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An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese Language

by Thomas Hodson

12. Passive Verbs (§ 114)

Zitierweise / cite as:

Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language. -- 12. Passive Verbs (§ 114). -- Fassung vom 2011-08-24. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson12.htm          

First published as:  Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Canarese language ; in which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press, 1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.

First time published here: 2011-08-24

Revisions:

©opyright: Public domain

This text is part of the section Sanskrit und Indien  of Tüpfli's Global Village Library

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Passive Verbs [ಕರ್ಮಣಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ karmaṇi kriyāpada]

0. Contents

See § 268.

114. Any active verb [ಸಕರ್ಮ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ sakarma kriyāpada] may be made passive

by cutting off the final vowel of the Infinitive in ಲು lu, and adding the irregular verb ಪಡು paḍu, to experience, enjoy, suffer, &c., throughout all its moods, tenses, &c.

The passive form of verbs is comparatively rarely used.

Root ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡು kareyal-paḍu, (ಕರೆಯಲು + ಪಡು), Be called.

1. Gerunds, or verbal participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]

§§ 223 - 231.

Present
ವರ್ತಮಾನ
vartamāna		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತ
kareyalpaḍutta

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾ
kareyalpaḍuttā

 being called Root + ಉತ್ತ utta
Root + ಉತ್ತಾ uttā
Past
ಭೂತ
bhūta		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು
kareyalpaṭṭu1		 having been called irregular
Negative
ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡದೆ
kareyalpaḍade		 not having been called Root + ಅದೆ ade

1 Whenever the past gerund is irregular, or ends in ಉ u, the past relative participle is formed from it by changing the  final ಉ u, into ಅ a.

2. Relative Participles

§§ 232 - 238.

Present & Future
ವರ್ತಮಾನ &
ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
vartamāna &
bhaviṣyattu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ
kareyalpaḍuva		 who or which is, or will be called Root + ಉವ uva
Past
ಭೂತ
bhūta		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
kareyalpaṭṭa		 who or which was called Irregular
Negative
ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha		 ಕರೆಜಲ್ಪಡದ
kareyalpaḍada		 who or which is not, was not, or will not be called Root + ಅದ ada

3. Compound Relative Participles

Present & Future
ವರ್ತಮಾನ &
ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
vartamāna &
bhaviṣyattu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಿರುವ
kareyalpaḍuttiruva		 who or which is being called Present gerund + ಇರುವ iruva1
Past
ಭೂತ
bhūta		 ಕರಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ
kareyalpaḍuttidda		 who or which was being called Present gerund + ಇದ್ದ idda2
Perfect & Future perfect ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವ
kareyalpaṭṭiruva		 who or which has, or will have, been called Past gerund + ಇರುವ iruva1
Pluperfect ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದ
kareyalpaṭṭidda		 who or which had been called Past gerund + ಇದ್ದ idda2

1 ಇರುವ iruva, who or which is, or will be, is the present and future relative participle of the verb ಇರು iru, Be. See its conjugation (§ 109.)

2 ಇದ್ದ idda, who or which was, is the past relative participle of ಇರು iru.

4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ bhāvarūpa]

§§ 239 - 246.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ
kareyalpaḍa
 		 to be called Root + ಅ a
ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲು
kareyalpaḍalu
 		 Root + ಅಲು alu
ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ
kareyalpaḍalikke		 Root + ಅಲಿಕ್ಕೆ alikke

5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ vidhi]

§§ 247 - 252.

Root + personal affixes.

Let me, &c. be called.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana		 Plural
ಬಹುವಚನ
bahuvacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಿ
kareyalpaḍali		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಿ
kareyalpaḍali
2nd.
ಮಧ್ಯಮ
madhyama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡು
kareyalpaḍu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಿರಿ
kareyalpaḍiri
3rd.
ಪ್ರಥಮ
prathama
mascul., fem., neuter		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಿ
kareyalpaḍali		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಿ
kareyalpaḍali

1 The 2nd person singular Imperative is the root of the verb.

6. Negative Mood  [ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]

§ 258.

Root + personal affixes.

I, &c. am not, or shall not, be called

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana		 Plural
ಬಹುವಚನ
bahuvacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡೆನು
kareyalapaḍenu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡೆವು
kareyalpaḍevu
  &c. &c.

7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.

§§ 261 - 264.

7.1. Present Tense.  [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]

I, &c. am called

Present gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತ kareyalpaḍutta + personal affixes

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana		 Plural
ಬಹುವಚನ
bahuvacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತೇನೆ
kareyalpaḍuttēne		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತೇವೆ
kareyalpaḍuttēve
  &c. &c.

7.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ - bhūta]

I, &c. was called.

Past relative participle ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ kareyalpaṭṭa + personal affixes

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana		 Plural
ಬಹುವಚನ
bahuvacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟೆನು
kareyalpaṭṭenu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟೆವು
kareyalpaṭṭevu
  &c. &c.

7.3. 1st Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]

I shall or will be called, &c.

Future relative participle ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ kareyalpaḍuva + personal affixes.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana		 Plural
ಬಹುವಚನ
bahuvacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವೆನು
kareyalpaḍuvenu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವೆವು
kareyalpaḍuvevu
  &c. &c.

7.4. 2nd or Contingent Future Tense

I, &c. shall perhaps be called.

Past gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು kareyalpaṭṭu + personal affixes.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana		 Plural
ಬಹುವಚನ
bahuvacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟೇನು
kareyalpaṭṭēnu		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟೇವು
kareyalpaṭṭēvu
  &c. &c.

8. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]. Compound Tenses.

There are six Compound Tenses in the Affirmative Mood:

§ 283.

8.1. Present Tense. [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]

I am being called; literally, being called, I am.

Present gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾ kareyalpaḍuttā + the present tense of ಇರು iru.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಯಿದ್ಧೇನೆ
kareyalpaḍuttāyiddhēne
  &c. &c.

8.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ bhūta]

I was being called; literally, being called, I was.

Present gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾ kareyalpaḍuttā + the past tense of ಇರು iru.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಯಿದ್ದೆನು
kareyalpaḍuttāyiddenu
  &c. &c.

8.3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]

I shall or will be being called; literally, being called, I shall or will be

Present gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾ kareyalpaḍuttā + the future tense of ಇರು iru.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಯಿರುವೆನು
kareyalpaḍuttāyiruvenu
  &c. &c.

8.4. Perfect Tense [ಭೂತ bhūta]

I have been called; literally, having been called, I am.

Past gerund ಕರೆಜಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು kareyalpaṭṭu + the present tense of ಇರು iru.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾಯಿದ್ಧೇನೆ
kareyalpaṭṭuyiddhēne
  &c. &c.

8.5. Pluperfect Tense

I had been called; literally, having been called, I was.

Past gerund  ಕರೆಜಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು kareyalpaṭṭu + the past tense of ಇರು iru.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟುಯಿದ್ದೆನು
kareyalpaṭṭuyiddenu
  &c. &c.

8.6. Future Perfect Tense

I shall or will have been called; literally, having been called, I shall or will be.

Past gerund  ಕರೆಜಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು kareyalpaṭṭu + the future tense of ಇರು iru.

Person
ಪುರುಷ
puruṣa		 Singular
ಎಕವಚನ
ekavacana
1st.
ಉತ್ತಮ್
uttama		 ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟುಯಿರುವೆನು
kareyalpaṭṭuyiruvenu
  &c. &c.

9. Potential Mood

§§ 265, 266.

The Potential mood is formed by adding certain auxiliary verbs (see §§ 123, 124, 129) to a principal verb in the Infinitive mood.

9.1. Affirmative. May. Impersonal.

Infinitive in ಅ a + ಬಹುದು bahudu

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಬಹುದು kareyalpaḍa bahudu: I, &c. may be called.

Infinitive in ಅ a + ಕೂಡುವದು kūḍuvadu

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಕೂಡುವದು kareyalpaḍa kūḍuvadu:  I, &c. may be called.

9.2. Negative. May not.

Infinitive in ಅ a + impersonal verb ಬಾರದು bāradu.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಬಾರದು kareyalpaḍa bāradu: I, &c. may not be called.

Infinitive in ಅ a + impersonal verb ಕೂಡದು kūḍadu.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಕೂಡದು kareyalpaḍa kūḍadu:  I, &c. may not be called

9.3. Must. Impersonal.

Infinitive in ಅ a + impersonal verb ಬೇಕು bēku.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಬೇಕು kareyalpaḍa bēku: I, &c. must be called.

9.4. Must not.

Infinitive in ಅ a + impersonal verb ಬೇಡ bēḍa.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಬೇಡ kareyalpaḍa bēḍa: I, &c. must not be called.

9.5. Ought. Impersonal.

Infinitive in ಅ a + impersonal verb ತಕ್ಕದ್ದು takkaddu.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ತಕ್ಕದ್ದು kareyalpaḍa takkaddu: I, &c. ought to be called.

ಅಲ್ಲ alla, not, affixed to ತಕ್ಕದ್ದು takkadu, ought, is the usual mode of forming the negative; thus

ತಕ್ಕದ್ದಲ್ಲ  takkaddalla, ought not.

9.6. Can.

Infinitive in ಅ a + defective verb ಬಲ್ಲ balla1. (§ 124.)

1 This and the following auxiliary verb take the personal affixes. See conjugation of defective verbs (§§ 122 - 126) and the Subjunctive Mood of ಇರು iru, § 109.

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡ ಬಲ್ಲೆನು kareyalpaḍa ballenu: I, &c. can be called.

Infinitive in ಲು lu + defective verb ಆಪ āpa. (§ 123.)

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಾಪೆನು kareyalpaḍal-āpenu: I, &c. can be called.

9.7. Cannot.

Infinitive in ಲು lu + defective verb ಅರಿ ari. (§ 125.)

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲರಿಯೆನು kareyalpaḍal-ariyenu: I, &c. cannot be called.

Infinitive in ಲು lu + defective verb ಆರ āra. (§ 123.)

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡಲಾರೆನು kareyalpaḍal-ārenu: I, &c. cannot be called

10. Subjunctive Mood [ಸಂಶಯ ರೂಪ saṃśaya rūpa]

10.1. Aorist Tense. Impersonal

Past relative participle ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ kareyalpaṭṭa + affixes ರೆ  re, ರೂ rū, ಆಗ್ಯೂ āgyū:

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟರೆ kareyalpaṭṭare: If I, &c. am called, was called, &c.

10.2. Present and Future Tense. Impersonal. [ವರ್ತಮಾನ & ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು vartamāna & bhaviṣyattu]

Present and future relative participle ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ kareyalpaḍuva + ಹಾಗೆ hāge, that, so that

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಹಾಗೆ kareyalpaḍuva hāge: That I, &c., may be called.

10.3. Negative. Impersonal. [ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]

Negative Relative participle ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡದ kareyalpaḍada + ಹಾಗೆ hāge, that, so that

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡದ ಹಾಗೆ kareyalpaḍada hāge: That I, &c., may not be called.

10.4. Subjunctive Compound Tenses

The Subjunctive Compound Tenses are formed by adding the Subjunctive Aorist Tense of ಇರು iru, be (see § 109.), to the present, past, and negative gerunds of the principal verb.

10.4.1. Present Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]

Present gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾ kareyalpaḍuttā + ಇದ್ದರ್ iddare

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆ  kareyalpaḍuttiddare: If I, &c. am being called.

10.4.2. Perfect Tense (Impersonal) [ಭೂತ bhūta]

Past Gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು kareyalpaṭṭu + ಇದ್ದರೆ iddare, ಇದ್ದರೂ iddarū, or ಇದ್ದಾಗ್ಯೂ iddāgyū

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರೆ kareyalpaṭṭiddare: If I, &c. have been called

10.4.3. Negative (Impersonal) [ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]

Negative gerund ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡದೆ kareyalpaḍade +  ಇದ್ದರೆ iddare, ಇದ್ದರೂ iddarū, or ಇದ್ದಾಗ್ಯೂ iddāgyū

ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡದಿದ್ದರೆ kareyalpaḍadiddare: If I, &c. am not, or was not, called, &c.

To 13. Irregular Verbs (§§ 115 - 117)