ಕನ್ನಡ
(Bildquelle: PlaneMad/Wikipedia. -- CC-by-sa)
An Elementary Grammar of the Kannada, or
Canarese Language
by Thomas Hodson
Contents
Zitierweise / cite as:
Hodson, Thomas: An elementary grammar of the
Kannada, or Cannarese language. -- Contents. -- Fassung
vom 2011-08-27. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson0.htm
First published as: Hodson,
Thomas: An elementary grammar of the Kannada, or Cannarese language ; in
which every word used in the examples is translated, and the pronunciation is
given in English characters. -- 2. ed. -- Bangalore : Wesleyan Mission Press,
1864. -- 128 p. ; 23 cm.
First time published here: 2011-08-27
Revisions:
©opyright: Public domain
This text is part of the section
Sanskrit und Indien of
Tüpfli's Global Village Library
If you don't get the
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0. Preface.
-- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson00.htm
1. The alphabet (§§ 1 - 14).
-- URL: http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson01.htm
- 1. The Alphabet
- 2. Tabular view of the Alphabet
- 3. Pronounciation
- 4. Syllables
2. Sandhi, or the Union of
Words (§§ 15 - 24).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson02.htm
- 1. A vowel cut off, or a
half letter inserted.
- 2. Changes in
Consonants.
3. Noun (§§ 25 - 43).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson03.htm
- 1. Parts of Speech.
- 2. Noun. [ನಾಮವಾಚಕ -
nāma-vācaka]
- 2.1. Verbal Nouns [ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಚಕ
/ ಕೃತ್ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ kriyā-vācaka / kṛt-pratyaya]
- 2.2. Derivative
nouns [ತದ್ದಿತಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ taddhita-pratyaya]
- 2.3. Compund nouns [ಸಮಾಸಪದ
samāsa-pada]
- 2.4. List of Nouns
of relationship [ಬನ್ಧುವಾಚಕ bandhu-vācaka]
- 2.5. Gender [ಲಿಂಗ
liṃga] of Nouns.
- 2.6. Number [ವಚನ
vacana] of Nouns.
4. Declension of Nouns (§§ 44
- 61).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson04.htm
- 1. The Four Declensions
- 2. Cases [ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ
vibhakti] of Nouns
- 3. First Declension:
Masculine noun ending in ಅ a
- 4. Second Declension:
Neuter Noun ending in ಅ a
- 5. Third Declension
- 5.1. Third
Declension, 1st Example: Masculine Noun ending in ಎ e.
- 5.2. Third
Declension, 2nd Example: Feminine Noun ending in ಈ ī
- 5.3. Third
Declension, 3rd Example: Neuter Noun ending in ಇ i
- 6. Fourth Declension
- 6.1. Fourth
Declension, 1st Example: Masculine Noun ending in ಉ u
- 6.2. Fourth
Declension, 2nd Example: Neuter Noun ending in ಉ u
- 7. Nouns of Relationship
[ಬಂಧುವಾಚಕ baṃdhu-vācaka]
- 8. Nouns of Quality
- 9. Verbal Nouns [ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಚಕ
/ ಕೃತ್ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ kriyā-vācaka / kṛt-pratyaya].
5. Adjectives (§§ 62 - 68).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson05.htm
- Comparision of Adjectives
6. Pronouns (§§ 69 - 100).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson06.htm
- 1. Personal Pronouns.
- 2. Demonstrative
Pronouns.
- 2.1. Demonstrative
Pronouns. (Remote)
- 2.2. Demonstrative
Pronouns. (Proximate)
- 3. Reciprocal Pronoun.
- 4. Indeterminate
Pronouns.
- 5. Numeral Pronouns.
- 6. Pronouns of Quantity.
- 7. Interrogative
Pronouns.
7. Verbs (§§ 102 - 108).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson07.htm
8. Conjugation of the
auxiliary irregular verb ಇರು iru (§ 109).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson08.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Compound Relative
Participles
- 4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ
bhāvarūpa]
- 5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 6. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 7.1. Present Tense.
1st Form [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.2. Present Tense.
2nd Form [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.3. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 7.4. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 7.5. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
- 8. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Compound Tenses
- 8.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 8.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
bhaviṣyattu]
- 8.4. Perfect Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.5. Pluperfect
Tense
- 8.6. Future Perfect
Tense
- 9. Potential Mood
- 9.1. May be.
- 9.2. May not be.
- 9.3. May be.
- 9.4. May not be.
- 9.5. Must be.
- 9.6. Must not be.
- 9.7. Ought to be.
- 9.8. Can be.
- 9.9. Cannot be.
- 9.10. Can be.
- 9.11. Cannot be.
- 10. Subjunctive Mood [ಸಂಶಯ
ರೂಪ saṃśaya rūpa]
- 10.1. Aorist Tense
(Impersonal)
- 10.2. Present and
Future Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ & ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು vartamāna & bhaviṣyattu]
- 10.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 10.4. Subjunctive
Compound Tenses
- 10.4.1. Present
Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 10.4.2. Perfect
Tense (Impersonal) [ಭೂತ bhūta]
- 10.4.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
9. First Conjugation (§ 110).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson09.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Compound Relative
Participles
- 4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ
bhāvarūpa]
- 5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 6. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 7.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 7.3. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 7.4. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
- 8. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Compound Tenses
- 8.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 8.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
bhaviṣyattu]
- 8.4. Perfect Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.5. Pluperfect
Tense
- 8.6. Future Perfect
Tense
- 9. Potential Mood
- 9.1. Affirmative.
May. Impersonal.
- 9.2. Negative. May
not.
- 9.3. Must.
Impersonal.
- 9.4. Must not.
- 9.5. Ought.
Impersonal.
- 9.6. Can.
- 9.7. Cannot.
- 10. Subjunctive Mood [ಸಂಶಯ
ರೂಪ saṃśaya rūpa]
- 10.1. Aorist Tense
(Impersonal)
- 10.2. Present and
Future Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ & ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು vartamāna & bhaviṣyattu]
- 10.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 10.4. Subjunctive
Compound Tenses
- 10.4.1. Present
Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 10.4.2. Perfect
Tense (Impersonal) [ಭೂತ bhūta]
- 10.4.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
10. Second Conjugation (§
111).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson10.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Compound Relative
Participles
- 4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ
bhāvarūpa]
- 5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 6. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 7.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 7.3. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 7.4. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
- 8. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Compound Tenses
- 8.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 8.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
bhaviṣyattu]
- 8.4. Perfect Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.5. Pluperfect
Tense
- 8.6. Future Perfect
Tense
- 9. Potential Mood
- 9.1. Affirmative.
May. Impersonal.
- 9.2. Negative. May
not.
- 9.3. Must.
Impersonal.
- 9.4. Must not.
- 9.5. Ought.
Impersonal.
- 9.6. Can.
- 9.7. Cannot.
- 10. Subjunctive Mood [ಸಂಶಯ
ರೂಪ saṃśaya rūpa]
- 10.1. Aorist Tense
(Impersonal)
- 10.2. Present and
Future Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ & ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು vartamāna & bhaviṣyattu]
- 10.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 10.4. Subjunctive
Compound Tenses
- 10.4.1. Present
Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 10.4.2. Perfect
Tense (Impersonal) [ಭೂತ bhūta]
- 10.4.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
11. Causal Verbs (§ 112 -
113).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson11.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Compound Relative
Participles
- 4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ
bhāvarūpa]
- 5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 6. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 7.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 7.3. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 7.4. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
12. Passive Verbs (§ 114).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson12.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Compound Relative
Participles
- 4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ
bhāvarūpa]
- 5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 6. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 7.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 7.3. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 7.4. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
- 8. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Compound Tenses
- 8.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 8.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
bhaviṣyattu]
- 8.4. Perfect Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.5. Pluperfect
Tense
- 8.6. Future Perfect
Tense
- 9. Potential Mood
- 9.1. Affirmative.
May. Impersonal.
- 9.2. Negative. May
not.
- 9.3. Must.
Impersonal.
- 9.4. Must not.
- 9.5. Ought.
Impersonal.
- 9.6. Can.
- 9.7. Cannot.
- 10. Subjunctive Mood [ಸಂಶಯ
ರೂಪ saṃśaya rūpa]
- 10.1. Aorist Tense
(Impersonal)
- 10.2. Present and
Future Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ & ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು vartamāna & bhaviṣyattu]
- 10.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 10.4. Subjunctive
Compound Tenses
- 10.4.1. Present
Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 10.4.2. Perfect
Tense (Impersonal) [ಭೂತ bhūta]
- 10.4.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
13. Irregular Verbs (§§ 115 -
117).
--URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson13.htm
14. The irregular verb ಆಗು
āgu, become
(§ 118).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson14.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Compound Relative
Participles
- 4. Infinitive Mood [ಭಾವರೂಪ
bhāvarūpa]
- 5. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 6. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 7. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 7.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 7.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 7.3. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 7.4. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
- 8. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Compound Tenses
- 8.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 8.2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
bhaviṣyattu]
- 8.4. Perfect Tense [ಭೂತ
bhūta]
- 8.5. Pluperfect
Tense
- 8.6. Future Perfect
Tense
- 9. Potential Mood
- 9.1. May become.
- 9.2. May not become.
- 9.3. May become.
- 9.4. May not become.
- 9.5. Must become.
- 9.6. Must not
become.
- 9.7. Ought to
become.
- 9.8. Can become.
- 9.9. Cannot become.
- 9.10. Can become.
- 9.11. Cannot become.
- 10. Subjunctive Mood [ಸಂಶಯ
ರೂಪ saṃśaya rūpa]
- 10.1. Aorist Tense
(Impersonal)
- 10.2. Present and
Future Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ & ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು vartamāna & bhaviṣyattu]
- 10.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 10.4. Subjunctive
Compound Tenses
- 10.4.1. Present
Tense (Impersonal) [ವರ್ತಮಾನ vartamāna]
- 10.4.2. Perfect
Tense (Impersonal) [ಭೂತ bhūta]
- 10.4.3. Negative
(Impersonal)
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
15.
The irregular verbs ಅನ್ನು annu,
or ಎನ್ನು ennu, say; and ತಿನ್ನು tinnu, eat (§ 119).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson15.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 3.1. Present Tense.
[ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna]
- 3.2.
Past Tense [ಭೂತ - bhūta]
- 3.3. 1st Future
Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 3.4. 2nd or Contingent Future Tense
16. The irregular verbs
ಬರು baru, come, and
ತರು
taru, bring (§ 120).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson16.htm
- 1. Gerunds, or verbal
participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 2. Relative Participles
- 3. Imperative Mood [ವಧಿ
vidhi]
- 4. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇಧ
niṣēdha]
- 5. Affirmative Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ
niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses.
- 5.1. Past Tense [ಭೂತ
- bhūta]
- 5.2. 2nd or
Contingent Future Tense
17.
Defective Verbs (§§ 121 - 128).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson17.htm
- 1. ಆಪ āpa, to be able
- 1.1. Gerunds, or
verbal participles [ಶಬ್ದ ನ್ಯೂನ - śabda nyūna]
- 1.2. Relative
Participles
- 1.3. Affirmative
Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses. Present, Past, and Future
Tense [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna, ಭೂತ - bhūta, ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 1.4. Negative Mood
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 2. ಬಲ್ಲ balla, can
- 2.1. Relative
Participle
- 2.2.. Affirmative
Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses. Present, Past, and Future
Tense [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna, ಭೂತ - bhūta, ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 2.3. Negative Mood
[ನಿಷೇಧ niṣēdha]
- 3. ಒಲ್ಲು ollu, consent
not, will not
- 3.1. Affirmative
Mood [ನಿಶ್ಚಯರೂಪ niścayarūpa]. Simple Tenses. Present, Past, and Future
Tense [ವರ್ತಮಾನ - vartamāna, ಭೂತ - bhūta, ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು bhaviṣyattu]
- 4. Impersonal Defective
Verbs
- 4.1. ಉಂಟು uṃtu,
there is, it exists, they exist, &c.
- 4.2. ಅಹು ahu, be,
exist (old Canarese)
- 4.3. Other
Impersonal Verbs
18.
Verbal nouns (§ 129).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson18.htm
19.
Adverbs (§§ 130 - 139).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson19.htm
- 1.
ಆಗ āga, then, that time
- 2.
ನಿನ್ನೆ ninne, yesterday
- 3.
ನಾಳಿದ್ದು nāḷiddu, the day after tomorrow
- 4.
ಬಳಿ baḷi, near, nearness
- 5.
ಅಂದು aṃdu, that day, then
- 6.
ಅಲ್ಲಿ alli, there, in that place
- 7.
ಹೊರಗು horagu, outside
- 8. Indeclinable Adverbs
20. Postpositions (§§ 140 - 141).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson20.htm
- 1. Postpositions governing the Genitive
- 2. Postpositions governing the Dative
- 3. Postpositions governing any case
21. Conjunctions, Interjections, Particles (§§
142 - 144).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson21.htm
- 1. Conjunctions [ಸಂಬಂಧಕಾವ್ಯಯ
saṃbaṃdhakāvyaya]
- 2. Interjections [ಸಂಬುದ್ಧಾವ್ಯಯ
saṃbuddhāvyaya + ಅತಿಶಯಾವ್ಯಯ atiśayāvyaya]
- 3. Particles
22. Syntax of Cases (§§ 145 -
201).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson22.htm
- 1. Articles
- 2. Cases of Nouns [ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ
vibhakti]
- 2.1. Nominative Case
[ಪ್ರಥಮೆ prathame]
- 2.2. Accusative Case
[ದ್ವಿತಿಯೆ dvitiye]
- 2.3. Instrumental
Case [ತೃತಿಜೆ tṛtiye]
- 2.4. Dative Case [ಚತುರ್ಥಿ
caturthi]
- 2.5. Ablative Case [ಪಂಚಮಿ
paṃcami]
- 2.6. Genitive Case [ಷಷ್ಟಿ
ṣaṣṭhi]
- 2.7. Locative Case [ಸಪ್ತಮಿ
saptami]
- 2.8. Vocative Case [ಸಂಬೋಧನೆ
saṃbōdhane]
- 3. Repetition of words
23. Syntax of Adjectives (§§
202 - 203).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson23.htm
24. Syntax of Pronouns (§§ 204
- 216).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson24.htm
- 1. Personal Pronouns
- 2. Demonstrative
Pronouns
- 3. Reciprocal Pronoun
- 4. Interrogative
Pronouns
25. Syntax of Verbs (§§
217 - 222).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson25.htm
26. Syntax of Gerunds (§§ 223
- 231).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson26.htm
27. Syntax of Relative Participles (§§ 232
- 238.).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson27.htm
- 1. Relative Participles
- 2. Present, Past, and
Negative Participles
28. Syntax
of the Infinitive Mood (§§ 239 - 246).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson28.htm
29. Syntax of the Imperative
Mood (§§ 247 - 252).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson29.htm
30. Syntax
of Negation (§§ 253 -260).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson30.htm
- 1. Negative Mood [ನಿಷೇದ
niṣēdha]
- 2. Negation
- 2.1. ಇಲ್ಲ illa
- 2.2. ಅಲ್ಲ alla
31. Syntax of the Affirmative
Mood (§§ 261 - 264).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson31.htm
- 1. Present Tense [ವರ್ತಮಾನ
vartamāna]
- 2. Past Tense [ಭೂತ bhūta]
- 3. Future Tense [ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ತು
bhaviṣyattu]
- 4. Contingent Future
32. Syntax of the Potential and Subjunctive Moods (§§ 265 - 266).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson32.htm
33. Syntax of Causal Verbs (§§
267).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson33.htm
34. Syntax of Passive Verbs (§
268).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson34.htm
35. Syntax of Auxiliary and
Irregular Verbs (§§ 269 - 303).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson35.htm
- 1. ಆಗು āgu, Become, be,
happen, be finished, be suitable, be practicable or possible.
- 2. ಇರು iru, Be
- 3. ಅನ್ನು annu, or ಎನ್ನು
ennu, Say
- 3.1. ಎಂದು eṃdu
- 3.2. ಅಂತೆ aṃte
- 4. ಕೊಳ್ಳು koḷḷu, Buy,
take
- 5. ಬಿಡು biḍu, Put forth,
&c.
- 6. ಬರು baru, Come
- 7. ಪಡು paḍu, Experience
- 8. ಹೋಗು hōgu, Go
36. Syntax of Adverbs (§§ 304 - 318).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson36.htm
- 1. ಆಗ āga, ಈಗ īga
- 2. ಅಂತೆ aṃte, ಹಾಗೆ hāge,
ಪ್ರಕಾರ prakāra, ಅಪ್ಪಂದ appaṃda, &c.
- 3. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ allade
- 4. ಅಂತ aṃta, and ಇಂತ
iṃta
- 5. ಬಹಳ bahaḷa, Much
- 6. ಆಗಿ āgi
37.
Syntax of Postpositions (§§ 319 - 320).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson37.htm
38. Syntax of Conjunctions (§§ 321 -
335).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson38.htm
- 1. ಆದರೆ ādare, If, but,
&c.
- 2. ಆದರೂ ādarū
- 3. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ādāgyū
- 4. ಆಗಲಿ āgali, Either,
or
- 5. ಆದದರಿಂದ ādadariṃda,
ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ āddariṃda, Therefore
- 6. ಊ ū
- 7. ಇಲ್ಲ illa, ಅಲ್ಲ alla
39. Syntax of Particles (§§ 336 -
339).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson39.htm
- 1. ಆ ā, ಏ ē, ಓ ō,
interrogative
- 2. ಏ ē, ಓ ō, emphatic
- 3. ಓ ō, doubt
- 4. ಕಾಣೆ kāṇe, ಕಾಣೋ
kāṇō, addressing inferiors
40. Grammatical Terms (§ 340).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson40.htm
41. Cardinal Numbers (§ 341).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson41.htm
42. Ordinal Numbers, &c. (§
342 - 345).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson42.htm
43. Names of the Years in the Hindu
Cycle (§ 346).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson43.htm
44. Months, Seasons,
Parts of the Day, Days of the Week (§§ 347 - 350).
-- URL:
http://www.payer.de/hodson/hodson44.htm
- 1. Months
- 2. Seasons
- 3. Parts of the Day
- 4. Days of the Week
End