "tangled with" Bird, who "pontificated" that the "Thai were on the wrong side" and dismissed Ken’s mention of "the Siamese underground" as "nothing." Bird thought that Thailand needed to be brought "down to the economic level of the neighboring countries" (LC, 1B, letters to Margaret, Nov. 15 and 24,1945). The British had taken the Thai Declaration of War seriously, saw Thailand as a vanquished enemy, and had never bought the Landon version of Thais as somehow merely childlike and just bullied by the Japanese. Landon and Yost became convinced that the "punitive policy" being demanded by the British would pervasively damage the Thai economy for decades to come. They actively pressured the American undersecretary of state to insist that the British back down on their ultimatums to the Thais and, directed by the State Department, advised the Thais to delay signing their treaty with the British. Again, Ken was successful in his arguments." [Quelle: Morgan, Susan <1943 - >: Bombay Anna : the real story and remarkable adventures of the King and I governess. -- Berkeley [u.a.] : Univ. of California Press, 2008. -- 274 S. : Ill.  ; 23 cm. -- ISBN 978-0-520-26163-1. -- S. 219. -- Fair use]

1945-11-13

Kenneth Perry Landon (1903 - 1993) in einem Brief an seine Frau Margaret Landon (1903 - 1993):

""The Thai were on the wrong side," [Hugh R. Bird, politischer Berater des britischen Kommandanten in Thailand] pontificated. "Not a Thai lifted a voice to resist." So, I said, "No doubt you yourself would be a very brave man, Mr. Bird, with a Gurkha sitting on your chest and a knife at your throat!" "There should have been some resistance," he said. "There was in other countries." "Haven’t you heard of the Siamese underground?" I asked. "Oh that!" He said loftily. "That was nothing." "Well, I don’t know about you British," I said. "We of course had an effective intelligence service, very effective in fact." That tore it." [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. ]

1945-11-15

Pridi erklärt dem US-Geheimdienstler Alexander MacDonald (1908 - 2000) seine Vision einer Föderation südostasiatischer Staaten. Diese Föderation soll zunächst folgende Staaten umfassen:

• Thailand

• Kambodscha

• Laos

• Vietnam

1945-11-15 + 1945-11-21 + 1945-11-24

Kenneth Perry Landon (1903 - 1993) in Briefen an seine Frau Margaret Landon (1903 - 1993):

"Landon summarized British policy as aimed at bringing Thailand  "down to the level of Burma and Malaya." He granted that a punitive policy might be "partly deserved because there is no question about it a lot of sharp dealing going on . . . But it doesn’t seem to me that punishment is of value unless it has a progressive rather than a regressive effect." Landon’s comment reflected his own sense of disillusionment about Thai politics and the general atmosphere of postwar society. He blamed the members of the People’s Party for setting a bad example with "corrupt practices," noting that "inflation has driven almost everyone to engage in some form of graft. There is a general breakdown in morals and honesty. Night clubs abound." He lamented the decline of traditional culture and the fact that "most of the people are more interested in cabarets."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 412f.]

1945-11-21

Kenneth Perry Landon <1903 - 1993>, Gesandtschaft der USA in Siam, über "The political situation in Siam" an das US-Außenministerium:

"The revolutionary [People’s Party] [คณะราษฎร] leaders almost without exception have engaged in large scale graft and theft and have made themselves wealthy according to local standards. The lower officials tended to copy the examples of their superiors. Corruption is so usual that it is referred to as a commonplace thing." [Zitiert in: Kasian Tejapira [เกษียร เตชะพีระ] <1957 - >: Commodifying Marxism : the formation of modern Thai radical culture, 1927-1958. -- Kyoto : Kyoto Univ. Pr., 2001. -- 390 S. : Ill. ; 23 cm.  -- (Kyoto area studies on Asia ; 3). -- ISBN 1876843985. -- Revision of the author's thesis (doctoral) -- Cornell University, 1992. -- S. 248, Anm. 115]

1945-11-27

Kenneth Perry Landon (1903 - 1993) in einem Brief an seine Frau Margaret Landon (1903 - 1993):

"The late September "trouble arose out of the fact that [Sanguan] Tularak (who had been, according to a British report ["Current Situation and Background to Sino-Chinese Relations in the Country," Box 91, RG 331, USNA] attempting to organize an office representing the various anti-Japanese groups in the Chinese community in Thailand) had a Chinese friend come down from Chungking whom he announced to be a high Chinese official. The Chinese immediately flew Chinese flags and declared a holiday - and did not fly Thai flags. The police broke up the parading and incidentally looted countless shops without provocation." The British report cited above mentions an attempt by a Thai rickshaw driver to "interfere with some Chinese carrying Chinese flags" as the immediate incident that triggered the shooting. According to Krachang Tularak, Sanguan’s brother (intelligence report XL 37112, 9 December 1945, RG 226, USNA), "a secret anti-Thai society," using coercive tactics, organized the strike by Chinese merchants that disrupted commerce in the city. Two years later, the Chinese government (Bangkok Post, 22 September 1947) sought compensation for victims of the Sino-Thai violence, claiming that twenty-seven had died and 182 were injured in the clashes." [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 380f., Anm. 36]

1945-11-28 + 1945-12-27

Kenneth Perry Landon (1903 - 1993) in Briefen an seine Frau Margaret Landon (1903 - 1993):

"Several former pro-royalist political prisoners emerged as spokesmen for the opposition. They showed little gratitude toward Pridi for their 1944 release or for such efforts at reconciliation as his removal of the controversial Adun [Adun Detcharat - อดุล เดชรัตน์ , 1894 - 1969] from his role as national chief of police. By late November, these angry rightists, who considered Pridi a closet communist and "a virtual dictator," were using the term "Free Thai" as a pejorative term to describe "a small clique in control of the government," particularly men like Direk [Jayanama - ดิเรก ชัยนาม, 1905 - 1965] and the hated Adun [Detcharat - อดุล เดชรัตน์ , 1894 - 1969] , who were accused of having played "a dubious political game" with both sides during the war. An increasingly disillusioned Pridi would tell American representatives near the end of that "he should have been more ruthless" and left the troublesome political prisoners behind bars. He added that "whoever leads the country must not be afraid to take drastic and powerful measures, since kindness is always interpreted as a sign of weakness."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 400]

1945-12

Ein US-Regierungsbericht nennt folgende Schäden für Thailand durch die alliierten Bombardierungen:

• 18.583 Bomben wurden abgeworfen

• 8.711 Personen wurden dabei getötet

• 9.616 Gebäude wurden zerstört

• 1.194 Gebäude wurden beschädigt

• 73 Lokomotiven wurden zerstört

• 614 Lastwagen wurden zerstört

• 173 andere Fahrzeuge wurden zerstört

1945-12

"In regard to coup rumors, a flier circulated in Nakhon Sawan [นครสวรรค์] in late November calling on soldiers to go to Bangkok, rescue the jailed Phibun, and "help together to wipe the capital clean." in December a story spread that the Army Chief of Staff General Chat Nakrop [ชาตินักรบ] was preparing to lead a coup. Most ominously, Luang Suphachalasai [หลวงศุภชลาศัย, 1895 - 1965], a prominent right-wing member of the People’s Party who had supported the Free Thai movement during the war and had served as interior minister in the Khuang cabinet, declared to an American source that he was prepared to lead a coup aimed to "get Regent and gangster government." He cited concern about British reaction as the lone restraining factor." [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 420, Anm.. 166]

1945-12-03

Maberley Esler Dening (1897 - 1977):

"Despite his qualms about the British position, though, Dening still sought to bluff the Thai into signing on the dotted line. He transmitted to Bangkok a letter dated 3 December in which he described the British decision not to "impose a treaty of peace" on Thailand as "an act of grace." He minimized the role of the Thai underground, asserting that it "in fact made no substantial contribution to the cause of the Allies and has taken no part in the vast sacrifices made by them and in particular by the United Kingdom." He reiterated his refusal to make substantive changes in terms which the British government considered Thailand had "an inescapable obligation to accept."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 417]

1945-12-05

Auf Einladung von Pridi besucht König Ananda Mahidol (อานันทมหิดล) (geb. 1925) zusammen mit seiner Mutter und seinem Bruder, Prinz Bhumibol (ภูมิพล), erstmals in seinem Leben Thailand. Sie kommen aus ihrem Wohnort Lausanne (Schweiz). Der König wird begeistert empfangen. Es ist geplant, Anfang 1946 wieder in die Schweiz zurückzukehren.

Der König verleiht Pridi den Titel รัฐบุรุษอาวุโส (Elder Statesman).

Abb.: Lage von Lausanne
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Ankunft des Königs in Bangkok

Im Laufe seines Aufenthalts besucht er auch ländliche Gegenden. Aus einem Bericht über solche Besuche:

"They crouched in the dust for hours to proffer their poor gifts of a bunch of flowers or a trussed chicken. Of the realities of the struggle for power in Bangkok they knew nothing or cared nothing. He was their young king, compassion manifest in every shy half-smile, ensuring their greater prosperity by his mere presence and enabling them to acquire much merit by their grateful acceptance of this opportunity to show their loyalty." [Zitiert in: Chronicle of Thailand : headline news since 1946 / ed. in chief Nicholas Grossman. -- Bangkok : Bangkok Post, 2010. -- ISBN 978-981-4217-12-5.-- S. 22]

Entgegen Sicherheitsbedenken besuchte der König auch das Chinesenviertel um die Yaowarat Road (ถนนเยาวราช). Die Chinesen sahen darin ein Zeichen königlichen Schutzes und empfingen ihn mit großer Begeisterung.

Abb.: Lage der Yaowarat Road (ถนนเยาวราช)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: König Ananda Mahidol (อานันทมหิดล) (links) und Prinz Bhumibol (ภูมิพล) mit ihrer Mutter Sangwal (สังวาลย์), 1946
[Bildquelle: Bureau of the Royal Household, Kingdom of Thailand / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

Abb.:   König Ananda Mahidol (อานันทมหิดล) und Prinz Bhumibol (ภูมิพล) in Bangkok, 1946
[Bildquelle: Bureau of the Royal Household, Kingdom of Thailand / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

1945-12-06

Anglo-American Economic and Financial Agreement.

"As it turned out, Seni had timed his leak perfectly because on 6 December long negotiations culminated in the signing of an Anglo- American agreement on a postwar loan that the British government desperately needed. Even though American negotiators had driven a very hard bargain, battering down imperial barriers to "open door" free trade, the deal faced strong opposition in Congress. Polls showed that less than half of the informed public favored the deal, and fifty-four congressmen had spoken out against it. The reports of British pressure on Thailand provided convenient ammunition for the loan’s opponents. Also, Kentucky Democratic Congressman Emmet O’Neal [1887 - 1967]], an old friend of Herman Scholtz who had lobbied for Thai interests in Washington for some months, contacted Acheson [Dean Gooderham Acheson, 1893 - 1971, Under-Secretary of State]] to seek information on the Anglo-Thai negotiations, pointedly suggesting that he might bring up the issue on the floor of the House." [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 421. -- Fair use]

1945-12-07

Straits Times <Singapur>:

"The Straits Times fired back from Singapore on 7 December, criticizing the Thai for two-faced diplomacy. "The essential facts," it concluded, "are that Siam allied herself to the enemy of Britain and remained in that alliance until Japan was defeated. British military control would act as a reminder of the basic truths and check any disposition to truculence that might follow upon success in having gotten away with the remarkable feat of withdrawing a declaration of war after having lost that war."" [Zitiert in: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 419]

1945-12-13

Kenneth Perry Landon (1903 - 1993) in Briefen an seine Frau Margaret Landon (1903 - 1993):

"Literature professor Prince Prem [พระองค์เจ้าเปรมบุรฉัตร, 1915 - 1981], whom Landon described "as English as an Englishman and [who] speaks Thai as an Englishman" (Kenneth Landon to Margaret Landon, 13 December 1945, Box 1, F1, Kenneth and Margaret Landon Collection, Wheaton College) expressed a typical royalist view. He was, according to Landon, "very pessimistic about the country and feels that a bad government is in control, that half of the women of Bangkok are whores, and that it will take 50 or more years to get the nation back to the sound position it was in at the end of Chulalongkorn’s reign [1910]."" [Quelle: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 402, Anm. 105]

1945-12-13 - 1945-12-19

Bericht des US-Geheimdiensts SSU (Stategic Services Unit):

"The Thai blamed the British military presence "for the high cost of living, the opening of 200 cabarets with resultant immorality, and the reckless driving of military vehicles." Eleanor Hastings, an SSU analyst who visited Bangkok in early December reported: "Everyone seems to feel the British occupation is much harder than the Japanese one, and the people don’t look happy." Although food was plentiful and [Dwight] Bulkley believed that most "important people" had profited from the war, among the poor, Hastings noted, "Some families have only one cloth among them, and go outdoors in turns."" [Quelel: Reynolds, E. Bruce: Thailand’s secret war : the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II. -- Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2005. -- 462 S. : Ill. ; 24 cm. -- ISBN 0521836018. -- S. 420f. -- Fair use]

1945-12-23

Eröffnung des Rajadamnern Boxing Stadium (สนามมวยราชดำเนิน).

Abb.: Lage des Rajadamnern Boxing Stadium (สนามมวยราชดำเนิน)
[Bildquelle: OpenStreetMap. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung, share alike)]

Abb.: Rajadamnern Boxing Stadium (สนามมวยราชดำเนิน)
[Quelle: kwan kwan. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/kwankwan/3276832394/. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-14. -- Creative Commons Lizenz (Namensnennung)]

"Rajadamnern Boxing Stadium (Thai: สนามมวยราชดำเนิน) is an indoor sporting arena located in Bangkok, Thailand. Along with Lumpinee Stadium (สนามมวยเวทีลุมพินี), the Rajadamnern is one of the two main stadiums for modern Muay Thai (มวยไทย). The stadium has its own ranking system and championship titles up to Middleweight (160 lbs).[1] Muay thai contests are held on every Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays. The fights usually start around 6.30 p.m. Ticket prices range from 500 (third class) to 2,000 (ring-side) Baht.[2] History In 1941, the Prime Minister of Thailand, Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsongkram (แปลก พิบูลสงคราม, 1897 - 1964) gave orders to build a national boxing stadium on Rajadamnern Avenue. Imprese Italiane All' Estero-Oriente won the construction rights and the 258,900 baht project foundation stone was laid on March 1, 1941.[2] Due to the lack of construction supplies during the World War II, the project was halted until August 1945. When the war ended and the construction resumed, it took only four months to complete it. The first boxing match was held on December 23, 1945. Tickets were priced at between 70 and 300 Baht. Pramote Puengsoonthorn became the first stadium manager, who remained in the post until his retirement in 1947. The original stadium was an open-air construction, resembling a Roman amphitheatre in design. Six years later, in 1951 a concrete roof was added, making it more convenient and weather-proof.[3] After seven years of government ownership the stadium was running in loss and on May 24, 1953 Chalerm Cheosakul, the stadium manager at he the time, asked permission from the Crown Property Bureau (สำนักงานทรัพย์สินส่วนพระมหากษัตริย์) to run the stadium and founded the "Rajadamnern Co Ltd". The Rajadamnern Co. Ltd operates it to this day and it has become one of the world-renowned boxing stadiums of Muay Thai in Thailand.[2] In 1969, Rocky Marciano attended Rajadamnern as a guest referee for the International Boxing title match between Raksak Wayupuk and Saknoi Sor Kosum. Since then the tradition is kept that the last fight of the night is always an International level fight.[3] Chuwattana Muay Thai & Boxing camp is the official promoter of the Rajadamnern stadium licensed by the Thailand boxing commission.  Gambling Gambling is legal and takes place at the second level. The betting is done by hand-signals, as in a stock exchange trading floor. Often such signs are misunderstood by one side and additional fights may erupt outside the ring between gamblers. The security service at Rajadamnern Stadium is managed by armed Military Police officers. Foreigners usually occupy the expensive ringside seats, while gamblers and aficionados prefer the second or third ring of seats upstairs. [...]  References "Stadiums in Thailand". www.muaythaionline.org. Retrieved 2008-01-21. "Stadiums". www.Muaythai2000. Retrieved 2008-01-21. "History of Rajadamnern Stadium". wmtc.nu. Retrieved 2008-01-20." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajadamnern_Stadium. -- Zugriff am 2011-11-14]

Verwendete Ressourcen

ausführlich: http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/ressourcen.htm