Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā

Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen

zusammengestellt von Alois Payer

mailto:payer@payer.de

Zitierweise / cite as:

Carakasaṃhitā: Ausgewählte Texte aus der Carakasaṃhitā / übersetzt und erläutert von Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- Anhang A: Pflanzenbeschreibungen. -- Fassung vom 2007-07-28. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/caraka000a.htm 

Erstmals publiziert: 2007-03-19

Überarbeitungen: 2007-07-28 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-12 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-12 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-11 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-10 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-09 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-08 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-07-03 [Ergänzungen]; 2007-06-27 [Ergänzungen]

Anlass: Lehrveranstaltung SS 2007

©opyright: Dieser Text steht der Allgemeinheit zur Verfügung. Eine Verwertung in Publikationen, die über übliche Zitate hinausgeht, bedarf der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung des Verfassers

Dieser Text ist Teil der Abteilung Sanskrit  von Tüpfli's Global Village Library

WARNUNG: dies ist der Versuch einer Übersetzung und Interpretation eines altindischen Textes. Es ist keine medizinische Anleitung. Vor dem Gebrauch aller hier genannten Heilmittel wird darum ausdrücklich gewarnt. Nur ein erfahrener, gut ausgebildeter ayurvedischer Arzt kann Verschreibungen und Behandlungen machen!

Falls Sie die diakritischen Zeichen nicht dargestellt bekommen, installieren Sie eine Schrift mit Diakritika wie z.B. Tahoma.

Verwendete und zitierte Werke siehe: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/caraka0001.htm

Übersicht

• 1. Lateinische Namen
• 2. Einige westliche Bahnbrecher der Botanik und Pharmakognosie Indiens
  • 2.1. Garcia de Orta (um 1499 - 1568)
  • 2.2. Hendrik van Rheede (1636 - 1691)
  • 2.3. Johann Gerhard König (1728–1785)
  • 2.4. William Roxburgh (1751 - 1815)
  • 2.5. Nathaniel Wallich (1786 - 1854)
  • 2.6. Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 - 1911)
  • 2.7. Thomas Thomson (1817 - 1878)

1. Lateinische Namen

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/abelmoschus_moschatus.htm

Acacia concinna D.C. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/acacia_concinna.htm

Achyranthes aspera L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/achyranthes_aspera.htm

Acorus calamus L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/acorus_calamus.htm

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/aegle_marmelos.htm

Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/aganosma_dichotoma.htm

Allium cepa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/allium_cepa.htm

Allium sativum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/allium_sativum.htm

Amaranthus L. sp. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/amaranthus.htm

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/amorphophallus_paeoniifolius.htm

Anethum graveolens var. hortorum Alef.'Sowa'  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/anethum_graveolens.htm

Apium graveolens L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/apium_graveolens.htm

Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/aquilaria_malaccensis.htm

Areca catechu L.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/areca_catechu.htm

Argyreia speciosa Sweet. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/argyreia_speciosa.htm

Artemisia vulgaris L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/artemisia_vulgaris.htm

Asparagus racemosus Willd. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/asparagus_racemosus.htm

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/momordica_charantia.htm

Baliospermum montanum Muell.-Arg. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/baliospermum_montanum.htm

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/bambusa_bambos.htm

Barleria strigosa Willd. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/barleria_strigosa.htm

Basella alba L. 'Rubra' -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/basella_rubra.htm

Benincasa hispida (Thunb. ex Murray) Cogn. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/benincasa_hispida.htm

Berberis aristata DC. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/berberis_aristata.htm

Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/beta_vulgaris.htm

Boerhavia diffusa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/boerhavia_diffusa.htm

Boswellia serrata Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/boswellia_serrata.htm

Brassica rapa trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/brassica_rapa_trilocularis.htm

Caesalpinia crista L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/caesalpinia_crista.htm

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cajanus_cajan.htm

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/callicarpa_macrophylla.htm

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/calotropis_gigantea.htm

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/calotropis_procera.htm

Canscora decussata Roem. et Sch. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/canscora_decussata.htm

Cassia fistula L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cassia_fistula.htm

Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cedrus_deodara.htm

Celastrus panniculata Willd. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/celastrus_panniculata.htm

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/centella_asiatica.htm

Cicer arietinum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cicer_arietinum.htm

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cinnamomum_camphora.htm

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees et Eberm. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cinnamomum_tamala.htm

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cinnamomum_zeylanicum.htm

Cissampelos pareira L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cissampelos_pareira.htm

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/citrullus_colocynthis.htm

Cleome gynandra L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cleome_gynandra.htm

Clerodendrum phlomidis L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/clerodendrum_phlomidis.htm

Clitoria ternatea L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/clitoria_ternatea.htm

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/coccinia_grandis.htm

Coix lacryma-jobi L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/coix_lacrymajobi.htm

Commifora wightii Arn. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/commifora_wightii.htm

Corchorus capsularis L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/corchorus_capsularis.htm

Coriandrum sativum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/coriandrum_sativum.htm

Coscinium fenestratum (J. Gaertner) Colebrooke. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/coscinium_fenestratum.htm

Crotalaria juncea L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/crotalaria_juncea.htm

Crotalaria verrucosa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/crotalaria_verrucosa.htm

Croton oblongifolius Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/croton_oblongifolius.htm

Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. conomon (Thunb.). -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cucumis_melo.htm

Cucumis sativus L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cucumis_sativus.htm

Cullen corylifolia (L.) Medik.. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cullen_corylifolia.htm

Cuminum cyminum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cumium_cyminum.htm

Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cymbopogon_schoenanthus.htm

Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cyclea_peltata.htm

Cyperus rotundus L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cyperus_rotundus.htm

Cyperus tenuiflorus  Rottb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/cyperus_tenuiflorus.htm

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/desmodium_gangeticum.htm

Dioscorea L. sp. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/dioscorea.htm

Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/echinochloa_frumentacea.htm

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/elettaria_cardamomum.htm

Embelia ribes Burm. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/embelia_ribes.htm

Euphorbia microphylla B. Heyne ex Roth -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/euphorbia_microphylla.htm

Euphorbia neriifolia L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/euphorbia_neriifolia.htm

Ficus benghalensis L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_benghalensis.htm

Ficus infectoria Roxb.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_infectoria.htm

Ficus racemosa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_racemosa.htm

Ficus religiosa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_religiosa.htm

Ficus retusa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ficus_retusa.htm

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/fumeraria_indica.htm

Garcinia hanburyi Hook f. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/garcinia_hanburyi.htm

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/glycyrrhiza_glabra.htm

Gmelina arborea Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/gmelina_arborea.htm

Gossypium L. sp. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/gossypium.htm

Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/hedychium_spicatum.htm

Helicteres isora L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/helicteres_isora.htm

Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/hemidesmus_indicus.htm

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/hibiscus_rosasinensis.htm

Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Flem.) Wall. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/holarrhena_antidysenterica.htm

Hordeum vulgare L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/hordeum_vulgare.htm

Hygroryza aristata Nees. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/hygroryza_aristata.htm

Ipomoea reniformis (Roxb.) Choisy. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/ipomoea_reniformis.htm

Jasminum arborescens Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/jasminum_arborescens.htm

Jasminum grandiflorum L. --URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/jasminum_grandiflorium.htm

Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/jasminum_sambac.htm

Jatropha grandulifera Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/jatropha_grandulifera.htm

Justicia adhatoda L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/justicia_adhatoda.htm

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/lablab_purpureus.htm

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/lagenaria_siceraria.htm

Lathyrus sativus L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/lathyrus_sativus.htm

Lens culinaris Medik. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/lens_culinaris.htm

Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/leptadenia_reticulata.htm

Linum usitatissimum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/linum_usitatissimum.htm

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/luffa_acutangula.htm

Luffa cylindrica M. J. Roem. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/luffa_cylindrica.htm

Luffa echinata Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/luffa_echinata.htm

Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/mallotus_philippinensis.htm

Marsilea minuta L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/marsilea_minuta.htm

Mesua ferrea L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/mesua_ferrea.htm

Mimusops hexandra Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/mimusops_hexandra.htm

Momordica dioica Roxb.ex Willd. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/momordica_dioica.htm

Momordica charantia L.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/momordica_charantia.htm

Moringa oleifera Lam. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/moringa_oleifera.htm

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/mucuna_pruriens.htm

Myristica fragrans Houtt.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/myristica_fragrans.htm

Nardostachys grandiflora DC. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nardostachys_grandiflora.htm

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nelumbo_nucifera.htm

Nerium oleander L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nerium_oleander.htm

Nigella sativa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nigella_sativa.htm

Nymphaea alba L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nymphaea_alba.htm

Nymphaea lotus L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nymphaea_lotus.htm

Nymphaea pubescens Willd. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/nymphaea_pubescens.htm

Onosma bracteatum Wall. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/onosma_bracteatum.htm

Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/operculina_turpethum.htm

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/oroxylum_indicum.htm

Oryza sativa L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/oryza_sativa.htm

Oxalis corniculata L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/oxalis_corniculata.htm

Panicum miliaceum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/panicum_miliaceum.htm

Parmelia perlata Ach. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/parmelia_perlata.htm

Paspalum scrobiculatum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/paspalum_scrobiculatum.htm

Pavonia odorata Willd. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/pavonia_odorata.htm

Phyllanthus emblica L.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/phyllanthus_emblica.htm

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/picrorhiza_kurroa.htm

Pinus roxburghii Sarg. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/pinus_roxburghii.htm

Piper betle L.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/piper_betle.htm

Piper cubeba L.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/piper_cubeba.htm

Piper longum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/piper_longum.htm

Pisum sativum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/pisum_sativum.htm

Pluchea lanceolata Oliver et Hiern -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/pluchea_lanceolata.htm

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/pongamia_pinnata.htm

Premna integrifolia L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/premna_integrifolia.htm

Premna latifolia Roxb. -- Fassung vom 2007-07-27. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/premna_latifolia.htm

Prunus cerasoides D. Don. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/prunus_cerasoides.htm

Punica granatum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/punica_granatum.htm

Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/randia_dumetorum.htm

Raphanus sativus L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/raphanus_sativus.htm

Rosa moschata Herrm. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/rosa_moschata.htm

Saccharum bengalense Retz. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/saccharum_bengalense.htm

Saccharum officinarum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/saccharum_officinarum.htm

Santalum album L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/santalum_album.htm

Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/senna_auriculata.htm

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/senna_occidentalis.htm

Senna tora (L.) Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/senna_tora.htm

Sesamum indicum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/sesamum_indicum.htm

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/setaria_italica.htm

Sida cordifolia L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/sida_cordifolia.htm

Solanum indicum L.  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/solanum_indicum.htm

Solanum melongena L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/solanum_melongena.htm

Solanum nigrum L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/solanum_nigrum.htm

Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. et Wendl. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/solanum_xanthocarpum.htm

Sorghum sp. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/sorghum.htm

Spondias pinnata (J. König ex L. f.) Kurz. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/spondias_pinnata.htm

Stereospermum suaveolens DC. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/stereospermum_suaveolens.htm

Symplocos racemosa Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/symplocos_racemosa.htm

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry  -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/syzygium_aromaticum.htm

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/syzygium_cumini.htm

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. et Schult. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/tabernaemontana_divaricata.htm

Terminalia arjuna W. & A. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/terminalia_arjuna.htm

Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/terminalia_chebula.htm

Terminalia tomentosa W. & A. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/terminalia_tomentosa.htm

Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hook.f & Thomas. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/tinospora_cordifolia.htm

Toona ciliata M. Roem. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/toona_ciliata.htm

Tribulus terrestris L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/tribulus_terrestris.htm

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/trichosanthes_dioica.htm

Triticum L. sp. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/triticum.htm

Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/uraria_picta.htm

Vateria indica L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vateria_indica.htm

Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vetiveria_zizanoides.htm

Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vigna_aconitifolia.htm

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vigna_mungo.htm

Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vigna_radiata.htm

Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica (L.) Van Eselt. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vigna_cylindrica.htm

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vigna_unguiculata.htm

Vitis vinifera L. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/vitis_vinifera.htm

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/zingiber_officinale.htm

Zizyphus jujuba Mill. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/pflanzen/zizyphus_jujuba.htm

2. Einige westliche Bahnbrecher der Botanik und Pharmakognosie Indiens

2.1. Garcia de Orta (um 1499 - 1568)

"Garcia da Orta (* um 1499 in Castelo de Vide, † 1568 in Goa) war ein Pionier der Botanik und Pharmazie. Der aus einer in Portugal zum Christentum konvertierten jüdischen Familie stammende Arzt gilt als erster europäischer Verfasser einer Abhandlung über tropische Medizin. Leben Garcia da Orta wurde als Sohn der 1492 aus Spanien ausgewiesenen Juden Fernando (Isaac) da Orta und seiner Frau Leonor Gomes geboren, die beide ebenfalls konvertierte „Neu-Christen“ waren. Garcia da Orta studierte Medizin an der in Kastilien liegenden Universität Salamanca sowie an der Universität Alcalá de Henares. 1523 kehrte er nach Portugal zurück und erhielt die Genehmigung als Arzt zu praktizieren. Einige Quellen benennen ihn auch als Arzt am Hofe des portugiesischen Königs Johann III. 1530 erhielt er durch Fürsprache seines Onkels, Francisco da Orta, Arzt des späteren Kardinals Dom Henrique, eine Professur für Logik an der Universität Coimbra. 1533 wurde er in den Senat dieser Universität aufgenommen. Es wird angenommen, dass er sich 1531 nach Ankündigung der Errichtung der Inquisition in Portugal gezwungen sah, das Land zu verlassen, um Verfolgungen vorzubeugen. Am 12. März 1534 verließ er Portugal für immer und reiste mit seiner Familie nach Indien. Er hatte den Posten eines Leibarztes von Martim Afonso de Souza angenommen, der, 1533 zum capitão-mor do Mar das Índias ernannt, militärische Aktionen in Indien durchführte. Von 1534 -1538 begleitete ihn dabei Garcia da Orta als Militärarzt. Ab 1538 ließ er sich in Goa nieder und baute sich eine Existenz als Arzt und Händler für Gewürze und Kräuter, aber auch für Edelsteine auf. Er wurde ein geachteter Arzt und wohlhabender Kaufmann, der mehrere Schiffe und Häuser besaß. In Goa entwickelte sich auch eine langjährige Freundschaft mit dem portugiesischen Nationaldichter Luís Vaz de Camões sowie zu Martim Afonso de Souza, der zwischen 1542 und 1545 Gouverneur von Indien war. Um 1543 heiratete er Brianda de Solis, die ein Jahr zuvor mit ihren Eltern nach Goa gekommen war. In Goa lernte Garcia da Orta das praktische Wissen der arabischen Mediziner, der Perser sowie der Hindu-Ärzte kennen und anwenden. 1543 führten Ärzte, darunter Garcia da Orta, an Choleraopfern die erste Autopsie in Indien durch. Vor allem aber machte sich Garcia da Orta mit der großen Vielfalt der einheimischen Heilpflanzen und Medikamente bekannt. Für seine botanischen und pharmazeutischen Studien legte er einen großen botanischen Garten auf der ihm gehörenden Insel von Bombay an. Hier experimentierte er mit Pflanzen aus Europa und Indien, aber auch aus Persien und China.   Colóquios dos Simples,  Goa, 1563 Sein großes theoretisches und praktisches Wissen veröffentlichte er 1563 in seinem Werk Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da Índia. Das Buch setzte sich in Europa schnell durch und wurde zum Standardwerk der frühen europäischen Tropenmedizin. Bereits 1567 erfolgte eine in vielen Passagen gekürzte und veränderte Ausgabe durch den französischen Botaniker Clusius (Charles de L’Ecluse) und 1572 durch Juan Fragoso eine erste Übersetzung ins Spanische. Auf der 1574 durch Clusius erweiterten und überarbeiteten Ausgabe, nicht auf dem Original Garcia da Ortas, bauten weitere Übersetzungen ins Italienische (1576) und Französische (1601) auf. Auch der portugiesische Arzt und Botaniker Cristóbal de Acosta (port.: Cristovão da Costa) baute in seinem 1578 in Burgos erschienenen Werk Tractado de las Drogas y Medicinas de las Indias Orientales: Con Sus Plantas Debuxadas al Biuo in weiten Passagen auf Garcia da Ortas Texten auf. Beide Mediziner hatten sich in Indien getroffen und gemeinsame wissenschaftliche Studien betrieben. Erst 1872 erschien eine neue Auflage des in Portugal fast vergessenen Werkes in portugiesischer Sprache. In seinen letzten Lebensjahren hatte Garcia da Orta mit großen finanziellen und familiären Problemen zu kämpfen. Dem Zugriff der 1560 auch in Goa etablierten Inquisition entging er nur durch seinen Tod im Jahre 1568. Trotzdem wurde gegen ihn und anderen Familienmitgliedern ein Verfahren wegen der geheimen Ausübung der jüdischen Religion eröffnet. 1569 wurde seine Schwester Catarina deswegen in Goa verbrannt. Nach unter der Folter von Familienangehörigen (Schwester, Schwager u.a.) erzwungenen Aussagen wurde Garcia da Orta im Dezember 1580 (!) schuldig gesprochen, seine Gebeine öffentlich verbrannt und die Asche im Meer verstreut." [Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_da_Orta. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

"Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia e assi dalgũas frutas achadas nella onde se tratam algũas cousas tocantes a medicina, pratica, e outras cousas boas pera saber ("Conversations on the simples, drugs and materia medica of India and also on some fruits found there, in which some matters relevant to medicine, practice, and other matters good to know are discussed") is a work of great originality published in Goa on 10 April 1563 by Garcia de Orta, a Portuguese Jewish physician and naturalist, a pioneer of tropical medicine. Outline of the Colóquios His work is in dialogue format. It consists of a series of 57 conversations between Garcia de Orta and an imaginary colleague, Ruano, who is visiting India and wishes to know more about its drugs, spices and other natural products. Occasional participants in the dialogue are apparently real people: Antonia, a slave, Garcia de Orta's research assistant Several unnamed slaves D. Jeronimo, brother of a cholera sufferer Dimas Bosque, a colleague who also contributes a preface to the book Malupa, an Indian physician In general the drugs are considered in alphabetical order, but with exceptions. Each of the substances that comes up for discussion is dealt with fairly systematically: its identification and names in earlier texts, its source, its presence in trade, its medical and other uses. Many case histories are mentioned. The discussion of Asiatic cholera is so complete and circumstantial that it constitutes a classic of clinical description. Digressions, more or less relevant, deal with Indian politics, the significance of China, the rivalries between Portugal and Spain in the Spice Islands. There are anecdotes about elephants, cobras, and mongoose. [...] Authorities cited "Don't try and frighten me with Diocorides or Galen," Garcia de Orta says to Ruano, "because I am only going to say what I know to be true." Though unusually ready to differ from earlier authorities on the basis of his own observations, Garcia was well read in the classics of medicine. As a sample, the following authors (listed here in the spellings preferred by Garcia) are regularly cited in the first 80 folia of the Colóquios: Greek: Hipocrate, Teofrasto, Dioscoride, Galeno Classical Latin: Celso, Plinio Arabic: Rasis, Avicena, Mesue, Serapio Medieval Latin: Gerardo Cremonensis, Matheus Silvatico Later Latin: Andreas Belunensis, Laguna or Tordelaguna, Menardo, Meteolo or Matheolo Senense, Antonio Musa, Ruelio and Garcia's younger contemporary Amato Lusitano Garcia also occasionally quotes Aristotele, Averroe, Plutarco, Valerio Probo, Sepulveda, Francisco de Tamara, Vartamano, Vesalio; also Autuario, a medieval Greek author known to him through a Latin translation by Ruelio. Garcia felt able to differ from these authorities, as he very frequently does, because he was a long way from Europe. "If I was in Spain [Spain includes Portugal in Garcia's geography] I wouldn't dare to say anything against Galen and the Greeks;" this remark has been seen as the real key to the Colóquios. The original edition of the Colóquios Goa was by no means a major publishing centre. The original edition of the Colóquios "probably contains more typographical errors than any other book ever issued from a printing-press". The original publication states very carefully the extent of its official backing. The title page carries the approval of the Viceroy and of the local Inquisitor "Alexos Diaz Falcam". The book opens with several commendatory letters and prefaces. Among these preliminaries, the one that is of most interest now is a poem, the first published verses by Garcia's friend Luís de Camões, now recognised as Portugal's national poet. Many of the printing errors and authorial oversights are silently corrected in the 1872 reprint, which, although it follows the original page-for-page, is not a facsimile. Reception of the Colóquios Garcia de Orta was the first European to catalogue south Asian medicinal herbs in their native habitat. His book was rapidly acknowledged as indispensable by scientists across Europe. Translations in Latin (then the scientific lingua franca) and other languages were made. The Latin translation, a slight abridgement dropping the dialogue format, but adding woodcut illustrations and editorial commentary, was by Charles de l'Écluse (Carolus Clusius). Clusius acquired his copy of the Colóquios at Lisbon on 28 December 1564, and evidently continued to work on it all his life. In its final (fifth) edition, his translation forms a part of his great collaborative work, Exoticorum libri decem (1605). Unluckily for the fame of Garcia da Orta's book, large parts of it were included with minimal acknowledgement in a similar work published in Spanish in 1578 by Cristóvão da Costa (Cristobal Acosta), Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales ("Treatise of the drugs and medicines of the East Indies"). Da Costa's work was widely translated into vernacular languages and eventually lessened the fame of Garcia de Orta except among the few who were aware of the latter's originality. There is an English translation of the Colóquios by Sir Clements Markham (1913). Editions of the Colóquios Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da India e assi dalgũas frutas achadas nella onde se tratam algũas cousas ... boas pera saber. Goa: Ioannes de Endem, 1563 Colloquios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinaes da India e assi de algumas fructas achadas nella. Page-for-page reprint with introduction by F. Ad. de Varnhagen. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1872 Colóquios, edited with commentary by the Conde de Ficalho. 2 vols. Lisboa, 1891-1895 Translations of the Colóquios Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indios nascentium historia: Latin translation by Carolus Clusius. Antwerp: Plantin, 1567 Dell'historia dei semplici aromati et altre cose che vengono portare dall'Indie Orientali pertinente all'uso della medicina ... di Don Garzia dall'Horto. Italian translation by Annibale Briganti, based on Clusius's Latin. Venice: Francesco Ziletti, 1589 5th edition of Clusius's Latin translation, forming part of his Exoticorum libri decem. Leiden, 1605 Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India by Garcia da Orta. English translation by Sir Clements Markham. London, 1913" [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3quios_dos_Simples_e_Drogas_da_India. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

2.2. Hendrik van Rheede (1636 - 1691)

"Hendrik Adriaan Van Rheede tot Draakenstein (1636 - 1691) was a Dutch traveler and naturalist. He worked for the Dutch East India Company [Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC] to write the Hortus Malabaricus a compendium of the plants of economic value in the south Indian Malabar region. This work was undertaken when Van Rheede was the Dutch Governor of Cochin. Mentioned in these volumes are plants of the Malabar region which in his time referred to the stretch along the Western Ghats from Goa to Kanyakumari. The ethno-medical information presented in the work was extracted from palm leaf manuscripts by a famous practitioner of herbal medicine named Itty Achuden. The work took 30 years to compile and was edited by a team of nearly a hundred including physicians, professors of medicine and botany, amateur botanists (such as Arnold Seyn, Theodore Jansson of Almeloveen, Paul Herman, Johannes Munnicks, Joannes Commelinus, Abraham Poot), Indian scholars and vaidyas (physicians) of Malabar and adjacent regions, and technicians, illustrators and engravers, together with the collaboration of company officials, clergymen (D. John Caesarius and Father Mathew of St. Joseph). He was also assisted by the King of Cochin and the ruling Zamorin of Calicut. His work was made use of by Carolus Linnaeus. The Drakenstein region of South Africa was named after him because he visited it in 1685. In 1687 Governor Simon van der Stel opened this region to farmers." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_van_Rheede. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

The cover page of the original Latin edition of Hortus Malabaricus "Hortus Malabaricus (meaning Garden of Malabar) is a comprehensive treatise that deals with the medicinal properties of the flora in the Indian state of Kerala [Malayalam: കേരളം]. Originally written in Latin, it was compiled over a period of nearly 30 years and published from Amsterdam during 1678-1703. The book was conceived by Hendrik van Rheede, who was the Governor of the Dutch administration in Kochi (formerly Cochin) [Malayalam: കൊച്ചി] at the time. The book has since been translated into English and is being prepared in Malayalam. Van Rheede is said to have taken a keen personal interest in the compilation of the Hortus Malabaricus. The work was edited by a team of nearly a hundred including physicians, professors of medicine and botany, amateur botanists (such as Arnold Seyn, Theodore Jansson of Almeloveen, Paul Herman, Johannes Munnicks, Joannes Commelinus, Abraham a Poot), Indian scholars and vaidyans (physicians) of Malabar and adjacent regions, and technicians, illustrators and engravers, together with the collaboration of company officials, clergymen (D. John Caesarius and Carmelite Mathaeus of St. Joseph). Van Rheede was also assisted by the King of Cochin and the ruling Zamorin of Calicut. Prominent among the Indian contributors were three Gouda Saraswat Brahmins named Ranga Bhat, Vinayank Bhat and Appu Bhat. The ethnomedical information presented in the work was extracted from palm leaf manuscripts by a famous practitioner of herbal medicine named Itty Achutan. The comprehensive nature of the book is noted by Whitehouse in his Historical Notices of Cochin: All the country around was diligently searched by the natives best acquired with the habitats of plants; and fresh specimens were brought to Cochin where the Carmelite Mathaeus sketched them, with such striking accuracy, that there was no difficulty in identifying each particular species when you see his drawings. A description of each plant was written in Malayalam and thence translated into Portuguese, by a resident at Cochin, named Emmanuel Carneiro. The Secretary to Government, Herman Van Douep, further translated it into Latin, that the learned in all the countries of Europe might have access to it. The whole seems then to have passed under the supervision of another learned individual named Casearius, who was probably a Dutch Chaplain and a personal friend of Van Rheede. A book of its size, on which such care was expended, must have consumed a fortune before its publication, and confers honor, both on those who compiled it and the place where it was compiled. The Hortus Malabaricus comprises 12 volumes of about 500 pages each, with 794 copper plate engravings. The first of the 12 volumes that comprise the book was published in 1678, and the last in 1703. It is believed to be the earliest comprehensive printed work on the flora of Asia and the tropics. Mentioned in these volumes are plants of the Malabar region which in his time referred to the stretch along the Western Ghats from Goa to Kanyakumari. The book gives a detailed account of the flora of Kerala, along with sketches and detailed descriptions. Over 742 different plants and their indigenous science are considered in the book. The book also employs a system of classification based on the traditions adopted by the pre-ayurvedic practitioners of that era. Apart from Latin, the plant names have been recorded in other languages viz. Sanskrit, Arabic and Malayalam." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus_Malabaricus. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

2.3. Johann Gerhard König (1728–1785)

"Johann Gerhard König (1728–1785) was a botanist and physician born in 1728 in Ungerhof, in Polish Livland. He was a private pupil of Carolus Linnaeus in 1757, and lived in Denmark from 1759 to 1767. From 1773 to 1785, he worked as a naturalist for the Nawab of Arcot in India. He was in Tranquebar [Tamil: தரங்கம்பாடி] with the Danish medical mission from 1773 to 1785. In 1773, he received the Doctor's degree in absentia from the University of Copenhagen. As naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot he embarked on a voyage to the mountains north of Madras and to Ceylon, a description of which was later published in a Danish scientific journal. In 1778, König was transferred to a post with the British East India Company where he remained until his death, undertaking several scientific journeys and working with notable scientists like William Roxburgh. He died in Jagrenatporum near Tranquebar in 1785. He described many plants used in Indian Medicine. The Curry-leaf tree Murraya koenigii is named after him." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gerhard_K%C3%B6nig. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

2.4. William Roxburgh (1751 - 1815)

"William Roxburgh (June 29, 1751 – April 10, 1815) was a Scottish physician and botanist. Abb.: William Roxbourgh / engraving by Charles Turner Warren Early life Roxburgh was born at Underwood in the parish of Craigie, Ayrshire. He studied medicine in Edinburgh and became surgeon's mate on an East India Company ship at the age of 17 and completed two voyages to the East in that capacity until the age of 21. He also studied botany in Edinburgh under John Hope. He joined the Madras Medical Service as an assistant surgeon in 1776 and became a surgeon in 1780. Career Took up a position in Madras and turned his attention to botany. The East India Company recognized his botanical knowledge and made him superintendent in the Samalkot garden in the Northern Circars in 1781. Here he conducted economic botany experiments. He employed native artists to illustrate plants. He had 700 illustration by 1790. He succeeded Patrick Russell (1727-1805) as Naturalist to the Madras Government. Made rapid progress and acquired so such a reputation that he was in a short time invited by the government of Bengal, to take charge of the Calcutta Botanical gardens there from Colonel Robert Kyd. He was succeeded by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. He sent many of his illustration to Sir Joseph Banks. In 1793 he succeeded Colonel Robert Kyd as Superintendent of the Company garden at Sibpur near Calcutta. A catalog of the garden was made in 1814 - Hortus Bengalensis. He became a member of the Asiatic Society, to whose Transactions he contributed, from time to time, many valuable papers, and amongst these one of singular interest on the lacca insect, from which called lac was made.  Recognition, Death In 1805, he received the gold medal of the Society for the Promotion of Arts, for a series of highly interesting and valuable communications on the subject of the productions of the East. In 1803 he received a second gold medal for a communication on the growth of trees in India, and on the 31st of May, 1814, was presented with a third, in the presence of a large assembly which he personally attended, by the duke of Norfolk, who was then president of the Society of Arts. Soon after receiving this last honorable testimony of the high respect in which his talents were held, Mr Roxburgh returned to Edinburgh, where he died. Post-mortem Recognition Abb.: Titelblatt des ersten Bandes von William Roxburgh's Flora Indica, 1820 In 1820 at the Mission Press in Serampore, William Carey posthumously edited and published vol. 1 of Dr. William Roxburgh's Flora Indica; or Descriptions of Indian Plants. In 1824, Carey edited and published vol. 2 of Roxburgh's Flora Indica, including extensive remarks and contributions by Dr. Nathaniel Wallich. Carey and Wallich's continued to work in the field of botany and in 1834, both Carey and Wallich contributed botanical specimens to the Royal Society of Agriculture and Botany's Winter Show in Ghent, Belgium. The standard botanical author abbreviation Roxb. is applied to species he described." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roxburgh. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

2.5. Nathaniel Wallich (1786 - 1854)

"Nathaniel Wallich (28 January 1786 - 28 April 1854) was a botanist. Born in Copenhagen, in 1806 Wallich obtained the diploma of the Royal Academy of Surgeons at Copenhagen and at the end of the year was appointed as Surgeon in the Danish settlement at Serampore, then known as Frederischnagor in Bengal. He also studied botany with Martin Vahl. He left for India in April 1807 and arrived at Serampore the following November. The Danish alliance with Napoleon resulted in many Danish colonies being seized by the British, including the outpost at Serampore. The British East India Company took over the Danish town of Serampore and Wallich was imprisoned until 1815. He was later released from parole on the merit of his scholarship. From August 1814 Wallich became an Assistant Surgeon in the East India Company's service and resigned as Superintendent of the Indian Museum in December 1814. Wallich was later appointed assistant to William Roxburgh, the East India Company's botanist in Calcutta. By 1813 he took great interest in the flora and natural vegetation of India. He became a member of the Asiatic Society. Wallich proposed the forming of a museum in a letter dated 2 February 1814 to the Council of the Asiatic Society. Wallich offered his services to the Society and some items from his own collections for the Museum. The Society heartily supported the proposal and resolved to set up a museum and to appoint Wallich to be the Honorary Curator and then Superintendent of the Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society. Dr. Nathaniel Wallich took charge of the Museum on 1 June 1814. The Museum thus inaugurated, grew rapidly under the guidance of its founder Wallich and private collectors. Most of these private contributors were Europeans except a solitary Indian, Babu Ramkamal Sen, initially a Collector and later the first Indian Secretary to the Asiatic Society. Wallich was also temporarily appointed Superintendent of East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta and later permanently joined the Garden in 1817 and served there till 1846 when he retired from the service. Ill health forced Wallich to spend the years 1811-1813 in the more temperate climate of Mauritius from where he pursued his studies. Nathaniel Wallich prepared a catalogue of more than 20,000 specimens, published two important books, Tentamen Flora Nepalensis Illustratae (1824-26) and Plantae Asiaticae Rariories (1830-32), and went on numerous expeditions. One of Wallich's greatest contributions to field of plant exploration was the assistance he regularly offered to the many plant hunters who stopped in Calcutta on their way to the Himalayas. Wallich was responsible for packing many of the specimens that came through the gardens on the way to England, and over the years he developed some innovative methods, including packing seeds in brown sugar. The sugar preserved and protected the seeds very well and, Wallich had one of the best records for keeping plant material alive for shipping prior to the development of the Wardian case. During 1837 and 1838,Nathaniel Wallich was appointed as the Professor of Botany in Calcutta Medical College. His son was George Charles Wallich. The standard botanical author abbreviation Wall. is applied to plants he described." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Wallich. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-01]

2.6. Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 - 1911)

"Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, GCSI, OM, FRS, MD (June 30, 1817 – December 10, 1911) was an English botanist and traveler. Joseph Dalton Hooker Early life and voyage on the HMS Erebus Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk. He was the second son of the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker and Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner and sister-in-law of Francis Palgrave. From age 7 Hooker attended his fathers lectures at Glasgow University where he was regius professor of botany, and he formed an early interest in plant distribution and the voyages of explorers like Captain James Cook. He was formally educated at the Glasgow High School and went on to study medicine at Glasgow University, graduating M.D. in 1839. After completing his studies he was qualified for employment in the Naval Medical Service, he joined Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole after receiving a commission as assistant-surgeon on the HMS Erebus. The Erebus' voyage was led by renowned polar explorer James Clark Ross, the expedition consisted of two ships, the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror and was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail. Hooker was the youngest of the 128 man crew, he sailed on the Erebus and was assistant to Robert McCormick who in addition to being ships surgeon was to collect zoological and geological specimens. The ships sailed on September 30 1839, before journeying to Antarctica they visited Madeira, Tenerife, Santiago and Quail Island in the Cape Verde archipelago, St Paul Rocks, Trinidade east of Brazil, St Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope, Hooker made plant collections at each location and while traveling drew these and specimens of algae and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets. From the Cape they entered the southern ocean, their first stop was the Crozet Islands where the set down on Possession Island to deliver coffee to sealers, when they left for the Kerguelen Islands where they would spend several days and Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35 mosses and liverworts, 25 lichens and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772. The expedition spent some time in Hobart, Van Diemen's Land, and then moved on to the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island, and onto Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand. They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica, after spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the Erebus and Terror they sailed to the Falkland Islands, to Tierra del Fuego, back to the Falklands and onto their third sortie into the Antarctic. The made a landing at Cockburn Island and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and Ascension Island. The ships arrived back in England on September 4, 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline. Interim When Hooker returned to England, his father had been appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and had become a prominent man of science. Through William Hookers scientific connections he secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to cover the cost of the production of plates for his son's Botany of the Antarctic Voyage's, and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hookers flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collection made on the Beagle. The floras were illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch who had been trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker, and would go on to become the most prolific Victorian botanical artist. Hookers collections from the voyage eventually one of two volumes published as the Flora Antarctica (1844–47). In the Flora he wrote about islands and their role in plant geography, the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer. His works on the voyage were completed with Flora Novae-Zelandiae (1851–53) and Flora Tasmaniae (1853–59). While on the Erebus, Hooker had read proofs of Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. Following his return to England he was approached by Darwin who asked Hooker if he would classify the plants that he had collected in the Galápagos. Hooker agreed and the pair began a life-long correspondence, in a letter in 1844 Darwin shared with Hooker his early ideas on the transmutation of species and natural selection. He was probably the first person to hear of the theory. Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin's theory and later Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy". Failing to gain an academic position at the University of Edinburgh, and declining a chair at Glasgow University, he was employed as a botanist at the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846. He began work on palaeobotany which involved searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of Wales and became engaged to Frances Henslow, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the Himalaya, and in 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for Kew. Himalayan expedition  Tibet and Cholamoo Lake from the summit of the Donkia Pass, looking North West from Hooker's Himalayan Journals. Hooker reached the pass on November 7 1849. On November 11, 1847 Hooker left England for his 3 year long Himalayan expedition; he would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya. He received free passage on the HMS Sidon, to the Nile and then traveled overland to the Suez where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in Calcutta (Bengali: কলকাতা) on January 12, 1848 and traveled by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri (Bengali: শিলিগুড়ি) and overland by pony to Darjeeling (Nepali: दार्जीलिङ्ग, Bangla: দার্জিলিং), arriving on April 16, 1848. Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative Archibald Campbell who negotiated Hooker's admission to Sikkim, which was finally approved in 1849. In the meanwhile Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in Bengal. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, the traveled along the Great Runjeet river to its junction with the Tista River (bengali: তিস্তা) and Tonglo mountain in the Singalila range on the border with Nepal. Rhododendron argenteum illustration by Walter Hood Fitch from Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya. Hooker and a sizable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on October 27, 1848. They traveled to Zongri, west over the spurs of Kanchenjunga (Nepali:कञ्चनजङ्घा), and north west along Nepal's passes into Tibet. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim, leaving on May 3rd he traveled north west up the Lachen Valley to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the Lachoong Pass. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim when they were traveling towards the Chola Pass in Tibet. A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling where he spent January and February of 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India. Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in Bhutan (འབྲུག་ཡུལ) he choose to make his last Himalayan expedition to Sylheyt and the Khasi Hills in Assam. He was accompanied by Thomas Thompson a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on May 1 1850, they sailed to the Bay of Bengal and then traveled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra where they stayed until December 9 when they began their trip back to England. Hookers survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the Himalayan Journals, dedicated to Charles Darwin, was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office and (The Minerva Library of Famous Books) Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co., 1891. Marriages and children In 1851 he married Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of John Stevens Henslow. They had four sons and three daughters: William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942) Harriet Anne Hooker (1854–1945) married William Turner Thiselton-Dyer Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933) Marie Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6. Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932) Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (1867–1944) statistician Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1873) died aged 5. After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine. They had two sons: Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940) Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950) Career He then started the series Flora Indica in 1855, together with Thomas Thompson. Their botanical observations and the publication of the Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch. Abb.: Titelblatt von Hooker's und Thomson's Flora Indica, 1855 In 1859 he published the Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae, the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognized man of science to publicly back Darwin. Among other journeys undertaken by Hooker were those to Palestine (1860), Morocco (1871), and the United States (1877), all yielding valuable scientific information. In the midst of all this traveling in foreign countries he quickly built up for himself a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed assistant-director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanical gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the early age of thirty he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the Copley in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892. His greatest botanical work was the Flora of British India, published in seven volumes between 1872 and 1897. He acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. Of Darwin, indeed, he was an early friend and supporter: it was he who, with Charles Lyell, first induced Darwin to make his views public, and the author of The Origin of Species recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment. He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard Students Flora of the British Isles and a monumental work, the Genera plantarum (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of George Bentham. On the publication of the last part of his Flora of British India in 1897 he was created GCSI, of which order he had been made a knight commander twenty years before; and ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the Order of Merit. In 1904, at the age of 87, he published A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire. Joseph Hooker died on 10 December 1911. His widow declined the proposal of a burial of his body in Westminster Abbey alongside Darwin. Hooker Oak in Chico, California is named after him. The standard author abbreviation Hook.f. may be used to indicate this person in citing a botanical name." [Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-02]

2.7. Thomas Thomson (1817 - 1878)

"Thomas Thomson est un botaniste écossais, né en 1817 et mort en 1878. Il est le fils de Thomas Thomson (1773-1852), professeur de chimie à Glasgow. Après des études de médecine, il devient médecin pour le compte de la Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales (British East India Company). Il prend en charge le jardin botanique de Calcutta en 1855. Les collections faites par Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911) et par lui-même son transférées à Calcutta." [Quelle: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_%28botaniste%29. -- Zugriff am 2007-03-02]